1
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Chandy M, Nishiga M, Wei TT, Hamburg NM, Nadeau K, Wu JC. Adverse Impact of Cannabis on Human Health. Annu Rev Med 2024; 75:353-367. [PMID: 37582489 PMCID: PMC10947506 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-052422-020627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis, the most commonly used recreational drug, is illicit in many areas of the world. With increasing decriminalization and legalization, cannabis use is increasing in the United States and other countries. The adverse effects of cannabis are unclear because its status as a Schedule 1 drug in the United States restricts research. Despite a paucity of data, cannabis is commonly perceived as a benign or even beneficial drug. However, recent studies show that cannabis has adverse cardiovascular and pulmonary effects and is linked with malignancy. Moreover, case reports have shown an association between cannabis use and neuropsychiatric disorders. With growing availability, cannabis misuse by minors has led to increasing incidences of overdose and toxicity. Though difficult to detect, cannabis intoxication may be linked to impaired driving and motor vehicle accidents. Overall, cannabis use is on the rise, and adverse effects are becoming apparent in clinical data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Chandy
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Masataka Nishiga
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tzu-Tang Wei
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Naomi M Hamburg
- Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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2
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Chen YC, Zeng WZ, Li SM, Chou JY, Tsai SE, Fuh Wong F. One-Pot Double Oxidation Synthesis of N-1-Piperidonyl Amides From N-1-Piperidinyl Amides with meta-Chloroperbenzoic Acid: Rimonabant Analogue as Model Study. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300702. [PMID: 37272609 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient one-pot oxidation synthesis of N-1-piperidonyl amides was successfully developed through the double oxidation of hydrazides (involving hydrazonium formation, azodioxy-carbonyl compounds generation, and α-carbon oxidation) by using meta-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA). The convenient oxidation method was also extended to Rimonabant analogue. The lactam oxidized Rimonabant analogue was first successfully synthesized for demonstrating the construction and characterized by NMR spectroscopic methods and the single-crystal X-ray diffraction study (ORTEP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 100, Jingmao 1st Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung City, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Zheng Zeng
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, No. 100, Jingmao 1st Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung City, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Min Li
- Institute of Translation Medicine and New Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yu Chou
- Master Program for Pharmaceutical Manufacture, China Medical University, No. 100, Jingmao 1st Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung City, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-En Tsai
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 100, Jingmao 1st Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung City, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Fung Fuh Wong
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 100, Jingmao 1st Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung City, 406040, Taiwan
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3
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Arceri L, Nguyen TK, Gibson S, Baker S, Wingert RA. Cannabinoid Signaling in Kidney Disease. Cells 2023; 12:1419. [PMID: 37408253 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoid signaling plays crucial roles in human physiology in the function of multiple systems. The two cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, are cell membrane proteins that interact with both exogenous and endogenous bioactive lipid ligands, or endocannabinoids. Recent evidence has established that endocannabinoid signaling operates within the human kidney, as well as suggests the important role it plays in multiple renal pathologies. CB1, specifically, has been identified as the more prominent ECS receptor within the kidney, allowing us to place emphasis on this receptor. The activity of CB1 has been repeatedly shown to contribute to both diabetic and non-diabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD). Interestingly, recent reports of acute kidney injury (AKI) have been attributed to synthetic cannabinoid use. Therefore, the exploration of the ECS, its receptors, and its ligands can help provide better insight into new methods of treatment for a range of renal diseases. This review explores the endocannabinoid system, with a focus on its impacts within the healthy and diseased kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Arceri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Thanh Khoa Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Shannon Gibson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Sophia Baker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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4
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Amato G, Vasukuttan V, Harris D, Laudermilk L, Lucitti J, Runyon S, Maitra R. Structure-Activity Relationship Development Efforts towards Peripherally Selective Analogs of the Cannabinoid Receptor Partial Agonist BAY 59-3074. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175672. [PMID: 36080443 PMCID: PMC9457575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective modulation of peripheral cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) has potential therapeutic applications in medical conditions, including obesity, diabetes, liver diseases, GI disorders and pain. While there have been considerable efforts to produce selective antagonists or full agonists of CBRs, there has been limited reports on the development of partial agonists. Partial agonists targeting peripheral CBRs may have desirable pharmacological profiles while not producing centrally mediated dissociative effects. Bayer reported that BAY 59-3074 is a CNS penetrant partial agonist of both CB1 and CB2 receptors with efficacy in rat models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. In this report, we demonstrate our efforts to synthesize analogs that would favor peripheral selectivity, while maintaining partial agonism of CB1. Our efforts led to the identification of a novel compound, which is a partial agonist of the human CB1 (hCB1) receptor with vastly diminished brain exposure compared to BAY 59-3074.
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5
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Dalle S, Schouten M, Meeus G, Slagmolen L, Koppo K. Molecular networks underlying cannabinoid signaling in skeletal muscle plasticity. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3517-3540. [PMID: 35862111 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid system is ubiquitously present and is classically considered to engage in neural and immunity processes. Yet, the role of the cannabinoid system in the whole body and tissue metabolism via central and peripheral mechanisms is increasingly recognized. The present review provides insights in (i) how cannabinoid signaling is regulated via receptor-independent and -dependent mechanisms and (ii) how these signaling cascades (might) affect skeletal muscle plasticity and physiology. Receptor-independent mechanisms include endocannabinoid metabolism to eicosanoids and the regulation of ion channels. Alternatively, endocannabinoids can act as ligands for different classic (cannabinoid receptor 1 [CB1 ], CB2 ) and/or alternative (e.g., TRPV1, GPR55) cannabinoid receptors with a unique affinity, specificity, and intracellular signaling cascade (often tissue-specific). Antagonism of CB1 might hold clues to improve oxidative (mitochondrial) metabolism, insulin sensitivity, satellite cell growth, and muscle anabolism, whereas CB2 agonism might be a promising way to stimulate muscle metabolism and muscle cell growth. Besides, CB2 ameliorates muscle regeneration via macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, induction of MyoD and myogenin expression and antifibrotic mechanisms. Also TRPV1 and GPR55 contribute to the regulation of muscle growth and metabolism. Future studies should reveal how the cannabinoid system can be targeted to improve muscle quantity and/or quality in conditions such as ageing, disease, disuse, and metabolic dysregulation, taking into account challenges that are inherent to modulation of the cannabinoid system, such as central and peripheral side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Dalle
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Moniek Schouten
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gitte Meeus
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Slagmolen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Fulp A, Bingham S, Fisler B, Kho F, Kim J, Kim SJ, Martin T, Mims B, Reji Thomas K, Roe G, Spiotta J, Young J, Lazenka M. Design and synthesis of endocannabinoid enzyme inhibitors for ocular indications. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 68:128763. [PMID: 35500728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A small library of FAAH and dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitors designed for peripheral selectivity were targeted. Of these compounds, three were identified to have desirable FAAH inhibition and reduced permeability in a PAMPA assay. Those three compounds were advanced into a MAGL inhibitor assay and one was found to be a relative selective FAAH inhibitor, FAAH to MAGL IC50 ratio of 1:27, and one was found to be more characteristic of a true dual enzyme inhibitor, FAAH to MAGL IC50 ratio of 1:4. Both compounds showed activity in an ABPP assay, blockage of TAMRA-FP labeling of FAAH and MAGL in rat eye homogenate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Fulp
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA.
| | - Sarah Bingham
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Bethany Fisler
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Felice Kho
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Joshua Kim
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - So Jung Kim
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Tabitha Martin
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Bailey Mims
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Kezia Reji Thomas
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Grace Roe
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Julia Spiotta
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Julianna Young
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Matthew Lazenka
- Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine and Kentucky College of Optometry, University of Pikeville, 147 Sycamore Street, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA
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7
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Decker AM, Brackeen MF, Mohammadkhani A, Kormos CM, Hesk D, Borgland SL, Blough BE. Identification of a Potent Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Antagonist. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1082-1095. [PMID: 35325532 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human trace amine-associated receptor subtype 1 (hTAAR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor that has therapeutic potential for multiple diseases, including schizophrenia, drug addiction, and Parkinson's disease (PD). Although several potent agonists have been identified and have shown positive results in various clinical trials for schizophrenia, the discovery of potent hTAAR1 antagonists remains elusive. Herein, we report the results of structure-activity relationship studies that have led to the discovery of a potent hTAAR1 antagonist (RTI-7470-44, 34). RTI-7470-44 exhibited an IC50 of 8.4 nM in an in vitro cAMP functional assay, a Ki of 0.3 nM in a radioligand binding assay, and showed species selectivity for hTAAR1 over the rat and mouse orthologues. RTI-7470-44 displayed good blood-brain barrier permeability, moderate metabolic stability, and a favorable preliminary off-target profile. Finally, RTI-7470-44 increased the spontaneous firing rate of mouse VTA dopaminergic neurons and blocked the effects of the known TAAR1 agonist RO5166017. Collectively, this work provides a promising hTAAR1 antagonist probe that can be used to study TAAR1 pharmacology and the potential therapeutic role in hypodopaminergic diseases such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Decker
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Marcus F. Brackeen
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Aida Mohammadkhani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Chad M. Kormos
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - David Hesk
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Stephanie L. Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Bruce E. Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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8
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Yamamoto T, Mulpuri Y, Izraylev M, Li Q, Simonian M, Kramme C, Schmidt BL, Seltzman HH, Spigelman I. Selective targeting of peripheral cannabinoid receptors prevents behavioral symptoms and sensitization of trigeminal neurons in mouse models of migraine and medication overuse headache. Pain 2021; 162:2246-2262. [PMID: 33534356 PMCID: PMC8277668 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Migraine affects ∼15% of the world's population greatly diminishing their quality of life. Current preventative treatments are effective in only a subset of migraine patients, and although cannabinoids seem beneficial in alleviating migraine symptoms, central nervous system side effects limit their widespread use. We developed peripherally restricted cannabinoids (PRCBs) that relieve chronic pain symptoms of cancer and neuropathies, without appreciable central nervous system side effects or tolerance development. Here, we determined PRCB effectiveness in alleviating hypersensitivity symptoms in mouse models of migraine and medication overuse headache. Long-term glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, 10 mg/kg) administration led to increased sensitivity to mechanical stimuli and increased expression of phosphorylated protein kinase A, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 proteins in trigeminal ganglia. Peripherally restricted cannabinoid pretreatment, but not posttreatment, prevented behavioral and biochemical correlates of GTN-induced sensitization. Low pH-activated and allyl isothiocyanate-activated currents in acutely isolated trigeminal neurons were reversibly attenuated by PRCB application. Long-term GTN treatment significantly enhanced these currents. Long-term sumatriptan treatment also led to the development of allodynia to mechanical and cold stimuli that was slowly reversible after sumatriptan discontinuation. Subsequent challenge with a previously ineffective low-dose GTN (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) revealed latent behavioral sensitization and increased expression of phosphorylated protein kinase A, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 proteins in trigeminal ganglia. Peripherally restricted cannabinoid pretreatment prevented all behavioral and biochemical correlates of allodynia and latent sensitization. Importantly, long-term PRCB treatment alone did not produce any behavioral or biochemical signs of sensitization. These data validate peripheral cannabinoid receptors as potential therapeutic targets in migraine and medication overuse headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yamamoto
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yatendra Mulpuri
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mikhail Izraylev
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Qianyi Li
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Menooa Simonian
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christian Kramme
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Brian L. Schmidt
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY
| | - Herbert H. Seltzman
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Igor Spigelman
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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9
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Narayanan S, Wang S, Vasukuttan V, Vyas Devambatla RK, Dai D, Jin C, Snyder R, Laudermilk L, Runyon SP, Maitra R. Pyrazole Agonist of the Apelin Receptor Improves Symptoms of Metabolic Syndrome in Mice. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3006-3025. [PMID: 33705126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apelin receptor agonism improves symptoms of metabolic syndrome. However, endogenous apelin peptides have short half-lives, making their utility as potential drugs limited. Previously, we had identified a novel pyrazole-based agonist scaffold. Systematic modification of this scaffold was performed to produce compounds with improved ADME properties. Compound 13 with favorable agonist potency (cAMPi EC50 = 162 nM), human liver microsome stability (T1/2 = 62 min), and pharmacokinetic profile in rodents was identified. The compound was tested in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and metabolic syndrome for efficacy. Treatment with 13 led to significant weight loss, hypophagia, improved glucose utilization, reduced liver steatosis, and improvement of disease-associated biomarkers. In conclusion, a small-molecule agonist of the apelin receptor has been identified that is suitable for in vivo investigation of the apelinergic system in DIO and perhaps other diseases where this receptor has been implicated to play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Narayanan
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Shaobin Wang
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Vineetha Vasukuttan
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | - Donghua Dai
- Sterling Pharma Solutions Limited, Sheldon Drive, Cary, North Carolina 27513, United States
| | - Chunyang Jin
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Rodney Snyder
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Lucas Laudermilk
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
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10
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Tsai SE, Li SM, Tseng CC, Chung CY, Zeng YH, Chieh Lin C, Fuh MT, Yang LC, Yang YC, Wong FF. Chlorotrimethylsilane promoted one-flask heterocyclic synthesis of 1,2,4-triazoles from nitrilimines: Modeling studies and bioactivity evaluation of LH-21 and Rimonabant analogues. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104299. [PMID: 33002729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An efficient one-flask cascade method for synthesis of the multi-substituted 1,2,4-triazoles via chlorotrimethylsilane as a promoter was developed. Firstly, nitrilimines were transformed to hydrazonamides as intermediate in high yield by treatment with commercially available hexamethyldisilazane. Subsequently, the mixture was added with corresponding acyl chloride and heated in the presence of pyridine to give the corresponding multi-substituted 1,2,4-triazoles via chlorotrimethylsilane promoted heterocyclization reaction. The utility of method was demonstrated to synthesize CB1 ligands including Rimonabant analogue 4c and LH-21 3 for modeling study. All synthesized compounds were subjected to the cAMP functional assay of CB1/CB2 receptor. Especially, compound 4g enhanced the reversal of cAMP reduction by CP59440 than LH-21 and Rimonabant analogue in CHO-hCB1 cells. In addition, the docking results showed compound 4g fits the best position with CB1 receptor. However, the ability to penetrate brain-blood barrier of compound 4g is similar with Rimonabant in MDCK-mdr1 permeability assay, which might cause CNS side effect. This study still provides the basis for further development of a potent and specific CB1 antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-En Tsai
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Biotech Pharmaceutical Industry, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Min Li
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chun Tseng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Biotech Pharmaceutical Industry, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yen Chung
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Biotech Pharmaceutical Industry, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hui Zeng
- Master Program for Pharmaceutical Manufacture, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chun Chieh Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Tsu Fuh
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chen Yang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, No. 500, Liufeng Rd., Wufeng Dist., Taichung City 413, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Fuh Wong
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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11
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The therapeutic potential of second and third generation CB1R antagonists. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Narayanan S, Vasukuttan V, Rajagopal S, Maitra R, Runyon SP. Identification of potent pyrazole based APELIN receptor (APJ) agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 28:115237. [PMID: 31948845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The apelinergic system comprises the apelin receptor and its cognate apelin and elabela peptide ligands of various lengths. This system has become an increasingly attractive target for pulmonary and cardiometabolic diseases. Small molecule regulators of this receptor with good drug-like properties are needed. Recently, we discovered a novel pyrazole based small molecule agonist 8 of the apelin receptor (EC50 = 21.5 µM, Ki = 5.2 µM) through focused screening which was further optimized to initial lead 9 (EC50 = 0.800 µM, Ki = 1.3 µM). In our efforts to synthesize more potent agonists and to explore the structural features important for apelin receptor agonism, we carried out structural modifications at N1 of the pyrazole core as well as the amino acid side-chain of 9. Systematic modifications at these two positions provided potent small molecule agonists exhibiting EC50 values of <100 nM. Recruitment of β-arrestin as a measure of desensitization potential of select compounds was also investigated. Functional selectivity was a feature of several compounds with a bias towards calcium mobilization over β-arrestin recruitment. These compounds may be suitable as tools for in vivo studies of apelin receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Narayanan
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Vineetha Vasukuttan
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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13
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Nguyen T, Thomas BF, Zhang Y. Overcoming the Psychiatric Side Effects of the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Antagonists: Current Approaches for Therapeutics Development. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1418-1435. [PMID: 31284863 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190708164841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor (CB1R) is involved in a variety of physiological pathways and has long been considered a golden target for therapeutic manipulation. A large body of evidence in both animal and human studies suggests that CB1R antagonism is highly effective for the treatment of obesity, metabolic disorders and drug addiction. However, the first-in-class CB1R antagonist/inverse agonist, rimonabant, though demonstrating effectiveness for obesity treatment and smoking cessation, displays serious psychiatric side effects, including anxiety, depression and even suicidal ideation, resulting in its eventual withdrawal from the European market. Several strategies are currently being pursued to circumvent the mechanisms leading to these side effects by developing neutral antagonists, peripherally restricted ligands, and allosteric modulators. In this review, we describe the progress in the development of therapeutics targeting the CB1R in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Nguyen
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Brian F Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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14
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Amato G, Wiethe R, Manke A, Vasukuttan V, Snyder R, Runyon S, Maitra R. Functionalized 6-(piperidin-1-yl)-8,9-diphenyl purines as inverse agonists of the CB1 receptor - SAR efforts towards selectivity and peripheralization. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3632-3649. [PMID: 31301950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists of type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1) may be useful in treating diabetes, hepatic disorders, and fibrosis. Otenabant (1) is a potent and selective CB1 inverse agonist that was under investigation as an anti-obesity agent, but its development was halted once adverse effects associated with another marketed inverse agonist rimonabant (2) became known. Non-tissue selective antagonists of CB1 that have high levels of brain penetration produce adverse effects in a small subset of patients including anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation. Currently, efforts are underway to produce compounds that have limited brain penetration. In this report, novel analogs of 1 are explored to develop and test strategies for peripheralization. The piperidine of 1 is studied as a linker, which is functionalized with alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups using a connector in the form of an amine, amide, sulfonamide, sulfamide, carbamate, oxime, amidine, or guanidine. We also report more polar replacements for the 4-chlorophenyl group in the 9-position of the purine core, which improve calculated physical properties of the molecules. These studies resulted in compounds such as 75 that are potent inverse agonists of hCB1 with exceptional selectivity for hCB1 over hCB2. SAR studies revealed ways to adjust physical properties to limit brain exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Amato
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Robert Wiethe
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Amruta Manke
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Vineetha Vasukuttan
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Rodney Snyder
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Scott Runyon
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA.
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15
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Amato G, Manke A, Wiethe R, Vasukuttan V, Snyder R, Yueh YL, Decker A, Runyon S, Maitra R. Functionalized 6-(Piperidin-1-yl)-8,9-Diphenyl Purines as Peripherally Restricted Inverse Agonists of the CB1 Receptor. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6330-6345. [PMID: 31185168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Peripherally restricted CB1 receptor antagonists may be useful in treating metabolic syndrome, diabetes, liver diseases, and gastrointestinal disorders. Clinical development of the centrally acting CB1 inverse agonist otenabant (1) was halted due to its potential of producing adverse effects. SAR studies of 1 are reported herein with the objective of producing peripherally restricted analogues. Crystal structures of hCB1 and docking studies with 1 indicate that the piperidine group could be functionalized at the 4-position to access a binding pocket that can accommodate both polar and nonpolar groups. The piperidine is studied as a linker, functionalized with alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups using a urea connector. Orally bioavailable and peripherally selective compounds have been produced that are potent inverse agonists of hCB1 with exceptional selectivity for hCB1 over hCB2. Compound 38 blocked alcohol-induced liver steatosis in mice and has good ADME properties for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Amato
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Amruta Manke
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Robert Wiethe
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Vineetha Vasukuttan
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Rodney Snyder
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Yun Lan Yueh
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Ann Decker
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Scott Runyon
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
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16
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Amato G, Manke A, Wiethe R, Vasukuttan V, Snyder R, Yueh YL, Decker A, Runyon S, Maitra R. Functionalized 6-(Piperidin-1-yl)-8,9-Diphenyl Purines as Peripherally Restricted Inverse Agonists of the CB1 Receptor. J Med Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00727 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.025 10.1038/s41598-018-20078-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George Amato
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Amruta Manke
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Robert Wiethe
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Vineetha Vasukuttan
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Rodney Snyder
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Yun Lan Yueh
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Ann Decker
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Scott Runyon
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
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17
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Cannabis: From a Plant That Modulates Feeding Behaviors toward Developing Selective Inhibitors of the Peripheral Endocannabinoid System for the Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050275. [PMID: 31096702 PMCID: PMC6563239 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the role of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system in regulating energy and metabolic homeostasis. Endocannabinoids, via activating the cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1R), are commonly known as mediators of the thrifty phenotype hypothesis due to their activity in the central nervous system, which in turn regulates food intake and underlies the development of metabolic syndrome. Indeed, these findings led to the clinical testing of globally acting CB1R blockers for obesity and various metabolic complications. However, their therapeutic potential was halted due to centrally mediated adverse effects. Recent observations that highlighted the key role of the peripheral eCB system in metabolic regulation led to the preclinical development of various novel compounds that block CB1R only in peripheral organs with very limited brain penetration and without causing behavioral side effects. These unique molecules, which effectively ameliorate obesity, type II diabetes, fatty liver, insulin resistance, and chronic kidney disease in several animal models, are likely to be further developed in the clinic and may revive the therapeutic potential of blocking CB1R once again.
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18
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Chang CP, Huang HL, Huang JK, Hung MS, Wu CH, Song JS, Lee CJ, Yu CS, Shia KS. Fluorine-18 isotope labeling for positron emission tomography imaging. Direct evidence for DBPR211 as a peripherally restricted CB1 inverse agonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:216-223. [PMID: 30528163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The [18F] isotope-labelled CB1 inverse agonist 3 was elaborated and synthesized for positron emission tomography scanning studies. After immediate purification and calibration with its unlabeled counterpart, compound 3 was intravenously injected in mice and revealed that its distribution percentage in brain over 90-min scans among five region of interests, including brain, liver, heart, thigh muscle and kidney was lower than 1%, thus providing direct evidence to justify itself as a peripherally restricted CB1 antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ping Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ho-Lien Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jing-Kai Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Shiu Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Huang Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Jui Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-Shan Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Kak-Shan Shia
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC.
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19
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Medicinal chemistry of vicinal diaryl scaffold: A mini review. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:1-17. [PMID: 30396033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The privileged structures have been widely used as a valuable template in new drug discovery. 1,2-Diaryl or vicinal diaryl is a simple scaffold found in many drugs and naturally occurring compounds. From synthetic point of view, the vicinal diaryl derivatives are easily accessible due to their facile and expedient syntheses. These scaffolds have shown numerous interesting pharmacological activities against various diseases with lot of clinical potentials. This review aims to highlight the evidence of vicinal diaryl motif as a privileged scaffold in COX-2 inhibitors and CA-4 analogs.
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20
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Zhang YM, Greco MN, Macielag MJ, Teleha CA, DesJarlais RL, Tang Y, Ho G, Hou C, Chen C, Zhao S, Kauffman J, Camacho R, Qi J, Murray W, Demarest K, Leonard J. 6-Benzhydryl-4-amino-quinolin-2-ones as Potent Cannabinoid Type 1 (CB 1) Receptor Inverse Agonists and Chemical Modifications for Peripheral Selectivity. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10276-10298. [PMID: 30339387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 6-benzhydryl-4-amino-quinolin-2-ones was discovered as cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) inverse agonists based on the high-throughput screening hit, compound 1a. Structure-activity relationships were studied to improve in vitro/in vivo pharmacology and restrict distribution to the peripheral circulation. We adopted several strategies such as increasing topological polar surface area, incorporating discrete polyethylene glycol side chains, and targeting P-glycoprotein (P-gp) to minimize access to the brain. Compound 6a is a P-gp substrate and a potent and highly selective CB1R inverse agonist, demonstrating excellent in vivo metabolic stability and a low brain to plasma ratio. However, brain receptor occupancy studies showed that compound 6a may accumulate in brain with repeat dosing. This was evidenced by compound 6a inhibiting food intake and inducing weight loss in diet-induced obese mice. Thus, a strategy based on P-gp efflux may not be adequate for peripheral restriction of the disclosed quinolinone series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Mei Zhang
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Michael N Greco
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Mark J Macielag
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Christopher A Teleha
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Renee L DesJarlais
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Yuting Tang
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - George Ho
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Cuifen Hou
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Cailin Chen
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Shuyuan Zhao
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Jack Kauffman
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Raul Camacho
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Jenson Qi
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - William Murray
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Keith Demarest
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - James Leonard
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
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21
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Jin C, Decker AM, Makhijani VH, Besheer J, Darcq E, Kieffer BL, Maitra R. Discovery of a Potent, Selective, and Brain-Penetrant Small Molecule that Activates the Orphan Receptor GPR88 and Reduces Alcohol Intake. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6748-6758. [PMID: 30011199 PMCID: PMC6108082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR88 is highly expressed in the striatum. Studies using GPR88 knockout mice have suggested that the receptor is implicated in alcohol seeking and drinking behaviors. To date, the biological effects of GPR88 activation are still unknown due to the lack of a potent and selective agonist appropriate for in vivo investigation. In this study, we report the discovery of the first potent, selective, and brain-penetrant GPR88 agonist RTI-13951-33 (6). RTI-13951-33 exhibited an EC50 of 25 nM in an in vitro cAMP functional assay and had no significant off-target activity at 38 GPCRs, ion channels, and neurotransmitter transporters that were tested. RTI-13951-33 displayed enhanced aqueous solubility compared to (1 R,2 R)-2-PCCA (2) and had favorable pharmacokinetic properties for behavioral assessment. Finally, RTI-13951-33 significantly reduced alcohol self-administration and alcohol intake in a dose-dependent manner without effects on locomotion and sucrose self-administration in rats when administered intraperitoneally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Jin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Viren H. Makhijani
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Joyce Besheer
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Brigitte L. Kieffer
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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22
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Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of functionalized 6-piperazin-1-yl-purines as cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4518-4531. [PMID: 30077609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists of peripheral type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1) may have utility in the treatment of obesity, liver disease, metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemias. We have targeted analogues of the purine inverse agonist otenabant (1) for this purpose. The non-tissue selective CB1 antagonist rimonabant (2) was approved as a weight-loss agent in Europe but produced centrally mediated adverse effects in some patients including dysphoria and suicidal ideation leading to its withdrawal. Efforts are now underway to produce compounds with limited brain exposure. While many structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of 2 have been reported, along with peripheralized compounds, 1 remains relatively less studied. In this report, we pursued analogues of 1 in which the 4-aminopiperidine group was switched to piperazine group to enable a better understanding of SAR to eventually produce compounds with limited brain penetration. To access a binding pocket and modulate physical properties, the piperazine was functionalized with alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups using a variety of connectors, including amides, sulfonamides, carbamates and ureas. These studies resulted in compounds that are potent antagonists of hCB1 with high selectivity for hCB1 over hCB2. The SAR obtained led to the discovery of 65 (Ki = 4 nM, >1,000-fold selective for hCB1 over hCB2), an orally bioavailable aryl urea with reduced brain penetration, and provides direction for discovering peripherally restricted compounds with good in vitro and in vivo properties.
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23
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Amato GS, Manke A, Harris DL, Wiethe RW, Vasukuttan V, Snyder RW, Lefever TW, Cortes R, Zhang Y, Wang S, Runyon SP, Maitra R. Blocking Alcoholic Steatosis in Mice with a Peripherally Restricted Purine Antagonist of the Type 1 Cannabinoid Receptor. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4370-4385. [PMID: 29688015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) antagonists have demonstrated promise for the treatment of obesity, liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidemias. However, the inhibition of CB1 receptors in the central nervous system can produce adverse effects, including depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Efforts are now underway to produce peripherally restricted CB1 antagonists to circumvent CNS-associated undesirable effects. In this study, a series of analogues were explored in which the 4-aminopiperidine group of compound 2 was replaced with aryl- and heteroaryl-substituted piperazine groups both with and without a spacer. This resulted in mildly basic, potent antagonists of human CB1 (hCB1). The 2-chlorobenzyl piperazine, 25, was found to be potent ( Ki = 8 nM); to be >1000-fold selective for hCB1 over hCB2; to have no hERG liability; and to possess favorable ADME properties including high oral absorption and negligible CNS penetration. Compound 25 was tested in a mouse model of alcohol-induced liver steatosis and found to be efficacious. Taken together, 25 represents an exciting lead compound for further clinical development or refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Amato
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Amruta Manke
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Danni L Harris
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Robert W Wiethe
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Vineetha Vasukuttan
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Rodney W Snyder
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Timothy W Lefever
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Ricardo Cortes
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Shaobin Wang
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
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24
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New role of phenothiazine derivatives as peripherally acting CB1 receptor antagonizing anti-obesity agents. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1650. [PMID: 29374224 PMCID: PMC5785958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20078-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing peripherally active cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor antagonists is a novel therapeutic approach for the management of obesity. An unusual phenothiazine scaffold containing CB1R antagonizing hit was identified by adopting virtual screening work flow. The hit so identified was further modified by introducing polar functional groups into it to enhance the polar surface area and decrease the hydrophobicity of the resulting molecules. CB1 receptor antagonistic activity for the designed compounds was computed by the previously established pharmacophore and three dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship models. Docking studies of these designed compounds confirmed the existence of favourable interactions within the active site of the CB1 receptor. The designed compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their CB1 receptor antagonistic activity. Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay was performed to evaluate their potential to permeate into the central nervous system wherein it was observed that the compounds did not possess the propensity to cross the blood brain barrier and would be devoid of central nervous system side effects. In pharmacological evaluation, the synthesized compounds (23, 25, 27 and 34) showed significant decrease in food intake suggesting their potential application in the management of obesity through CB1 receptor antagonist activity.
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25
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Dong Z, Gong H, Chen Y, Wu H, Wu J, Deng Y, Song X. LH-21, A Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Antagonist, Exerts Favorable Metabolic Modulation Including Antihypertensive Effect in KKAy Mice by Regulating Inflammatory Cytokines and Adipokines on Adipose Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:167. [PMID: 29731737 PMCID: PMC5920035 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with obesity are susceptible to hypertension and diabetes. Over-activation of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) in adipose tissue is proposed in the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders, which led to the metabolic dysfunction of adipose tissue and deregulated production and secretion of adipokines. In the current study, we determined the impact of LH-21, a representative peripheral CB1R antagonist, on the obesity-accompanied hypertension and explored the modulatory action of LH-21 on the adipose tissue in genetically obese and diabetic KKAy mice. 3-week LH-21 treatment significantly decreased blood pressure with a concomitant reduction in body weight, white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, and a slight loss on food intake in KKAy mice. Meanwhile, glucose handling and dyslipidemia were also markedly ameliorated after treatment. Gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in WAT and the aortae were both attenuated apparently by LH-21, as well the mRNA expression of adipokines (lipocalin-2, leptin) in WAT. Concomitant amelioration on the accumulation of lipocalin-2 was observed in both WAT and aortae. In corresponding with this, serum inflammatory related cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, IL-6, and CXCL1), and lipocalin-2 and leptin were lowered notably. Thus according to current results, it can be concluded that the peripheral CB1R antagonist LH-21 is effective in managing the obesity-accompanied hypertension in KKAy mice. These metabolic benefits are closely associated with the regulation on the production and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and adipokines in the WAT, particularly alleviated circulating lipocalin-2 and its accumulation in aortae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Jinshan Hospital of FuDan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Jinshan Hospital of FuDan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Gong, ; Xinmao Song,
| | - Yadan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Jinshan Hospital of FuDan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Jinshan Hospital of FuDan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghong Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Jinshan Hospital of FuDan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinmao Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eye, Ear, Nose & Throat, Hospital of FuDan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Gong, ; Xinmao Song,
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26
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Chen W, Shui F, Liu C, Zhou X, Li W, Zheng Z, Fu W, Wang L. Novel Peripherally Restricted Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Selective Antagonist TXX-522 with Prominent Weight-Loss Efficacy in Diet Induced Obese Mice. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:707. [PMID: 29051736 PMCID: PMC5633609 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical development of the first generation of globally active cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) antagonists was suspended because of their adverse neuropsychiatric effects. Selective blockade of peripheral CB1Rs has the potential to provide a viable strategy for the treatment of severe obesity while avoiding these central nervous system side effects. In the current study, a novel compound (TXX-522) was rationally designed based on the parent nucleus of a classical CB1R-selective antagonist/inverse agonist, rimonabant (SR141716A). Docking assays indicate that TXX-522 was bound with the CB1R in a mode similar to that of SR141716A. TXX-522 showed good binding, CB1R-selectivity (over the CB2R), and functional antagonist activities in a range of in vitro molecular and cellular assays. In vivo analysis of the steady state distribution of TXX-522 in the rat brain and blood tissues and the assay of its functional effects on CB1R activity collectively showed that TXX-522 showed minimal brain penetration. Moreover, the in vivo pharmacodynamic study further revealed that TXX-522 had good oral bioavailability and a potent anti-obesity effect, and ameliorated insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. No impact on food intake was observed in this model, confirming the limited brain penetration of this compound. Thus, the current study indicates that TXX-522 is a novel and potent peripherally acting selective CB1R antagonist with the potential to control obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchun Shui
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinbo Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibing Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
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27
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Malfitano AM, Laezza C, Bertini S, Marasco D, Tuccinardi T, Bifulco M, Manera C. Immunomodulatory properties of 1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide derivative VL15. Biochimie 2017; 135:173-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Du Y, Yu A, Jia J, Zhang Y, Meng X. Direct N–H/α,α,β,β-C(sp3)–H functionalization of piperidine via an azomethine ylide route: synthesis of spirooxindoles bearing 3-substituted oxindoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1684-1687. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08996h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A protocol for the direct functionalization of N–H/α,α,β,β-C(sp3)–H of piperidine without any metal or external oxidants is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- P. R. China
| | - Aimin Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- P. R. China
| | - Jiru Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- P. R. China
| | - Youquan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangtai Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- P. R. China
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29
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Seltzman HH, Shiner C, Hirt EE, Gilliam AF, Thomas BF, Maitra R, Snyder R, Black SL, Patel PR, Mulpuri Y, Spigelman I. Peripherally Selective Cannabinoid 1 Receptor (CB1R) Agonists for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7525-43. [PMID: 27482723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alleviation of neuropathic pain by cannabinoids is limited by their central nervous system (CNS) side effects. Indole and indene compounds were engineered for high hCB1R affinity, peripheral selectivity, metabolic stability, and in vivo efficacy. An epithelial cell line assay identified candidates with <1% blood-brain barrier penetration for testing in a rat neuropathy induced by unilateral sciatic nerve entrapment (SNE). The SNE-induced mechanical allodynia was reversibly suppressed, partially or completely, after intraperitoneal or oral administration of several indenes. At doses that relieve neuropathy symptoms, the indenes completely lacked, while the brain-permeant CB1R agonist HU-210 (1) exhibited strong CNS side effects, in catalepsy, hypothermia, and motor incoordination assays. Pharmacokinetic findings of ∼0.001 cerebrospinal fluid:plasma ratio further supported limited CNS penetration. Pretreatment with selective CB1R or CB2R blockers suggested mainly CB1R contribution to an indene's antiallodynic effects. Therefore, this class of CB1R agonists holds promise as a viable treatment for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert H Seltzman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Craig Shiner
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Erin E Hirt
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Anne F Gilliam
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian F Thomas
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Rod Snyder
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Sherry L Black
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Purvi R Patel
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yatendra Mulpuri
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California , 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 63-078 CHS, Los Angeles, California 090095-1668, United States
| | - Igor Spigelman
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California , 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 63-078 CHS, Los Angeles, California 090095-1668, United States
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30
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Hernández-Vázquez E, Salgado-Barrera S, Ramírez-Espinosa JJ, Estrada-Soto S, Hernández-Luis F. Synthesis and molecular docking of N′-arylidene-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbohydrazides as novel hypoglycemic and antioxidant dual agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2298-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Pyrazole antagonists of the CB1 receptor with reduced brain penetration. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1063-70. [PMID: 26827137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) antagonists might be useful for treating obesity, liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidemias. Unfortunately, inhibition of CB1 in the central nervous system (CNS) produces adverse effects, including depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation in some patients, which led to withdrawal of the pyrazole inverse agonist rimonabant (SR141716A) from European markets. Efforts are underway to produce peripherally selective CB1 antagonists to circumvent CNS-associated adverse effects. In this study, novel analogs of rimonabant (1) were explored in which the 1-aminopiperidine group was switched to a 4-aminopiperidine, attached at the 4-amino position (5). The piperidine nitrogen was functionalized with carbamates, amides, and sulfonamides, providing compounds that are potent inverse agonists of hCB1 with good selectivity for hCB1 over hCB2. Select compounds were further studied using in vitro models of brain penetration, oral absorption and metabolic stability. Several compounds were identified with predicted minimal brain penetration and good metabolic stability. In vivo pharmacokinetic testing revealed that inverse agonist 8c is orally bioavailable and has vastly reduced brain penetration compared to rimonabant.
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32
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Sharma MK, Murumkar PR, Kuang G, Tang Y, Yadav MR. Identifying the structural features and diversifying the chemical domain of peripherally acting CB1 receptor antagonists using molecular modeling techniques. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20612j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A four featured pharmacophore and predictive 3D-QSAR models were developed which were used for virtual screening of the Asinex database to get chemically diverse hits of peripherally active CB1 receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guanglin Kuang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai–200237
- China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai–200237
- China
| | - Mange Ram Yadav
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- The M. S. University of Baroda
- Vadodara–390 001
- India
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33
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Jiang X, Zhou J, Ai J, Song Z, Peng X, Xing L, Xi Y, Guo J, Yao Q, Ding J, Geng M, Zhang A. Novel tetracyclic benzo[b]carbazolones as highly potent and orally bioavailable ALK inhibitors: Design, synthesis, and structure—activity relationship study. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 105:39-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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34
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Carroll FI, Gichinga MG, Kormos CM, Maitra R, Runyon SP, Thomas JB, Mascarella SW, Decker AM, Navarro HA. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of JDTic analogs to examine the significance of the 3- and 4-methyl substituents. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6379-88. [PMID: 26342544 PMCID: PMC4582009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design and discovery of JDTic as a potent and selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist used the N-substituted trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine pharmacophore as the lead structure. In order to determine if the 3-methyl or 4-methyl groups were necessary in JDTic and JDTic analogs for antagonistic activity, compounds 4a-c, and 4d-f which have either the 3-methyl or both the 3- and 4-methyl groups removed, respectively, from JDTic and analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro opioid receptor antagonist activities using a [(35)S]GTPγS binding assay. Other ADME properties were also assessed for selected compounds. These studies demonstrated that neither the 3-methyl or 3,4-dimethyl groups present in JDTic and analogs are required to produce potent and selective κ opioid receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States.
| | - Moses G Gichinga
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Chad M Kormos
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - James B Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - S Wayne Mascarella
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Ann M Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Hernán A Navarro
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
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35
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Gasperi V, Evangelista D, Savini I, Del Principe D, Avigliano L, Maccarrone M, Catani MV. Downstream effects of endocannabinoid on blood cells: implications for health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3235-52. [PMID: 25957591 PMCID: PMC11113859 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1924-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs), among which N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are the most biologically active members, are polyunsaturated lipids able to bind cannabinoid, vanilloid and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Depending on the target engaged, these bioactive mediators can regulate different signalling pathways, at both central and peripheral levels. The biological action of eCBs is tightly controlled by a plethora of metabolic enzymes which, together with the molecular targets of these substances, form the so-called "endocannabinoid system". The ability of eCBs to control manifold peripheral functions has received a great deal of attention, especially in the light of their widespread distribution in the body. In particular, eCBs are important regulators in blood, where they modulate haematopoiesis, platelet aggregation and apoptosis, as well as chemokine release and migration of immunocompetent cells. Here, we shall review the current knowledge on the pathophysiological roles of eCBs in blood. We shall also discuss the involvement of eCBs in those disorders affecting the haematological system, including cancer and inflammation. Knowledge gained to date underlines a fundamental role of the eCB system in blood, thus suggesting that it may represent a therapeutic promise for a broad range of diseases involving impaired hematopoietic cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gasperi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Evangelista
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Savini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luciana Avigliano
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Center of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Catani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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36
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Morita T, Kobayashi D, Matsumura K, Johmoto K, Uekusa H, Fuse S, Takahashi T. Sequential SNAr Reaction/Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling/C−H Direct Arylations Approach for the Rapid Synthesis of Tetraaryl-Substituted Pyrazoles. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:1626-30. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1; Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1; Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsumura
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1; Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Kohei Johmoto
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1; Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Hidehiro Uekusa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1; Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1; Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
- Chemical Resources Laboratory; Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259; Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Yokohama College of Pharmacy, 601; Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama Kanagawa 245-0066 Japan
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37
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Nimczick M, Decker M. New Approaches in the Design and Development of Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands: Multifunctional and Bivalent Compounds. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:773-86. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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38
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German N, Decker AM, Gilmour BP, Gay EA, Wiley JL, Thomas BF, Zhang Y. Diarylureas as allosteric modulators of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor: structure-activity relationship studies on 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-{3-[6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl]phenyl}urea (PSNCBAM-1). J Med Chem 2014; 57:7758-69. [PMID: 25162172 PMCID: PMC4175001 DOI: 10.1021/jm501042u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of allosteric modulators of the CB1 receptor including PSNCBAM-1 (4) has generated significant interest in CB1 receptor allosteric modulation. Here in the first SAR study on 4, we have designed and synthesized a series of analogs focusing on modifications at two positions. Pharmacological evaluation in calcium mobilization and binding assays revealed the importance of alkyl substitution at the 2-aminopyridine moiety and electron deficient aromatic groups at the 4-chlorophenyl position for activity at the CB1 receptor, resulting in several analogs with comparable potency to 4. These compounds increased the specific binding of [(3)H]CP55,940, in agreement with previous reports. Importantly, 4 and two analogs dose-dependently reduced the Emax of the agonist curve in the CB1 calcium mobilization assays, confirming their negative allosteric modulator characteristics. Given the side effects associated with CB1 receptor orthosteric antagonists, negative allosteric modulators provide an alternative approach to modulate the pharmacologically important CB1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda German
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian P. Gilmour
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Elaine A. Gay
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jenny L. Wiley
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian F. Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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39
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Kormos CM, Gichinga MG, Maitra R, Runyon SP, Thomas JB, Brieaddy LE, Mascarella SW, Navarro HA, Carroll FI. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of (3R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-N-[(1S)-1-[[(3R,4R)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl]methyl]-2-methylpropyl]-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (JDTic) analogues: in vitro pharmacology and ADME profile. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7367-81. [PMID: 25133923 PMCID: PMC4161151 DOI: 10.1021/jm5008177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
JDTic analogues 4–15 which have
the hydroxyl groups replaced with other groups were synthesized and
their in vitro efficacy at the μ, δ, and κ opioid
receptors determined and compared to JDTic using [35S]GTPγS
assays. Compounds 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, and 15 had Ke = 0.024, 0.01, 0.039, 0.02, 0.11, and 0.041 nM compared
to the Ke = 0.02 nM for JDTic at the κ
receptor and were highly selective for the κ receptor relative
to the μ and δ opioid receptors. Unexpectedly, replacement
of the 3-hydroxyl substituent of the 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl) group of
JDTic with a H, F, or Cl substituent leads to potent and selective
KOR antagonists. In vitro studies to determine various ADME properties
combined with calculated TPSA, clogP, and logBB values suggests that
the potent and selective κ opioid receptors 4, 5, 13, and 14 deserve consideration
for further development toward potential drugs for CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kormos
- Research Triangle Institute , 3040 Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-6679, United States
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Chatzigeorgiou A, Kandaraki E, Papavassiliou AG, Koutsilieris M. Peripheral targets in obesity treatment: a comprehensive update. Obes Rev 2014; 15:487-503. [PMID: 24612276 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major epidemic of our time and is associated with diseases such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Although weight loss drugs, when accompanied by diet and exercise, could be a very helpful medical tool in treating obese or overweight patients, their usefulness has been questioned due to the complexity of this type of medication, which regards a plethora of issues such as efficacy and safety of the drug and also risks and benefits among different patients. In general, obesity drugs that target peripheral pathophysiological mechanisms can be divided into two main categories. The first category includes anti-obesity agents able to reduce or limit energy absorption, such as pancreatic lipase and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitors. The second category consists of a heterogeneous group of compounds aiming to decrease fat mass by increasing energy expenditure or by redistributing adipose tissue. Angiogenesis inhibitors, beta-3 receptor agonists, sirtuin-I activators, diazoxide and other molecules belong to this group. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists consist the third category of peripheral anti-obesity agents discussed therein. This review aims to provide a general overview of the molecules and substances that are already or could potentially be used as peripheral anti-obesity drugs, the molecular mechanisms by which they act, as well as their current stage of development, production and/or availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Experimental Physiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute of Physiology, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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41
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Prospective therapeutic agents for obesity: Molecular modification approaches of centrally and peripherally acting selective cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 79:298-339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and comparative docking study of 1,2,4-triazolones as CB1 receptor selective antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 74:73-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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43
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Chang CP, Wu CH, Song JS, Chou MC, Wong YC, Lin Y, Yeh TK, Sadani AA, Ou MH, Chen KH, Chen PH, Kuo PC, Tseng CT, Chang KH, Tseng SL, Chao YS, Hung MS, Shia KS. Discovery of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-(piperidin-1-yl)-4-((pyrrolidine-1-sulfonamido)methyl)-5-(5-((4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethynyl)thiophene-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide as a novel peripherally restricted cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist with significant weight-loss efficacy in diet-induced obese mice. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9920-33. [PMID: 24224693 DOI: 10.1021/jm401158e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
After extensive synthetic efforts, we found that many structurally diverse bioisosteres could be generated via derivatizing the C-4 alkyl chain on the pyrazole ring of compound 3 (B/P = 1/33) with different electronegative groups. Especially when a sulfonamide or sulfamide moiety was added, resulting compounds exhibited not only potent CB1R activity but also a desired tPSA value over 90 Å(2), a threshold considered to possess a low probability to cross BBB, leading to the identification of compound 4 (B/P = 1/64) as a peripherally restricted CB1R antagonist. Apart from its significant weight-loss efficacy in DIO mice, compound 4 also displays 163 clean off-target profiles and is currently under development for treating obesity and the related metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ping Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
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44
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Röver S, Andjelkovic M, Bénardeau A, Chaput E, Guba W, Hebeisen P, Mohr S, Nettekoven M, Obst U, Richter WF, Ullmer C, Waldmeier P, Wright MB. 6-Alkoxy-5-aryl-3-pyridinecarboxamides, a new series of bioavailable cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) antagonists including peripherally selective compounds. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9874-96. [PMID: 24175572 DOI: 10.1021/jm4010708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We identified 6-alkoxy-5-aryl-3-pyridinecarboxamides as potent CB1 receptor antagonists with high selectivity over CB2 receptors. The series was optimized to reduce lipophilicity compared to rimonabant to achieve peripherally active molecules with minimal central effects. Several compounds that showed high plasma exposures in rats were evaluated in vivo to probe the contribution of central vs peripheral CB1 agonism to metabolic improvement. Both rimonabant and 14g, a potent brain penetrant CB1 receptor antagonist, significantly reduced the rate of body weight gain. However, 14h, a molecule with markedly reduced brain exposure, had no significant effect on body weight. PK studies confirmed similarly high exposure of both 14h and 14g in the periphery but 10-fold lower exposure in the brain for 14h. On the basis of these data, which are consistent with reported effects in tissue-specific CB1 receptor KO mice, we conclude that the metabolic benefits of CB1 receptor antagonists are primarily centrally mediated as originally believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Röver
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG , Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
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45
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Fulp A, Bortoff K, Zhang Y, Snyder R, Fennell T, Marusich JA, Wiley JL, Seltzman H, Maitra R. Peripherally selective diphenyl purine antagonist of the CB1 receptor. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8066-72. [PMID: 24041123 DOI: 10.1021/jm401129n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists of the CB1 receptor can be useful in the treatment of several important disorders. However, to date, the only clinically approved CB1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant, was withdrawn because of adverse central nervous system (CNS)-related side effects. Since rimonabant's withdrawal, several groups are pursuing peripherally selective CB1 antagonists. These compounds are expected to be devoid of undesirable CNS-related effects but maintain efficacy through antagonism of peripherally expressed CB1 receptors. Reported here are our latest results toward the development of a peripherally selective analog of the diphenyl purine CB1 antagonist otenabant 1. Compound 9 (N-{1-[8-(2-chlorophenyl)-9-(4-chlorophenyl)-9H-purin-6-yl]piperidin-4-yl}pentanamide) is a potent, orally absorbed antagonist of the CB1 receptor that is >50-fold selective for CB1 over CB2, highly selective for the periphery in a rodent model, and without efficacy in a series of in vivo assays designed to evaluate its ability to mitigate the central effects of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol through the CB1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Fulp
- Discovery Sciences, Research Triangle Institute , 3040 Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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46
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Peripherally restricted CB1 receptor blockers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4751-60. [PMID: 23902803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists (inverse agonists) of the cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor showed promise as new therapies for controlling obesity and related metabolic function/liver disease. These agents, representing diverse chemical series, shared the property of brain penetration due to the initial belief that therapeutic benefit was mainly based on brain receptor interaction. However, undesirable CNS-based side effects of the only marketed agent in this class, rimonabant, led to its removal, and termination of the development of other clinical candidates soon followed. Re-evaluation of this approach has focused on neutral or peripherally restricted (PR) antagonists. Supporting these strategies, pharmacological evidence indicates most if not all of the properties of globally acting agents may be captured by molecules with little brain presence. Methodology that can be used to eliminate BBB penetration and the means (in vitro assays, tissue distribution and receptor occupancy determinations, behavioral paradigms) to identify potential agents with little brain presence is discussed. Focus will be on the pharmacology supporting the contention that reported agents are truly peripherally restricted. Notable examples of these types of compounds are: TM38837 (structure not disclosed); AM6545 (8); JD5037 (15b); RTI-12 (19).
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Moreno-Sanz G, Duranti A, Melzig L, Fiorelli C, Ruda GF, Colombano G, Mestichelli P, Sanchini S, Tontini A, Mor M, Bandiera T, Scarpelli R, Tarzia G, Piomelli D. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of O-biphenyl-3-yl carbamates as peripherally restricted fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5917-30. [PMID: 23822179 DOI: 10.1021/jm4007017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The peripherally restricted fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB937 (3, cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3'-carbamoyl-6-hydroxybiphenyl-3-yl ester) is extruded from the brain and spinal cord by the Abcg2 efflux transporter. Despite its inability to enter the central nervous system (CNS), 3 exerts profound antinociceptive effects in mice and rats, which result from the inhibition of FAAH in peripheral tissues and the consequent enhancement of anandamide signaling at CB1 cannabinoid receptors localized on sensory nerve endings. In the present study, we examined the structure-activity relationships (SAR) for the biphenyl region of compound 3, focusing on the carbamoyl and hydroxyl groups in the distal and proximal phenyl rings. Our SAR studies generated a new series of peripherally restricted FAAH inhibitors and identified compound 35 (cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3'-carbamoyl-5-hydroxybiphenyl-3-yl ester) as the most potent brain-impermeant FAAH inhibitor disclosed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Moreno-Sanz
- Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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48
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NESS06SM reduces body weight with an improved profile relative to SR141716A. Pharmacol Res 2013; 74:94-108. [PMID: 23756200 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have recently synthesized a new series of 4,5-dihydrobenzo-oxa-cycloheptapyrazole derivatives with the aim to discover novel CB1 antagonist agents characterized by anti-obesity activity comparable to that of SR141716A but with reduced adverse effects such as anxiety and depression. Within the novel class, the CB1 antagonist 8-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-piperidin-1-yl-4,5-dihydrobenzo-1H-6-oxa-cyclohepta(1,2-c)pyrazole-3-carboxamide (NESS06SM) has been selected as lead compound. We found that NESS06SM is a CB1 neutral antagonist, characterized by poor blood-brain barrier permeability. Moreover, NESS06SM chronic treatment determined both anti-obesity effect and cardiovascular risk factor improvement in C57BL/6N Diet Induced Obesity (DIO) mice fed with fat diet (FD mice). In fact, the mRNA gene expression in Central Nervous System (CNS) and peripheral tissues by real time PCR, showed a significant increase of orexigenic peptides and a decrease of anorexigenic peptides elicited by NESS06SM treatment, compared to control mice fed with the same diet. Moreover, in contrast to SR141716A treatment, the chronic administration of NESS06SM did not change mRNA expression of both monoaminergic transporters and neurotrophins highly related with anxiety and mood disorders. Our results suggest that NESS06SM reduces body weight and it can restore the disrupted expression profile of genes linked to the hunger-satiety circuit without altering monoaminergic transmission probably avoiding SR141716A side effects. Therefore the novel CB1 neutral antagonist could represent a useful candidate agent for the treatment of obesity and its metabolic complications.
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49
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Novel antiobesity agents: Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of analogues of Rimonabant and of LH21. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1708-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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50
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Plowright AT, Nilsson K, Antonsson M, Amin K, Broddefalk J, Jensen J, Lehmann A, Jin S, St-Onge S, Tomaszewski MJ, Tremblay M, Walpole C, Wei Z, Yang H, Ulander J. Discovery of Agonists of Cannabinoid Receptor 1 with Restricted Central Nervous System Penetration Aimed for Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. J Med Chem 2012; 56:220-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301511h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alleyn T. Plowright
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Karolina Nilsson
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Madeleine Antonsson
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Kosrat Amin
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Johan Broddefalk
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Jörgen Jensen
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Anders Lehmann
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Shujuan Jin
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Stephane St-Onge
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Mirosław J. Tomaszewski
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Maxime Tremblay
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Christopher Walpole
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Zhongyong Wei
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Hua Yang
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Johan Ulander
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
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