1
|
Kottekad S, Roy S, Dandamudi U. A computational study to probe the binding aspects of potent polyphenolic inhibitors of pancreatic lipase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:3472-3491. [PMID: 37199285 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2212795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic lipase (PL) is a keen target for anti-obesity therapy that reduces dietary fat absorption. Here, we investigated the binding patterns of 220 PL inhibitors having experimental IC50 values, using molecular docking and binding energy calculations. Screening of these compounds illustrated most of them bound at the catalytic site (S1-S2 channel) and a few compounds are at the non-catalytic site (S2-S3 channel/S1-S3 channel) of PL. This binding pattern could be due to structural uniqueness or bias in conformational search. A strong correlation of pIC50 values with SP/XP docking scores, binding energies (ΔGMMGBSA) assured the binding poses are more true positives. Further, understanding of each class and subclasses of polyphenols indicated tannins preferred non-catalytic site wherein binding energies are underestimated due to huge desolvation energy. In contrast, most of the flavonoids and furan-flavonoids have good binding energies due to strong interactions with catalytic residues. While scoring functions limited the understanding of sub-classes of flavonoids. Hence, focused on 55 potent PL inhibitors of IC50 < 5 µM for better in vivo efficacy. The prediction of bioactivity, drug-likeness properties, led to 14 bioactive compounds. The low root mean square deviation (0.1-0.2 nm) of these potent flavonoids and non-flavonoid/non-polyphenols PL-inhibitor complexes during 100 ns molecular dynamics runs (MD) as well as binding energies obtained from both MD and well-tempered metadynamics, support strong binding to catalytic site. Based on the bioactivity, ADMET properties, and binding affinity data of MD and wt-metaD of potent PL-inhibitors suggests Epiafzelechin 3-O-gallate, Sanggenon C, and Sanggenofuran A shall be promising inhibitors at in vivo conditions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kottekad
- Department of Food Safety and Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Mysuru, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sudip Roy
- Prescience Insilico Private Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Usharani Dandamudi
- Department of Food Safety and Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Mysuru, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
He S, Lim GE. The Application of High-Throughput Approaches in Identifying Novel Therapeutic Targets and Agents to Treat Diabetes. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200151. [PMID: 36398493 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During the past decades, unprecedented progress in technologies has revolutionized traditional research methodologies. Among these, advances in high-throughput drug screening approaches have permitted the rapid identification of potential therapeutic agents from drug libraries that contain thousands or millions of molecules. Moreover, high-throughput-based therapeutic target discovery strategies can comprehensively interrogate relationships between biomolecules (e.g., gene, RNA, and protein) and diseases and significantly increase the authors' knowledge of disease mechanisms. Diabetes is a chronic disease primarily characterized by the incapacity of the body to maintain normoglycemia. The prevalence of diabetes in modern society has become a severe public health issue that threatens the well-being of millions of patients. Although a number of pharmacological treatments are available, there is no permanent cure for diabetes, and discovering novel therapeutic targets and agents continues to be an urgent need. The present review discusses the technical details of high-throughput screening approaches in drug discovery, followed by introducing the applications of such approaches to diabetes research. This review aims to provide an example of the applicability of high-throughput technologies in facilitating different aspects of disease research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyi He
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,Cardiometabolic Axis, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St Denis, Montreal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gareth E Lim
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,Cardiometabolic Axis, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St Denis, Montreal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Althaher AR. An Overview of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase (HSL). ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:1964684. [PMID: 36530555 PMCID: PMC9754850 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1964684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is a pivotal enzyme that mediates triglyceride hydrolysis to provide free fatty acids and glycerol in adipocytes in a hormonally controlled lipolysis process. Elevated plasma-free fatty acids were accompanied by insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes, and obesity. Inhibition of lipolysis through HSL inhibition may provide a mechanism to prevent the accumulation of free fatty acids and to improve the affectability of insulin and blood glucose handling in type II diabetes. The published studies that examine the structure, regulation, and function of HSL and major inhibitors were reviewed in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arwa R. Althaher
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hormone sensitive lipase ablation promotes bone regeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166449. [PMID: 35618183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an inverse relationship between the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) along either an adipocyte or osteoblast lineage, with lineage differentiation known to be mediated by transcription factors PPARγ and Runx2, respectively. Endogenous ligands for PPARγ are generated during the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols to fatty acids through the actions of lipases such as hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). To examine whether reduced production of endogenous PPARγ ligands would influence bone regeneration, we examined the effects of HSL knockout on fracture repair in mice using a tibial mono-cortical defect as a model. We found an improved rate of fracture repair in HSL-ko mice documented by serial μCT and bone histomorphometry compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Similarly, accelerated rates of bone regeneration were observed with a calvarial model where implantation of bone grafts from HSL-ko mice accelerated bone regeneration at the injury site. Further analysis revealed improved MSC differentiation down osteoblast and chondrocyte lineage with inhibition of HSL. MSC recruitment to the injury site was greater in HSL-ko mice than WT. Finally, we used single cell RNAseq to understand the osteoimmunological differences between WT and HSL-ko mice and found changes in the pre-osteoclast population. Our study shows HSL-ko mice as an interesting model to study improvements to bone injury repair. Furthermore, our study highlights the potential importance of pre-osteoclasts and osteoclasts in bone repair.
Collapse
|
5
|
Borne AL, Brulet JW, Yuan K, Hsu KL. Development and biological applications of sulfur-triazole exchange (SuTEx) chemistry. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:322-337. [PMID: 34095850 PMCID: PMC8174820 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00180e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur electrophiles constitute an important class of covalent small molecules that have found widespread applications in synthetic chemistry and chemical biology. Various electrophilic scaffolds, including sulfonyl fluorides and arylfluorosulfates as recent examples, have been applied for protein bioconjugation to probe ligand sites amenable for chemical proteomics and drug discovery. In this review, we describe the development of sulfonyl-triazoles as a new class of electrophiles for sulfur-triazole exchange (SuTEx) chemistry. SuTEx achieves covalent reaction with protein sites through irreversible modification of a residue with an adduct group (AG) upon departure of a leaving group (LG). A principal differentiator of SuTEx from other chemotypes is the selection of a triazole heterocycle as the LG, which introduces additional capabilities for tuning the sulfur electrophile. We describe the opportunities afforded by modifications to the LG and AG alone or in tandem to facilitate nucleophilic substitution reactions at the SO2 center in cell lysates and live cells. As a result of these features, SuTEx serves as an efficient platform for developing chemical probes with tunable bioactivity to study novel nucleophilic sites on established and poorly annotated protein targets. Here, we highlight a suite of biological applications for the SuTEx electrophile and discuss future goals for this enabling covalent chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Borne
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginia 22908USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Brulet
- Department of Chemistry, University of VirginiaMcCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319CharlottesvilleVirginia 22904USA+1-434-297-4864
| | - Kun Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of VirginiaMcCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319CharlottesvilleVirginia 22904USA+1-434-297-4864
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginia 22908USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of VirginiaMcCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319CharlottesvilleVirginia 22904USA+1-434-297-4864
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA 22903USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia 22908USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Recazens E, Mouisel E, Langin D. Hormone-sensitive lipase: sixty years later. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 82:101084. [PMID: 33387571 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) was initially characterized as the hormonally regulated neutral lipase activity responsible for the breakdown of triacylglycerols into fatty acids in adipose tissue. This review aims at providing up-to-date information on structural properties, regulation of expression, activity and function as well as therapeutic potential. The lipase is expressed as different isoforms produced from tissue-specific alternative promoters. All isoforms are composed of an N-terminal domain and a C-terminal catalytic domain within which a regulatory domain containing the phosphorylation sites is embedded. Some isoforms possess additional N-terminal regions. The catalytic domain shares similarities with bacteria, fungus and vascular plant proteins but not with other mammalian lipases. HSL singularity is provided by regulatory and N-terminal domains sharing no homology with other proteins. HSL has a broad substrate specificity compared to other neutral lipases. It hydrolyzes acylglycerols, cholesteryl and retinyl esters among other substrates. A novel role of HSL, independent of its enzymatic function, has recently been described in adipocytes. Clinical studies revealed dysregulations of HSL expression and activity in disorders, such as lipodystrophy, obesity, type 2 diabetes and cancer-associated cachexia. Development of specific inhibitors positions HSL as a pharmacological target for the treatment of metabolic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Recazens
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, 31432 Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Mouisel
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, 31432 Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Langin
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, 31432 Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France; Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague and Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France; Toulouse University Hospitals, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li X, Wang TX, Huang X, Li Y, Sun T, Zang S, Guan KL, Xiong Y, Liu J, Yuan HX. Targeting ferroptosis alleviates methionine-choline deficient (MCD)-diet induced NASH by suppressing liver lipotoxicity. Liver Int 2020; 40:1378-1394. [PMID: 32145145 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NASH is one of the fastest growing liver diseases that leads to severe steatosis, inflammation and ultimately liver injury. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of NASH remain unclear and pharmacological treatment against the disease is unavailable currently. Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of cell death induced by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Since NASH progression is accompanied by massive lipid accumulation, which generates lipotoxic species, we investigated the role of ferroptosis in NASH progression. METHOD Mice were fed on MCD-diet to mimic NASH progression and gene expression in liver was analysed by RNA-seq. The occurrence of hepatic ferroptosis was measured by lipid ROS level, electron microscopy and in vivo PI staining. The beneficial effects of ferroptosis inhibitors on NASH was evaluated by liver pathology analysis. The mechanism of lipid ROS induced lipid droplets accumulation was investigated by in vitro cell culture. RESULTS RNA-seq analysis suggested that elevated arachidonic acid metabolism promotes ferroptosis in MCD-diet fed mouse livers, which was further demonstrated by lipid ROS accumulation, morphological change of mitochondria and increased cell death. Iron accumulation was detected in the liver and the serum of MCD-fed mice. Scavenging of ferroptosis-linked lipid peroxides reduced lipid accumulation both in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, ferroptosis inhibitors alleviated MCD-diet induced inflammation, fibrogenesis and liver injury. Finally, lipid ROS promotes liver steatosis by boosting lipid droplets formation. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate an important role of ferroptosis in the progression of MCD-diet induced NASH and suggest that ferroptosis may serve as a therapeutic target for NASH treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Li
- Department of Endocrinology of the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai and the Molecular and Cell Biology Lab of the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Xiang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology of the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai and the Molecular and Cell Biology Lab of the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinmei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology of the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai and the Molecular and Cell Biology Lab of the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Endocrinology of the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai and the Molecular and Cell Biology Lab of the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiange Sun
- Department of Endocrinology of the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai and the Molecular and Cell Biology Lab of the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shufei Zang
- Department of Endocrinology of the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai and the Molecular and Cell Biology Lab of the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, CA, La Jolla, USA
| | - Yue Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Endocrinology of the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai and the Molecular and Cell Biology Lab of the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Xin Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology of the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai and the Molecular and Cell Biology Lab of the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Otrubova K, Chatterjee S, Ghimire S, Cravatt BF, Boger DL. N-Acyl pyrazoles: Effective and tunable inhibitors of serine hydrolases. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1693-1703. [PMID: 30879861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-acyl pyrazoles was examined as candidate serine hydrolase inhibitors in which the active site acylating reactivity and the leaving group ability of the pyrazole could be tuned not only through the nature of the acyl group (reactivity: amide > carbamate > urea), but also through pyrazole C4 substitution with electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents. Their impact on enzyme inhibitory activity displayed pronounced effects with the activity improving substantially as one alters both the nature of the reacting carbonyl group (urea > carbamate > amide) and the pyrazole C4 substituent (CN > H > Me). It was further demonstrated that the acyl chain of the N-acyl pyrazole ureas can be used to tailor the potency and selectivity of the inhibitor class to a targeted serine hydrolase. Thus, elaboration of the acyl chain of pyrazole-based ureas provided remarkably potent, irreversible inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH, apparent Ki = 100-200 pM), dual inhibitors of FAAH and monoacylglycerol hydrolase (MGLL), or selective inhibitors of MGLL (IC50 = 10-20 nM) while simultaneously minimizing off-target activity (e.g., ABHD6 and KIAA1363).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shreyosree Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Srijana Ghimire
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nakamura H, Hirabayashi K, Miyakawa T, Kikuzato K, Hu W, Xu Y, Jiang K, Takahashi I, Niiyama R, Dohmae N, Tanokura M, Asami T. Triazole Ureas Covalently Bind to Strigolactone Receptor and Antagonize Strigolactone Responses. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:44-58. [PMID: 30391752 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones, a class of plant hormones with multiple functions, mediate plant-plant and plant-microorganism communications in the rhizosphere. In this study, we developed potent strigolactone antagonists, which covalently bind to the strigolactone receptor D14, by preparing an array of triazole urea compounds. Using yeast two-hybrid and rice-tillering assays, we identified a triazole urea compound KK094 as a potent inhibitor of strigolactone receptors. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis and X-ray crystallography revealed that KK094 was hydrolyzed by D14, and that a reaction product of this degradation covalently binds to the Ser residue of the catalytic triad of D14. Furthermore, we identified two triazole urea compounds KK052 and KK073, whose effects on D14-D53/D14-SLR1 complex formation were opposite due to the absence (KK052) or presence (KK073) of a trifluoromethyl group on their phenyl ring. These results demonstrate that triazole urea compounds are potentially powerful tools for agricultural application and may be useful for the elucidation of the complicated mechanism underlying strigolactone perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidemitsu Nakamura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kei Hirabayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ko Kikuzato
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Wenqian Hu
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuqun Xu
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kai Jiang
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ikuo Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ruri Niiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mohassab AM, Hassan HA, Abdelhamid D, Abdel-Aziz M, Dalby KN, Kaoud TS. Novel quinoline incorporating 1,2,4-triazole/oxime hybrids: Synthesis, molecular docking, anti-inflammatory, COX inhibition, ulceroginicity and histopathological investigations. Bioorg Chem 2017; 75:242-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
11
|
Ogiyama T, Yamaguchi M, Kurikawa N, Honzumi S, Terayama K, Nagaoka N, Yamamoto Y, Kimura T, Sugiyama D, Inoue SI. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of a novel series of hormone sensitive lipase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4817-4828. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
12
|
Identification of a novel hormone sensitive lipase inhibitor with a reduced potential of reactive metabolites formation. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2234-2243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
13
|
Ogiyama T, Yamaguchi M, Kurikawa N, Honzumi S, Yamamoto Y, Sugiyama D, Inoue S. Identification of a novel boronic acid as a potent, selective, and orally active hormone sensitive lipase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3801-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
14
|
Doler C, Schweiger M, Zimmermann R, Breinbauer R. Chemical Genetic Approaches for the Investigation of Neutral Lipid Metabolism. Chembiochem 2016; 17:358-77. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Doler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 31/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 31/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McConville M, Fernández J, Angulo-Barturen Í, Bahamontes-Rosa N, Ballell-Pages L, Castañeda P, de Cózar C, Crespo B, Guijarro L, Jiménez-Díaz MB, Martínez-Martínez MS, de Mercado J, Santos-Villarejo Á, Sanz LM, Frigerio M, Washbourn G, Ward SA, Nixon GL, Biagini GA, Berry NG, Blackman MJ, Calderón F, O'Neill PM. Carbamoyl Triazoles, Known Serine Protease Inhibitors, Are a Potent New Class of Antimalarials. J Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26222445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Screening of the GSK corporate collection, some 1.9 million compounds, against Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), revealed almost 14000 active hits that are now known as the Tres Cantos Antimalarial Set (TCAMS). Followup work by Calderon et al. clustered and computationally filtered the TCAMS through a variety of criteria and reported 47 series containing a total of 522 compounds. From this enhanced set, we identified the carbamoyl triazole TCMDC-134379 (1), a known serine protease inhibitor, as an excellent starting point for SAR profiling. Lead optimization of 1 led to several molecules with improved antimalarial potency, metabolic stabilities in mouse and human liver microsomes, along with acceptable cytotoxicity profiles. Analogue 44 displayed potent in vitro activity (IC50 = 10 nM) and oral activity in a SCID mouse model of Pf infection with an ED50 of 100 and ED90 of between 100 and 150 mg kg(-1), respectively. The results presented encourage further investigations to identify the target of these highly active compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McConville
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline , Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Jorge Fernández
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline , Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Íñigo Angulo-Barturen
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline , Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Noemi Bahamontes-Rosa
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline , Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Lluis Ballell-Pages
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline , Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Pablo Castañeda
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline , Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Cristina de Cózar
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline , Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Benigno Crespo
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline , Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Laura Guijarro
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline , Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - María Belén Jiménez-Díaz
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline , Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Maria S Martínez-Martínez
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline , Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Jaime de Mercado
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline , Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Ángel Santos-Villarejo
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline , Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Laura M Sanz
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline , Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Micol Frigerio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Washbourn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Ward
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma L Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Giancarlo A Biagini
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Neil G Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Blackman
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research , Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Félix Calderón
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline , Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Boschi F, Rizzatti V, Zamboni M, Sbarbati A. Models of lipid droplets growth and fission in adipocyte cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 336:253-62. [PMID: 26121906 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LD) are spherical cellular inclusion devoted to lipids storage. It is well known that excessive accumulation of lipids leads to several human worldwide diseases like obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis and atherosclerosis. LDs' size range from fraction to one hundred of micrometers in adipocytes and is related to the lipid content, but their growth is still a puzzling question. It has been suggested that LDs can grow in size due to the fusion process by which a larger LD is obtained by the merging of two smaller LDs, but these events seems to be rare and difficult to be observed. Many other processes are thought to be involved in the number and growth of LDs, like the de novo formation and the growth through additional neutral lipid deposition in pre-existing droplets. Moreover the number and size of LDs are influenced by the catabolism and the absorption or interaction with other organelles. The comprehension of these processes could help in the confinement of the pathologies related to lipid accumulation. In this study the LDs' size distribution, number and the total volume of immature (n=12), mature (n=12, 10-days differentiated) and lipolytic (n=12) 3T3-L1 adipocytes were considered. More than 11,000 LDs were measured in the 36 cells after Oil Red O staining. In a previous work Monte Carlo simulations were used to mimic the fusion process alone between LDs. We found that, considering the fusion as the only process acting on the LDs, the size distribution in mature adipocytes can be obtained with numerical simulation starting from the size distribution in immature cells provided a very high rate of fusion events. In this paper Monte Carlo simulations were developed to mimic the interaction between LDs taking into account many other processes in addition to fusion (de novo formation and the growth through additional neutral lipid deposition in pre-existing droplets) in order to reproduce the LDs growth and we also simulated the catabolism (fission and the decrease through neutral lipid exit from pre-existing droplets) to reproduce their size reduction observed in lipolytic conditions. The results suggest that each single process, considered alone, can not be considered the only responsible for the size variation observed, but more than one of them, playing together, can quite well reproduce the experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Boschi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Vanni Rizzatti
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Piazzale Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Zamboni
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Piazzale Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Sbarbati
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Verma A, Wong DM, Islam R, Tong F, Ghavami M, Mutunga JM, Slebodnick C, Li J, Viayna E, Lam PCH, Totrov MM, Bloomquist JR, Carlier PR. 3-Oxoisoxazole-2(3H)-carboxamides and isoxazol-3-yl carbamates: Resistance-breaking acetylcholinesterase inhibitors targeting the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1321-40. [PMID: 25684426 PMCID: PMC4346421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To identify potential selective and resistance-breaking mosquitocides against the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, we investigated the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory and mosquitocidal properties of isoxazol-3-yl dimethylcarbamates (15), and the corresponding 3-oxoisoxazole-2(3H)-dimethylcarboxamide isomers (14). In both series, compounds were found with excellent contact toxicity to wild-type susceptible (G3) strain and multiply resistant (Akron) strain mosquitoes that carry the G119S resistance mutation of AChE. Compounds possessing good to excellent toxicity to Akron strain mosquitoes inhibit the G119S mutant of An. gambiae AChE (AgAChE) with ki values at least 10- to 600-fold higher than that of propoxur, a compound that does not kill Akron mosquitoes at the highest concentration tested. On average, inactivation of WT AgAChE by dimethylcarboxamides 14 was 10-20 fold faster than that of the corresponding isoxazol-3-yl dimethylcarbamates 15. X-ray crystallography of dimethylcarboxamide 14d provided insight into that reactivity, a finding that may explain the inhibitory power of structurally-related inhibitors of hormone-sensitive lipase. Finally, human/An. gambiae AChE inhibition selectivities of these compounds were low, suggesting the need for additional structural modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astha Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Dawn M Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Rafique Islam
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Fan Tong
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Maryam Ghavami
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - James M Mutunga
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Carla Slebodnick
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Elisabet Viayna
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Polo C-H Lam
- Molsoft LLC, 11199 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Maxim M Totrov
- Molsoft LLC, 11199 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Bloomquist
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Paul R Carlier
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vasilieva E, Dutta S, Malla RK, Martin BP, Spilling CD, Dupureur CM. Rat hormone sensitive lipase inhibition by cyclipostins and their analogs. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:944-52. [PMID: 25678014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclipostins are bicyclic lipophilic phosphate natural products. We report here that synthesized individual diastereomers of cyclipostins P and R have nanomolar IC50s toward hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). The less potent diastereomers of these compounds have 10-fold weaker IC50s. The monocyclic phosphate analog of cyclipostin P is nearly as potent as the bicyclic natural product. Bicyclic phosphonate analogs of both cyclipostins exhibit IC50s similar to those of the weaker diastereomer phosphates (about 400nM). The monocyclic phosphonate analog of cyclipostin P has similar potency. A series of monocyclic phosphonate analogs in which a hydrophobic tail extends from the lactone side of the ring are considerably poorer inhibitors, with IC50s around 50μM. Finally cyclophostin, a related natural product inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that lacks the hydrocarbon tail of cyclipostins, is not active against HSL. These results indicate a critical SAR for these compounds, the hydrophobic tail. The smaller lactone ring is not critical to activity, a similarity shared with cyclophostin and AChE. The HSL kinetics of inhibition for the cyclipostin P trans diastereomer were examined in detail. The reaction is irreversible with a KI of 40nM and a rate constant for inactivation of 0.2min(-1). These results are similar to those observed for cyclophostin and AChE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vasilieva
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, United States
| | - Supratik Dutta
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, United States
| | - Raj K Malla
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, United States
| | - Benjamin P Martin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, United States
| | - Christopher D Spilling
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, United States
| | - Cynthia M Dupureur
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sandomenico A, Celentano V, D'Andrea LD, Palmieri G, Ruvo M. Screening of β-hairpin peptide-engrafted 1,2,3-triazoles to identify APEH enzyme inhibitors. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13505a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide-engrafted triazoles, obtained via click chemistry, drive the inhibition activity toward Acyl Peptide Hydrolase (APEH), a modulator of the proteasome activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Sandomenico
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging
- National Research Council (CNR-IBB)
- 80134 Naples
- Italy
- CIRPEB-University of Naples Federico II
| | - V. Celentano
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging
- National Research Council (CNR-IBB)
- 80134 Naples
- Italy
| | - L. D. D'Andrea
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging
- National Research Council (CNR-IBB)
- 80134 Naples
- Italy
- CIRPEB-University of Naples Federico II
| | - G. Palmieri
- Institute of Biosciensces and BioResources
- National Research Council (CNR-IBBR)
- Naples
- Italy
| | - M. Ruvo
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging
- National Research Council (CNR-IBB)
- 80134 Naples
- Italy
- CIRPEB-University of Naples Federico II
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schweiger M, Eichmann TO, Taschler U, Zimmermann R, Zechner R, Lass A. Measurement of lipolysis. Methods Enzymol 2014; 538:171-93. [PMID: 24529439 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800280-3.00010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Lipolysis is defined as the hydrolytic cleavage of ester bonds in triglycerides (TGs), resulting in the generation of fatty acids (FAs) and glycerol. The two major TG pools in the body of vertebrates comprise intracellular TGs and plasma/nutritional TGs. Accordingly, this leads to the discrimination between intracellular and intravascular/gastrointestinal lipolysis, respectively. This chapter focuses exclusively on intracellular lipolysis, referred to as lipolysis herein. The lipolytic cleavage of TGs occurs in essentially all cells and tissues of the body. In all of them, the resulting FAs are utilized endogenously for energy production or biosynthetic pathways with one exception, white adipose tissue (WAT). WAT releases FAs and glycerol to supply nonadipose tissues at times of nutrient deprivation. The fundamental role of lipolysis in lipid and energy homeostasis requires the accurate measurement of lipase activities and lipolytic rates. The recent discovery of new enzymes and regulators that mediate the hydrolysis of TG has made these measurements more complex. Here, we describe detailed methodology for how to measure lipolysis and specific enzymes' activities in cells, organs, and their respective extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cerk IK, Salzburger B, Boeszoermenyi A, Heier C, Pillip C, Romauch M, Schweiger M, Cornaciu I, Lass A, Zimmermann R, Zechner R, Oberer M. A peptide derived from G0/G1 switch gene 2 acts as noncompetitive inhibitor of adipose triglyceride lipase. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32559-70. [PMID: 25258314 PMCID: PMC4239610 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.602599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) is a small basic protein that functions as an endogenous inhibitor of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), a key enzyme in intracellular lipolysis. In this study, we identified a short sequence covering residues Lys-20 to Ala-52 in G0S2 that is still fully capable of inhibiting mouse and human ATGL. We found that a synthetic peptide corresponding to this region inhibits ATGL in a noncompetitive manner in the nanomolar range. This peptide is highly selective for ATGL and does not inhibit other lipases, including hormone-sensitive lipase, monoacylglycerol lipase, lipoprotein lipase, and patatin domain-containing phospholipases 6 and 7. Because increased lipolysis is linked to the development of metabolic disorders, the inhibition of ATGL by G0S2-derived peptides may represent a novel therapeutic tool to modulate lipolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines K Cerk
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Salzburger
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andras Boeszoermenyi
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Heier
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Pillip
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Romauch
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Irina Cornaciu
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Otrubova K, Srinivasan V, Boger DL. Discovery libraries targeting the major enzyme classes: the serine hydrolases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3807-13. [PMID: 25037918 PMCID: PMC4130767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two libraries of modestly reactive ureas containing either electron-deficient acyl anilines or acyl pyrazoles were prepared and are reported as screening libraries for candidate serine hydrolase inhibitors. Within each library is a small but powerful subset of compounds that serve as a chemotype fragment screening library capable of subsequent structural diversification. Elaboration of the pyrazole-based ureas provided remarkably potent irreversible inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH, apparent Ki=100-200 pM) complementary to those previously disclosed enlisting electron-deficient aniline-based ureas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fluoroquinolones: novel class of gastrointestinal dietary lipid digestion and absorption inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-0913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
24
|
Scott SA, Mathews TP, Ivanova PT, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Chemical modulation of glycerolipid signaling and metabolic pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1060-84. [PMID: 24440821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thirty years ago, glycerolipids captured the attention of biochemical researchers as novel cellular signaling entities. We now recognize that these biomolecules occupy signaling nodes critical to a number of physiological and pathological processes. Thus, glycerolipid-metabolizing enzymes present attractive targets for new therapies. A number of fields-ranging from neuroscience and cancer to diabetes and obesity-have elucidated the signaling properties of glycerolipids. The biochemical literature teems with newly emerging small molecule inhibitors capable of manipulating glycerolipid metabolism and signaling. This ever-expanding pool of chemical modulators appears daunting to those interested in exploiting glycerolipid-signaling pathways in their model system of choice. This review distills the current body of literature surrounding glycerolipid metabolism into a more approachable format, facilitating the application of small molecule inhibitors to novel systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Tools to study lipid functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas P Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pavlina T Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - H Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Development of small-molecule inhibitors targeting adipose triglyceride lipase. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:785-7. [PMID: 24096302 PMCID: PMC3829776 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is rate limiting in the mobilization of fatty acids from cellular triglyceride stores. This central role in lipolysis marks ATGL as an interesting pharmacological target as deregulated fatty acid metabolism is closely linked to dyslipidemic and metabolic disorders. Here we report on the development and characterization of a small-molecule inhibitor of ATGL. Atglistatin is selective for ATGL and reduces fatty acid mobilization in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang Z, Li S, Sun L, Fan J, Liu Z. Comparative analyses of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and endothelial lipase, and their binding properties with known inhibitors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72146. [PMID: 23991054 PMCID: PMC3749185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The triglyceride lipase gene subfamily plays a central role in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. There are three members of this subfamily: lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and endothelial lipase. Although these lipases are implicated in the pathophysiology of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis, their structures have not been fully solved. In the current study, we established homology models of these three lipases, and carried out analysis of their activity sites. In addition, we investigated the kinetic characteristics for the catalytic residues using a molecular dynamics simulation strategy. To elucidate the molecular interactions and determine potential key residues involved in the binding to lipase inhibitors, we analyzed the binding pockets and binding poses of known inhibitors of the three lipases. We identified the spatial consensus catalytic triad “Ser-Asp-His”, a characteristic motif in all three lipases. Furthermore, we found that the spatial characteristics of the binding pockets of the lipase molecules play a key role in ligand recognition, binding poses, and affinities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that systematically builds homology models of all the triglyceride lipase gene subfamily members. Our data provide novel insights into the molecular structures of lipases and their structure-function relationship, and thus provides groundwork for functional probe design towards lipase-based therapeutic inhibitors for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Lidan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
- * E-mail: (ZML); (JLF)
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (ZML); (JLF)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Al-Shawabkeh JD, Al-Nadaf AH, Dahabiyeh LA, Taha MO. Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationship of new HSL inhibitors guided by pharmacophore models. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
28
|
Ben Ali Y, Verger R, Carrière F, Petry S, Muller G, Abousalham A. The molecular mechanism of human hormone-sensitive lipase inhibition by substituted 3-phenyl-5-alkoxy-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ones. Biochimie 2012; 94:137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
29
|
Desai NC, Shihora PN, Rajpara KM, Joshi VV, Vaghani HV, Satodiya HM, Dodiya AM. Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of novel naphthalene-based 1,2,4-triazoles. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
Long JZ, Cravatt BF. The metabolic serine hydrolases and their functions in mammalian physiology and disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6022-63. [PMID: 21696217 DOI: 10.1021/cr200075y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Long
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Adibekian A, Martin BR, Wang C, Hsu KL, Bachovchin DA, Niessen S, Hoover H, Cravatt BF. Click-generated triazole ureas as ultrapotent in vivo-active serine hydrolase inhibitors. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:469-78. [PMID: 21572424 PMCID: PMC3118922 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Serine hydrolases are a diverse enzyme class representing ∼1% of all human proteins. The biological functions of most serine hydrolases remain poorly characterized owing to a lack of selective inhibitors to probe their activity in living systems. Here we show that a substantial number of serine hydrolases can be irreversibly inactivated by 1,2,3-triazole ureas, which show negligible cross-reactivity with other protein classes. Rapid lead optimization by click chemistry-enabled synthesis and competitive activity-based profiling identified 1,2,3-triazole ureas that selectively inhibit enzymes from diverse branches of the serine hydrolase class, including peptidases (acyl-peptide hydrolase, or APEH), lipases (platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase-2, or PAFAH2) and uncharacterized hydrolases (α,β-hydrolase-11, or ABHD11), with exceptional potency in cells (sub-nanomolar) and mice (<1 mg kg(-1)). We show that APEH inhibition leads to accumulation of N-acetylated proteins and promotes proliferation in T cells. These data indicate 1,2,3-triazole ureas are a pharmacologically privileged chemotype for serine hydrolase inhibition, combining broad activity across the serine hydrolase class with tunable selectivity for individual enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Adibekian
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Brent R. Martin
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Chu Wang
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Daniel A. Bachovchin
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sherry Niessen
- Center for Physiological Proteomics, and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Heather Hoover
- Center for Physiological Proteomics, and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kharb R, Sharma PC, Yar MS. Pharmacological significance of triazole scaffold. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 26:1-21. [PMID: 20583859 DOI: 10.3109/14756360903524304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The triazole nucleus is one of the most important and well known heterocycles which is a common and integral feature of a variety of natural products and medicinal agents. Triazole nucleus is present as a core structural component in an array of drug categories such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiepileptic, antiviral, antineoplastic, antihypertensive, antimalarial, local anaesthetic, antianxiety, antidepressant, antihistaminic, antioxidant, antitubercular, anti-Parkinson's, antidiabetic, antiobesity and immunomodulatory agents, etc. The broad and potent activity of triazole and their derivatives has established them as pharmacologically significant scaffolds. The basic heterocyclic rings present in the various medicinal agents are 1,2,3-triazole and 1,2,4-triazole. A large volume of research has been carried out on triazole and their derivatives, which has proved the pharmacological importance of this heterocyclic nucleus. The present paper is an attempt to review the pharmacological activities reported for triazole derivatives in the current literature with an update of recent research findings on this nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kharb
- Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khetri, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Minkkilä A, Savinainen JR, Käsnänen H, Xhaard H, Nevalainen T, Laitinen JT, Poso A, Leppänen J, Saario SM. Screening of various hormone-sensitive lipase inhibitors as endocannabinoid-hydrolyzing enzyme inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1253-9. [PMID: 19472270 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Minkkilä
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ebdrup S, Refsgaard HHF, Fledelius C, Jacobsen P. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship for a novel class of potent and selective carbamate-based inhibitors of hormone selective lipase with acute in vivo antilipolytic effects. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5449-56. [PMID: 17918819 DOI: 10.1021/jm0607653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is an intracellular enzyme that has a central role in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism. The enzyme, therefore, is a potentially interesting pharmacological target for the treatment of insulin resistance and dyslipidemic disorders. Based on a high throughput screening, a carbamate based HSL inhibitor was identified and optimized into the selective HSL inhibitors 4-hydroxymethyl-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid 4-(5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yloxy)-phenyl ester (13f) and 4-hydroxy-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid 4-(5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yloxy)-phenyl ester (13g), with IC50 values of 110 and 500 nM, respectively. Both inhibitors were active in acute antilipolytic experiments in vivo and none of the inhibitors inhibited the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms 2D6, 3A4, and 1A2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Ebdrup
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tozkoparan B, Küpeli E, Yeşilada E, Ertan M. Preparation of 5-aryl-3-alkylthio-l,2,4-triazoles and corresponding sulfones with antiinflammatory–analgesic activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:1808-14. [PMID: 17166724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a series of 5-aryl-3-alkylthio-1,2,4-triazoles and corresponding sulfones were prepared with the objective of developing better analgesic-antiinflammatory compounds with minimum ulcerogenic risk. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectral and elemental analysis. The compounds were assayed per os in mice for their antiinflammatory and analgesic activity as well as the ulcerogenic risk and acute toxicity. Several of these compounds showed significant activity. Alkylsulfone derivatives were found to be much more potent analgesic-antiinflammatory agents than the corresponding alkylthio analogs. Compounds 9 and 11 were the most active of the series in both analgesic and antiinflammatory activity tests. In contrast to reference compound acetyl salicylic acid, these compounds did not induce gastric lesions in the stomach of experimental animals at the doses that exhibited analgesic/antiinflammatory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birsen Tozkoparan
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 06100 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang M, Fotsch C. Small-Molecule Compounds that Modulate Lipolysis in Adipose Tissue: Targeting Strategies and Molecular Classes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:1019-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
37
|
Alexander JP, Cravatt BF. The Putative Endocannabinoid Transport Blocker LY2183240 Is a Potent Inhibitor of FAAH and Several Other Brain Serine Hydrolases. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:9699-704. [PMID: 16866524 DOI: 10.1021/ja062999h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
How lipid transmitters move within and between cells to communicate signals remains an important and largely unanswered question. Integral membrane transporters, soluble lipid-binding proteins, and metabolic enzymes have all been proposed to collaboratively regulate lipid signaling dynamics in vivo. Assignment of the relative contributions made by each of these classes of proteins requires selective pharmacological agents to perturb their individual functions. Recently, LY2183240, a heterocyclic urea inhibitor of the putative endocannabinoid (EC) transporter, was shown to disrupt the cellular uptake of the lipid EC anandamide and promote analgesia in vivo. Here, we show that LY2183240 is a potent, covalent inhibitor of the EC-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). LY2183240 inactivates FAAH by carbamylation of the enzyme's serine nucleophile. More global screens using activity-based proteomic probes identified several additional serine hydrolases that are also inhibited by LY2183240. These results indicate that the blockade of anandamide uptake observed with LY2183240 may be due primarily to the inactivation of FAAH, providing further evidence that this enzyme serves as a metabolic driving force that promotes the diffusion of anandamide into cells. More generally, the proteome-wide target promiscuity of LY2183240 designates the heterocyclic urea as a chemotype with potentially excessive protein reactivity for drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Alexander
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Langin D. Adipose tissue lipolysis as a metabolic pathway to define pharmacological strategies against obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Pharmacol Res 2006; 53:482-91. [PMID: 16644234 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue lipolysis is the catabolic process leading to the breakdown of triglycerides stored in fat cells and release of fatty acids and glycerol. Recent work has revealed that lipolysis is not a simple metabolic pathway stimulated by catecholamines and inhibited by insulin. There have been new discoveries on the endocrine and paracrine regulation of lipolysis and on the molecular mechanisms of triglyceride hydrolysis. Catecholamines modulate lipolysis through lipolytic beta-adrenoceptor and antilipolytic alpha2-adrenoceptor. Recent studies have allowed a better understanding of the relative contribution of the two types of receptors and provided evidence for the in vivo involvement of alpha2-adrenoceptors in the physiological control of subcutaneous adipose tissue lipolysis. A puzzling observation is the characterization of a residual catecholamine-induced lipolysis in mice deficient in beta-adrenoceptors. A novel lipolytic system has been characterized in human fat cells. Natriuretic peptides stimulate lipolysis through a cGMP-dependent pathway. There are other lipolytic pathways active in human fat cells which importance is not fully understood. Forty years after the description of the antilipolytic effect of nicotinic acid, the receptors have been identified. Adrenomedullin which is produced by adipocytes exert an antilipolytic effect through an indirect mechanism involving nitric oxide. The molecular details of the lipolytic reaction are not fully understood. The role of the lipases has been re-evaluated with the cloning of adipose triglyceride lipase. Hormone-sensitive lipase appears as the major lipase for catecholamine and natriuretic peptide-stimulated lipolysis whereas adipose triglyceride lipase mediates the hydrolysis of triglycerides during basal lipolysis. Translocation of hormone-sensitive lipase bound to the adipocyte lipid binding protein to the lipid droplet seems to be an important step during lipolytic activation. Re-organization of the lipid droplet coating by perilipins facilitates the access of the enzyme. The role of other lipid-interacting proteins in lipolysis is still unclear. The proteins involved in the lipolytic process constitute drug targets for the treatment of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. The oldest example is nicotinic acid (niacin) used as a hypolipidaemic drug. A first approach consists in molecules stimulating lipolysis and oxidation of the released fatty acids to decrease fat stores. A second approach is a chronic inhibition of lipolysis to diminish plasma fatty acid level which is a central feature of the metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Langin
- Obesity Research Unit Inserm UPS U586, Institut Louis Bugnard, Université Paul Sabatier, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Langin D, Dicker A, Tavernier G, Hoffstedt J, Mairal A, Rydén M, Arner E, Sicard A, Jenkins CM, Viguerie N, van Harmelen V, Gross RW, Holm C, Arner P. Adipocyte lipases and defect of lipolysis in human obesity. Diabetes 2005; 54:3190-7. [PMID: 16249444 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.11.3190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The mobilization of fat stored in adipose tissue is mediated by hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and the recently characterized adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), yet their relative importance in lipolysis is unknown. We show that a novel potent inhibitor of HSL does not inhibit other lipases. The compound counteracted catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis in mouse adipocytes and had no effect on residual triglyceride hydrolysis and lipolysis in HSL-null mice. In human adipocytes, catecholamine- and natriuretic peptide-induced lipolysis were completely blunted by the HSL inhibitor. When fat cells were not stimulated, glycerol but not fatty acid release was inhibited. HSL and ATGL mRNA levels increased concomitantly during adipocyte differentiation. Abundance of the two transcripts in human adipose tissue was highly correlated in habitual dietary conditions and during a hypocaloric diet, suggesting common regulatory mechanisms for the two genes. Comparison of obese and nonobese subjects showed that obesity was associated with a decrease in catecholamine-induced lipolysis and HSL expression in mature fat cells and in differentiated preadipocytes. In conclusion, HSL is the major lipase for catecholamine- and natriuretic peptide-stimulated lipolysis, whereas ATGL mediates the hydrolysis of triglycerides during basal lipolysis. Decreased catecholamine-induced lipolysis and low HSL expression constitute a possibly primary defect in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Langin
- Obesity Research Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS) U586, Louis Bugnard Institute, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Claus TH, Lowe DB, Liang Y, Salhanick AI, Lubeski CK, Yang L, Lemoine L, Zhu J, Clairmont KB. Specific inhibition of hormone-sensitive lipase improves lipid profile while reducing plasma glucose. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 315:1396-402. [PMID: 16162821 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.086926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevation of plasma free fatty acids has been linked with insulin resistance and diabetes. Inhibition of lipolysis may provide a mechanism to decrease plasma fatty acids, thereby improving insulin sensitivity. Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is a critical enzyme involved in the hormonally regulated release of fatty acids and glycerol from adipocyte lipid stores, and its inhibition may thus improve insulin sensitivity and blood glucose handling in type 2 diabetes. In rat adipocytes, forskolin-activated lipolysis was blocked by in vitro addition of a potent and selective HSL inhibitor or by prior treatment of the animals themselves. Antilipolytic effects also were demonstrated in overnight-fasted mice, rats, and dogs with species-dependent effects on plasma free fatty acid levels but with similar reductions in plasma glycerol being observed in all species. Inhibition of HSL also reduced hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The data support a connection between adipose tissue lipolysis and plasma glucose levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Claus
- Department of Metabolic Disorders Research, Bayer Research Center, 400 Morgan Lane, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ebdrup S, Jacobsen P, Farrington AD, Vedsø P. Structure–activity relationship for aryl and heteroaryl boronic acid inhibitors of hormone-sensitive lipase. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2305-12. [PMID: 15727879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A range of aryl and heteroaryl boronic acids were tested for their in vitro hormone-sensitive lipase inhibitory properties. (2-Benzyloxy-5-fluorophenyl)boronic acid, (2-benzyloxy-5-chlorophenyl)boronic acid and 5-bromothiophene-2-boronic acid were found to be the most potent HSL inhibitors with IC(50) values of 140, 17 and 350 nM, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Ebdrup
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lowe DB, Magnuson S, Qi N, Campbell AM, Cook J, Hong Z, Wang M, Rodriguez M, Achebe F, Kluender H, Wong WC, Bullock WH, Salhanick AI, Witman-Jones T, Bowling ME, Keiper C, Clairmont KB. In vitro SAR of (5-(2H)-isoxazolonyl) ureas, potent inhibitors of hormone-sensitive lipase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3155-9. [PMID: 15149665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Revised: 04/02/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of (5-(2H)-isoxazolonyl) ureas were developed as nanomolar inhibitors of hormone-sensitive lipase, an enzyme of potential importance in the treatment of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek B Lowe
- Department of Chemistry Research, Bayer Research Center, 400 Morgan Lane, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gillespie P, Goodnow RA. The Hit-to-Lead Process in Drug Discovery. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(04)39022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|