1
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Song SS, Ran WX, Gao LH, Wang YC, Lv WY, Tao Y, Chen L, Li CF. A functional study reveals CsNAC086 regulated the biosynthesis of flavonols in Camellia sinensis. PLANTA 2024; 259:147. [PMID: 38714547 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION CsNAC086 was found to promote the expression of CsFLS, thus promoting the accumulation of flavonols in Camellia sinensis. Flavonols, the main flavonoids in tea plants, play an important role in the taste and quality of tea. In this study, a NAC TF gene CsNAC086 was isolated from tea plants and confirmed its regulatory role in the expression of flavonol synthase which is a key gene involved in the biosynthesis of flavonols in tea plant. Yeast transcription-activity assays showed that CsNAC086 has self-activation activity. The transcriptional activator domain of CsNAC086 is located in the non-conserved C-terminal region (positions 171-550), while the conserved NAC domain (positions 1-170) does not have self-activation activity. Silencing the CsNAC086 gene using antisense oligonucleotides significantly decreased the expression of CsFLS. As a result, the concentration of flavonols decreased significantly. In overexpressing CsNAC086 tobacco leaves, the expression of NtFLS was significantly increased. Compared with wild-type tobacco, the flavonols concentration increased. Yeast one-hybrid assays showed CsNAC086 did not directly regulate the gene expression of CsFLS. These findings indicate that CsNAC086 plays a role in regulating flavonols biosynthesis in tea plants, which has important implications for selecting and breeding of high-flavonols-concentration containing tea-plant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa-Sa Song
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Wei-Xi Ran
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Long-Han Gao
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yu-Chun Wang
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Wu-Yun Lv
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yu Tao
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Chun-Fang Li
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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2
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Wang L, Zhao J, Mao Y, Liu L, Li C, Wu H, Zhao H, Wu Q. Tartary buckwheat rutin: Accumulation, metabolic pathways, regulation mechanisms, and biofortification strategies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108503. [PMID: 38484679 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Rutin is a significant flavonoid with strong antioxidant property and various therapeutic effects. It plays a crucial role in disease prevention and human health maintenance, especially in anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular effects. While many plants can synthesize and accumulate rutin, tartary buckwheat is the only food crop possessing high levels of rutin. At present, the rutin content (RC) is regarded as the key index for evaluating the nutritional quality of tartary buckwheat. Consequently, rutin has become the focus for tartary buckwheat breeders and has made considerable progress. Here, we summarize research on the rutin in tartary buckwheat in the past two decades, including its accumulation, biosynthesis and breakdown pathways, and regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, we propose several strategies to increase the RC in tartary buckwheat seeds based on current knowledge. This review aims to provide valuable references for elevating the quality of tartary buckwheat in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Jiali Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Yuanbin Mao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Linling Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Chenglei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Huala Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, China.
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3
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Jiang W, Jiang Q, Shui Z, An P, Shi S, Liu T, Zhang H, Huang S, Jing B, Xiao E, Quan L, Liu J, Wang Z. HaMYBA-HabHLH1 regulatory complex and HaMYBF fine-tune red flower coloration in the corolla of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 338:111901. [PMID: 37865209 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Sunflowers are well-known ornamental plants, while sunflowers with red corolla are rare and the mechanisms underlying red coloration remain unclear. Here, a comprehensive analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics on flavonoid pathway was performed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the differential color formation between red sunflower Pc103 and two yellow sunflowers (Yr17 and Y35). Targeted metabolomic analysis revealed higher anthocyanin levels but lower flavonol content in Pc103 compared to the yellow cultivars. RNA-sequencing and phylogenetic analysis identified multiple genes involved in the flavonoid pathway, including series of structural genes and three MYB and bHLH genes. Specifically, HaMYBA and HabHLH1 were up-regulated in Pc103, whereas HaMYBF exhibited reduced expression. HaMYBA was found to interact with HabHLH1 in vivo and in vitro, while HaMYBF does not. Transient expression analysis further revealed that HabHLH1 and HaMYBA cooperatively regulate increased expression of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), leading to anthocyanin accumulation. On the other hand, ectopic expression of HaMYBF independently modulates flavonol synthase (FLS) expression, but hindered anthocyanin production. Collectively, our findings suggest that the up-regulation of HaMYBA and HabHLH1, as well as the down-regulation of HaMYBF, contribute to the red coloration in Pc103. It offers a theoretical basis for improving sunflower color through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Qinqin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhijie Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Peipei An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shandang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tianxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hanbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bing Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Enshi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Li Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jixia Liu
- Crop Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750002, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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4
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Xiao Z, Wang J, Jiang N, Fan C, Xiang X, Liu W. An LcMYB111-LcHY5 Module Differentially Activates an LcFLS Promoter in Different Litchi Cultivars. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16817. [PMID: 38069137 PMCID: PMC10706726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonol synthase (FLS) is the crucial enzyme of the flavonol biosynthetic pathways, and its expression is tightly regulated in plants. In our previous study, two alleles of LcFLS,LcFLS-A and LcFLS-B, have been identified in litchi, with extremely early-maturing (EEM) cultivars only harboring LcFLS-A, while middle-to-late-maturing (MLM) cultivars only harbor LcFLS-B. Here, we overexpressed both LcFLS alleles in tobacco, and transgenic tobacco produced lighter-pink flowers and showed increased flavonol levels while it decreased anthocyanin levels compared to WT. Two allelic promoters of LcFLS were identified, with EEM cultivars only harboring proLcFLS-A, while MLM cultivars only harbor proLcFLS-B. One positive and three negative R2R3-MYB transcription regulators of LcFLS expression were identified, among which only positive regulator LcMYB111 showed a consistent expression pattern with LcFLS, which both have higher expression in EEM than that of MLM cultivars. LcMYB111 were further confirmed to specifically activate proLcFLS-A with MYB-binding element (MBE) while being unable to activate proLcFLS-B with mutated MBE (MBEm). LcHY5 were also identified and can interact with LcMYB111 to promote LcFLS expression. Our study elucidates the function of LcFLS and its differential regulation in different litchi cultivars for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Z.X.); (J.W.); (N.J.); (C.F.); (X.X.)
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5
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Shan T, Xu J, Zhong X, Zhang J, He B, Tao Y, Wu J. Full-length transcriptome sequencing provides new insights into the complexity of flavonoid biosynthesis in Glechoma longituba. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14104. [PMID: 38148235 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Glechoma longituba has been frequently used in treating urolithiasis and cholelithiasis due to the presence of flavonoids, which are its major bioactive constituents. However, research on the molecular background of flavonoid biosynthesis in G. longituba is limited. In this study, we used single-molecule real-time combined with next-generation sequencing technologies to construct the complete transcriptome of G. longituba. We identified 404,648 non-redundant transcripts, including 249,697 coding sequences, 197,811 simple sequence repeats, 174,846 long noncoding RNA, and 176,554 coding RNA. Moreover, we functionally annotated 346,218 isoforms (85.56%) and identified 86,528 differentially expressed genes. We also identified 55 non-redundant full-length isoforms related to the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the expression levels of some key genes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were significantly positively correlated with the flavonoid metabolites. Furthermore, we performed bioinformatics analysis (sequence and structural) of isoform_47029 (encoding flavanone 3-hydroxylase) and isoform_53692 (encoding flavonol synthase) to evaluate their potential biological functions. Finally, we validated gene expression levels of 12 flavonoid-related key enzyme genes using quantitative real-time PCR. Overall, this study provides full-length transcriptome information on G. longituba for the first time and valuable molecular resources for further research on the medicinal properties of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Shan
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jingyao Xu
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xinxin Zhong
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Bing He
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yijia Tao
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jiawen Wu
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei, China
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6
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Kou M, Li C, Song W, Shen Y, Tang W, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yan H, Gao R, Ahmad MQ, Li Q. Identification and functional characterization of a flavonol synthase gene from sweet potato [ Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.]. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1181173. [PMID: 37235006 PMCID: PMC10206235 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1181173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Flavonol synthase (FLS) is a key enzyme of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, which catalyzes the conversion of dihydroflavonols into flavonols. In this study, the FLS gene IbFLS1 was cloned and characterized from sweet potato. The resulting IbFLS1 protein showed a high similarity with other plant FLSs. The conserved amino acids (HxDxnH motifs) binding ferrous iron and residues (RxS motifs) binding 2-oxoglutarate were found in IbFLS1 at conserved positions, as in other FLSs, suggesting that IbFLS1 belongs to the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2-ODD) superfamily. qRT-PCR analysis showed an organ-specific pattern of expression of the IbFLS1 gene, which was predominantly expressed in young leaves. The recombinant IbFLS1 protein could catalyze the conversion of dihydrokaempferol and dihydroquercetin to kaempferol and quercetin, respectively. The results of subcellular localization studies indicated that IbFLS1 was found mainly in the nucleus and cytomembrane. Furthermore, silencing the IbFLS gene in sweet potato changed the color of the leaves to purple, substantially inhibiting the expression of IbFLS1 and upregulating the expression of genes involved in the downstream pathway of anthocyanin biosynthesis (i.e., DFR, ANS, and UFGT). The total anthocyanin content in the leaves of the transgenic plants was dramatically increased, whereas the total flavonol content was significantly reduced. Thus, we conclude that IbFLS1 is involved in the flavonol biosynthetic pathway and is a potential candidate gene of color modification in sweet potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Kou
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Sweet Potato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Sweet Potato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chen Li
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Sweet Potato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Sweet Potato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou, China
| | - Weihan Song
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Sweet Potato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Sweet Potato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yifan Shen
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Sweet Potato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Sweet Potato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Sweet Potato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Sweet Potato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yungang Zhang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Sweet Potato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Sweet Potato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Sweet Potato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Sweet Potato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Sweet Potato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Sweet Potato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou, China
| | - Runfei Gao
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Sweet Potato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Sweet Potato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Qadir Ahmad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Qiang Li
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Sweet Potato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Sweet Potato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou, China
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7
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Shao M, Chen Y, Gong Q, Miao S, Li C, Sun Y, Qin D, Guo X, Yan X, Cheng P, Yu G. Biocontrol endophytes Bacillus subtilis R31 influence the quality, transcriptome and metabolome of sweet corn. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14967. [PMID: 36883062 PMCID: PMC9985898 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During colonization of soil and plants, biocontrol bacteria can effectively regulate the physiological metabolism of plants and induce disease resistance. To illustrate the influence of Bacillus subtilis R31 on the quality, transcriptome and metabolome of sweet corn, field studies were conducted at a corn experimental base in Zhuhai City. The results show that, after application of B. subtilis R31, sweet corn was more fruitful, with a 18.3 cm ear length, 5.0 cm ear diameter, 0.4 bald head, 403.9 g fresh weight of single bud, 272.0 g net weight of single ear, and 16.5 kernels sweetness. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses indicate that differentially expressed genes related to plant-pathogen interactions, MAPK signaling pathway-plant, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis were significantly enriched. Moreover, the 110 upregulated DAMs were mainly involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis and flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathways. Our study provides a foundation for investigating the molecular mechanisms by which biocontrol bacteria enhance crop nutrition and taste through biological means or genetic engineering at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Shao
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guanghzou, China.,Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Zhuhai Modern Agriculture Development Center, Zhuhai, China
| | - Qingyou Gong
- Zhuhai Modern Agriculture Development Center, Zhuhai, China
| | - Shuang Miao
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guanghzou, China.,Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunji Li
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guanghzou, China.,Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunhao Sun
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guanghzou, China.,Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangdong, China
| | - Di Qin
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guanghzou, China.,Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojian Guo
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guanghzou, China.,Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangdong, China
| | - Xun Yan
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guanghzou, China.,Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guanghzou, China.,Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangdong, China
| | - Guohui Yu
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guanghzou, China.,Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Guangdong, China
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8
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Nan G, Liu L, Wu H, Yin S, Li C, Zhao H, Chen H, Wu Q. Transcriptomic and Metabonomic Profiling Reveals the Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Tartary Buckwheat Sprouts in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13302-13312. [PMID: 36215169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are known for potent antioxidant activity and antihyperlipidemia. As a result of the few antinutritional factors and high bioactive substances, such as flavonoids, sprouts of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum, STB) have become healthy food. This study aims to unravel the antihyperlipidemic effects of STB in vivo and its potential mechanism through transcriptomic and metabonomic analysis. The physiological parameters of mice administered the high-fat diet with or without 2.5 and 5% of STB for 10 weeks were recorded. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and RNA sequencing were applied to obtain the serum lipid metabolomic and hepatic transcriptomic profiling, respectively. Results revealed that STB could significantly alleviate the increase of body weight, liver, and abdominal adipose while ameliorating the lipid content in serum and insulin resistance of mice fed with a high-fat diet. Notably, the metabonomic analysis identified the core differential metabolites mainly enriched in the pathways, such as fat digestion and absorption, insulin resistance, and other processes. Transcriptomic results revealed that STB significantly altered the expression levels of PIK3R1, LRP5, SLC10A2, and FBXO21. These genes are involved in the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, and type II diabetes mellitus pathways. In this study, STB exhibited remarkable influence on the metabolism of lipids and glucose, exerting antihyperlipidemic effects. STB have the potential for the development and application of a lipid-lowering health food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Nan
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Quality Management and Inspection & Quarantine, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisong Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Huala Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyuan Yin
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, People's Republic of China
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Li C, Yang J, Yang K, Wu H, Chen H, Wu Q, Zhao H. Tartary buckwheat FtF3'H1 as a metabolic branch switch to increase anthocyanin content in transgenic plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:959698. [PMID: 36092410 PMCID: PMC9452690 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.959698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat (TB) is a pseudocereal rich in flavonoids, mainly including flavonols and anthocyanins. The flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) is a key enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis and is encoded by two copies in TB genome. However, its biological function and effects on flavonol and anthocyanin synthesis in TB have not been well validated yet. In this study, we cloned the full-length FtF3'H1 gene highly expressed in all tissues (compared with FtF3'H2) according to TB flowering transcriptome data. The corresponding FtF3'H1 protein contains 534 amino acids with the molecular properties of the typical plant F3'H and belongs to the CYP75B family. During the flowering stage, the FtF3'H1 expression was highest in flowers, and its expression pattern showed a significant and positive correlation with the total flavonoids (R 2 > 0.95). The overexpression of FtF3'H1 in Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum and TB hairy roots resulted in a significant increase in anthocyanin contents (p < 0.05) but a decrease in rutin (p < 0.05). The average anthocyanin contents were 2.94 mg/g (fresh weight, FW) in A. thaliana (about 135% increase), 1.18 mg/g (FW) in tobacco (about 17% increase), and 1.56 mg/g (FW) TB hairy roots (about 44% increase), and the rutin contents were dropped to about 53.85, 14.99, 46.31%, respectively. However, the expression of genes involved in anthocyanin (DFRs and ANSs) and flavonol (FLSs) synthesis pathways were significantly upregulated (p < 0.05). In particular, the expression level of DFR, a key enzyme that enters the anthocyanin branch, was upregulated thousand-fold in A. thaliana and in N. tabacum. These results might be attributed to FtF3'H1 protein with a higher substrate preference for anthocyanin synthesis substrates. Altogether, we identified the basic biochemical activity of FtF3'H1 in vivo and investigated its involvement in anthocyanin and flavonol metabolism in plant.
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Sun J, Dai Y, Yang F, Jiang H, Irfan M, Chen L. Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Two Main Cultivars of Actinidia arguta Sieb.Zucc. Grown in Northern China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:911203. [PMID: 35845663 PMCID: PMC9280664 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.911203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Actinidia arguta Sieb.Zucc. is a fruit that is rich in flavonoids. Nevertheless, details of flavonoid formation and the potential mechanism behind flavonoid biosynthesis have not previously been reported. In order to explore the biosynthetic regulation mechanism of flavonoids in A. arguta Sieb.Zucc., we conducted a combination of extensive targeted metabolite analysis and analyzed transcriptomes to determine the flavonoids present and the genes bound up with flavonoid biosynthesis in the two main cultivated varieties of A. arguta Sieb.Zucc. in Northern China. The maturity period is from August to September. A total of 118 flavonoids were found in fruits. Among them, 39 flavonoids were accumulated at significant levels after fruit ripening. Transcriptome analysis indicated that most flavonoid biosynthesis structural genes and certain regulatory genes exhibited differential expression between the two varieties. Correlation analysis of transcriptome and metabolite profiles showed that the ways of expression of 21 differentially expressed genes related to structure and regulation between the 2 varieties were more highly correlated with 7 flavonoids after fruit ripening. These results contribute to the development of A. arguta Sieb.Zucc. as a food and drug homologous functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Liaoning Institute of Economic Forestry, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Shandong Xianda Agrochemical Co., Ltd, Jinan, China
| | - Fengyan Yang
- Shenyang Modern Agricultural R&D Service Center, Shenyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Lijing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Xu H, Jiang Z, Lin Z, Yu Q, Song R, Wang B. FtUGT79A15 is responsible for rutinosylation in flavonoid diglycoside biosynthesis in Fagopyrum tataricum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 181:33-41. [PMID: 35428016 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat shows health benefits with its high antioxidant activity and abundant flavonoid content. However, glycosylated flavonoid accumulation patterns and their molecular basis remain unidentified in Tartary buckwheat. Here, our metabolomics analysis revealed that F3'H branching was the major flavonoid metabolic flux in Tartary buckwheat. Interestingly, metabolome results also showed that the most abundant flavonoids were mainly in the glycosylated form, including flavonoid glycosides and flavonoid diglycosides in Tartary buckwheat. However, the flavonoid glycosides glycosyltransferase (GGT) gene catalyzing the second glycosylation step of flavonoid diglycoside has not been discovered yet in Tartary buckwheat. Thus, we explored GGT genes in the transcriptome-metabolome correlation network and confirmed that FtUGT79A15 showed the rhamnosyltransferase activity to catalyze quercetin 3-O-glucoside to rutin invitro and inplanta. Overall, FtUGT79A15 was identified to involve in the flavonoid diglycoside biosynthesis pathway in Tartary buckwheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Zimei Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Qinqin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Ruifeng Song
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Bo Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Yu Z, Dong W, Teixeira da Silva JA, He C, Si C, Duan J. Ectopic expression of DoFLS1 from Dendrobium officinale enhances flavonol accumulation and abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:803-815. [PMID: 33404922 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flavonols are important active ingredients that are found in abundance in Dendrobium officinale. Research on flavonol biosynthesis currently focuses on the more ubiquitous kaempferol and quercetin, but little is known on the biosynthesis of myricetin. Notably, flavonol synthase (FLS), which is responsible for the biosynthesis of flavonols, has not yet been identified. In this study, we isolated a flavonol synthase, DoFLS1, from Dendrobium officinale. DoFLS1 harbors conserved 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase-specific and FLS-specific motifs. DoFLS1 is a cytoplasmic protein. DoFLS1 was universally expressed in roots, stems, and leaves of juvenile and adult D. officinale plants. DoFLS1 expression was strongly correlated in juvenile and adult D. officinale plants (R2 = 0.86 and 0.98, respectively; p < 0.01) with the average of corresponding flavonol levels. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing DoFLS1 exhibited a 1.24-fold increase in flavonol content and a 25.78% decrease in anthocyanin content compare to wild-type plants, possibly resulting from a 78.61% increase in myricetin level. Moreover, the loss of anthocyanin was attributed to decreased expression of dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) genes in transgenic A. thaliana that expressed DoFLS1. DoFLS1 also complemented the deficiency in flavonol of the A. thaliana fls1-3 mutant, which had reduced anthocyanin but increased flavonol content relative to the fls1-3 mutant. In addition, DoFLS1 was significantly upregulated after treatment with cold, drought or salicylic acid. These findings provide genetic evidence for the involvement of DoFLS1 in the biosynthesis of flavonol and in response to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Yu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xi' An Jiao Tong University, Xi' An, 710049, China
| | | | - Chunmei He
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Can Si
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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Jiang X, Shi Y, Fu Z, Li WW, Lai S, Wu Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T. Functional characterization of three flavonol synthase genes from Camellia sinensis: Roles in flavonol accumulation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 300:110632. [PMID: 33180711 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Flavonol derivatives are a group of flavonoids benefiting human health. Their abundant presence in tea is associated with astringent taste. To date, mechanism pertaining to the biosynthesis of flavonols in tea plants remains unknown. In this study, we used bioinformatic analysis mining the tea genome and obtained three cDNAs that were annotated to encode flavonol synthases (FLS). Three cDNAs, namely CsFLSa, b, and c, were heterogenously expressed in E. coli to induce recombinant proteins, which were further used to incubate with three substrates, dihydrokampferol (DHK), dihydroquercetin (DHQ), and dihydromyricetin (DHM). The resulting data showed that three rCsFLSs preferred to catalyze (DHK). Overexpression of each cDNA in tobacco led to the increase of kampferol and the reduction of anthocyanins in flowers. Further metabolic profiling of flavan-3-ols in young tea shoots characterized that kaempferol derivatives were the most abundant, followed by quercetin and then myricetin derivatives. Taken together, these data characterized the key step committed to the biosynthesis of flavonols in tea leaves. Moreover, these data enhance understanding the metabolic accumulation relevance between flavonols and other main flavonoids such as flavan-3-ols in tea leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yufeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhouping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sanyan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yahui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Rosdianto AM, Puspitasari IM, Lesmana R, Levita J. Determination of Quercetin and Flavonol Synthase in <i>Boesenbergia rotunda</i> Rhizome. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:264-270. [PMID: 31944087 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.264.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Flavonols in plants are catalyzed by flavonol synthase (FLS) enzyme. FLS was reported expressed in flowers and fruits, i.e., Dianthus caryophyllus L. (Caryophyllaceae), Petunia hybrida Hort. (Solanaceae), Arabidopsis thaliana L. (Brassicaceae), Citrus unshiu Marc. (Rutaceae). However, none reported about FLS in medicinal plants, particularly those which possess anti-inflammatory activity. This study was aimed to extract and identify FLS in the rhizome of Boesenbergia rotunda (Zingiberaceae) and to determine quercetin in the ethanol extract of the rhizome. MATERIALS AND METHODS The protein extraction of the rhizome was carried out by employing Laing and Christeller's (2004) and Wang's (2014) methods. The extracted-proteins were separated by using SDS-PAGE, followed by the measurement of FLS intensity by using Gel Analyzer. The FLS-1 of recombinant A. thaliana was employed as the standard. The determination of quercetin in the rhizome was carried out using LC-MS. RESULTS The FLS occurred as a thick band at 38 kDa with intensity 116-158. The LC chromatogram of the extract indicated a small peak at 7.94 min similar to that of quercetin standard. The MS spectra at 7.94 min indicated that quercetin is present in the B. rotunda rhizome (m/z = 303.0549). The concentration of quercetin in the extract is 0.022% w/v. CONCLUSION The FLS, an enzyme which plays an important role in producing quercetin, was detected in B. rotunda rhizome planted in Indonesia. As a consequence, quercetin in a small amount, was also quantified in the rhizome of this plant. This report will add a scientific insight of B. rotunda for biological sciences.
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Dong Q, Zhao H, Huang Y, Chen Y, Wan M, Zeng Z, Yao P, Li C, Wang X, Chen H, Wu Q. FtMYB18 acts as a negative regulator of anthocyanin/proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Tartary buckwheat. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:309-325. [PMID: 32833148 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE FtMYB18 plays a role in the repression of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins accumulation by strongly down-regulating the CHS and DFR genes in Tartary buckwheat, and the C5 motif plays an important role in this process. Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs) are important flavonoids in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.), which provides various vibrant color and stronge abiotic stress resistance. Their synthesis is generally regulated by MYB transcription factors at transcription level. However, the negative regulations of MYB and their effects on flavonol metabolism are poorly understood. A SG4-like MYB subfamily TF, FtMYB18, containing C5 motif was identified from Tartary buckwheat. The expression of FtMYB18 was not only showed a negative correlation with anthocyanins and PAs content but also strongly respond to MeJA and ABA. As far as the transgenic lines with FtMYB18 overexpression, anthocyanins and PAs accumulations were decreased through down-regulating expression levels of NtCHS and NtDFR in tobacco, AtDFR and AtTT12 in Arabidopsis, FtCHS, FtDFR and FtANS in Tartary buckwheat hairy roots, respectively. However, FtMYB18 showed no effect on the FLS gene expression and the metabolites content in flavonol synthesis branch. The further molecular interaction analysis indicated FtMYB18 could mediate the inhibition of anthocyanins and PAs synthesis by forming MBW transcriptional complex with FtTT8 and FtTTG1, or MYB-JAZ complex with FtJAZ1/-3/-4/-7. Importantly, in FtMYB18 mutant lines with C5 motif deletion (FtMYB18-C), both of anthocyanins and PAs accumulations had recovered to the similar level as that in wild type, which was attributed to the weakened MBW complex activity or the deficient molecular interaction between FtMYB18ΔC5 with FtJAZ3/-4. The results showed that FtMYB18 could suppress anthocyanins and PAs synthesis at transcription level through the specific interaction of C5 motif with other proteins in Tartary buckwheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Dong
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunji Huang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Wan
- Department of Biological Science, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610101, Sichuan, China
| | - Zixian Zeng
- Department of Biological Science, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610101, Sichuan, China
| | - Panfeng Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chenglei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China.
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Rashad Y, Aseel D, Hammad S, Elkelish A. Rhizophagus irregularis and Rhizoctonia solani Differentially Elicit Systemic Transcriptional Expression of Polyphenol Biosynthetic Pathways Genes in Sunflower. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E379. [PMID: 32121492 PMCID: PMC7175204 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant roots are exposed to penetration by different biotrophic and necrotrophic fungi. However, plant immune responses vary, depending on the root-penetrating fungus. Using qRT-PCR, changes over time in the systemic transcriptional expression of the polyphenol biosynthesis-related genes were investigated in sunflower plants in response to colonization with Rhizophagus irregularis and/or infection with Rhizoctonia solani. The results demonstrated that both fungi systemically induced the transcriptional expression of most of the addressed genes at varying degrees. However, the inducing effect differed according to the treatment type, plant organ, targeted gene, and time stage. The inducing effect of R. irregularis was more prevalent than R. solani in the early stages. In general, the dual treatment showed a superior inducing effect over the single treatments at most of the time. The hierarchical clustering analysis showed that cinnamate-4-hydroxylase was the master expressed gene along the studied time period. The cell wall lignification was the main plant-defensive-mechanism induced. In addition, accumulations of chlorogenic acid, flavonoids, and anthocyanins were also triggered. Moreover, colonization with R. irregularis improved the plant growth and reduced the disease severity. We can conclude that the proactive, rather than curative, colonization with R. irregularis is of great importance, owing to their protective and growth-promoting roles, even if no infection occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Rashad
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Egypt; (Y.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Dalia Aseel
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Egypt; (Y.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Saad Hammad
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Egypt; (Y.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Amr Elkelish
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Park S, Kim DH, Yang JH, Lee JY, Lim SH. Increased Flavonol Levels in Tobacco Expressing AcFLS Affect Flower Color and Root Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1011. [PMID: 32033022 PMCID: PMC7037354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The onion (Allium cepa L.) flavonol synthase (AcFLS-HRB) gene, encoding an enzyme responsible for flavonol biosynthesis in yellow onion, was recently identified and enzymatically characterized. Here, we performed an in vivo feeding assay involving bacterial expression of AcFLS-HRB and observed that it exhibited both flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) and FLS activity. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) expressing AcFLS-HRB produced lighter-pink flowers compared to wild-type plants. In transgenic petals, AcFLS-HRB was highly expressed at the mRNA and protein levels, and most AcFLS-HRB protein accumulated in the insoluble microsomal fractions. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that flavonol levels increased but anthocyanin levels decreased in transgenic petals, indicating that AcFLS-HRB is a functional gene in planta. Gene expression analysis showed the reduced transcript levels of general phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes and flavonoid biosynthetic genes in AcFLS-HRB overexpressed tobacco petals. Additionally, transgenic tobacco plants at the seedling stages showed increased primary root and root hair length and enhanced quercetin signals in roots. Exogenous supplementation with quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) led to the same phenotypic changes in root growth, suggesting that rutin is the causal compound that promotes root growth in tobacco. Therefore, augmenting flavonol levels affects both flower color and root growth in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sun-Hyung Lim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu 54874, Korea; (S.P.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-H.Y.); (J.-Y.L.)
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18
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Li H, Lv Q, Ma C, Qu J, Cai F, Deng J, Huang J, Ran P, Shi T, Chen Q. Metabolite Profiling and Transcriptome Analyses Provide Insights into the Flavonoid Biosynthesis in the Developing Seed of Tartary Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11262-11276. [PMID: 31509416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) seeds are rich in flavonoids. However, the detailed flavonoid compositions and the molecular basis of flavonoid biosynthesis in tartary buckwheat seeds remain largely unclear. Here, we performed a combined metabolite profiling and transcriptome analysis to identify flavonoid compositions and characterize genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in the developing tartary buckwheat seeds. In total, 234 flavonoids, including 10 isoflavones, were identified. Of these, 80 flavonoids were significantly differential accumulation during seed development. Transcriptome analysis indicated that most structural genes and some potential regulatory genes of flavonoid biosynthesis were significantly differentially expressed in the course of seed development. Correlation analysis between transcriptome and metabolite profiling shown that the expression patterns of some differentially expressed structural genes and regulatory genes were more consistent with the changes in flavonoids profiles during seed development and promoted one SG7 subgroup R2R3-MYB transcription factors (FtPinG0009153900.01) was identified as the key regulatory gene of flavonoid biosynthesis. These findings provide valuable information for understanding the mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis in tartary buckwheat seeds and the further development of tartary buckwheat health products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyou Li
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology , Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang 550001 , China
| | - Qiuyu Lv
- School of Big Data and Computer Science , Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Chao Ma
- College of Agriculture , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang 471023 , China
| | - Jingtao Qu
- Maize Research Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 , China
| | - Fang Cai
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology , Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang 550001 , China
| | - Jiao Deng
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology , Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang 550001 , China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology , Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang 550001 , China
| | - Pan Ran
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology , Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang 550001 , China
| | - Taoxiong Shi
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology , Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang 550001 , China
| | - Qingfu Chen
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology , Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang 550001 , China
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Park S, Kim DH, Park BR, Lee JY, Lim SH. Molecular and Functional Characterization of Oryza sativa Flavonol Synthase (OsFLS), a Bifunctional Dioxygenase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7399-7409. [PMID: 31244203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Flavonol synthase (FLS) belongs to the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2-ODD) superfamily. We isolated OsFLS from the rice ( Oryza sativa) cultivar "Ilmi" OsFLS includes highly conserved 2-ODD-specific motifs and FLS-specific regions. Recombinant OsFLS exhibited both FLS and flavanone 3β-hydroxylase (F3H) activities, converting dihydroflavonols into flavonols and flavanones into dihydroflavonols, respectively, and more efficiently used dihydrokaempferol than dihydroquercetin as a substrate. OsFLS was expressed in both nonpigmented and pigmented rice seeds and was developmentally regulated during seed maturation. Transgenic tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum) plants expressing OsFLS produced pale pink or white flowers with significantly increased levels of kaempferol-3- O-rutinoside and dramatically reduced levels of anthocyanin in their petals. Additionally, pod size and weight were reduced compared to the wild type. Several early and late biosynthetic genes of flavonoid were downregulated in the transgenic flowers. We demonstrated that OsFLS is a bifunctional 2-ODD enzyme and functions in flavonol production in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangkyu Park
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences , Rural Development Administration , JeonJu , 54874 , Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences , Rural Development Administration , JeonJu , 54874 , Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ra Park
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences , Rural Development Administration , JeonJu , 54874 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yeol Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences , Rural Development Administration , JeonJu , 54874 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hyung Lim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences , Rural Development Administration , JeonJu , 54874 , Republic of Korea
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Zhu HH, Yang JX, Xiao CH, Mao TY, Zhang J, Zhang HY. Differences in flavonoid pathway metabolites and transcripts affect yellow petal colouration in the aquatic plant Nelumbo nucifera. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:277. [PMID: 31234776 PMCID: PMC6592004 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Asia lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is an ornamental aquatic plant with high economic value. Flower colour is an important ornamental trait, with much of N. nucifera breeding focusing on its yellow flowers. To explore the yellow flower colouration mechanism in N. nucifera, we analysed its pigment constituents and content, as well as gene expression in the flavonoid pathway, in two N. nucifera cultivars. RESULTS We performed metabolomic and gene expression analyses in two N. nucifera cultivars with yellow and white flowers, Molinqiuse (MLQS) and Yeguangbei (YGB), respectively, at five stages of flower colouration. Based on phenotypic observation and metabolite analyses, the later stages of flower colouration (S3-S5) were determined to be key periods for differences between MLQS and YGB, with dihydroflavonols and flavonols differing significantly between cultivars. Dihydroquercetin, dihydrokaempferol, and isorhamnetin were significantly higher in MLQS than in YGB, whereas kaempferol was significantly higher in YGB. Most of the key homologous structural genes in the flavonoid pathway were significantly more active in MLQS than in YGB at stages S1-S4. CONCLUSION In this study, we performed the first analyses of primary and secondary N. nucifera metabolites during flower colouration, and found that isorhamnetin and kaempferol shunting resulted in petal colour differences between MLQS and YGB. Based on our data integration analyses of key enzyme expression in the putative flavonoid pathways of the two N. nucifera cultivars, NnFLS gene substrate specificity and differential expression of NnOMTs may be related to petal colour differences between MLQS and YGB. These results will contribute to determining the mechanism of yellow flower colouration in N. nucifera, and will improve yellow petal colour breeding in lotus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-huan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Ju-xiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Chu-han Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Tian-yu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Hong-yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
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Sun YJ, He JM, Kong JQ. Characterization of two flavonol synthases with iron-independent flavanone 3-hydroxylase activity from Ornithogalum caudatum Jacq. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:195. [PMID: 31088366 PMCID: PMC6515686 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonol synthase (FLS) is the key enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of flavonols, the most abundant flavonoids, which have diverse pharmaceutical effects. Flavonol synthase has been previously found in other species, but not yet in Ornithogalum caudatum. RESULTS The transcriptome-wide mining and functional characterisation of a flavonol synthase gene family from O. caudatum were reported. Specifically, a small FLS gene family harbouring two members, OcFLS1 and OcFLS2, was isolated from O. caudatum based on transcriptome-wide mining. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the two proteins showed the closest relationship with FLS proteins. In vitro enzymatic assays indicated OcFLS1 and OcFLS2 were flavonol synthases, catalysing the conversion of dihydroflavonols to flavonols in an iron-dependent fashion. In addition, the two proteins were found to display flavanone 3β-hydroxylase (F3H) activity, hydroxylating flavanones to form dihydroflavonols. Unlike single F3H enzymes, the F3H activity of OcFLS1 and OcFLS2 did not absolutely require iron. However, the presence of sufficient Fe2+ was demonstrated to be conducive to successive catalysis of flavanones to flavonols. The qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that both genes were expressed in the leaves, bulbs, and flowers, with particularly high expression in the leaves. Moreover, their expression was regulated by developmental and environmental conditions. CONCLUSIONS OcFLS1 and OcFLS2 from O. caudatum were demonstrated to be flavonol synthases with iron-independent flavanone 3-hydroxylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Sun
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Jiu-Ming He
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Jian-Qiang Kong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing, 100050 China
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Li C, Zhao H, Li M, Yao P, Li Q, Zhao X, Wang A, Chen H, Tang Z, Bu T, Wu Q. Validation of reference genes for gene expression studies in tartary buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) using quantitative real-time PCR. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6522. [PMID: 30834187 PMCID: PMC6396815 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction is a sensitive technique for quantifying gene expression levels. By implementing three distinct algorithms (geNorm, normFinder and BestKeeper), we have validated the stability of the expression of seven candidate reference genes in tartary buckwheat, including FtSAND, FtCACS, FtExpressed1, FtGAPDH, FtActin, FtEF-1a and FtH3. In this study, the results indicated that FtCACS and FtSAND were the best reference genes for 'abiotic cotyledons', FtExpressed1 and FtEF-1α were the best reference genes for aluminium treatment, FtCACS and FtExpressed1 performed the best for the immature seed stage, FtCACS was best for the abiotic treatment, and FtH3 appeared to be the most suitable reference gene for the abiotic treatment in hypocotyls and all samples in this study. In contrast, FtActin and FtGAPDH are unsuitable genes. Our findings offer additional stable reference genes for gene expression research on tartary buckwheat at the immature seed stage and under abiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Maofei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Panfeng Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuerong Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Anhu Wang
- Xichang College, Xichang, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Zizhong Tang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Tongliang Bu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
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Pei J, Chen A, Dong P, Shi X, Zhao L, Cao F, Tang F. Modulating heterologous pathways and optimizing fermentation conditions for biosynthesis of kaempferol and astragalin from naringenin in Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 46:171-186. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-02134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Kaempferol and astragalin are used as standards to assess the quality of Ginkgo biloba extract and Radix astragali, respectively, and possess numerous biological properties. In this study, we constructed a recombinant strain with a highly efficient biosynthetic pathway of kaempferol by screening key enzyme genes, designing a synthetic fusion enzyme and increasing the gene copy number. By optimizing conversion and fed-batch fermentation conditions, maximal kaempferol production reached 1184.2 ± 16.5 mg/L, which represents the highest yield of kaempferol from naringenin reported to date. Based on this result, glycosyltransferase (AtUGT78D2) and an efficient UDP-glucose synthesis pathway were introduced into the recombinant strain to produce astragalin, resulting in maximal astragalin production at 1738.5 ± 24.8 mg/L without kaempferol accumulation. The efficient synthesis pathway described in this study for kaempferol and astragalin biosynthesis can be widely used for flavonoid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Pei
- grid.410625.4 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- grid.410625.4 College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University 210037 Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass Nanjing China
| | - Anna Chen
- grid.410625.4 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- grid.410625.4 College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University 210037 Nanjing China
| | - Ping Dong
- grid.410625.4 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- grid.410625.4 College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University 210037 Nanjing China
| | - Xuejia Shi
- grid.410625.4 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- grid.410625.4 College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University 210037 Nanjing China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- grid.410625.4 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- grid.410625.4 College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University 210037 Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass Nanjing China
| | - Fuliang Cao
- grid.410625.4 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- grid.410625.4 College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University 210037 Nanjing China
| | - Feng Tang
- 0000 0001 0742 5632 grid.459618.7 International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan Beijing China
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Flavonoid biosynthetic pathways in plants: Versatile targets for metabolic engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 38:107316. [PMID: 30458225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants, fungi, and microorganisms are equipped with biosynthesis machinery for producing thousands of secondary metabolites. These compounds have important functions in nature as a defence against predators or competitors as well as other ecological significances. The full utilization of these compounds for food, medicine, and other purposes requires a thorough understanding of their structures and the distinct biochemical pathways of their production in cellular systems. In this review, flavonoids as classical examples of secondary metabolites are employed to highlight recent advances in understanding how valuable compounds can be regulated at various levels. With extensive diversity in their chemistry and pharmacology, understanding the metabolic engineering of flavonoids now allows us to fine-tune the eliciting of their production, accumulation, and extraction from living systems. More specifically, recent advances in the shikimic acid and acetate biosynthetic pathways of flavonoids production from metabolic engineering point of view, from genes expression to multiple principles of regulation, are addressed. Specific examples of plants and microorganisms as the sources of flavonoids-based compounds with particular emphasis on therapeutic applications are also discussed.
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Koja E, Ohata S, Maruyama Y, Suzuki H, Shimosaka M, Taguchi G. Identification and characterization of a rhamnosyltransferase involved in rutin biosynthesis in Fagopyrum esculentum (common buckwheat). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1790-1802. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1491286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Rutin, a 3-rutinosyl quercetin, is a representative flavonoid distributed in many plant species, and is highlighted for its therapeutic potential. In this study, we purified uridine diphosphate-rhamnose: quercetin 3-O-glucoside 6″-O-rhamnosyltransferase and isolated the corresponding cDNA (FeF3G6″RhaT) from seedlings of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). The recombinant FeF3G6″RhaT enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited 6″-O-rhamnosylation activity against flavonol 3-O-glucoside and flavonol 3-O-galactoside as substrates, but showed only faint activity against flavonoid 7-O-glucosides. Tobacco cells expressing FeF3G6″RhaT converted the administered quercetin into rutin, suggesting that FeF3G6″RhaT can function as a rhamnosyltransferase in planta. Quantitative PCR analysis on several organs of common buckwheat revealed that accumulation of FeF3G6″RhaT began during the early developmental stages of rutin-accumulating organs, such as flowers, leaves, and cotyledons. These results suggest that FeF3G6″RhaT is involved in rutin biosynthesis in common buckwheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiki Koja
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ohata
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Maruyama
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Department of Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Makoto Shimosaka
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Japan
| | - Goro Taguchi
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Japan
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Liu W, Xiao Z, Fan C, Jiang N, Meng X, Xiang X. Cloning and Characterization of a Flavonol Synthase Gene From Litchi chinensis and Its Variation Among Litchi Cultivars With Different Fruit Maturation Periods. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:567. [PMID: 29922308 PMCID: PMC5996885 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Litchi (Litchi chinensis) is an important subtropical fruit tree with high commercial value. However, the short and centralized fruit maturation period of litchi cultivars represents a bottleneck for litchi production. Therefore, the development of novel cultivars with extremely early fruit maturation period is critical. Previously, we showed that the genotypes of extremely early-maturing (EEM), early-maturing (EM), and middle-to-late-maturing (MLM) cultivars at a specific locus SNP51 (substitution type C/T) were consistent with their respective genetic background at the whole-genome level; a homozygous C/C genotype at SNP51 systematically differentiated EEM cultivars from others. The litchi gene on which SNP51 was located was annotated as flavonol synthase (FLS), which catalyzes the formation of flavonols. Here, we further elucidate the variation of the FLS gene from L. chinensis (LcFLS) among EEM, EM, and MLM cultivars. EEM cultivars with a homozygous C/C genotype at SNP51 all contained the same 2,199-bp sequence of the LcFLS gene. For MLM cultivars with a homozygous T/T genotype at SNP51, the sequence lengths of the LcFLS gene were 2,202-2,222 bp. EM cultivars with heterozygous C/T genotypes at SNP51 contained two different alleles of the LcFLS gene: a 2,199-bp sequence identical to that in EEM cultivars and a 2,205-bp sequence identical to that in MLM cultivar 'Heiye.' Moreover, the coding regions of LcFLS genes of other MLM cultivars were almost identical to that of 'Heiye.' Therefore, the LcFLS gene coding region may be used as a source of diagnostic SNP markers to discriminate or identify genotypes with the EEM trait. The expression pattern of the LcFLS gene and accumulation pattern of flavonol from EEM, EM, and MLM cultivars were analyzed and compared using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for mature leaves, flower buds, and fruits, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after anthesis. Flavonol content and LcFLS gene expression levels were positively correlated in all three cultivars: both decreased from the EEM to MLM cultivars, with moderate levels in the EM cultivars. LcFLS gene function could be further analyzed to elucidate its correlation with phenotype variation among litchi cultivars with different fruit maturation periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhidan Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Fan
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nonghui Jiang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangchun Meng
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Xiang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xu Xiang,
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Huang J, Deng J, Shi T, Chen Q, Liang C, Meng Z, Zhu L, Wang Y, Zhao F, Yu S, Chen Q. Global transcriptome analysis and identification of genes involved in nutrients accumulation during seed development of rice tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum Tararicum). Sci Rep 2017; 7:11792. [PMID: 28924217 PMCID: PMC5603606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat seeds are rich in various nutrients, such as storage proteins, starch, and flavonoids. To get a good knowledge of the transcriptome dynamics and gene regulatory mechanism during the process of seed development and nutrients accumulation, we performed a comprehensive global transcriptome analysis using rice tartary buckwheat seeds at different development stages, namely pre-filling stage, filling stage, and mature stage. 24 819 expressed genes, including 108 specifically expressed genes, and 11 676 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. qRT-PCR analysis was performed on 34 DEGs to validate the transcriptome data, and a good consistence was obtained. Based on their expression patterns, the identified DEGs were classified to eight clusters, and the enriched GO items in each cluster were analyzed. In addition, 633 DEGs related to plant hormones were identified. Furthermore, genes in the biosynthesis pathway of nutrients accumulation were analyzed, including 10, 20, and 23 DEGs corresponding to the biosynthesis of seed storage proteins, flavonoids, and starch, respectively. This is the first transcriptome analysis during seed development of tartary buckwheat. It would provide us a comprehensive understanding of the complex transcriptome dynamics during seed development and gene regulatory mechanism of nutrients accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Research Center of Guizhou Buckwheat Engineering and Technology, Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, Guizhou Normal University, Baoshan Beilu 116, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Deng
- Research Center of Guizhou Buckwheat Engineering and Technology, Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, Guizhou Normal University, Baoshan Beilu 116, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Taoxiong Shi
- Research Center of Guizhou Buckwheat Engineering and Technology, Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, Guizhou Normal University, Baoshan Beilu 116, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Qijiao Chen
- Research Center of Guizhou Buckwheat Engineering and Technology, Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, Guizhou Normal University, Baoshan Beilu 116, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Chenggang Liang
- Research Center of Guizhou Buckwheat Engineering and Technology, Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, Guizhou Normal University, Baoshan Beilu 116, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Ziye Meng
- Research Center of Guizhou Buckwheat Engineering and Technology, Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, Guizhou Normal University, Baoshan Beilu 116, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Zhu
- Research Center of Guizhou Buckwheat Engineering and Technology, Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, Guizhou Normal University, Baoshan Beilu 116, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Research Center of Guizhou Buckwheat Engineering and Technology, Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, Guizhou Normal University, Baoshan Beilu 116, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Fengli Zhao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pengfei Road No. 7, Dapeng New District, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Shizhou Yu
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Longbatan Road 29, Guanshanhu District, Guiyang, 550081, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Qingfu Chen
- Research Center of Guizhou Buckwheat Engineering and Technology, Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, Guizhou Normal University, Baoshan Beilu 116, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, P.R. China.
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Park S, Kim DH, Lee JY, Ha SH, Lim SH. Comparative Analysis of Two Flavonol Synthases from Different-Colored Onions Provides Insight into Flavonoid Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5287-5298. [PMID: 28537403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We isolated cDNAs encoding flavonol synthase (FLS) from the red onion "H6" (AcFLS-H6) and the yellow onion "Hwangryongball" (AcFLS-HRB). We found three amino acid variations between the two sequences. Kinetic analysis with recombinant proteins revealed that AcFLS-HRB exhibited approximately 2-fold higher catalytic efficiencies than AcFLS-H6 for dihydroflavonol substrates and that both proteins preferred dihydroquercetin to dihydrokaempferol. The expression patterns of flavonoid biosynthesis genes corresponded to the accumulation patterns of flavonoid aglycones in both onions. Whereas the other flavonoid biosynthesis genes were weakly expressed in the HRB sheath compared to that of H6, the expression of FLS was similar in both onions. This relatively enhanced FLS expression, along with the higher activity of AcFLS-HRB, could increase the quercetin production in the HRB sheath. The quercetin content was approximately 12-fold higher than the cyanidin content in the H6 sheath, suggesting that FLS has priority in the competition between FLS and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) for their substrate dihydroquercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangkyu Park
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration , JeonJu 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration , JeonJu 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yeol Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration , JeonJu 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hwa Ha
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hyung Lim
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration , JeonJu 54874, Republic of Korea
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Liu XG, Lu X, Wang JX, Wu B, Lin L, Wang HY, Guo RZ, Li P, Yang H. Combining paired analytical metabolomics and common garden trial to study the metabolism and gene variation of Ginkgo biloba L. cultivated varieties. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06229j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired analytical targeted metabolomics and common garden trial were combined to uncover the gene basis for plant secondary metabolite synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ru-Zhou Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
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Zhou J, Li CL, Gao F, Luo XP, Li QQ, Zhao HX, Yao HP, Chen H, Wang AH, Wu Q. Characterization of Three Glucosyltransferase Genes in Tartary Buckwheat and Their Expression after Cold Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6930-8. [PMID: 27571449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins confer the red color in the hypocotyl of tartary buckwheat sprouts. Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glycosyltransferase (UFGT) stabilizes anthocyanin by attaching the glucosyl moiety from UDP-glucose to the C3 hydroxyl of anthocyanin. In this study, we characterized three UFGT-like genes, designated FtUFGT1, 2, and 3 from tartary buckwheat. The results revealed that FtUFGT1, FtUFGT2, and FtUFGT3 can convert cyanidin to cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, with specific activities of 20.01 × 10(-3), 8.93 × 10(-3), and 20.24 × 10(-3) IU/mg, respectively. The active-site residues of the C-terminal domains and the N-terminal domains are important for the donor and acceptor recognition of these proteins. The expression of the three FtUFGTs paralleled the tissue-specific anthocyanin accumulation. After cold treatment, the increased content of anthocyanin was accompanied by the up-regulated expression of the three FtUFGTs. Among these three UGFT gene members, FtUFGT3 showed the highest expression level and the highest specific activity, suggesting that FtUFGT3 might be the major gene involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. These results suggested that the FtUFGT genes, FtUFGT3 in particular, might be important candidates for anthocyanin formation in tartary buckwheat sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Cheng-Lei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Fei Gao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Luo
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Qing-Qing Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Hai-Xia Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Hui-Peng Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - An-Hu Wang
- Xichang College , Xichang, Sichuan 615000, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University , 46 Xinkang Road, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
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Conde A, Pimentel D, Neves A, Dinis LT, Bernardo S, Correia CM, Gerós H, Moutinho-Pereira J. Kaolin Foliar Application Has a Stimulatory Effect on Phenylpropanoid and Flavonoid Pathways in Grape Berries. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1150. [PMID: 27551286 PMCID: PMC4976103 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Drought, elevated air temperature, and high evaporative demand are increasingly frequent during summer in grape growing areas like the Mediterranean basin, limiting grapevine productivity and berry quality. The foliar exogenous application of kaolin, a radiation-reflecting inert mineral, has proven effective in mitigating the negative impacts of these abiotic stresses in grapevine and other fruit crops, however, little is known about its influence on the composition of the grape berry and on key molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways notably important for grape berry quality parameters. Here, we performed a thorough molecular and biochemical analysis to assess how foliar application of kaolin influences major secondary metabolism pathways associated with berry quality-traits, leading to biosynthesis of phenolics and anthocyanins, with a focus on the phenylpropanoid, flavonoid (both flavonol- and anthocyanin-biosynthetic) and stilbenoid pathways. In grape berries from different ripening stages, targeted transcriptional analysis by qPCR revealed that several genes involved in these pathways-VvPAL1, VvC4H1, VvSTSs, VvCHS1, VvFLS1, VvDFR, and VvUFGT-were more expressed in response to the foliar kaolin treatment, particularly in the latter maturation phases. In agreement, enzymatic activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), flavonol synthase (FLS), and UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) were about two-fold higher in mature or fully mature berries from kaolin-treated plants, suggesting regulation also at a transcriptional level. The expression of the glutathione S-transferase VvGST4, and of the tonoplast anthocyanin transporters VvMATE1 and VvABCC1 were also all significantly increased at véraison and in mature berries, thus, when anthocyanins start to accumulate in the vacuole, in agreement with previously observed higher total concentrations of phenolics and anthocyanins in berries from kaolin-treated plants, especially at full maturity stage. Metabolomic analysis by reverse phase LC-QTOF-MS confirmed several kaolin-induced modifications including a significant increase in the quantities of several secondary metabolites including flavonoids and anthocyanins in the latter ripening stages, probably resulting from the general stimulation of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Conde
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto DouroVila Real, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Biologia Vegetal Aplicada e Inovação Agroalimentar (AgroBioPlant), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do MinhoBraga, Portugal
| | - Diana Pimentel
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto DouroVila Real, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Biologia Vegetal Aplicada e Inovação Agroalimentar (AgroBioPlant), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do MinhoBraga, Portugal
| | - Andreia Neves
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto DouroVila Real, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Biologia Vegetal Aplicada e Inovação Agroalimentar (AgroBioPlant), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do MinhoBraga, Portugal
| | - Lia-Tânia Dinis
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto DouroVila Real, Portugal
| | - Sara Bernardo
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto DouroVila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos M. Correia
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto DouroVila Real, Portugal
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto DouroVila Real, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Biologia Vegetal Aplicada e Inovação Agroalimentar (AgroBioPlant), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do MinhoBraga, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of MinhoBraga, Portugal
| | - José Moutinho-Pereira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto DouroVila Real, Portugal
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Luo P, Ning G, Wang Z, Shen Y, Jin H, Li P, Huang S, Zhao J, Bao M. Disequilibrium of Flavonol Synthase and Dihydroflavonol-4-Reductase Expression Associated Tightly to White vs. Red Color Flower Formation in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1257. [PMID: 26793227 PMCID: PMC4710699 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flower color is the main character throughout the plant kingdom. Though substantial information exists regarding the structural and regulatory genes involved in anthocyanin and flavonol biosynthesis, little is known that what make a diverse white vs. red color flower in natural species. Here, the contents of pigments in seven species from varied phylogenetic location in plants with red and white flowers were determined. Flavonols could be detected in red and white flowers, but anthocyanins were almost undetectable in the white cultivar. Comparisons of expression patterns of gene related to the flavonoid biosynthesis indicated that disequilibrium expression of flavonol synthase (FLS) and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) genes determined the accumulation of flavonols and anothcyanins in both red and white flowers of seven species. To further investigate the role of such common regulatory patterns in determining flower color, FLS genes were isolated from Rosa rugosa (RrFLS1), Prunus persica (PpFLS), and Petunia hybrida (PhFLS), and DFR genes were isolated from Rosa rugosa (RrDFR1) and Petunia hybrida (PhDFR). Heterologous expression of the FLS genes within tobacco host plants demonstrated conservation of function, with the transgenes promoting flavonol biosynthesis and inhibiting anthocyanin accumulation, so resulting in white flowers. Conversely, overexpression of DFR genes in tobacco displayed down-regulation of the endogenous NtFLS gene, and the promotion of anthocyanin synthesis. On this basis, we propose a model in which FLS and DFR gene-products compete for common substrates in order to direct the biosynthesis of flavonols and anthocyanins, respectively, thereby determining white vs. red coloration of flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Guogui Ning
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yuxiao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Huanan Jin
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Penghui Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Shasha Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Manzhu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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LUO XP, ZHAO HX, XUE J, LI CL, CHEN H, PARK SU, WU Q. Cloning of two basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor genes from Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) and their expression under abiotic stress. Turk J Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1511-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Bai YC, Li CL, Zhang JW, Li SJ, Luo XP, Yao HP, Chen H, Zhao HX, Park SU, Wu Q. Characterization of two tartary buckwheat R2R3-MYB transcription factors and their regulation of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 152:431-40. [PMID: 24730512 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) contains high concentrations of flavonoids. The flavonoids are mainly represented by rutin, anthocyanins and proanthocyanins in tartary buckwheat. R2R3-type MYB transcription factors (TFs) play key roles in the transcriptional regulation of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. In this study, two TF genes, FtMYB1 and FtMYB2, were isolated from F. tataricum and characterized. The results of bioinformatic analysis indicated that the putative FtMYB1 and FtMYB2 proteins belonged to the R2R3-MYB family and displayed a high degree of similarity with TaMYB14 and AtMYB123/TT2. In vitro and in vivo evidence both showed the two proteins were located in the nucleus and exhibited transcriptional activation activities. During florescence, both FtMYB1 and FtMYB2 were more highly expressed in the flowers than any other organ. The overexpression of FtMYB1 and FtMYB2 significantly enhanced the accumulation of proanthocyanidins (PAs) and showed a strong effect on the target genes' expression in Nicotiana tabacum. The expression of dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) was upregulated to 5.6-fold higher than that of control, and the expression level was lower for flavonol synthase (FLS). To our knowledge, this is the first functional characterization of two MYB TFs from F. tataricum that control the PA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Chen Bai
- College of Life and Basic Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
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Li X, Kim JK, Park SY, Zhao S, Kim YB, Lee S, Park SU. Comparative analysis of flavonoids and polar metabolite profiling of Tanno-original and Tanno-high rutin buckwheat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2701-2708. [PMID: 24588473 DOI: 10.1021/jf4049534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Rutin is an important indicator for evaluating the quality of buckwheat. In this study, flavonoid biosynthesis was compared between two common cultivars (an original and a high-rutin line) of buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Transcriptional levels of the main flavonoid biosynthetic genes were analyzed by real-time PCR, and main flavonoid metabolites were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); levels of gene expression varied among organs of the two cultivars. Significantly higher transcription levels of most flavonoid biosynthetic genes, except FeFLS1, were detected in stems of the high-rutin line than in stems of the original line. FeCHI and FeFLS2 genes also showed higher expression levels in seeds of the high-rutin cultivar. In contrast, FePAL, FeC4H, Fe4CL1, FeCHS, FeF3H, FeF3'H, FeFLS2, and FeDFR were highly detected in the roots of the original line. The HPLC results indicated 1.73-, 1.62-, and 1.77-fold higher accumulation of rutin (the primary flavonoid compound) in leaves, stems, and mature seeds of the high-rutin cultivar (24.86, 1.46, and 1.36 μg/mg, respectively) compared with the original cultivar (14.40, 0.90, and 0.77 μg/mg, respectively). A total of 46 metabolites were identified from seeds by gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The metabolite profiles were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). PCA could clearly differentiate the original and high-rutin cultivars. Our results indicate that the high-rutin cultivar could be an excellent alternative for buckwheat culture, and we provide useful information for obtaining this cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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Kim YB, Kim K, Kim Y, Tuan PA, Kim HH, Cho JW, Park SU. Cloning and characterization of a flavonol synthase gene from Scutellaria baicalensis. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:980740. [PMID: 24672406 PMCID: PMC3927949 DOI: 10.1155/2014/980740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonols are the most abundant of all the flavonoids and play pivotal roles in a variety of plants. We isolated a cDNA clone encoding flavonol synthase from Scutellaria baicalensis (SbFLS). The SbFLS cDNA is 1011 bp long, encodes 336 amino acid residues, and belongs to a family of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. The overall structure of SbFLS is very similar to that of Arabidopsis thaliana anthocyanidin synthase (AtANS), with a β jelly-roll fold surrounded by tens of short and long α-helices. SbFLS was constitutively expressed in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, with particularly high expression in the roots and flowers. SbFLS transcript levels in the roots were 376-, 70-, and 2.5-fold higher than in the leaves, stems, and flowers. The myricetin content was significantly higher than that of kaempferol and quercetin. Therefore, we suggest that SbFLS mediates flavonol formation in the different organs of S. baicalensis. Our study may contribute to the knowledge of the role of FLS in S. baicalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Bok Kim
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - KwangSoo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - YeJi Kim
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Pham Anh Tuan
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeng Hoon Kim
- Department of Well-Being Resources, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeollanam-do 540-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woong Cho
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Li X, Kim YB, Kim Y, Zhao S, Kim HH, Chung E, Lee JH, Park SU. Differential stress-response expression of two flavonol synthase genes and accumulation of flavonols in tartary buckwheat. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:1630-6. [PMID: 23859559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are ubiquitously present in plants and play important roles in these organisms as well as in the human diet. Flavonol synthase (FLS) is a key enzyme of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, acting at the diverging point into the flavonol subclass branch. We isolated and characterized a FLS isoform gene, FtFLS2, from tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum). FtFLS2 shares 48% identity and 67% similarity with the previously reported FtFLS1, whereas both genes share 47-65% identity and 65-69% similarity with FLSs from other plant species. Using quantitative real-time PCR and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the expression of FtFLS1/2 and the production of 3 main flavonols (kaempferol, myricetin and quercetin) was detected in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and different stages of developing seeds. The relationship between the expression of the 2 FLS genes and the accumulation of the 3 basic flavonols was analyzed in 2 tartary buckwheat cultivars. FtFLS1 and FtFLS2 exhibited differential transcriptional levels between the tartary buckwheat cultivars 'Hokkai T10' and 'Hokkai T8'. Generally, higher transcript levels of FtFLS1 and FtFLS2 and a higher amount of flavonols were observed in the 'Hokkai T10' cultivar than 'Hokkai T8'. The content of flavonols showed tissue-specific accumulation between the 2 cultivars. The transcription of FtFLS1 was inhibited by the exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and sodium chloride (NaCl), while FtFLS2 was not affected by ABA but up-regulated by SA and NaCl. These data indicate that the 2 FtFLS isoforms of buckwheat have different functions in the response of buckwheat to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Zhang ZL, Zhou ML, Tang Y, Li FL, Tang YX, Shao JR, Xue WT, Wu YM. Bioactive compounds in functional buckwheat food. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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