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Drábová L, Pulkrabová J, Hrbek V, Kocourek V, Hajšlová J. POPs and PAHs in fish oil-based food supplements at the Czech market. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:197-208. [PMID: 37055876 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2200374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to assess concentrations of three groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 44 fish oil-based food supplements, to estimate their daily intake by consumers and, to evaluate the compliance of the oil samples with the oil origin declarations (cod liver oil or fish oil). The concentrations of ∑PCBs (7 congeners), OCPs (19 compounds, represented mainly by ∑DDTs), ∑PBDEs (10 congeners), and ∑PAHs (16 compounds) found in samples ranged between 0.15-55.7 µg kg-1, 0.93-72.8 µg kg-1, 0.28-27.5 µg kg-1, and 0.32-51.9 µg kg-1, respectively. Besides, the authenticity of the oils was assessed based on the fingerprints obtained by DART-HRMS, an ambient mass spectrometry technique. Four samples declared as fish oil were probably prepared from cod liver oil, which is much cheaper. Furthermore, these samples contained elevated concentrations of halogenated POPs when compared to supplements produced from fish oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Drábová
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pulkrabová
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Hrbek
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Kocourek
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Derouiche A, Achour A, Driss MR. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in raw bovine milk from various dairy farms in Beja, Tunisia: contamination status, dietary intake, and health risk assessment for the consumers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:65427-65439. [PMID: 37084058 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26976-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We determined organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in raw bovine milk taken directly from the milking equipment for different animals and various farms in Béja region, which is one of the largest milk producing areas in Tunisia. All milk samples were contaminated with one or more pesticides and exhibited measurable concentrations of some PCB congeners. The residue levels are generally marked by the predominance of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) (median: 17.60 ng g-1 fat), followed by hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (median: 14.31 ng g-1 fat), PCBs (median: 4.71 ng g-1 fat), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) (median: 0.77 ng g-1 fat). DDT/DDE ratios across the samples vary between 0.09 to 32.24 and exhibit the hypothesis of sustaining illegal use of the banned pesticide. The historical or recent use of OCPs and possible emission sources of PCBs identified near studied farms may lead to increased levels of these contaminants in produced milk. The estimated daily intake (EDI) values were several orders of magnitude below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) fixed by FAO/WHO, though recorded concentration in some samples exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs) fixed by the EU, especially for OCPs. According to health risk assessments, consumption of raw milk did not pose an obvious cancer risk or other health problems for local inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader Derouiche
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructural Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Bizerte, Zarzouna, Tunisia.
| | - Amani Achour
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage Tunisia, 7021, Bizerte, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ridha Driss
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructural Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Bizerte, Zarzouna, Tunisia
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Babichuk N, Sarkar A, Mulay S, Knight J, Bautista JJ, Young CJ. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Marine Fish and Dietary Exposure in Newfoundland. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:99-113. [PMID: 35471683 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01582-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Presence of PBDEs tested in 127 liver samples from Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) and Turbot (Scophthalmus Maximus) and 80 adult participants from two rural Newfoundland communities. Seafood consumption was measured through a validated seafood consumption questionnaire. PBDEs (-28, -47, -99, -156, and -209) were found in all fish liver samples, and PBB-153 and PBDEs-28, -47, -99, -100, -153 were identified as the most prominent congeners from the participants' serum samples. Cod was the most frequently consumed species in the seafood consumption survey. PBB-153 was higher amongst older (> 50 years age) participants (p < 0.0001), however, no PBDE congeners were significantly different by age. PBB-153 (p = 0.001), PBDE-153 (p = 0.006), and 5PBDE (p = 0.008) levels were significantly higher in males. The study shows that the marine ecosystem around Newfoundland has been contaminated by PBDEs, and that rural coastal residents are potentially exposed to these contaminants through local seafood consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Babichuk
- Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Atanu Sarkar
- Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada.
| | - Shree Mulay
- Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - John Knight
- Primary Healthcare Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | | | - Cora J Young
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
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Dungar BM, Schupbach CD, Jacobson JR, Kopf PG. Adrenal Corticosteroid Perturbation by the Endocrine Disruptor BDE-47 in a Human Adrenocortical Cell Line and Male Rats. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6346795. [PMID: 34370853 PMCID: PMC8402933 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been previously shown to alter various endocrine biosynthetic pathways. Growing epidemiological evidence suggests that PBDEs alter cardiovascular function. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of BDE-47 on adrenal corticosteroid pathways that play vital roles in cardiovascular homeostasis and pathophysiology. The effect of BDE-47 on aldosterone and cortisol secretion was characterized in a human adrenocortical cell line. HAC15 cells were exposed to various concentrations of BDE-47 (1 nM to 100 μM). Cell viability, corticosteroid secretion, gene expression of enzymes involved in corticosteroid synthesis, and metabolic activity was examined. Additionally, Sprague Dawley male rats were orally exposed to BDE-47 (10 or 100 µg/kg), 5 days per week for 16 weeks. Organ weights and plasma corticosteroid levels were measured. In HAC15 cells, basal and stimulated aldosterone and cortisol secretion was significantly increased by BDE-47. Gene expression of several enzymes involved in corticosteroid synthesis and mitochondrial metabolism also increased. In Sprague Dawley rats, adrenal but not heart, kidney, or liver weights, were significantly increased in BDE-47 treatment groups. Plasma corticosterone levels were significantly increased in the 100 µg BDE-47/kg treatment group. No change in plasma aldosterone levels were observed with BDE-47 exposure. These data indicate that BDE-47 disrupts the regulation of corticosteroid secretion and provides further evidence that PBDEs are potential endocrine disruptors. Future studies will determine the underlying molecular mechanism of altered corticosteroid production and examine whether these alterations result in underlying cardiovascular disease in our rodent model of 16-week BDE-47 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Dungar
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Chad D Schupbach
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Jessie R Jacobson
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Phillip G Kopf
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
- Correspondence: Phillip G. Kopf, PhD, Department of Pharmacology, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
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Kubo Y, Shiroi M, Higashine T, Mori Y, Morimoto D, Nakagawa S, Sawayama S. Enhanced Production of Astaxanthin without Decrease of DHA Content in Aurantiochytrium limacinum by Overexpressing Multifunctional Carotenoid Synthase Gene. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:52-64. [PMID: 32808245 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03403-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium limacinum produces both docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and astaxanthin, respectively. Organisms that produce these industrially important materials more efficiently than microalgae are currently needed. In this study, we overexpressed a putative homolog of CarS, which is involved in synthesizing the astaxanthin precursor, β-carotene, in A. limacinum to increase carotenoid synthesis with the goal of obtaining strains that produce large amounts of both DHA and carotenoids. AlCarS transformants #1 and #18 produced significantly increased amounts of astaxanthin as assessed according to culture (up to 5.8-fold) and optical density (up to 9.3-fold). The improved astaxanthin production of these strains did not affect their DHA productivity. Additionally, their CarS expression levels were higher than those of the wild-type strain, suggesting that CarS overexpression enhanced β-carotene production, which in turn improved astaxanthin productivity. Although cell yields were slightly decreased, these features will be valuable in health food, medical care, and animal feed fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kubo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mai Shiroi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tokuhiro Higashine
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Mori
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Daichi Morimoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeki Sawayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Orozco Colonia BS, Vinícius de Melo Pereira G, Soccol CR. Omega-3 microbial oils from marine thraustochytrids as a sustainable and technological solution: A review and patent landscape. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Preparation of DHA-Rich Medium- and Long-Chain Triacylglycerols by Lipase-Catalyzed Acidolysis of Microbial Oil from Schizochytrium sp.with Medium-Chain Fatty Acids. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:1294-1314. [PMID: 32096059 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DHA-rich medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCT) were produced by lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of microbial oil from Schizochytrium sp. with medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA). Four commercial lipases, i.e., NS40086, Novozym 435, Lipozyme RM IM, and Lipozyme TL IM were screened based on their activity and fatty acid specificity. The selected conditions for MLCT synthesis were Lipozyme RM IM as catalyst, reaction time 6 h, lipase load 8 wt%, substrate molar ratio (MCFA/microbial oil) 3:1, and temperature 55 °C. Under the selected conditions, the lipase could be reused successively for 17 cycles without significant loss of lipase activity. The obtained product contained 27.53% MCFA, 95.29% at sn-1,3 positions, and 44.70% DHA, 69.77% at sn-2 position. Fifty-nine types of triacylglycerols (TAG) were identified, in which 35 types of TAG contained MCFA, the content accounting for 55.35%. This product enriched with DHA at sn-2 position and MCFA at sn-1,3 positions can improve its digestion and absorption under an infant's digestive system, and thus has potential to be used in infant formula to increase the bioavailability of DHA.
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Costa JG, Vidovic B, Saraiva N, do Céu Costa M, Del Favero G, Marko D, Oliveira NG, Fernandes AS. Contaminants: a dark side of food supplements? Free Radic Res 2019; 53:1113-1135. [PMID: 31500469 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1636045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Food supplements (FS) are often consumed as one of the strategies to fight ageing-associated pathologies, especially in the case of oxidative stress-related diseases. Despite the popularity of FS, some concerns about their quality and safety have been raised, especially regarding the presence of contaminants. This paper reviews and discusses the occurrence of contaminants in marketed samples of FS in the last two decades, considering both scientific literature and notifications registered on RASFF portal. The most relevant classes of contaminants were included namely metals, toxins, pesticides, dioxins and PCBs, as well as pharmacologically active ingredients. Variable amounts of contaminants were reported in a significant number of commercially available FS. Although the presence of contaminants does not necessarily mean that their levels exceed the regulatory limits or that the FS intake constitutes a risk to human health, it alerts for the need to further monitor FS safety. The evaluation of the risk associated to the consumption of FS, especially in the elderly population, is particularly challenging due to the frequent exposure to multiple toxicants and to different exposure sources, as well as due to possible pre-existing diseases and respective therapeutics. Therefore, improved quality control procedures and monitoring programs should be pursued in order to avoid undesirable products and assure the safety of FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Guilherme Costa
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bojana Vidovic
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nuno Saraiva
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Costa
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal.,ASAE/ONRE, National Observatory for Emerging Risks, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nuno G Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Fernandes
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal.,ASAE/ONRE, National Observatory for Emerging Risks, Lisboa, Portugal
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Sprengel J, Wieselmann S, Kröpfl A, Vetter W. High amounts of chlorinated paraffins in oil-based vitamin E dietary supplements on the German market. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 128:438-445. [PMID: 31082722 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are a group of man-made pollutants of growing environmental concern. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were recently classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), while medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) are still unregulated. Foodstuff is a major pathway for the human CP intake, and the regular diet has been analyzed in several studies recently. However, dietary supplements (DS) had not been analyzed on CPs. Our goal was to investigate the occurrence of CPs in DS and to evaluate the possible threat for the consumers. DS (n = 25) made from plant or fish oils were selected on the German market with main emphasis on vitamin E products. The lipid components were removed by sulphuric acid treatment and silica gel column chromatography. CP quantification was performed via gas chromatography coupled to electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry. Six vitamin E preparations containing palm oil showed alarmingly high CP concentrations of >35 μg/g fat. Six other DS contained much lower CP amounts (<4 μg/g fat). If consumed as recommended, the mean daily intake of CPs (5.5 μg SCCPs + 38 μg MCCPs) via palm oil based DS surpassed that of the regular diet by a factor of 4 for SCCPs and 13 for MCCPs, exceeding the PCB intake via food by up to two orders of magnitude. Samples reached up to 26% of the TDI of MCCPs for an average European adult. Consequently, the P95 intake of those samples would amount to ~43 mg CPs per year. The CP contamination probably originated from raw material, as CPs were also found in palm oils and vitamin E concentrates made from palm oil. Our findings suggest that DS can contain high amounts of contaminants that compromise the purpose of the product and should be considered for regular CP monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Sprengel
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstr. 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sina Wieselmann
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstr. 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Kröpfl
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstr. 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstr. 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Green determination of brominated flame retardants and organochloride pollutants in fish oils by vortex assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 195:251-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Cloning of the pks3 gene of Aurantiochytrium limacinum and functional study of the 3-ketoacyl-ACP reductase and dehydratase enzyme domains. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208853. [PMID: 30533058 PMCID: PMC6289434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium limacinum has received attention because of its abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA is synthesized through the polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway in A. limacinum. The related enzymes of the PKS pathway are mainly expressed by three gene clusters, called pks1, pks2 and pks3. In this study, the full-length pks3 gene was obtained by polymerase chain reaction amplification and Genome Walking technology. Based on a domain analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of the pks3 gene, 3-ketoacyl-ACP reductase (KR) and dehydratase (DH) enzyme domains were identified. Herein, A. limacinum OUC168 was engineered by gene knock-in of KR and DH using the 18S rDNA sequence as the homologous recombination site. Total fatty acid contents and the degree of unsaturation of total fatty acids increased after the kr or dh gene was knocked in. The cloning and functional study of the pks3 gene of A. limacinum establishes a foundation for revealing the DHA synthetic pathway. Gene knock-in of the enzyme domain associated with PKS synthesis has the potential to provide effective recombinant strains with higher DHA content for industrial applications.
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Wang Q, Ye H, Sen B, Xie Y, He Y, Park S, Wang G. Improved production of docosahexaenoic acid in batch fermentation by newly-isolated strains of Schizochytrium sp. and Thraustochytriidae sp. through bioprocess optimization. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2018; 3:121-129. [PMID: 29900425 PMCID: PMC5995480 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids, rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6ω3), represent a potential source of dietary fatty acids. Yet, the effect of culture conditions on growth and fatty acid composition vary widely among different thraustochytrid strains. Two different thraustochytrid strains, Schizochytrium sp. PKU#Mn4 and Thraustochytriidae sp. PKU#Mn16 were studied for their growth and DHA production characteristics under various culture conditions. Although they exhibited similar fatty acid profiles, PKU#Mn4 seemed a good candidate for industrial DHA fermentation while PKU#Mn16 displayed growth tolerance to a wide range of process conditions. Relative DHA content of 48.5% and 49.2% (relative to total fatty acids), respectively, were achieved on glycerol under their optimal flask culture conditions. Maximum DHA yield (Yp/x) of 21.0% and 18.9% and productivity of 27.6 mg/L-h and 31.9 mg/L-h were obtained, respectively, in 5-L bioreactor fermentation operated with optimal conditions and dual oxygen control strategy. A 3.4- and 2.8-fold improvement of DHA production (g/L), respectively, was achieved in this study. Overall, our study provides the potential of two thraustochytrid strains and their culture conditions for efficient production of DHA-rich oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuzhen Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Huike Ye
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Sunghoon Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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14
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A global database of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant congeners in foods and supplements. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Li Z, Meng T, Ling X, Li J, Zheng C, Shi Y, Chen Z, Li Z, Li Q, Lu Y, He N. Overexpression of Malonyl-CoA: ACP Transacylase in Schizochytrium sp. to Improve Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5382-5391. [PMID: 29722541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been widely applied in the food and medical industry. In this study, malonyl-CoA: ACP transacylase (MAT) was overexpressed through homologous recombination to improve PUFA production in Schizochytrium. The results showed that the lipid and PUFA concentration were increased by 10.1 and 24.5% with MAT overexpression, respectively. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the intracellular tricarboxylic acid cycle was weakened and glucose absorption was accelerated in the engineered strain. In the mevalonate pathway, intracellular carotene content was decreased, and the carbon flux was then redirected toward PUFA synthesis. Furthermore, a glucose fed-batch fermentation was finally performed with the engineered Schizochytrium. The total lipid yield was further increased to 110.5 g/L, 39.6% higher than the wild strain. Docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid yield were enhanced to 47.39 g/L and 1.65 g/L with an increase of 81.5 and 172.5%, respectively. This study provided an effective metabolic engineering strategy for industrial PUFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Tong Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Xueping Ling
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Chuqiang Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Zhenqi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , P. R. China
| | - Yinghua Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
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16
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Exploring the function of acyltransferase and domain replacement in order to change the polyunsaturated fatty acid profile of Schizochytrium sp. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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17
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Cruz R, Cunha SC, Marques A, Casal S. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and metabolites – An analytical review on seafood occurrence. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Zhao P, Shi J, Qiu L, Li J, Jin M, Xu F, Gong W, Wu Y. Evaluation of the Methods to Predict Total Serum Lipids and to Determine 22 POPs in the Serum of Pregnant Women. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:124-130. [PMID: 27107588 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the suitability of total serum lipid (TSL) concentrations, which were calculated by three different formulae, for pregnant women and to optimize the improved matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) method. The results showed that the TSL predicted by the three formulae were significantly correlated to our measured values (sums of the total cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids contents). In particular, one of formulae was the most statistically suitable for pregnant women. Meanwhile, an improved MSPD method was developed to extract 22 POPs. The developed MSPD method was compared with SPE and EPA (8081 & 8082) to evaluate the performance of each extract method. The method validation showed that the results obtained using the improved MSPD method were closest to the actual concentration (adjusted by lipids), and the dispersion of the data was minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Jiangbei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315010, China.
| | - Lixiao Qiu
- Jiangbei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Jige Li
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Micong Jin
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Fenfen Xu
- Jiangbei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Wenjie Gong
- Cixi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Yifeng Wu
- Jiangbei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315020, China
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19
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Abad S, Turon X. Biotechnological Production of Docosahexaenoic Acid Using Aurantiochytrium limacinum: Carbon Sources Comparison And Growth Characterization. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:7275-84. [PMID: 26690180 PMCID: PMC4699237 DOI: 10.3390/md13127064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium limacinum, a marine heterotrophic protist/microalga has shown interesting yields of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) when cultured with different carbon sources: glucose, pure and crude glycerol. A complete study in a lab-scale fermenter allowed for the characterization and comparison of the growth kinetic parameters corresponding to each carbon source. Artificial Marine Medium (AMM) with glucose, pure and crude glycerol offered similar biomass yields. The net growth rates (0.10–0.12 h−1), biomass (0.7–0.8 g cells/g Substrate) and product (0.14–0.15 g DHA/g cells) yields, as well as DHA productivity were similar using the three carbon sources. Viable potential applications to valorize crude glycerol are envisioned to avoid an environmental problem due to the excess of byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Abad
- Bioengineering Department, IQS, Ramon Llull University, Via Augusta 390, Barcelona 08017, Spain.
| | - Xavier Turon
- Bioengineering Department, IQS, Ramon Llull University, Via Augusta 390, Barcelona 08017, Spain.
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20
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Kallenborn R, Blais JM. Tracking Contaminant Transport From Biovectors. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9541-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Tang C, Tan J, Wang C, Peng X. Determination of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate in cooking oil and pig adipose tissue using reversed-phase liquid–liquid extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1341:50-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Ashley JT, Ward JS, Anderson CS, Schafer MW, Zaoudeh L, Horwitz RJ, Velinsky DJ. Children's daily exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls from dietary supplements containing fish oils. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:506-14. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.753161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Abad S, Turon X. Valorization of biodiesel derived glycerol as a carbon source to obtain added-value metabolites: Focus on polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:733-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Borhaug H, Kristensen M, Brudeli B, Sontum PC, Klaveness J, Rongved P. Water‐soluble omega‐3: A concept for purification of fish oil and nutraceuticals? EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Borhaug
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette Kristensen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Brudeli
- Drug Discovery Laboratory AS, The Oslo Research Park, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jo Klaveness
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Rongved
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Oslo, Norway
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25
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Rogalski M, Carrer H. Engineering plastid fatty acid biosynthesis to improve food quality and biofuel production in higher plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:554-64. [PMID: 21535359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate plant fatty acid biosynthesis by using new biotechnological approaches has allowed the production of transgenic plants with unusual fatty acid profile and increased oil content. This review focuses on the production of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) and the increase in oil content in plants using molecular biology tools. Evidences suggest that regular consumption of food rich in VLCPUFAs has multiple positive health benefits. Alternative sources of these nutritional fatty acids are found in cold-water fishes. However, fish stocks are in severe decline because of decades of overfishing, and also fish oils can be contaminated by the accumulation of toxic compounds. Recently, there is also an increase in oilseed use for the production of biofuels. This tendency is partly associated with the rapidly rising costs of petroleum, increased concern about the environmental impact of fossil oil and the attractive need to develop renewable sources of fuel. In contrast to this scenario, oil derived from crop plants is normally contaminant free and less environmentally aggressive. Genetic engineering of the plastid genome (plastome) offers a number of attractive advantages, including high-level foreign protein expression, marker-gene excision and transgene containment because of maternal inheritance of plastid genome in most crops. Here, we describe the possibility to improve fatty acid biosynthesis in plastids, production of new fatty acids and increase their content in plants by genetic engineering of plastid fatty acid biosynthesis via plastid transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Rogalski
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba-SP. 13418-900, Brazil
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26
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27
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Kawashima A, Akihiro H, Morita H, Fukuoka M, Honda K, Morita M. Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl adsorbent obtained from enzymatic saccharification residue of lignocellulose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:4682-4687. [PMID: 21316952 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effective utilization of lignocellulose residue as an adsorbent was investigated. Japanese cypress wood flour subjected to hydrothermal pretreatment and ball-mill grinding was saccharified with an enzyme. The residual wood flour was carbonized and activated by physical and chemical activation to produce adsorbents for persistent organic pollutant removal. The adsorption properties were investigated by pore analysis using the N(2) adsorption/desorption isotherm and adsorption tests for dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in a hexane solution. The obtained adsorbents showed high production yields and adsorption properties for dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayato Kawashima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan.
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28
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Kawashima A, Katayama M, Matsumoto N, Honda K. Physicochemical characteristics of carbonaceous adsorbent for dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl adsorption. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:823-830. [PMID: 21435691 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
It has been known that dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) are present in almost all types of environments worldwide. Activated carbon treatment has been expected for the removal of DL-PCBs because it is a simple and low-cost removal technology. In the present study, the physicochemical properties of activated carbon were investigated to identify the characteristics of 16 different types of activated carbon on adsorption properties for DL-PCBs. To accomplish this, micropore volume, and pore diameter were calculated by t-plot analysis and the mesopore volume was analyzed by the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method. In addition, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, pH, metal elements, and surface acid functional groups were analyzed. Then, adsorption experiments using DL-PCB in hexane solution were conducted, and the relationship between adsorption and physicochemical properties of activated carbon was investigated. The results showed that activated carbons having a surface area of 700-1200 m(2)g(-1) and micropores with diameters of about 0.7-0.8 nm exhibited high activity for the adsorption of PCBs. The results also clearly showed that the mesopore volume of activated carbon influenced the adsorption rate and the equilibrium adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayato Kawashima
- Environmental Science for Industry, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan.
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29
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Zhang Z, Ohiozebau E, Rhind SM. Simultaneous extraction and clean-up of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls from sheep liver tissue by selective pressurized liquid extraction and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1203-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contamination and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist activity of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements: Implications for daily intake of dioxins and PCBs. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:3093-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Labadie P, Alliot F, Bourges C, Desportes A, Chevreuil M. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish tissues by matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry: Case study on European eel (Anguilla anguilla) from Mediterranean coastal lagoons. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 675:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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Ashley J, Ward J, Schafer M, Stapleton H, Velinsky D. Evaluating daily exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish oil supplements. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1177-85. [DOI: 10.1080/19440041003793298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Gas chromatography–mass spectrometric determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in complex fatty matrices from aquaculture activities. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 664:190-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Martí M, Ortiz X, Gasser M, Martí R, Montaña MJ, Díaz-Ferrero J. Persistent organic pollutants (PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs, marker PCBs, and PBDEs) in health supplements on the Spanish market. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 78:1256-1262. [PMID: 20092867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
During the last years, consumption of health supplements has increased in our society. They are recommended as an additional source of minerals, vitamins, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, in the diet. A lot of these supplements contain oils among their components (fish oils or vegetable oils), especially those recommended for their omega-3 content. Due to their persistence and lipophilic characteristics, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), marker PCBs, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) bioaccumulate in fat tissues, especially in those animals, as fish, which show low metabolic capability. Therefore, the consumption of nutritional supplements with oil components can increase the intake of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) through the diet. The aim of this study was to analyse 15 of these supplements commercialized in Spain to determinate their POPs concentrations and their intake for their consumers. Concentrations of POPs in the dietary supplements studied (PCDD/Fs: 0.04-2.4 pg TEQ g(-1); dl-PCBs: 0.01-12.1 pg TEQ g(-1); marker PCBs: 0.17-116 ng g(-1); and PBDEs: 0.07-18.2 ng g(-1)) were in the low-medium range of those reported in literature for other countries. Vegetable oil and mineral-based supplements showed concentrations of POPs clearly lower than those based on fish oil. Among these, those based on cod liver oil presented the highest concentrations detected in the study, exceeding the maximum levels established in European regulations for marine oils for human consumption. In general, the intake of POPs via the consumption of these supplements would be lower than the intake derived from fish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martí
- Environmental Laboratory, Institut Químic de Sarrià (URL), Via Augusta 390, Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Rawn DFK, Breakell K, Verigin V, Nicolidakis H, Sit D, Feeley M, Ryan JJ. Persistent organic pollutants in fish oil supplements on the canadian market: polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. J Food Sci 2009; 74:T31-6. [PMID: 19490345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Canadians are interested in improving their diet through the consumption of fish oil food supplements, which are marketed to be rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Convenience samples of omega-3 enriched dietary supplements (n = 30) were collected in Vancouver, Canada, between 2005 and 2007. All of the omega-3 supplements were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and, although every sample was found to contain detectable residues of PBDEs, only 24 samples were found to have PCDD/F concentrations above the level of detection. PCDD/F concentrations ranged from 0.05 pg TEQ/g lipid to 45.7 pg TEQ/g lipid in salmon and shark oils, respectively. Maximum PBDE concentrations similarly were observed in shark oil (113 microg/kg lipid), however, most supplements had concentrations below 5 microg/kg lipid. Average PCDD/F and PBDE intake estimates, based on consumption of maximum supplement dose following product label recommendations, were 4.32 pg TEQ/d and 25.1 ng/d lipid, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F K Rawn
- Food Research Div., Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada.
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36
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Metz JG, Kuner J, Rosenzweig B, Lippmeier JC, Roessler P, Zirkle R. Biochemical characterization of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in Schizochytrium: release of the products as free fatty acids. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:472-478. [PMID: 19272783 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In marine bacteria and some thraustochytrids (marine stramenopiles) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are produced de novo by PUFA synthases. These large, multi-domain enzymes carry out the multitude of individual reactions required for conversion of malonyl-CoA to the final LC-PUFA products. Here we report on the release of fatty acids from the PUFA synthase found in Schizochytrium, a thraustochytrid that has been developed as a commercial source for DHA-enriched biomass and oil. Data from in vitro activity assays indicate that the PUFAs are released from the enzyme as free fatty acids (FFAs). Addition of ATP and Mg(2+) to in vitro assays facilitates appearance of radiolabel from (14)C-malonyl-CoA in a triacylglycerol fraction, suggesting the involvement of acyl-CoA synthetases (ACS). Furthermore, addition of triascin C, an inhibitor of ACSs, to the assays blocks this conversion. When the Schizochytrium PUFA synthase is expressed in Escherichia coli, the products of the enzyme accumulate as FFAs, suggesting that the thioesterase activity required for fatty acid release is an integral part of the PUFA synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Metz
- Martek Biosciences Boulder Corporation, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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37
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Rawn DFK, Breakell K, Verigin V, Nicolidakis H, Sit D, Feeley M. Persistent organic pollutants in fish oil supplements on the Canadian market: polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine insecticides. J Food Sci 2009; 74:T14-9. [PMID: 19200125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.01020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fish and seal oil dietary supplements, marketed to be rich in omega-3 fatty acids, are frequently consumed by Canadians. Samples of these supplements (n = 30) were collected in Vancouver, Canada, between 2005 and 2007. All oil supplements were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine insecticides (OCs) and each sample was found to contain detectable residues. The highest SigmaPCB and SigmaDDT (1,1,1-trichloro-di-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane) concentrations (10400 ng/g and 3310 ng/g, respectively) were found in a shark oil sample while lowest levels were found in supplements prepared using mixed fish oils (anchovy, mackerel, and sardine) (0.711 ng SigmaPCB/g and 0.189 ng SigmaDDT/g). Mean SigmaPCB concentrations in oil supplements were 34.5, 24.2, 25.1, 95.3, 12.0, 5260, 321, and 519 ng/g in unidentified fish, mixed fish containing no salmon, mixed fish with salmon, salmon, vegetable with mixed fish, shark, menhaden (n = 1), and seal (n = 1), respectively. Maximum concentrations of the other OCs were generally observed in the seal oil. The hexachlorinated PCB congeners were the dominant contributors to SigmaPCB levels, while SigmaDDT was the greatest contributor to organochlorine levels. Intake estimates were made using maximum dosages on manufacturers' labels and results varied widely due to the large difference in residue concentrations obtained. Average SigmaPCB and SigmaDDT intakes were calculated to be 736 +/- 2840 ng/d and 304 +/- 948 ng/d, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea F K Rawn
- Sir Frederick Banting Research Centre, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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38
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Kawashima A, Watanabe S, Iwakiri R, Honda K. Removal of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs from fish oil by countercurrent supercritical CO2 extraction and activated carbon treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 75:788-794. [PMID: 19181365 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It has been known that fish oils are prone to contamination by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs). In this study, the removal of contaminants from fish oil by countercurrent supercritical CO(2) extraction (CC-SCE) and activated carbon treatment was investigated. Fish oil was treated by CC-SCE at 70 degrees C and 30MPa and with a CO(2)/oil ratio of 72; this resulted in a 93% reduction in the sum of PCDDs, PCDFs and DL-PCBs concentration level by and 85% reduction in toxic equivalency (TEQ). CC-SCE uses 40% less CO(2) and yields 30% more refined oil than semi-batch-type processes. Subsequent treatment by activated carbon reduced the concentration level by 94% and TEQ by 93%. CC-SCE is effective for the removal of DL-PCBs, whereas activated carbon treatment is effective for the removal of PCDD/Fs. These results reveal that the combination of CC-SCE and activated carbon treatment is applicable to the removal of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs from fish oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayato Kawashima
- Environmental Science for Industry, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan.
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Akutsu K, Takatori S, Nakazawa H, Hayakawa K, Izumi S, Makino T. Dietary intake estimations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) based on a total diet study in Osaka, Japan. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2008; 1:58-68. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210802236901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jiang H, Zirkle R, Metz JG, Braun L, Richter L, Van Lanen SG, Shen B. The Role of Tandem Acyl Carrier Protein Domains in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:6336-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja801911t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group, and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, and Martek Biosciences Boulder Company, 4909 Nautilus Court North, Suite 208, Boulder, Colorado 80301
| | - Ross Zirkle
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group, and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, and Martek Biosciences Boulder Company, 4909 Nautilus Court North, Suite 208, Boulder, Colorado 80301
| | - James G. Metz
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group, and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, and Martek Biosciences Boulder Company, 4909 Nautilus Court North, Suite 208, Boulder, Colorado 80301
| | - Lisa Braun
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group, and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, and Martek Biosciences Boulder Company, 4909 Nautilus Court North, Suite 208, Boulder, Colorado 80301
| | - Leslie Richter
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group, and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, and Martek Biosciences Boulder Company, 4909 Nautilus Court North, Suite 208, Boulder, Colorado 80301
| | - Steven G. Van Lanen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group, and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, and Martek Biosciences Boulder Company, 4909 Nautilus Court North, Suite 208, Boulder, Colorado 80301
| | - Ben Shen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group, and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, and Martek Biosciences Boulder Company, 4909 Nautilus Court North, Suite 208, Boulder, Colorado 80301
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Hepatic gene expression profiles in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed fishmeal or fish oil-free diets. Br J Nutr 2008; 100:953-67. [PMID: 18439330 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508981411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Reducing the reliance on fishery by-products as amino acid and fatty acid sources in feeds for farmed fish is a major objective today. We evaluated the effect of dietary fish oil or dietary fishmeal replacement by vegetable oils and plant proteins respectively through analysis of hepatic transcriptomes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were fed right from first feeding with diets based on plant by-products before being killed. We analysed the hepatic gene profile using trout cDNA microarrays (9K). Our data showed that seventy-one and seventy-five genes were affected after fish oil and fishmeal replacement respectively. The major part of modified gene expression coding for proteins of the metabolic pathways was as follows: (i) a lower level of expression for genes of energy metabolism found in fish after fishmeal and fish oil replacement; (ii) a lower level of gene expression for fatty acid metabolism (biosynthesis) in fish fed with vegetable oils; (iii) a differential expression of actors of detoxification metabolism in trout fed with vegetable oils; (iv) a lower level of expression of genes involved in protein metabolism in fish fed with plant proteins. Overall, our data suggest that dietary fish oil replacement is linked to a decreased capacity of fatty acid biosynthesis (fatty acid synthase) and variation of detoxification metabolism (cytochrome P450s) whereas dietary fishmeal replacement may depress protein metabolism in the liver as reflected by glutamine synthetase.
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Medina CM, Pitarch E, López FJ, Vázquez C, Hernández F. Determination of PBDEs in human breast adipose tissues by gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 390:1343-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that regular consumption of foods rich in omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids has multiple positive health benefits. The fats and oils from marine fish contain high contents of these beneficial fatty acids but increased consumer demand has also increased strain on the ability of the world's fisheries to meet demand from wild capture. Many consumers are choosing fish oil supplements or are eating foods that have been complemented with fish oils instead of consuming fish directly. However, removing undesirable odors, flavors and contaminants is expensive. In contrast, oils derived from land plants such as soybean are inexpensive and contaminant free. Recent strides in plant molecular biology now allow the engineering of oilseeds for the production of novel fats and oils, including those synthesized by complex, multigene biosynthetic pathways such as the omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Given the potential benefits to the environment with regards to overfishing and the health prospects of increased consumption of these healthy fatty acids, producing these fatty acids in oilseeds is a desirable and worthy goal. In this review, we will describe the recent advances in this field along with some of the technical hurdles encountered thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard G Damude
- Crop Genetics Research, DuPont Experimental Station, PO Box 80353, Wilmington, DE 19880-0353, USA
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Chapter 15 Brominated Flame Retardants as Food Contaminants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Ackman R. Fatty Acids in Fish and Shellfish. FATTY ACIDS IN FOODS AND THEIR HEALTH IMPLICATIONS,THIRD EDITION 2007. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420006902.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Kurdrid P, Sirijuntarut M, Subudhi S, Cheevadhanarak S, Hongsthong A. Truncation mutants highlight a critical role for the N- and C-termini of the Spirulina Delta(6) desaturase in determining regioselectivity. Mol Biotechnol 2007; 38:203-9. [PMID: 18270848 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-007-9009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The results of our previous study on heterologous expression in Escherichia coli of the gene desD, which encodes Spirulina Delta(6) desaturase, showed that co-expression with an immediate electron donor-either cytochrome b ( 5 ) or ferredoxin-was required for the production of GLA (gamma-linolenic acid), the product of the reaction catalyzed by Delta(6) desaturase. Since a system for stable transformation of Spirulina is not available, studies concerning Spirulina-enzyme characterization have been carried out in heterologous hosts. In this present study, the focus is on the role of the enzyme's N- and C-termini, which are possibly located in the cytoplasmic phase. Truncated enzymes were expressed in E. coli by employing the pTrcHisA expression system. The truncation of the N- and C-terminus by 10 (N10 and C10) and 30 (N30 and C30) amino acids, respectively, altered the enzyme's regioselective mode from one that measures from a preexisting double bond to that measuring from the methyl end of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavinee Kurdrid
- Biochemical Engineering and Pilot Plant Research and Development Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, King Mongkut's University of Technology-Thonburi (Bangkhuntien), 83 Moo 8, Thakham, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
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Kim Halbert M, Archer JC. Dioxin and furan contamination of deodorizer distillates and natural vitamin E supplements. J Food Compost Anal 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Covaci A, Voorspoels S, Vetter W, Gelbin A, Jorens PG, Blust R, Neels H. Anthropogenic and naturally occurring organobrominated compounds in fish oil dietary supplements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:5237-44. [PMID: 17822085 DOI: 10.1021/es070239g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fish oil dietary supplements (FODS) are recommended to increase the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), renowned for their beneficial effects on human health. However, FODS also contain anthropogenic contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Sixty-nine (n=69) PUFA-enriched FODS from 37 producers were collected in 2006 and then analyzed for their levels of organobrominated compounds. Levels of the sum of tri- to hepta-BDEs (BDEs 28, 47, 49, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183) were typically below 5 ng/g oil, while only a few had higher values of up to 44 ng/g oil. Several peaks in the chromatograms were identified as methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) and polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivatives (PBHDs). These two groups of compounds have been suggested to be produced by marine organisms (e.g., algae and sponges) and have also been reported in marine samples, such as fish and marine mammals. Median concentrations of MeO-PBDEs and PBHDs (6.2 and 5.3 ng/g oil, respectively) were higher than median concentrations of PBDEs (0.6 ng/g oil), and their maximum values were 1670 and 200 ng/g oil, respectively. FODS are intended to be consumed on a daily basis, and the median daily intakes of MeO-PBDEs and PBHDs from FODS were 3 and 6 times higher than the median intake of PBDEs (3 ng/day). Consumption of FODS does not appear to substantially increase the total dietary intake of PBDEs since the median daily intake
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Clinical Pharmacology/Clinical Toxicology, University Hospital of Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Covaci A, Voorspoels S, Ramos L, Neels H, Blust R. Recent developments in the analysis of brominated flame retardants and brominated natural compounds. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:145-71. [PMID: 17156788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews recent literature on the analysis of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and brominated natural compounds (BNCs). The main literature sources are reviews from the last five years and research articles reporting new analytical developments published between 2003 and 2006. Sample pretreatment, extraction, clean-up and fractionation, injection techniques, chromatographic separation, detection methods, quality control and method validation are discussed. Only few new techniques, such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) or pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), have been investigated for their ability of combining the extraction and clean-up steps. With respect to the separation of BFRs, the most important developments were the use of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and the growing tendency for liquid-chromatographic techniques for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) stereoisomers and of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A). At the detection stage, mass spectrometry (MS) has been developed as well-established and reliable technology in the identification and quantification of BFRs. A growing attention has been paid to quality assurance. Interlaboratory exercises directed towards BFRs have grown in popularity and have enabled laboratories to validate analytical methods and to guarantee the quality of their results. The analytical procedures used for the identification and characterization of several classes of BNCs, such as methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) (also metabolites of PBDEs), halogenated methyl or dimethyl bipyrroles (DBPs), are reviewed here for the first time. These compounds were generally identified during the routine analysis of BFRs and have received little attention until recently. For each topic, an overview is presented of its current status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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