1
|
Pepin X, Arora S, Borges L, Cano-Vega M, Carducci T, Chatterjee P, Chen G, Cristofoletti R, Dallmann A, Delvadia P, Dressman J, Fotaki N, Gray E, Heimbach T, Holte Ø, Kijima S, Kotzagiorgis E, Lennernäs H, Lindahl A, Loebenberg R, Mackie C, Malamatari M, McAllister M, Mitra A, Moody R, Mudie D, Musuamba Tshinanu F, Polli JE, Rege B, Ren X, Rullo G, Scherholz M, Song I, Stillhart C, Suarez-Sharp S, Tannergren C, Tsakalozou E, Veerasingham S, Wagner C, Seo P. Parameterization of Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Models: Workshop Summary Report. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3697-3731. [PMID: 38946085 PMCID: PMC11304397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
This Article shares the proceedings from the August 29th, 2023 (day 1) workshop "Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling (PBBM) Best Practices for Drug Product Quality: Regulatory and Industry Perspectives". The focus of the day was on model parametrization; regulatory authorities from Canada, the USA, Sweden, Belgium, and Norway presented their views on PBBM case studies submitted by industry members of the IQ consortium. The presentations shared key questions raised by regulators during the mock exercise, regarding the PBBM input parameters and their justification. These presentations also shed light on the regulatory assessment processes, content, and format requirements for future PBBM regulatory submissions. In addition, the day 1 breakout presentations and discussions gave the opportunity to share best practices around key questions faced by scientists when parametrizing PBBMs. Key questions included measurement and integration of drug substance solubility for crystalline vs amorphous drugs; impact of excipients on apparent drug solubility/supersaturation; modeling of acid-base reactions at the surface of the dissolving drug; choice of dissolution methods according to the formulation and drug properties with a view to predict the in vivo performance; mechanistic modeling of in vitro product dissolution data to predict in vivo dissolution for various patient populations/species; best practices for characterization of drug precipitation from simple or complex formulations and integration of the data in PBBM; incorporation of drug permeability into PBBM for various routes of uptake and prediction of permeability along the GI tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Pepin
- Regulatory
Affairs, Simulations Plus Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California 93534-7059, United States
| | - Sumit Arora
- Janssen
Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luiza Borges
- ANVISA, SIA Trecho 5́, Guara, Brasília, Federal District 71205-050, Brazil
| | - Mario Cano-Vega
- Drug
Product Technologies, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United
States
| | - Tessa Carducci
- Analytical
Commercialization Technology, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Parnali Chatterjee
- Office
of
Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
(CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United
States
| | - Grace Chen
- Takeda
Development Center Americas Inc., 300 Shire Way, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- College
of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Rd., Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - André Dallmann
- Bayer
HealthCare SAS, 59000 Lille, France, on behalf of Bayer
AG, Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Systems Pharmacology
& Medicine, PBPK, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Poonam Delvadia
- Office
of Translational Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology (OCP), Center
for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United States
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Gray
- Office
of
Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
(CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United
States
| | - Tycho Heimbach
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Øyvind Holte
- Norwegian Medical Products Agency, Oslo 0213, Norway
| | - Shinichi Kijima
- Office
of New Drug V, Pharmaceuticals and Medical
Devices Agency (PMDA), Tokyo 100-0013, Japan
| | - Evangelos Kotzagiorgis
- European Medicines Agency (EMA), Domenico Scarlattilaan 6, Amsterdam 1083 HS, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Translational
Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 05, Sweden
| | | | - Raimar Loebenberg
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmontonton T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Claire Mackie
- Janssen
Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Maria Malamatari
- Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, 10 S Colonnade, London SW1W 9SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark McAllister
- Global
Biopharmaceutics, Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Amitava Mitra
- Clinical
Pharmacology, Kura Oncology Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Rebecca Moody
- Office
of
Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
(CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United
States
| | - Deanna Mudie
- Global
Research and Development, Small Molecules, Lonza, 63045 NE Corporate
Pl., Bend, Oregon 97701, United States
| | - Flora Musuamba Tshinanu
- Belgian Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products, Galileelaan 5/03, Brussel 1210, Belgium
| | - James E. Polli
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Bhagwant Rege
- Office
of
Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
(CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United
States
| | - Xiaojun Ren
- PK
Sciences/Translational Medicine, BioMedical Research, Novartis, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Gregory Rullo
- Regulatory
CMC, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Megerle Scherholz
- Pharmaceutical
Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Ivy Song
- Takeda
Development Center Americas Inc., 300 Shire Way, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical
R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Suarez-Sharp
- Regulatory
Affairs, Simulations Plus Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California 93534-7059, United States
| | - Christer Tannergren
- Biopharmaceutics
Science, New Modalities & Parenteral Product Development, Pharmaceutical
Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 50, Sweden
| | - Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Division
of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards,
Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United
States
| | - Shereeni Veerasingham
- Pharmaceutical
Drugs Directorate (PDD), Health Canada, 1600 Scott St., Ottawa K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Christian Wagner
- Global
Drug Product Development, Global CMC Development, the Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt D-64293, Germany
| | - Paul Seo
- Office
of Translational Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology (OCP), Center
for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Parrow A, Kabedev A, Larsson P, Johansson P, Abrahamsson B, Bergström CAS. Drug solubilization in dog intestinal fluids with and without administration of lipid-based formulations. J Control Release 2024; 371:555-569. [PMID: 38844179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The use of animal experiments can be minimized with computational models capable of reflecting the simulated environments. One such environment is intestinal fluid and the colloids formed in it. In this study we used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate solubilization patterns for three model drugs (carvedilol, felodipine and probucol) in dog intestinal fluid, a lipid-based formulation, and a mixture of both. We observed morphological transformations that lipids undergo due to the digestion process in the intestinal environment. Further, we evaluated the effect of bile salt concentration and observed the importance of interindividual variability. We applied two methods of estimating solubility enhancement based on the simulated data, of which one was in good qualitative agreement with the experimentally observed solubility enhancement. In addition to the computational simulations, we also measured solubility in i) aspirated dog intestinal fluid samples and ii) simulated canine intestinal fluid in the fasted state, and found there was no statistical difference between the two. Hence, a simplified dissolution medium suitable for in vitro studies provided physiologically relevant data for the systems explored. The computational protocol used in this study, coupled with in vitro studies using simulated intestinal fluids, can serve as a useful prescreening tool in the process of drug delivery strategies development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albin Parrow
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aleksei Kabedev
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Larsson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kłosowska K, Del Castillo-Santaella T, Maldonado-Valderrama J, Macierzanka A. The bile salt/phospholipid ratio determines the extent of in vitro intestinal lipolysis of triglycerides: Interfacial and emulsion studies. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114421. [PMID: 38763671 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
This study focused on the protein-stabilised triglyceride (TG)/water interfaces and oil-in-water emulsions, and explored the influence of varying molar ratios of bile salts (BSs) and phospholipids (PLs) on the intestinal lipolysis of TGs. The presence of these two major groups of biosurfactants delivered with human bile to the physiological environment of intestinal digestion was replicated in our experiments by using mixtures of individual BSs and PLs under in vitro small intestinal lipolysis conditions. Conducted initially, retrospective analysis of available scientific literature revealed that an average molar ratio of 9:4 for BSs to PLs (BS/PL) can be considered physiological in the postprandial adult human small intestine. Our experimental data showed that combining BSs and PLs synergistically enhanced interfacial activity, substantially reducing oil-water interfacial tension (IFT) during interfacial lipolysis experiments with pancreatic lipase, especially at the BS/PL-9:4 ratio. Other BS/PL molar proportions (BS/PL-6.5:6.5 and BS/PL-4:9) and an equimolar amount of BSs (BS-13) followed in IFT reduction efficiency, while using PLs alone as biosurfactants was the least efficient. In the following emulsion lipolysis experiments, BS/PL-9:4 outperformed other BS/PL mixtures in terms of enhancing the TG digestion extent. The degree of TG conversion and the desorption efficiency of interfacial material post-lipolysis correlated directly with the BS/PL ratio, decreasing as the PL proportion increased. In conclusion, this study highlights the crucial role of biliary PLs, alongside BSs, in replicating the physiological function of bile in intestinal lipolysis of emulsified TGs. Our results showed different contributions of PLs and BSs to lipolysis, strongly suggesting that any future in vitro studies aiming to simulate the human digestion conditions should take into account the impact of biliary PLs - not just BSs - to accurately mimic the physiological role of bile in intestinal lipolysis. This is particularly crucial given the fact that existing in vitro digestion protocols typically focus solely on applying specific concentrations and/or compositions of BSs to simulate the action of human bile during intestinal digestion, while overlooking the presence and concentration of biliary PLs under physiological gut conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kłosowska
- Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Teresa Del Castillo-Santaella
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Granada, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Julia Maldonado-Valderrama
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Adam Macierzanka
- Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yin X, Cicali B, Rodriguez-Vera L, Lukacova V, Cristofoletti R, Schmidt S. Applying Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Interpret Carbamazepine's Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics and Its Induction Potential on Cytochrome P450 3A4 and Cytochrome P450 2C9 Enzymes. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:737. [PMID: 38931859 PMCID: PMC11206836 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is commonly prescribed for epilepsy and frequently used in polypharmacy. However, concerns arise regarding its ability to induce the metabolism of other drugs, including itself, potentially leading to the undertreatment of co-administered drugs. Additionally, CBZ exhibits nonlinear pharmacokinetics (PK), but the root causes have not been fully studied. This study aims to investigate the mechanisms behind CBZ's nonlinear PK and its induction potential on CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 enzymes. To achieve this, we developed and validated a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) parent-metabolite model of CBZ and its active metabolite Carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in GastroPlus®. The model was utilized for Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) prediction with CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 victim drugs and to further explore the underlying mechanisms behind CBZ's nonlinear PK. The model accurately recapitulated CBZ plasma PK. Good DDI performance was demonstrated by the prediction of CBZ DDIs with quinidine, dolutegravir, phenytoin, and tolbutamide; however, with midazolam, the predicted/observed DDI AUClast ratio was 0.49 (slightly outside of the two-fold range). CBZ's nonlinear PK can be attributed to its nonlinear metabolism caused by autoinduction, as well as nonlinear absorption due to poor solubility. In further applications, the model can help understand DDI potential when CBZ serves as a CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 inducer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefen Yin
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (X.Y.); (B.C.); (L.R.-V.)
| | - Brian Cicali
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (X.Y.); (B.C.); (L.R.-V.)
| | - Leyanis Rodriguez-Vera
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (X.Y.); (B.C.); (L.R.-V.)
| | | | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (X.Y.); (B.C.); (L.R.-V.)
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (X.Y.); (B.C.); (L.R.-V.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kollipara S, Martins FS, Sanghavi M, Santos GML, Saini A, Ahmed T. Role of Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling (PBBM) in Fed Bioequivalence Study Waivers: Regulatory Outlook, Case Studies and Future Perspectives. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:345-358. [PMID: 38043684 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) has demonstrated its utility in both new drug and generic product development. Applications of PBBM for fed bioequivalence study waivers is an upcoming area. Recently Innovation & Quality (IQ) consortium demonstrated utility of PBBM to avoid repeat food effect studies for new drugs. In the similar lines, the current manuscript aims to discuss role of PBBM in generic fed bioequivalence study waivers. Generic industry practices related to PBBM model development to predict fed bioequivalence was portrayed with special emphasis on fed bio-predictive media. Media that can simulate fed bioequivalence study outcome were discussed from practical perspective. In-depth analysis, collating the data from 36 products was performed to understand predictability of PBBM for fed bioequivalence. Cases where PBBM was successful to predict fed bioequivalence was correlated with BCS class, formulation category and type of food effect. Further, two case studies were presented wherein fed bioequivalence study waiver obtained with PBBM approach. Lastly, future direction in terms of fed bioequivalence study waivers, regulatory perspectives and best practices for PBBM were portrayed. Overall, this article paves a way to utilize PBBM for generic fed bioequivalence study waivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sivacharan Kollipara
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 090, India
| | | | - Maitri Sanghavi
- Biopharmaceutics & Clinical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology Center (PTC), Zydus Lifesciences Ltd., NH-8A, Sarkhej-Bavla Highway, Moraiya, Ahmedabad-382210, Gujrat, India
| | | | - Anuj Saini
- Biopharmaceutics & Clinical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology Center (PTC), Zydus Lifesciences Ltd., NH-8A, Sarkhej-Bavla Highway, Moraiya, Ahmedabad-382210, Gujrat, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 090, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang B, Zhang Z, Song J, Qi T, Zeng J, Feng L, Jia X. Interpreting the efficacy enhancement mechanism of Chinese medicine processing from a biopharmaceutic perspective. Chin Med 2024; 19:14. [PMID: 38238801 PMCID: PMC10797928 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Chinese medicine processing (CMP) is a unique pharmaceutical technology that distinguishes it from natural medicines. Current research primarily focuses on changes in chemical components to understand the mechanisms behind efficacy enhancement in processing. However, this paper presents a novel perspective on the biopharmaceutics of CMP. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current research, emphasizing two crucial aspects: the role of 'heat' during processing and the utilization of processing adjuvants. The paper highlights the generation of easily absorbed components through the hydrolysis of glycosides by 'heat', as well as the facilitation of dissolution, absorption, and targeted distribution of active components through the utilization of processing adjuvants. From a biopharmaceutic perspective, this paper provides a lucid comprehension of the scientific foundation for augmenting the efficacy of CMP. Moreover, it proposes a three-dimensional research framework encompassing chemical reactions, phase transitions, and biopharmaceutical properties to further investigate the mechanisms involved in enhancing the efficacy of CMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhubin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abdi F, Buzhor MG, Zellweger N, Zhi-Luo, Leroux JC. pH-dependent pressure-sensitive colonic capsules for the delivery of aqueous bacterial suspensions. J Control Release 2024; 365:688-702. [PMID: 38040343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbiome-based therapies hold great promise for treating various diseases, but the efficient delivery of live bacteria to the colon remains a challenge. Furthermore, current oral formulations, such as lyophilized bacterial capsules or tablets, are produced using processes that can decrease bacterial viability. Consequently, high dosages are required to achieve efficacy. Herein, we report the design of pressure-sensitive colonic capsules for the encapsulation and delivery of aqueous suspensions of live bacteria. The capsules consisted of 2 functional thin-films (hydrophobic and enteric) of ethyl cellulose and Eudragit S100 dip-coated onto hydroxypropyl methylcellulose molds. The capsules could be loaded with aqueous media and provide protection against acidic fluids and, to some extent, oxygen diffusion, suggesting their potential suitability for delivering anaerobic bacterial strains. Disintegration and mechanical studies indicated that the capsules could withstand transit through the stomach and upper/proximal small intestinal segments and rupture in the ileum/colon. In vitro studies showed that bacterial cells (anaerobic and aerobic commensals) remained highly viable (74-98%) after encapsulation and exposure to the simulated GI tract conditions. In vivo studies with a beagle dog model revealed that 67% of the capsules opened after 3.5 h, indicating content release in the distal gastrointestinal tract. These data demonstrate that live aqueous bacterial suspensions comprised of both aerobic and anaerobic commensals can be encapsulated and in the future might be efficiently delivered to the distal gastrointestinal tract, suggesting the practical applications of these capsules in microbiome-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Abdi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Green Buzhor
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Zellweger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zhi-Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Supersaturation and Precipitation Applicated in Drug Delivery Systems: Development Strategies and Evaluation Approaches. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052212. [PMID: 36903470 PMCID: PMC10005129 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Supersaturation is a promising strategy to improve gastrointestinal absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. Supersaturation is a metastable state and therefore dissolved drugs often quickly precipitate again. Precipitation inhibitors can prolong the metastable state. Supersaturating drug delivery systems (SDDS) are commonly formulated with precipitation inhibitors, hence the supersaturation is effectively prolonged for absorption, leading to improved bioavailability. This review summarizes the theory of and systemic insight into supersaturation, with the emphasis on biopharmaceutical aspects. Supersaturation research has developed from the generation of supersaturation (pH-shift, prodrug and SDDS) and the inhibition of precipitation (the mechanism of precipitation, the character of precipitation inhibitors and screening precipitation inhibitors). Then, the evaluation approaches to SDDS are discussed, including in vitro, in vivo and in silico studies and in vitro-in vivo correlations. In vitro aspects involve biorelevant medium, biomimetic apparatus and characterization instruments; in vivo aspects involve oral absorption, intestinal perfusion and intestinal content aspiration and in silico aspects involve molecular dynamics simulation and pharmacokinetic simulation. More physiological data of in vitro studies should be taken into account to simulate the in vivo environment. The supersaturation theory should be further completed, especially with regard to physiological conditions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Parrow A, Larsson P, Augustijns P, Bergström CAS. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Self-Assembling Colloids in Fed-State Human Intestinal Fluids and Their Solubilization of Lipophilic Drugs. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:451-460. [PMID: 36350845 PMCID: PMC9811461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioavailability of oral drugs often depends on how soluble the active pharmaceutical ingredient is in the fluid present in the small intestine. For efficient drug discovery and development, computational tools are needed for estimating this drug solubility. In this paper, we examined human intestinal fluids collected in the fed state, with coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. The experimentally obtained concentrations in aspirated duodenal fluids from five healthy individuals were used in three simulation sets to evaluate the importance of the initial distribution of molecules and the presence of glycerides in the simulation box when simulating the colloidal environment of the human intestinal fluid. We observed self-assembly of colloidal structures of different types: prolate, elongated, and oblate micelles, and vesicles. Glycerides were important for the formation of vesicles, and their absence was shown to induce elongated micelles. We then simulated the impact of digestion and absorption on the different colloidal types. Finally, we looked at the solubilization of three model compounds of increasing lipophilicity (prednisolone, fenofibrate, and probucol) by calculating contact ratios of drug-colloid to drug-water. Our simulation results of colloidal interactions with APIs were in line with experimental solubilization data but showed a dissimilarity to solubility values when comparing fasted-/fed-state ratios between two of the APIs. This work shows that coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation is a promising tool for investigation of the intestinal fluids, in terms of colloidal attributes and drug solubility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albin Parrow
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Center,
Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Larsson
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Center,
Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden,The
Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N II Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christel A. S. Bergström
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Center,
Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden,The
Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden,. Phone: +46 18 4714118
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guimarães M, Maharaj A, Edginton A, Vertzoni M, Fotaki N. Understanding the Impact of Age-Related Changes in Pediatric GI Solubility by Multivariate Data Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020356. [PMID: 35214088 PMCID: PMC8880315 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to understand drug solubilization as a function of age and identify drugs at risk of altered drug solubility in newborns and young infants in comparison to adults. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to understand drug solubilization as a function of drug’s physicochemical properties and the composition of gastrointestinal fluids. The solubility of seven poorly soluble compounds was assessed in adult and age-specific fasted and fed state biorelevant media. Partial least squares regression (PLS-R) was used to assess the influence of (i) drug physicochemical properties and (ii) age-related changes in simulated GI fluids, as well as (iii) their interactions, on the pediatrics-to-adult solubility ratio (Sp/Sa (%)). For five out of seven of the compounds investigated, Sp/Sa (%) values fell outside of the 80–125% limits in at least one of the pediatric media. Lipophilicity was responsible for driving drug solubility differences between adults and children in all the biorelevant media investigated, while drug ionization was most relevant in the fed gastric media, and the fasted/fed intestinal media. The concentration of bile salts and lecithin in the fasted and fed intestinal media was critical in influencing drug solubility, while food composition (i.e., cow’s milk formula vs. soy formula) was a critical parameter in the fed gastric state. Changes in GI fluid composition between younger pediatric patients and adults can significantly alter drug luminal solubility. The use of pediatric biorelevant media can be helpful to identify the risk of altered drug solubilization in younger patients during drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Anil Maharaj
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada;
| | - Andrea Edginton
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2G 1C5, Canada;
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1225-386728; Fax: +44-1225-386114
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Krollik K, Lehmann A, Wagner C, Kaidas J, Kubas H, Weitschies W. The effect of buffer species on biorelevant dissolution and precipitation assays - Comparison of phosphate and bicarbonate buffer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 171:90-101. [PMID: 34592364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biorelevant solubility and dissolution testing is an important tool during pharmaceutical development, however, solubility experiments performed using biorelevant media often do not properly match the solubility data observed in human intestinal fluids. Even though the bicarbonate buffer is the predominant buffer system in the small intestine, in vitro assays are commonly performed using non-volatile buffer systems like phosphate and maleate. In the current study, bicarbonate- and phosphate-buffered biorelevant media were applied to solubility, dissolution, and precipitation testing for a broad range of model compounds. It was found that the medium affects primarily the dissolution kinetics. However, with the knowledge of the unique buffering properties of bicarbonate buffer in the diffusion layer, it was not always possible to predict the effect of buffer species on solubility and dissolution when changing from phosphate to bicarbonate buffer. This once again highlights the special role of bicarbonate buffer for simulating the conditions in the human intestinal fluids. Moreover, it is necessary to further investigate the factors which may cause the differences in solubility and dissolution behavior when using phosphate- vs. bicarbonate-buffered biorelevant media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Krollik
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, Greifswald, Germany; Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Andreas Lehmann
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Christian Wagner
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Kaidas
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Holger Kubas
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, Greifswald, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dening TJ, Douglas JT, Hageman MJ. Do Macrocyclic Peptide Drugs Interact with Bile Salts under Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions? Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3086-3098. [PMID: 34255531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptide drugs face several barriers to oral delivery, including enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and low membrane permeability. Importantly, the direct interaction between various biorelevant colloids (i.e., bile salt micelles and bile salt-phospholipid mixed micelles) present in the aqueous gastrointestinal environment and peptide drug molecules has not been studied. In this work, we systematically characterized interactions between a water-soluble model peptide drug, octreotide, and a range of physiologically relevant bile salts in solution. Octreotide membrane flux in pure bile salt solutions and commercially available biorelevant media, i.e., fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) and fed state simulated intestinal fluid (FeSSIF), was evaluated using a side-by-side diffusion cell equipped with a cellulose dialysis membrane. All seven micellar bile salt solutions as well as FaSSIF and FeSSIF decreased octreotide membrane flux, and dihydroxy bile salts were found to have a much larger effect than trihydroxy bile salts. An inverse relationship between octreotide membrane flux and pancreatic enzymatic stability was also observed; bile salt micelles and bile salt-phospholipid mixed micelles provided a protective effect toward enzymatic degradation and prolonged octreotide half-life in vitro. Diffusion ordered nuclear magnetic resonance (DOSY NMR) spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used as complementary experimental techniques to confirm peptide-micelle interactions in solution. Experiments were also performed using desmopressin as a second model peptide drug; desmopressin interacted with bile salts in solution, albeit to a lower extent relative to octreotide. The findings described herein demonstrate that amphiphilic, water-soluble peptide drugs do interact with bile salts and phospholipids in solution, with an effect on peptide membrane flux and enzymatic stability. Correspondingly, oral peptide drug absorption and bioavailability may be impacted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahnee J Dening
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Justin T Douglas
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Core Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Michael J Hageman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang X, Han Y, Huang W, Jin M, Gao Z. The influence of the gut microbiota on the bioavailability of oral drugs. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1789-1812. [PMID: 34386321 PMCID: PMC8343123 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its safety, convenience, low cost and good compliance, oral administration attracts lots of attention. However, the efficacy of many oral drugs is limited to their unsatisfactory bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract. One of the critical and most overlooked factors is the symbiotic gut microbiota that can modulate the bioavailability of oral drugs by participating in the biotransformation of oral drugs, influencing the drug transport process and altering some gastrointestinal properties. In this review, we summarized the existing research investigating the possible relationship between the gut microbiota and the bioavailability of oral drugs, which may provide great ideas and useful instructions for the design of novel drug delivery systems or the achievement of personalized medicine.
Collapse
Key Words
- 5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid
- AA, ascorbic acid
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- ACS, amphipathic chitosan derivative
- AMI, amiodarone
- AQP4, aquaporin 4
- AR, azoreductase
- ASP, amisulpride
- BBR, berberine
- BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein
- BCS, biopharmaceutics classification system
- BDDCS, the biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system
- BDEPT, the bacteria-directed enzyme prodrug therapy
- BSH, bile salt hydrolase
- Bioavailability
- CA, cholic acid
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CPP, cell-penetrating peptide
- CS, chitosan
- Colon-specific drug delivery system
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- DRPs, digoxin reduction products
- EcN, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917
- FA, folate
- FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
- GCDC, glycochenodeoxycholate
- GL, glycyrrhizic acid
- Gut microbiota
- HFD, high fat diet
- HTC, hematocrit
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MATEs, multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins
- MDR1, multidrug resistance gene 1
- MDR1a, multidrug resistance protein-1a
- MKC, monoketocholic acid
- MPA, mycophenolic acid
- MRP2, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2
- NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis
- NMEs, new molecular entities
- NRs, nitroreductases
- NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- NaDC, sodium deoxycholate
- NaGC, sodium glycholate
- OATs, organic anion transporters
- OCTNs, organic zwitterion/cation
- OCTs, organic cation transporters
- Oral drugs
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PPIs, proton pump inhibitors
- PT, pectin
- PWSDs, poorly water-soluble drugs
- Probiotics
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- RBC, red blood cell
- SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids
- SGLT-1, sodium-coupled glucose transporter 1
- SLC, solute carrier
- SLN, solid lipid nanoparticle
- SP, sulfapyridine
- SSZ, sulfasalazine
- SVCT-1/2, the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-1/2
- T1D, type 1 diabetes
- T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TCA, taurocholate
- TCDC, taurochenodeoxycholate
- TDCA, taurodeoxycholate
- TLCA, taurolithocholate
- TME, the tumor microenvironment
- UDC, ursodeoxycholic acid
- WHO, World Health Organization
- an OTC drug, an over-the-counter drug
- cgr operon, cardiac glycoside reductase operon
- dhBBR, dihydroberberine
- pKa, dissociation constant
- the GI tract, the gastrointestinal tract
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mingji Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhonggao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wagner C, Kesisoglou F, Pepin XJH, Parrott N, Emami Riedmaier A. Use of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Predicting Drug-Food Interactions: Recommendations for Improving Predictive Performance of Low Confidence Food Effect Models. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:85. [PMID: 34142242 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Food can alter drug absorption and impact safety and efficacy. Besides conducting clinical studies, in vitro approaches such as biorelevant solubility and dissolution testing and in vivo dog studies are typical approaches to estimate a drug's food effect. The use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models has gained importance and is nowadays a standard tool for food effect predictions at preclinical and clinical stages in the pharmaceutical industry. This manuscript is part of a broader publication from the IQ Consortium's food effect physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) modeling working group and complements previous publications by focusing on cases where the food effect was predicted with low confidence. Pazopanib-HCl, trospium-Cl, and ziprasidone-HCl served as model compounds to provide insights into why several food effect predictions failed in the first instance. Furthermore, the manuscript depicts approaches whereby PBPK-based food effect predictions may be improved. These improvements should focus on the PBPK model functionality, especially better reflecting fasted- and fed-state gastric solubility, gastric re-acidification, and complex mechanisms related to gastric emptying of drugs. For improvement of in vitro methodologies, the focus should be on the development of more predictive solubility, supersaturation, and precipitation assays. With regards to the general PBPK modeling methodology, modelers should account for the full solubility profile when modeling ionizable compounds, including common ion effects, and apply a straightforward strategy to account for drug precipitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | | | - Xavier J H Pepin
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dahlgren D, Venczel M, Ridoux JP, Skjöld C, Müllertz A, Holm R, Augustijns P, Hellström PM, Lennernäs H. Fasted and fed state human duodenal fluids: Characterization, drug solubility, and comparison to simulated fluids and with human bioavailability. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 163:240-251. [PMID: 33872761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurate in vivo predictions of intestinal absorption of low solubility drugs require knowing their solubility in physiologically relevant dissolution media. Aspirated human intestinal fluids (HIF) are the gold standard, followed by simulated intestinal HIF in the fasted and fed state (FaSSIF/FeSSIF). However, current HIF characterization data vary, and there is also some controversy regarding the accuracy of FaSSIF and FeSSIF for predicting drug solubility in HIF. This study aimed at characterizing fasted and fed state duodenal HIF from 16 human volunteers with respect to pH, buffer capacity, osmolarity, surface tension, as well as protein, phospholipid, and bile salt content. The fasted and fed state HIF samples were further used to investigate the equilibrium solubility of 17 representative low-solubility small-molecule drugs, six of which were confidential industry compounds and 11 were known and characterized regarding chemical diversity. These solubility values were then compared to reported solubility values in fasted and fed state HIF, FaSSIF and FeSSIF, as well as with their human bioavailability for both states. The HIF compositions corresponded well to previously reported values and current FaSSIF and FeSSIF compositions. The drug solubility values in HIF (both fasted and fed states) were also well in line with reported solubility data for HIF, as well as simulated FaSSIF and FeSSIF. This indicates that the in vivo conditions in the proximal small intestine are well represented by simulated intestinal fluids in both composition and drug equilibrium solubility. However, increased drug solubility in the fed vs. fasted states in HIF did not correlate with the human bioavailability changes of the same drugs following oral administration in either state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Dahlgren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biopharmaceutics, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - M Venczel
- Global CMC Development Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany; Global CMC Development Sanofi, Vitry, France
| | - J-P Ridoux
- Global CMC Development Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany; Global CMC Development Sanofi, Vitry, France
| | - C Skjöld
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biopharmaceutics, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - A Müllertz
- Physiological Pharmaceutics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen R&D, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - P Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P M Hellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - H Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biopharmaceutics, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
García MA, Cristofoletti R, Abrahamsson B, Groot DW, Parr A, Polli JE, Mehta M, Shah VP, Tomakazu T, Dressman JB, Langguth P. Biowaiver Monograph for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Carbamazepine. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1935-1947. [PMID: 33610571 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Literature relevant to assessing whether BCS-based biowaivers can be applied to immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing carbamazepine as the single active pharmaceutical ingredient are reviewed. Carbamazepine, which is used for the prophylactic therapy of epilepsy, is a non-ionizable drug that cannot be considered "highly soluble" across the range of pH values usually encountered in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, evidence in the open literature suggests that carbamazepine is a BCS Class 2 drug. Nevertheless, the oral absolute bioavailability of carbamazepine lies between 70 and 78% and both in vivo and in vitro data support the classification of carbamazepine as a highly permeable drug. Since the therapeutic and toxic plasma level ranges overlap, carbamazepine is considered to have a narrow therapeutic index. For these reasons, a BCS based biowaiver for IR tablets of carbamazepine cannot be recommended. Interestingly, in nine out of ten studies, USP dissolution conditions (900 mL water with 1% SLS, paddle, 75 rpm) appropriately discriminated among bioinequivalent products and this may be a way forward to predicting whether a given formulation will be bioequivalent to the comparator product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A García
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Dirk W Groot
- RIVM (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mehul Mehta
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vinod P Shah
- International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Tajiri Tomakazu
- Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, ITMP, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Peter Langguth
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fuhr LM, Marok FZ, Hanke N, Selzer D, Lehr T. Pharmacokinetics of the CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 Inducer Carbamazepine and Its Drug-Drug Interaction Potential: A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:270. [PMID: 33671323 PMCID: PMC7922031 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticonvulsant carbamazepine is frequently used in the long-term therapy of epilepsy and is a known substrate and inducer of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and CYP2B6. Carbamazepine induces the metabolism of various drugs (including its own); on the other hand, its metabolism can be affected by various CYP inhibitors and inducers. The aim of this work was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) parent-metabolite model of carbamazepine and its metabolite carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, including carbamazepine autoinduction, to be applied for drug-drug interaction (DDI) prediction. The model was developed in PK-Sim, using a total of 92 plasma concentration-time profiles (dosing range 50-800 mg), as well as fractions excreted unchanged in urine measurements. The carbamazepine model applies metabolism by CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 to produce carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, metabolism by CYP2B6 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7 and glomerular filtration. The carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide model applies metabolism by epoxide hydroxylase 1 (EPHX1) and glomerular filtration. Good DDI performance was demonstrated by the prediction of carbamazepine DDIs with alprazolam, bupropion, erythromycin, efavirenz and simvastatin, where 14/15 DDI AUClast ratios and 11/15 DDI Cmax ratios were within the prediction success limits proposed by Guest et al. The thoroughly evaluated model will be freely available in the Open Systems Pharmacology model repository.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thorsten Lehr
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (L.M.F.); (F.Z.M.); (N.H.); (D.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Madsen CM, Plum J, Hens B, Augustijns P, Müllertz A, Rades T. Exploring the Impact of Intestinal Fluid Components on the Solubility and Supersaturation of Danazol. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2479-2488. [PMID: 33428916 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eleven simulated intestinal fluids (SIF) were designed using a Design of Experiment (DoE) approach. The DoE SIF covered a range of compositions of fasted state human intestinal fluid (FaHIF) with regard to pH, bile salt (BS), and phospholipid (PL). Using the model compound danazol, the apparent crystalline solubility (aCS) and apparent amorphous solubility (aAS), as well as the supersaturation propensity was determined in the DoE SIF media. The aCS of danazol was dependent on the composition of the SIF, with PL as the main factor, and a small effect from BS and an interaction between BS and PL. From the DoE solubility data a model was derived, which could predict aCS in commercially available SIF (FaSSIF-V1 and -V2) and in a range of FaHIF. The aAS of danazol was differently affected by the SIF composition than the aCS; PL was again the main factor influencing the aAS, but interactions between BS and pH, as well as pH and PL were also important. The supersaturation propensities of danazol in the DoE SIF media were affected by the same factors as the aCS. Hence, the supersaturation behaviour and aCS of danazol, were found to be closely related.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Maria Madsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Pharmaceutical R&D, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark; Pharmaceutical Sciences, Janssen, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jakob Plum
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bart Hens
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Bioneer:FARMA, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fagerberg JH, Zarmpi P, Jabbar H, Fotaki N. Affinity of Lipophilic Drugs to Mixed Lipid Aggregates in Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluids. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:186-197. [PMID: 33065126 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mixed lipid aggregates, comprising of bile salts and phospholipids, present in the small intestine assist in drug solubilization and subsequent drug dissolution and absorption through the intestinal epithelium. The increased variability in their levels, observed physiologically, may create challenges not only for in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence studies, but also for in vitro bio-predictive studies as correlations between in vitro and in vivo data are not always successful. The current study investigated the impact of biorelevant dissolution media, with physiologically relevant sodium taurocholate and lecithin levels, on the apparent solubility and affinity of lipophilic compounds with a wide range of physicochemical properties (drug ionization, drug lipophilicity, molecular weight) to mixed lipid aggregates. Apparent solubility data in biorelevant dissolution media for the studied neutral drugs, weak bases and weak acids were compared against a phosphate buffer pH 6.5 in the absence of these lipidic components. Presence of mixed lipid aggregates enhanced the apparent solubility of the majority of compounds and the use of multivariate data analysis identified the significant parameters affecting drug affinity to mixed lipid aggregates based on the chemical class of the drug. For neutral drugs, increasing bile salt concentrations and/or drug lipophilicity resulted in greater enhancement in apparent solubility at 24-hr. For weak bases and weak acids, the effect of increasing bile salt levels on apparent solubility depended mostly on an interplay between drug lipophilicity and drug ionization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Panagiota Zarmpi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Hasnaa Jabbar
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Riedmaier AE, DeMent K, Huckle J, Bransford P, Stillhart C, Lloyd R, Alluri R, Basu S, Chen Y, Dhamankar V, Dodd S, Kulkarni P, Olivares-Morales A, Peng CC, Pepin X, Ren X, Tran T, Tistaert C, Heimbach T, Kesisoglou F, Wagner C, Parrott N. Use of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling for Predicting Drug-Food Interactions: an Industry Perspective. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:123. [PMID: 32981010 PMCID: PMC7520419 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of food on pharmacokinetic properties of drugs is a commonly observed occurrence affecting about 40% of orally administered drugs. Within the pharmaceutical industry, significant resources are invested to predict and characterize a clinically relevant food effect. Here, the predictive performance of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) food effect models was assessed via de novo mechanistic absorption models for 30 compounds using controlled, pre-defined in vitro, and modeling methodology. Compounds for which absorption was known to be limited by intestinal transporters were excluded in this analysis. A decision tree for model verification and optimization was followed, leading to high, moderate, or low food effect prediction confidence. High (within 0.8- to 1.25-fold) to moderate confidence (within 0.5- to 2-fold) was achieved for most of the compounds (15 and 8, respectively). While for 7 compounds, prediction confidence was found to be low (> 2-fold). There was no clear difference in prediction success for positive or negative food effects and no clear relationship to the BCS category of tested drug molecules. However, an association could be demonstrated when the food effect was mainly related to changes in the gastrointestinal luminal fluids or physiology, including fluid volume, motility, pH, micellar entrapment, and bile salts. Considering these findings, it is recommended that appropriately verified mechanistic PBPK modeling can be leveraged with high to moderate confidence as a key approach to predicting potential food effect, especially related to mechanisms highlighted here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin DeMent
- Global DMPK, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., San Diego, California, USA
| | - James Huckle
- Drug Product Technology, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Phil Bransford
- Modeling & Informatics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical R&D, Formulation & Process Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard Lloyd
- Computational & Modelling Sciences, Platform Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Ravindra Alluri
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sumit Basu
- Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic and Drug Metabolism-Quantitative Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (PPDM-QP2), Merck & Co, Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Varsha Dhamankar
- Formulation Development, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Formulation Development, Cyclerion Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephanie Dodd
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Profiling, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Priyanka Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrés Olivares-Morales
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chi-Chi Peng
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Theravance Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xavier Pepin
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Xiaojun Ren
- Modeling & Simulation, PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thuy Tran
- Computational & Modelling Sciences, Platform Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Tycho Heimbach
- PBPK & Biopharmaceutics, Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Wayne, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Christian Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Parrow A, Larsson P, Augustijns P, Bergström CAS. Molecular Dynamics Simulations on Interindividual Variability of Intestinal Fluids: Impact on Drug Solubilization. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3837-3844. [PMID: 32787279 PMCID: PMC7704030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Efficient delivery
of oral drugs is dependent on their solubility
in human intestinal fluid, a complex and dynamic fluid that contains
colloidal structures composed of small molecules. These structures
solubilize poorly water-soluble compounds, increasing their apparent
solubility, and possibly their bioavailability. In this study, we
conducted coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations with data
from duodenal fluid samples previously acquired from five healthy
volunteers. In these simulations, we observed the self-assembly of
mixed micelles of bile salts, phospholipids, and free fatty acids.
The micelles were ellipsoids with a size range of 4–7 nm. Next,
we investigated micelle affinities of three model drugs. The affinities
in our simulation showed the same trend as literature values for the
solubility enhancement of drugs in human intestinal fluids. This type
of simulations is useful for studies of events and interactions taking
place in the small intestinal fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albin Parrow
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Larsson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N II Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gastrointestinal diseases and their impact on drug solubility: Celiac disease. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
23
|
Development and evaluation of a biorelevant medium simulating porcine gastrointestinal fluids. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 154:116-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
24
|
Klumpp L, Dressman J. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model outputs depend on dissolution data and their input: Case examples glibenclamide and dipyridamole. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 151:105380. [PMID: 32442630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of dissolution tests exists for oral dosage forms, with variations in selection of the dissolution medium, the hydrodynamics and the dissolution equipment. This work aimed at determining the influence of media composition, the type of dissolution test and the method for entering the data into a PBPK model on the ability to simulate the in vivo plasma profile of an immediate release formulation. Using two rDCS IIa substances, glibenclamide and dipyridamole, housed in immediate-release formulations as model dosage forms, dissolution tests were performed in USP apparatus II with the biorelevant media FaSSGF, FaSSIF V1, V2 and V3 using both single-stage and two-stage test designs. The results were then integrated into the PBPK software SimcypⓇ either as the observed release profile (dissolution rate model, DRM) or using a semi-mechanistic model (diffusion layer model, DLM) and compared with in vivo plasma profiles. The selection of the FaSSIF version did not appear to have any relevant influence on the dissolution of the weakly basic dipyridamole, while the weakly acidic glibenclamide was sensitive to the difference in pH between FaSSIF V1, V2 and FaSSIF V3. Since both compounds have pKa values close to the pH of biorelevant media representing conditions in the small intestine, these results may be specific to compounds with similar ionization behavior. Single-stage and two-stage testing led to equivalent simulations for glibenclamide. Only results from the single-stage test in FaSSGF led to a close simulation of the pharmacokinetic profile of dipyridamole when data were inputted using the DRM, while simulations from two-stage testing were most similar to the observed pharmacokinetic profile when DLM with selection of a dynamic pH profile in the small intestine was selected as the data input method. These results emphasize the importance of data input to the simulation results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Klumpp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University and Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) Division of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University and Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) Division of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Etherson K, Dunn C, Matthews W, Pamelund H, Barragat C, Sanderson N, Izumi T, Mathews CDC, Halbert G, Wilson C, McAllister M, Mann J, Østergaard J, Butler J, Khadra I. An interlaboratory investigation of intrinsic dissolution rate determination using surface dissolution. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 150:24-32. [PMID: 32061919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to conduct an interlaboratory ring-study, with six partners (academic and industrial), investigating the measurement of intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) using surface dissolution imaging (SDI) equipment. Measurement of IDR is important in pharmaceutical research as it provides characterising information on drugs and their formulations. This work allowed us to assess the SDI's interlaboratory performance for measuring IDR using a defined standard operating procedure (see supporting information) and six drugs assigned as low (tadalafil, bromocriptine mesylate), medium (carvedilol, indomethacin) and high (ibuprofen, valsartan) solubility compounds. Fasted State Simulated Intestinal Fluid (FaSSIF) and blank FaSSIF (without sodium taurocholate and lecithin) (pH 6.5) were used as media. Using the standardised protocol an IDR value was obtained for all compounds and the results show that the overall IDR rank order matched the solubility rank order. Interlaboratory variability was also examined and it was observed that the variability for lower solubility compounds was higher, coefficient of variation >50%, than for intermediate and high solubility compounds, with the exception of indomethacin in FaSSIF medium. Inter laboratory variability is a useful descriptor for understanding the robustness of the protocol and the system variability. On comparison to another published small-scale IDR study the rank ordering with respect to dissolution rate is identical except for the high solubility compounds. This results indicates that the SDI robustly measures IDR however, no recommendation on the use of one small scale method over the other is made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Etherson
- Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, UK
| | - Claire Dunn
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wayne Matthews
- Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | - Henrik Pamelund
- Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK; Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camille Barragat
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natalie Sanderson
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Toshiko Izumi
- Drug Product Design, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Ltd., Sandwich, UK
| | | | - Gavin Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Clive Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark McAllister
- Drug Product Design, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Ltd., Sandwich, UK
| | - James Mann
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Jesper Østergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James Butler
- Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, UK
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
McPherson S, Perrier J, Dunn C, Khadra I, Davidson S, Ainousah B, Wilson CG, Halbert G. Small scale design of experiment investigation of equilibrium solubility in simulated fasted and fed intestinal fluid. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 150:14-23. [PMID: 32035969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognised that drug solubility within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) differs from values determined in a simple aqueous buffer and to circumvent this problem measurement in biorelevant fluids is determined. Biorelevant fluids are complex mixtures of components (sodium taurocholate, lecithin, sodium phosphate, sodium chloride, pancreatin and sodium oleate) at various concentrations and pH levels to provide systems simulating fasted (FaSSIF) or fed (FeSSIF) intestinal media. Design of Experiment (DoE) studies have been applied to investigate FaSSIF and FeSSIF and indicate that a drug's equilibrium solubility varies over orders of magnitude, is influenced by the drug type and individual or combinations of media components, with some of these interactions being drug specific. Although providing great detail on the drug media interactions these studies are resource intensive requiring up to ninety individual experiments for FeSSIF. In this paper a low sample number or reduced DoE system has been investigated by restricting components with minimal solubility impact to a single value and only investigating variations in the concentrations of sodium taurocholate, lecithin, sodium oleate, pH and additionally in the case of fed media, monoglyceride. This reduces the experiments required to ten (FaSSIF) and nine (FeSSIF). Twelve poorly soluble drugs (Ibuprofen, Valsartan, Zafirlukast, Indomethacin, Fenofibrate, Felodipine, Probucol, Tadalafil, Carvedilol, Aprepitant, Bromocriptine and Itraconazole) were investigated and the results compared to published DoE studies and literature solubility values in human intestinal fluid (HIF), FaSSIF or FeSSIF. The solubility range determined by the reduced DoE is statistically equivalent to the larger scale published DoE results in over eighty five percent of the cases. The reduced DoE range also covers HIF, FaSSIF or FeSSIF literature solubility values. In addition the reduced DoE provides lowest measured solubility values that agree with the published DoE values in ninety percent of the cases. However, the reduced DoE only identified single and in some cases none of the major components influencing solubility in contrast to the larger published DoE studies which identified multiple individual components and component interactions. The identification of significant components within the reduced DoE was also dependent upon the drug and system under investigation. The study demonstrates that the lower experimental number reduces statistical power of the DoE to resolve the impact of media components on solubility. However, in a situation where only the solubility range is required the reduced DoE can provide the desired information, which will be of benefit during in vitro development studies. Further refinements are possible to extend the reduced DoE protocol to improve biorelevance and application into areas such as PBPK modelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie McPherson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Perrier
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Dunn
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Scott Davidson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Bayan Ainousah
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Stamatopoulos K, Pathak SM, Marciani L, Turner DB. Population-Based PBPK Model for the Prediction of Time-Variant Bile Salt Disposition within GI Luminal Fluids. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1310-1323. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shriram M. Pathak
- Certara Ltd (Simcyp Division), Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield S1 2BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Marciani
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre and National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - David B. Turner
- Certara Ltd (Simcyp Division), Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield S1 2BJ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mudie DM, Samiei N, Marshall DJ, Amidon GE, Bergström CAS. Selection of In Vivo Predictive Dissolution Media Using Drug Substance and Physiological Properties. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:34. [PMID: 31989343 PMCID: PMC6985051 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-0417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The rate and extent of drug dissolution in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are highly dependent upon drug physicochemical properties and GI fluid properties. Biorelevant dissolution media (BDM), which aim to facilitate in vitro prediction of in vivo dissolution performance, have evolved with our understanding of GI physiology. However, BDM with a variety of properties and compositions are available, making the choice of dissolution medium challenging. In this tutorial, we describe a simple and quantitative methodology for selecting practical, yet physiologically relevant BDM representative of fasted humans for evaluating dissolution of immediate release formulations. Specifically, this methodology describes selection of pH, buffer species, and concentration and evaluates the importance of including bile salts and phospholipids in the BDM based upon drug substance log D, pKa, and intrinsic solubility. The methodology is based upon a mechanistic understanding of how three main factors affect dissolution, including (1) drug ionization at gastrointestinal pH, (2) alteration of surface pH by charged drug species, and (3) drug solubilization in mixed lipidic aggregates comprising bile salts and phospholipids. Assessment of this methodology through testing and comparison with literature reports showed that the recommendations correctly identified when a biorelevant buffer capacity or the addition of bile salts and phospholipids to the medium would appreciably change the drug dissolution profile. This methodology can enable informed decisions about when a time, complexity, and/or cost-saving buffer is expected to lead to physiologically meaningful in vitro dissolution testing, versus when a more complex buffer would be required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Mudie
- Global Research and Development, Lonza, Bend, Oregon, 97703, USA.
| | - Nasim Samiei
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Derrick J Marshall
- Global Research and Development, Lonza, Bend, Oregon, 97703, USA.,Pivotal Drug Product Technologies, Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02141, USA
| | - Gregory E Amidon
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48103, USA
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dissolution behavior of various drugs in different FaSSIF versions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 142:105138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
30
|
Elkhabaz A, Moseson DE, Brouwers J, Augustijns P, Taylor LS. Interplay of Supersaturation and Solubilization: Lack of Correlation between Concentration-Based Supersaturation Measurements and Membrane Transport Rates in Simulated and Aspirated Human Fluids. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:5042-5053. [PMID: 31638397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Supersaturating formulations are increasingly being used to improve the absorption of orally administered poorly water-soluble drugs. To better predict outcomes in vivo, we must be able to accurately determine the degree of supersaturation in complex media designed to provide a surrogate for the gastrointestinal environment. Herein, we demonstrate that relying on measurements based on consideration of the total dissolved concentration leads to underestimation of supersaturation and consequently membrane transport rates. Crystalline and amorphous solubilities of two compounds, atazanavir and posaconazole, were evaluated in six different media. Concurrently, diffusive flux measurements were performed in a side-by-side diffusion cell to determine the activity-based supersaturation by evaluating membrane transport rates at the crystalline and amorphous solubilities. Solubility values were found to vary in each medium because of different solubilization capacities. Concentration-based supersaturation ratios were also found to vary for the different media. Activity-based measurements, however, were largely independent of the medium, leading to relatively constant values for the estimated supersaturation. These findings have important consequences for modeling and prediction of supersaturation impact on the absorption rate as well as for better defining the thermodynamic driving force for crystallization in complex media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elkhabaz
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Drug Delivery and Disposition , KU Leuven , Leuven 3000 , Belgium
| | | | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Combining biorelevant in vitro and in silico tools to simulate and better understand the in vivo performance of a nano-sized formulation of aprepitant in the fasted and fed states. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 138:105031. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
32
|
Dunn C, Perrier J, Khadra I, Wilson CG, Halbert GW. Topography of Simulated Intestinal Equilibrium Solubility. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1890-1905. [PMID: 30848917 PMCID: PMC6505523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oral administration of a solid dosage form requires drug dissolution in the gastrointestinal tract before absorption. Solubility is a key factor controlling dissolution, and it is recognized that, within the intestinal tract, this is influenced by the luminal fluid pH, amphiphile content, and composition. Various simulated intestinal fluid recipes have been introduced to mimic this behavior and studied using a range of different experimental techniques. In this article, we have measured equilibrium solubility utilizing a novel four component mixture design (4CMD) with biorelevant amphiphiles (bile salt, phospholipid, oleate, and monoglyceride) within a matrix of three pH values (5, 6, and 7) and total amphiphile concentrations (11.7, 30.6, and 77.5 mM) to provide a topographical and statistical overview. Three poorly soluble drugs representing acidic (indomethacin), basic (carvedilol), and neutral (fenofibrate) categories have been studied. The macroscopic solubility behavior agrees with literature and exhibits an overall increasing solubility from low pH and total amphiphile concentration to high pH and total amphiphile concentration. Within the matrix, all three drugs display different topographies, which can be related to the statistical effect levels of the individual amphiphiles or amphiphile interactions on solubility. The study also identifies previously unreported three and four way factor interactions notably between bile salt, phospholipid, pH, and total amphiphile concentration. In addition, the results also reveal that solubility variability is linked to the number of amphiphiles and the respective ratios in the measurement fluid, with the minimum variation present in systems containing all four amphiphiles. The individual 4CMD experiments within the matrix can be linked to provide a possible intestinal solubility window for each drug that could be applied in PBPK modeling systems. Overall the approach provides a novel overview of intestinal solubility topography along with greater detail on the impact of the various factors studied; however, each matrix requires 351 individual solubility measurements. Further studies will be required to refine the experimental protocol in order the maximize information garnered while minimizing the number of measurements required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Dunn
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Perrier
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Clive G. Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W. Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kataoka M, Takeyama S, Minami K, Higashino H, Kakimi K, Fujii Y, Takahashi M, Yamashita S. In Vitro Assessment of Supersaturation/Precipitation and Biological Membrane Permeation of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs: A Case Study With Albendazole and Ketoconazole. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2580-2587. [PMID: 30885658 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between supersaturation and precipitation and the effect of a supersaturated state on drug membrane permeation. Stock solutions of albendazole (ALB) and ketoconazole (KTZ) dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (0.1-50 mg/mL) were diluted 100-fold with buffer solution (pH 6.8, 37°C). In the case of ALB, a supersaturated state and immediate precipitation were observed at 10 μg/mL or less and 20 μg/mL or higher, respectively. When KTZ was used, at an initial concentration of 200 μg/mL or higher, precipitation was observed, although the dissolved concentration remained at approximately 120 μg/mL for at least 30 min. These dissolved concentrations of ALB and KTZ related to approximately 10-fold and 14-fold over the saturated solubility from respective bulk powder. An in vitro permeation study implied that the rate of drug permeation across a biological membrane increased with increasing supersaturation. These results suggested favorable strategies for development of a supersaturable formulation could depend on the precipitation properties of the drug. Immediate- and controlled-release forms might be suitable for supersaturable formulations for KTZ and ALB, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kataoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Shoko Takeyama
- Pharmaceutical & ADMET Research Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd, 1-16-3 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Keiko Minami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Haruki Higashino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Kohichi Kakimi
- Pharmaceutical & ADMET Research Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd, 1-16-3 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Yoshimine Fujii
- Pharmaceutical & ADMET Research Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd, 1-16-3 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical & ADMET Research Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd, 1-16-3 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Biorelevant intrinsic dissolution profiling in early drug development: Fundamental, methodological, and industrial aspects. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 139:101-114. [PMID: 30862481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) is the surface specific dissolution rate of a drug. In early drug development, this property (among other parameters) is measured in order to compare different polymorphs and salt forms, guide formulation decisions, and to provide a quality marker of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) during production. In this review, an update on different methods and small-scale techniques that have recently evolved for determination of IDR is provided. The importance of biorelevant media and the hydrodynamic conditions of dissolution are also discussed. Different preparation techniques for samples are presented with a focus on disc, particle- and crystal-based methods. A number of small-scale techniques are then described in detail, and their applicability domains are identified. Finally, an updated industrial perspective is provided about IDR's place in the early drug development process.
Collapse
|
35
|
The effects of pH, surfactant, ion concentration, coformer, and molecular arrangement on the solubility behavior of myricetin cocrystals. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:59-73. [PMID: 30766778 PMCID: PMC6361854 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical cocrystals are a promising technology that can be used to improve the solubility of poor aqueous compounds. The objective of this study was to systematically investigate the solubility of myricetin (MYR) cocrystals, including their kinetic solubility, thermodynamic solubility, and intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR). The effects of pH, surfactant, ion concentration, and coformers on the cocrystal solubility were evaluated. Furthermore, single crystal structures of MYR, myricetin–isonicotinamide (MYR–INM) and myricetin–caffeine (MYR–CAF) cocrystals were analyzed to discuss the possible reasons for the enhancement of cocrystal solubility from the perspective of the spatial structure. The results indicated that the kinetic solubility of MYR cocrystals was modulated by pH and cocrystal coformer (CCF) ionization in buffer solution, while it primarily depended on the CCF solubility in pure water. In addition, the solubility of MYR cocrystals was increased in a concentration dependent fashion by the surfactant or ion concentration. The thermodynamic solubility of MYR–INM (1:3) cocrystals decreased with the increases of the pH value of the dissolution media. The IDR of MYR cocrystals was faster than that of MYR in the same medium and extremely fast in pH 4.5 buffer. The improved solubility of MYR cocrystals was probably related to the alternate arrangements of MYR and INM/CAF molecules and increased intermolecular distance. The present study provides some references to investigate the solubility behavior of pharmaceutical cocrystals.
Collapse
Key Words
- API, active pharmaceutical ingredient
- CAF, caffeine
- CCF, cocrystal coformer
- CCF, coformer
- CSC, critical stabilization concentration
- Cocrystal solubility
- Coformer
- Crystal structure
- Ctr, transition concentration
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- IDR, intrinsic dissolution rate
- INM, isonicotinamide
- Ksp, solubility product
- MYR, myricetin
- MYR–CAF, myricetin–caffeine
- MYR–INM, myricetin–isonicotinamide
- Myricetin
- NIC, nicotinamide
- PRO, proline
- PXRD, powder X-ray diffraction
- pH
Collapse
|
36
|
Application of a Refined Developability Classification System. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:1090-1100. [PMID: 30389565 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In 2010, the Developability Classification System was proposed as an extension of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System to align the classification system with the need for early evaluation of drug candidates according to their developability as oral formulations. Recent work on the Developability Classification System has resulted in the refined developability classification system (rDCS), consisting of standard investigations to estimate drug candidate solubility and permeability and offering customized investigations that are triggered when there is a potential for supersaturation/precipitation (e.g., salts of acids, weak bases) or to investigate permeation versus dissolution-limited absorption. In the present study, the rDCS concept was successfully applied to 6 marketed compounds (aciclovir, albendazole, danazol, dantrolene, dipyridamole, and piroxicam), for which there is a rich database of information. Furthermore, the rDCS was applied to 20 pipeline compounds from past and current research projects at Bayer AG. The rDCS was able to predict the results in humans correctly in 80% of cases. Overall, the results suggest that the rDCS is a highly useful tool for estimating the in vivo behavior of new drug candidates.
Collapse
|
37
|
Vinarov Z, Katev V, Burdzhiev N, Tcholakova S, Denkov N. Effect of Surfactant-Bile Interactions on the Solubility of Hydrophobic Drugs in Biorelevant Dissolution Media. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5741-5753. [PMID: 30351956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biorelevant dissolution media (BDM) methods are commonly employed to investigate the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. Despite the significant progress in this area, the effect of commonly employed pharmaceutical excipients, such as surfactants, on the solubility of drugs in BDM has not been characterized in detail. The aim of this study is to clarify the impact of surfactant-bile interactions on drug solubility by using a set of 12 surfactants, 3 model hydrophobic drugs (fenofibrate, danazol, and progesterone) and two types of BDM (porcine bile extract and sodium taurodeoxycholate). Drug precipitation and sharp nonlinear decrease in the solubility of all studied drugs is observed when drug-loaded ionic surfactant micelles are introduced in solutions of both BDM, whereas the drugs remain solubilized in the mixtures of nonionic polysorbate surfactants + BDM. One-dimensional and diffusion-ordered 1H NMR spectroscopy show that mixed bile salt + surfactant micelles with low drug solubilization capacity are formed for the ionic surfactants. On the other hand, separate surfactant-rich and bile salt-rich micelles coexist in the nonionic polysorbate surfactant + bile salt mixtures, explaining the better drug solubility in these systems. The nonionic alcohol ethoxylate surfactants show intermediate behavior. The large dependence of the drug solubility on surfactant-bile interactions (in which the drug molecules do not play a major role per se) highlights how the complex interplay between excipients and bile salts can significantly change one of the key parameters which governs the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs, viz. the drug solubility in the intestinal fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahari Vinarov
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Sofia University , 1164 Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Vladimir Katev
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Sofia University , 1164 Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Nikola Burdzhiev
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Sofia University , 1164 Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Slavka Tcholakova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Sofia University , 1164 Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Nikolai Denkov
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Sofia University , 1164 Sofia , Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Matsumura N, Yamaura Y, Katagi J, Ono S, Kim S, Yamashita S, Sugano K. Evaluation of Using Dogs to Predict Fraction of Oral Dose Absorbed in Humans for Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2489-2496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
39
|
A Practical Guide for the Preparation of Drug Nanosuspensions for Preclinical Studies: Including In VivoCase Studies. EARLY DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527801756.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
40
|
Litou C, Effinger A, Kostewicz ES, Box KJ, Fotaki N, Dressman JB. Effects of medicines used to treat gastrointestinal diseases on the pharmacokinetics of coadministered drugs: a PEARRL Review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:643-673. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Drugs used to treat gastrointestinal diseases (GI drugs) are widely used either as prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) medications and belong to both the 10 most prescribed and 10 most sold OTC medications worldwide. The objective of this review article is to discuss the most frequent interactions between GI and other drugs, including identification of the mechanisms behind these interactions, where possible.
Key findings
Current clinical practice shows that in many cases, these drugs are administered concomitantly with other drug products. Due to their metabolic properties and mechanisms of action, the drugs used to treat gastrointestinal diseases can change the pharmacokinetics of some coadministered drugs. In certain cases, these interactions can lead to failure of treatment or to the occurrence of serious adverse events. The mechanism of interaction depends highly on drug properties and differs among therapeutic categories. Understanding these interactions is essential to providing recommendations for optimal drug therapy.
Summary
Interactions with GI drugs are numerous and can be highly significant clinically in some cases. While alterations in bioavailability due to changes in solubility, dissolution rate, GI transit and metabolic interactions can be (for the most part) easily identified, interactions that are mediated through other mechanisms, such as permeability or microbiota, are less well-understood. Future work should focus on characterising these aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chara Litou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Angela Effinger
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Edmund S Kostewicz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karl J Box
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, UK
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Enright EF, Griffin BT, Gahan CG, Joyce SA. Microbiome-mediated bile acid modification: Role in intestinal drug absorption and metabolism. Pharmacol Res 2018; 133:170-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
42
|
Exploring a Kinetic Model Approach in Biopharmaceutics: Estimating the Fraction Absorbed of Orally Administered Drugs in Humans. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1798-1805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
43
|
Madsen CM, Feng KI, Leithead A, Canfield N, Jørgensen SA, Müllertz A, Rades T. Effect of composition of simulated intestinal media on the solubility of poorly soluble compounds investigated by design of experiments. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 111:311-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
44
|
Perrier J, Zhou Z, Dunn C, Khadra I, Wilson CG, Halbert G. Statistical investigation of the full concentration range of fasted and fed simulated intestinal fluid on the equilibrium solubility of oral drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 111:247-256. [PMID: 28987539 PMCID: PMC5710999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Upon oral administration the solubility of a drug in intestinal fluid is a key property influencing bioavailability. It is also recognised that simple aqueous solubility does not reflect intestinal solubility and to optimise in vitro investigations simulated intestinal media systems have been developed. Simulated intestinal media which can mimic either the fasted or fed state consists of multiple components each of which either singly or in combination may influence drug solubility, a property that can be investigated by a statistical design of experiment technique. In this study a design of experiment covering the full range from the lower limit of fasted to the upper limit of fed parameters and using a small number of experiments has been performed. The measured equilibrium solubility values are comparable with literature values for simulated fasted and fed intestinal fluids as well as human fasted and fed intestinal fluids. The equilibrium solubility data range is statistically equivalent to a combination of published fasted and fed design of experiment data in six (indomethacin, phenytoin, zafirlukast, carvedilol, fenofibrate and probucol) drugs with three (aprepitant, tadalafil and felodipine) drugs not equivalent. In addition the measured equilibrium solubility data sets were not normally distributed. Further studies will be required to determine the reasons for these results however it implies that a single solubility measurement without knowledge of the solubility distribution will be of limited value. The statistically significant media factors which promote equilibrium solubility (pH, sodium oleate and bile salt) were in agreement with published results but the number of determined significant factors and factor interactions was fewer in this study, lecithin for example did not influence solubility. This may be due to the reduction in statistical sensitivity from the lower number of experimental data points or the fact that using the full range will examine media parameters ratios that are not biorelevant. Overall the approach will provide an estimate of the solubility range and the most important media factors but will not be equivalent to larger scale focussed studies. Further investigations will be required to determine why some drugs do not produce equivalent DoE solubility distributions, for example combined fasted and fed DoE, but this simply may be due to the complexity and individuality of the interactions between a drug and the media components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Perrier
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Dunn
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ainousah B, Perrier J, Dunn C, Khadra I, Wilson CG, Halbert G. Dual Level Statistical Investigation of Equilibrium Solubility in Simulated Fasted and Fed Intestinal Fluid. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4170-4180. [PMID: 29072917 PMCID: PMC5735376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The oral route is the preferred option for drug administration but contains the inherent issue of drug absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) in order to elicit systemic activity. A prerequisite for absorption is drug dissolution, which is dependent upon drug solubility in the variable milieu of GIT fluid, with poorly soluble drugs presenting a formulation and biopharmaceutical challenge. Multiple factors within GIT fluid influence solubility ranging from pH to the concentration and ratio of amphiphilic substances, such as phospholipid, bile salt, monoglyceride, and cholesterol. To aid in vitro investigation simulated intestinal fluids (SIF) covering the fasted and fed state have been developed. SIF media is complex and statistical design of experiment (DoE) investigations have revealed the range of solubility values possible within each state due to physiological variability along with the media factors and factor interactions which influence solubility. However, these studies require large numbers of experiments (>60) and are not feasible or sensible within a drug development setting. In the current study a smaller dual level, reduced experimental number (20) DoE providing three arms covering the fasted and fed states along with a combined analysis has been investigated. The results indicate that this small scale investigation is feasible and provides solubility ranges that encompass published data in human and simulated fasted and fed fluids. The measured fasted and fed solubility ranges are in agreement with published large scale DoE results in around half of the cases, with the differences due to changes in media composition between studies. Indicating that drug specific behaviors are being determined and that careful media factor and concentration level selection is required in order to determine a physiologically relevant solubility range. The study also correctly identifies the major single factor or factors which influence solubility but it is evident that lower significance factors (for example bile salt) are not picked up due to the lower sample number employed. A similar issue is present with factor interactions with only a limited number available for study and generally not determined to have a significant solubility impact due to the lower statistical power of the study. The study indicates that a reduced experimental number DoE is feasible, will provide solubility range results with identification of major solubility factors however statistical limitations restrict the analysis. The approach therefore represents a useful initial screening tool that can guide further in depth analysis of a drug's behavior in gastrointestinal fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bayan
E Ainousah
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Perrier
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Dunn
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhou Z, Dunn C, Khadra I, Wilson CG, Halbert GW. Influence of Physiological Gastrointestinal Surfactant Ratio on the Equilibrium Solubility of BCS Class II Drugs Investigated Using a Four Component Mixture Design. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4132-4144. [PMID: 28749696 PMCID: PMC5717620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs is influenced by the luminal gastrointestinal fluid content and composition, which control solubility. Simulated intestinal fluids have been introduced into dissolution testing including endogenous amphiphiles and digested lipids at physiological levels; however, in vivo individual variation exists in the concentrations of these components, which will alter drug absorption through an effect on solubility. The use of a factorial design of experiment and varying media by introducing different levels of bile, lecithin, and digested lipids has been previously reported, but here we investigate the solubility variation of poorly soluble drugs through more complex biorelevant amphiphile interactions. A four-component mixture design was conducted to understand the solubilization capacity and interactions of bile salt, lecithin, oleate, and monoglyceride with a constant total concentration (11.7 mM) but varying molar ratios. The equilibrium solubility of seven low solubility acidic (zafirlukast), basic (aprepitant, carvedilol), and neutral (fenofibrate, felodipine, griseofulvin, and spironolactone) drugs was investigated. Solubility results are comparable with literature values and also our own previously published design of experiment studies. Results indicate that solubilization is not a sum accumulation of individual amphiphile concentrations, but a drug specific effect through interactions of mixed amphiphile compositions with the drug. This is probably due to a combined interaction of drug characteristics; for example, lipophilicity, molecular shape, and ionization with amphiphile components, which can generate specific drug-micelle affinities. The proportion of each component can have a remarkable influence on solubility with, in some cases, the highest and lowest points close to each other. A single-point solubility measurement in a fixed composition simulated media or human intestinal fluid sample will therefore provide a value without knowledge of the surrounding solubility topography meaning that variability may be overlooked. This study has demonstrated how the amphiphile ratios influence drug solubility and highlights the importance of the envelope of physiological variation when simulating in vivo drug behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Dunn
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Clive G. Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W. Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Morrison J, Nophsker M, Elzinga P, Donoso M, Park H, Haskell R. A polychromatic turbidity microplate assay to distinguish discovery stage drug molecules with beneficial precipitation properties. Int J Pharm 2017; 531:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
48
|
Berben P, Brouwers J, Augustijns P. Assessment of Passive Intestinal Permeability Using an Artificial Membrane Insert System. J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:250-256. [PMID: 28826878 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite reasonable predictive power of current cell-based and cell-free absorption models for the assessment of intestinal drug permeability, high costs and lengthy preparation steps hamper their use. The use of a simple artificial membrane (without any lipids present) as intestinal barrier substitute would overcome these hurdles. In the present study, a set of 14 poorly water-soluble drugs, dissolved in 2 different media (fasted state simulated/human intestinal fluids [FaSSIF/FaHIF]), were applied to the donor compartment of an artificial membrane insert system (AMI-system) containing a regenerated cellulose membrane. Furthermore, to investigate the predictive capacity of the AMI-system as substitute for the well-established Caco-2 system to assess intestinal permeability, the same set of 14 drugs dissolved in FaHIF were applied to the donor compartment of a Caco-2 system. For 14 drugs, covering a broad range of physicochemical parameters, a reasonable correlation between both absorption systems was observed, characterized by a Pearson correlation coefficient r of 0.95 (FaHIF). Using the AMI-system, an excellent predictive capacity of FaSSIF as surrogate medium for FaHIF was demonstrated (r = 0.96). Based on the acquired data, the AMI-system appears to be a time- and cost-effective tool for the early-stage estimation of passive intestinal permeability for poorly water-soluble drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Berben
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49 - Box 921, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49 - Box 921, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49 - Box 921, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Exploring drug solubility in fasted human intestinal fluid aspirates: Impact of inter-individual variability, sampling site and dilution. Int J Pharm 2017; 528:471-484. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
|
50
|
Zhou Z, Dunn C, Khadra I, Wilson CG, Halbert GW. Statistical investigation of simulated fed intestinal media composition on the equilibrium solubility of oral drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 99:95-104. [PMID: 27940083 PMCID: PMC5312627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal fluid is a complex milieu and it is recognised that gut drug solubility is different to that observed in simple aqueous buffers. Simulated gastrointestinal media have been developed covering fasted and fed states to facilitate in vitro prediction of gut solubility and product dissolution. However, the combination of bile salts, phospholipids, fatty acids and proteins in an aqueous buffered system creates multiple phases and drug solubility is therefore a complex interaction between these components, which may create unique environments for each API. The impact on solubility can be assessed through a statistical design of experiment (DoE) approach, to determine the influence and relationships between factors. In this paper DoE has been applied to fed simulated gastrointestinal media consisting of eight components (pH, bile salt, lecithin, sodium oleate, monoglyceride, buffer, salt and pancreatin) using a two level D-optimal design with forty-four duplicate measurements and four centre points. The equilibrium solubility of a range of poorly soluble acidic (indomethacin, ibuprofen, phenytoin, valsartan, zafirlukast), basic (aprepitant, carvedilol, tadalafil, bromocriptine) and neutral (fenofibrate, felodipine, probucol, itraconazole) drugs was investigated. Results indicate that the DoE provides equilibrium solubility values that are comparable to literature results for other simulated fed gastrointestinal media systems or human intestinal fluid samples. For acidic drugs the influence of pH predominates but other significant factors related to oleate and bile salt or interactions between them are present. For basic drugs pH, oleate and bile salt have equal significance along with interactions between pH and oleate and lecithin and oleate. Neutral drugs show diverse effects of the media components particularly with regard to oleate, bile salt, pH and lecithin but the presence of monoglyceride, pancreatin and buffer have significant but smaller effects on solubility. There are fourteen significant interactions between factors mainly related to the surfactant components and pH, indicating that the solubility of neutral drugs in fed simulated media is complex. The results also indicate that the equilibrium solubility of each drug can exhibit individualistic behaviour associated with the drug's chemical structure, physicochemical properties and interaction with media components. The utility of DoE for fed simulated media has been demonstrated providing equilibrium solubility values comparable with similar in vitro systems whilst also providing greater information on the influence of media factors and their interactions. The determination of a drug's gastrointestinal solubility envelope provides useful limits that can potentially be applied to in silico modelling and in vivo experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Dunn
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|