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Do ATN, Hiki K, Watanabe H, Yamamoto H, Endo S. Developing a Passive Dosing Method for Acute Aquatic Toxicity Tests of Cationic Surfactant Benzalkoniums (BACs). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39047073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) have been of environmental concern due to their widespread use and potential harm. However, challenges arise in defining and controlling the exposure concentration (Cw) in aquatic toxicity tests involving BACs with a long alkyl chain (i.e., #C > 14). To address this, a novel passive dosing method was introduced in the 48 h-acute ecotoxicity test on Daphnia magna and compared to the conventional solvent-spiking method in terms of Cw stability and toxicity results. Among 13 sorbent materials tested for their sorption capacity, poly(ether sulfone) (PES) membrane was an optimal passive dosing reservoir, with equilibrium desorption of BACs to water achieved within 24 h. The Cw of BACs remained constant in both applied dosing methods during the test period. However, the Cw in solvent-spiking tests was lower than the nominal concentration for long-chain BACs, particularly at low exposure concentrations. Notably, the solvent-spiking tests indicated that the toxicity of BACs increased with alkyl chain length from C6 to 14, followed by a decline in toxicity from C14 to 18. In contrast, the passive dosing method displayed similar or slightly increasing toxicity levels of BACs from C14 to C18, indicating higher toxicity of C16 and C18-BACs than that inferred by the solvent spiking test. These findings emphasize the potential of applying this innovative passive dosing approach in aquatic toxicity tests to generate reliable and accurate toxicity data and support a comprehensive risk assessment of cationic surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh T Ngoc Do
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, 305-8506 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kyoshiro Hiki
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, 305-8506 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Haruna Watanabe
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, 305-8506 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, 305-8506 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, 305-8506 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Hu H, Ma P, Li H, You J. Determining buffering capacity of polydimethylsiloxane-based passive dosing for hydrophobic organic compounds in large-volume bioassays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169710. [PMID: 38184249 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the most widely used material for passive dosing. However, the ability of PDMS to maintain constant water concentrations of chemicals in large-volume bioassays was insufficiently investigated. In this study, we proposed a kinetic-based method to determine the buffering capacity of PDMS for maintaining constant water concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in large-volume bioassays. A good correlation between log Kow and PDMS-water partitioning coefficients (log KPW) was observed for HOCs with log Kow values ranging from 3.30 to 7.42. For low-molecular-weight HOCs, volatile loss was identified as the primary cause of unstable water concentrations in passive dosing systems. Slow desorption from PDMS resulted in a reduction of water concentrations for high-molecular-weight HOCs. The volume ratio of PDMS to water (RV) was the key factor controlling buffering capacity. As such, buffering capacity was defined as the minimum RV required to maintain 90% of the initial water concentration and was determined to be 0.0076-0.032 for six representative HOCs. Finally, passive dosing with an RV of 0.014 was validated to effectively maintain water concentrations of phenanthrene in 2-L and 96-h toxicity tests with adult mosquitofish. By determining buffering capacity of PDMS, this study recommended specific RV values for cost-efficient implementation of passive dosing approaches in aquatic toxicology, particularly in large-volume bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Department of Eco-engineering, Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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Wieringa N, Droge STJ, Ter Laak TL, Nair AAK, Walker K, Verdonschot PFM, Kraak MHS. Combining Passive Sampling and Dosing to Unravel the Contribution of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants to Sediment Ecotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:269-279. [PMID: 38153417 PMCID: PMC10785821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated sediments are ubiquitous repositories of pollutants and cause substantial environmental risks. Results of sediment bioassays remain difficult to interpret, however, as observed effects may be caused by a variety of (un)known stressors. This study aimed therefore to isolate the effects of hydrophobic organic contaminants from other (non)chemical stressors present in contaminated sediments, by employing a newly developed passive sampling-passive dosing (PSPD) test. The results showed that equilibrium partitioning between pesticides or polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated sediments and a silicone rubber (SR) passive sampler was achieved after 1-3 days. Chlorpyrifos concentrations in pore water of spiked sediment matched very well with concentrations released from the SR into an aqueous test medium, showing that SR can serve as a passive dosing device. Subjecting the 96 h PSPD laboratory bioassay with nonbiting midge (Chironomus riparius) larvae to field-collected sediments showed that at two locations, concentrations of the hydrophobic organic contaminant mixtures were high enough to affect the test organisms. In conclusion, the developed PSPD test was able to isolate the effects of hydrophobic organic contaminants and provides a promising simplified building block for a suite of PSPD tests that after further validation could be used to unravel the contribution of hydrophobic organic chemicals to sediment ecotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Wieringa
- Department
of Freshwater and Marine Ecology (FAME), Institute for Biodiversity
and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven T. J. Droge
- Department
of Freshwater and Marine Ecology (FAME), Institute for Biodiversity
and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Wageningen
Environmental Research, Wageningen University
and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas L. Ter Laak
- Department
of Freshwater and Marine Ecology (FAME), Institute for Biodiversity
and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- KWR
Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Aishwarya A. K. Nair
- Department
of Freshwater and Marine Ecology (FAME), Institute for Biodiversity
and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kelsey Walker
- Department
of Freshwater and Marine Ecology (FAME), Institute for Biodiversity
and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Piet F. M. Verdonschot
- Department
of Freshwater and Marine Ecology (FAME), Institute for Biodiversity
and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Wageningen
Environmental Research, Wageningen University
and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel H. S. Kraak
- Department
of Freshwater and Marine Ecology (FAME), Institute for Biodiversity
and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ardenkjær-Skinnerup J, Nissen ACVE, Nikolov NG, Hadrup N, Ravn-Haren G, Wedebye EB, Vogel U. Orthogonal assay and QSAR modelling of Tox21 PPARγ antagonist in vitro high-throughput screening assay. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 105:104347. [PMID: 38143042 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of signalling mediated by the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is associated with risk of cancer, metabolic diseases, and endocrine disruption. The purpose of this study was to identify environmental chemicals acting as PPARγ antagonists. Data from the Tox21 PPARγ antagonism assay were replicated using a reporter system in HEK293 cells. Two quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed, and five REACH-registered substances predicted positive were tested in vitro. Reporter assay results were consistent with Tox21 data since all conflicting results could be explained by assay interference. QSAR models showed good predictive performance, and follow-up experiments revealed two PPARγ antagonists out of three non-interfering chemicals. In conclusion, the developed QSAR models and follow-up experiments are important steps in the discovery of potential endocrine- and metabolism-disrupting chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Ardenkjær-Skinnerup
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 202, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Nikolai Georgiev Nikolov
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 202, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niels Hadrup
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 202, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Gitte Ravn-Haren
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 202, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Eva Bay Wedebye
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 202, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 202, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Çelik G, Stolte S, Markiewicz M. NSO-heterocyclic PAHs - Controlled exposure study reveals high acute aquatic toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132428. [PMID: 37690200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental occurrence and hazardous nature of heterocyclic polyaromatic hydrocarbons (heterocyclic PAHs) has the potential to threaten the health of aquatic ecosystems. Here, we investigate the acute toxicity of heterocyclic PAHs (log KOW 3.7-6.9) to aquatic organisms: marine bacteria (Aliivibrio fischeri), freshwater green algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata), and water fleas (Daphnia magna) using passive dosing to maintain stable exposure. The membrane-water partition coefficient (KMW) of the heterocycles was measured to elucidate its relationship with toxicity. Our findings show that the tested heterocycles had little inhibitory effect on A. fischeri, while most compounds were highly toxic to R. subcapitata and D. magna. Toxicity generally increased with increasing KMW values, and nonpolar narcosis was identified as the most likely mode of toxic action of the heterocycles. Comparison of standard protocols with passive dosing emphasizes the importance of maintaining a constant concentration during toxicity testing, as very high losses occurred in standard tests and passive dosing experiments revealed higher toxicities. These results indicate a potentially high risk to aquatic life and call for more in-depth investigation of the (eco)toxic effects of NSO-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göksu Çelik
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Stolte
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marta Markiewicz
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
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Cordova AC, Ford LC, Valdiviezo A, Roman-Hubers AT, McDonald TJ, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Dosing Methods to Enable Cell-Based In Vitro Testing of Complex Substances: A Case Study with a PAH Mixture. TOXICS 2022; 11:19. [PMID: 36668745 PMCID: PMC9866728 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based testing of multi-constituent substances and mixtures for their potential adverse health effects is difficult due to their complex composition and physical-chemical characteristics. Various extraction methods are typically used to enable studies in vitro; however, a limited number of solvents are biocompatible with in vitro studies and the extracts may not fully represent the original test article's composition. While the methods for dosing with "difficult-to-test" substances in aquatic toxicity studies are well defined and widely used, they are largely unsuited for small-volume (100 microliters or less) in vitro studies with mammalian cells. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate suitability of various scaled-down dosing methods for high-throughput in vitro testing by using a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Specifically, we compared passive dosing via silicone micro-O-rings, cell culture media-accommodated fraction, and traditional solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide) extraction procedures. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was used to evaluate kinetics of PAH absorption to micro-O-rings, as well as recovery of PAH and the extent of protein binding in cell culture media with and without cells for each dosing method. Bioavailability of the mixture from different dosing methods was also evaluated by characterizing in vitro cytotoxicity of the PAH mixture using EA.hy926 and HepG2 human cell lines. Of the tested dosing methods, media accommodated fraction (MAF) was determined to be the most appropriate method for cell-based studies of PAH-containing complex substances and mixtures. This conclusion is based on the observation that the highest fraction of the starting materials can be delivered using media accommodated fraction approach into cell culture media and thus enable concentration-response in vitro testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Cordova
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lucie C. Ford
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Alan Valdiviezo
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Alina T. Roman-Hubers
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Thomas J. McDonald
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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7
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Do ATN, Ha Y, Kwon JH. Leaching of microplastic-associated additives in aquatic environments: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 305:119258. [PMID: 35398401 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution has attracted significant attention as an emerging global environmental problem. One of the most important issues with microplastics is the leaching of harmful additives. This review summarizes the recent advances in the understanding of the leaching phenomena in the context of the phase equilibrium between microplastics and water, and the release kinetics. Organic additives, which are widely used in plastic products, have been introduced because they have diverse physicochemical properties and mass fractions in plastics. Many theoretical and empirical models have been utilized in laboratory and field studies. However, the partition or distribution constant between microplastics and water (Kp) and the diffusivity of an additive in microplastics (D) are the two key properties explaining the leaching equilibrium and kinetics of hydrophobic organic additives. Because microplastics in aquatic environments undergo dynamic weathering, leaching of organic additives with high Kp and/or low D cannot be described by a leaching model that only considers microplastic and water phases with a fixed boundary. Surface modifications of microplastics as well as biofilms colonizing microplastic surfaces can alter the leaching equilibrium and kinetics and transform additives. Further studies on the release of hydrophobic organic additives and their transformation products under various conditions are required to extend our understanding of the environmental fate and transport of these additives in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh T Ngoc Do
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjeong Ha
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Mishra R, Mishra PS, Varshney S, Mazumder R, Mazumder A. In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches for Screening the Potential of Anticancer Agents: A Review. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2022; 19:e060122200071. [PMID: 34994330 DOI: 10.2174/1570163819666220106122811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticancer drug development is a tedious process, requiring several in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. In order to avoid chemical toxicity in animals during an experiment, it is necessary to envisage toxic doses of screened drugs in vivo at different concentrations. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have been reported to discover the management of cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study focused on bringing together a wide range of in vivo and in vitro assay methods developed to evaluate each hallmark feature of cancer. RESULT This review provides detailed information on target-based and cell-based screening of new anticancer drugs in the molecular targeting period. This would help in inciting an alteration from the preclinical screening of pragmatic compound-orientated to target-orientated drug selection. CONCLUSION Selection methodologies for finding anticancer activity have importance for tumor- specific agents. In this study, advanced rationalization of the cell-based assay is explored along with broad applications of the cell-based methodologies considering other opportunities.
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Smith KEC, Jeong Y. Passive Sampling and Dosing of Aquatic Organic Contaminant Mixtures for Ecotoxicological Analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9538-9547. [PMID: 33749267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity results from exposure to mixtures of organic contaminants. Assessing this using ecotoxicity bioassays involves sampling of the environmental mixture and then introducing this into the test. The first step is accounting for the bioavailable levels of all mixture constituents. Passive sampling specifically targets these bioavailable fractions but the sampler-accumulated mixture varies with the compound and sampler properties as well as time. The second step involves reproducing and maintaining the sampled mixture constituents in the bioassay. Passive sampler extraction and spiking always leads to a skewed mixture profile in the test. Alternatively, the recovered passive samplers might be directly used in passive dosing mode. Here, the reproduced contaminant mixture depends on whether kinetic or equilibrium sampling applies. These concepts were tested for determining the combined toxicity of laboratory and field mixtures of aquatic contaminants in the Microtox and ER-Calux bioassays. Aqueous sample extraction and spiking, passive sampler extraction and spiking, and passive sampling and dosing were compared for first sampling and then introducing mixtures in toxicity bioassays. The analytical and toxicity results show that the correct way to first sample the bioavailable mixture profile, and then to reproduce and maintain this in the toxicity test, is by combining equilibrium passive sampling and dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian E C Smith
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E 7.1, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yoonah Jeong
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E 7.1, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Scott J, Belden JB, Minghetti M. Applications of the RTgill-W1 Cell Line for Acute Whole-Effluent Toxicity Testing: In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation and Optimization of Exposure Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:1050-1061. [PMID: 33617022 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cell line RTgill-W1 was evaluated as an in vitro alternative model for acute fish whole-effluent toxicity (WET) testing. We determined the 50% effective concentration (EC50) that reduces the viability of RTgill-W1 cells for selected toxicants commonly found in effluent samples and correlated those values with the respective 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of freshwater (fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas) and marine (sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus) fish species obtained from the literature. Excluding low water-soluble organics and the volatile sodium hypochlorite, significant correlations were measured for metal, metalloids, ammonia, and higher water-soluble organics between in vitro EC50 values and in vivo LC50 values for both species. Typically, toxicity studies with RTgill-W1 cells are conducted by adding salts to the exposure medium, which may affect the bioavailability of toxicants. Osmotic tolerance of RTgill-W1 cells was found between 150 and 450 mOsm/kg, which were set as the hypoosmotic and hyperosmotic limits. A subset of the toxicants were then reexamined in hypoosmotic and hyperosmotic media. Copper toxicity decreased in hyperosmotic medium, and nickel toxicity increased in hypoosmotic and hyperosmotic media. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate toxicity was not affected by the medium osmolality. Overall, RTgill-W1 cells have shown potential for applications in measuring metal, metalloids, ammonia, and water-soluble organic chemicals in acute WET tests, as well as complementing current toxicity identification and reduction evaluation strategies. In the present study, RTgill-W1 cells have been established as a valid animal alternative for WET testing, and we show that through manipulation of medium osmotic ranges, sensitivity to nickel was enhanced. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1050-1061. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Scott
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jason B Belden
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Matteo Minghetti
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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11
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Lin H, Xia X, Zhang Q, Zhai Y, Wang H. Can the hydrophobic organic contaminants in the filtrate passing through 0.45 μm filter membranes reflect the water quality? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141916. [PMID: 32892049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the traditional water quality assessment, the concentration of total dissolved hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) passing through 0.45 μm filter membranes is usually used to evaluate the influence of HOCs on water quality. However, the bioavailability of dissolved organic matter (DOM)-associated and particle-associated HOCs is not considered. In the present work, pyrene, fulvic acid, and natural suspended particles (SPS) were used to simulate natural water (raw water). The immobilization and pyrene content in the tissues of D. magna caused by total pyrene in the raw water and those caused by freely dissolved pyrene with the concentration equal to the total dissolved pyrene in the filtrate of raw water were compared to determine whether the total dissolved pyrene concentration can reflect the water quality. The results indicated that when the DOM concentration was 5 mg C L-1 and the SPS concentration was higher than 0.2-0.4 g L-1, the bioavailability of pyrene was underestimated by the traditional water quality assessment because of the SPS-associated pyrene, and it was underestimated by 23.6-63.9% when SPS concentration was higher than 0.6 g L-1 due to the neglection of SPS-associated pyrene. Furthermore, the threshold value of SPS concentration was related to the SPS size and composition, and the effects of SPS and DOM on water quality were influenced by the concentration, size, and composition of SPS as well as the molecular weight of DOM. This study suggests that the traditional water quality assessment should be improved by comprehensively considering concentrations and characteristics of SPS and DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xinghui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Qianru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yawei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Kropf C, Begnaud F, Gimeno S, Berthaud F, Debonneville C, Segner H. In Vitro Biotransformation Assays Using Liver S9 Fractions and Hepatocytes from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Overcoming Challenges with Difficult to Test Fragrance Chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:2396-2408. [PMID: 32915480 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro metabolic stability assays using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) isolated hepatocytes (RT-HEP) or hepatic S9 fractions (RT-S9) were introduced to provide biotransformation rate data for the assessment of chemical bioaccumulation in fish. The present study explored the suitability of the RT-HEP and RT-S9 assays for difficult test chemicals, and the in vitro-based predictions were compared to in silico-based predictions and in vivo-measured bioconcentration factors (BCFs). The results show that volatile or reactive chemicals can be tested with minor modifications of the in vitro protocols. For hydrophobic chemicals, a passive dosing technique was developed. Finally, a design-of-experiment approach was used to identify optimal in vitro assay conditions. The modified assay protocols were applied to 10 fragrances with diverse physicochemical properties. The in vitro intrinsic clearance rates were higher in the S9 than in the hepatocyte assay, but the in vitro-in vivo (IVIV) predictions were comparable between the 2 assays. The IVIV predictions classified the test chemicals as nonbioaccumulative (BCF < 2000), which was in agreement with the in vivo data but in contrast to the in silico-based predictions. The findings from the present study provide strong evidence that the RT-HEP and RT-S9 assays can provide reliable estimates of in vivo biotransformation rates for test chemicals with difficult physicochemical properties. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2396-2408. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kropf
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Begnaud
- Corporate R&D Division/Analytical Innovation, Firmenich International, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Gimeno
- Legal and Compliance, Firmenich Belgium, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Berthaud
- Corporate R&D Division/Analytical Innovation, Firmenich International, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Debonneville
- Corporate R&D Division/Analytical Innovation, Firmenich International, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Chapman FM, Sparham C, Hastie C, Sanders DJ, van Egmond R, Chapman KE, Doak SH, Scott AD, Jenkins GJS. Comparison of passive-dosed and solvent spiked exposures of pro-carcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene, to human lymphoblastoid cell line, MCL-5. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104905. [PMID: 32497684 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxicity testing methods in vitro provide a means to predict the DNA damaging effects of chemicals on human cells. This is hindered in the case of hydrophobic test compounds, however, which will partition to in vitro components such as plastic-ware and medium proteins, in preference to the aqueous phase of the exposure medium. This affects the freely available test chemical concentration, and as this freely dissolved aqueous concentration is that bioavailable to cells, it is important to define and maintain this exposure. Passive dosing promises to have an advantage over traditional 'solvent spiking' exposure methods and involves the establishment and maintenance of known chemical concentrations in the in vitro medium, and therefore aqueous phase. Passive dosing was applied in a novel format to expose the MCL-5 human lymphoblastoid cell line to the pro-carcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and was compared to solvent (dimethyl sulphoxide) spiked B[a]P exposures over 48 h. Passive dosing induced greater changes, at lower concentrations, to micronucleus frequency, p21 mRNA expression, cell cycle abnormalities, and cell and nuclear morphology. This was attributed to a maintained, definable, free chemical concentration using passive dosing and the presence or absence of solvent, and highlights the influence of exposure choice on genotoxic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Chapman
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Chris Sparham
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Colin Hastie
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - David J Sanders
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Roger van Egmond
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Katherine E Chapman
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Andrew D Scott
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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14
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Kwon HA, Jeong Y, Jeon HP, Kim S. Comparing passive dosing and solvent spiking methods to determine the acute toxic effect of pentachlorophenol on Daphnia magna. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:286-294. [PMID: 32124145 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02172-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a widespread and persistent hydrophobic organic pollutant in the environment despite its restricted public use. Risk assessment of such hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) is challenging because sorption and volatilization issues during toxicity test often lead to inconsistent exposure concentration. Considering the hydrophobicity of the PCP, in this study, a passive dosing format was applied by adopting a silicone O-ring as a reservoir and evaluated its applicability on the determination of PCP on Daphnia magna. Results obtained with passive dosing method were compared with that of solvent spiking method. We hypothesized that the passive dosing method may provide more reliable and accurate toxicity results than conventional solvent spiking approach. As a result, the partition coefficient of PCP between methanol and a test medium (log KMeOH:ISO) was 2.1, which enabled the maintenance of reliable exposure concentration throughout the experiment. In the acute toxicity tests, passive dosing and solvent spiking showed similar EC50 values of 576 and 485 µg/L for 24 h, and 362 and 374 µg/L for 48 h, respectively, which overlap with EC50 values of previous studies. Altogether, both methods were suitable for the acute toxicity assessment of hydrophobic PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ah Kwon
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Division of Energy & Environment Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Yoonah Jeong
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52076, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Daehwa-Dong 283, Goyangdae-Ro, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 10223, Korea
| | - Hyun Pyo Jeon
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sanghun Kim
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Division of Energy & Environment Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Kyungsung University, 309, Suyeong-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48434, Korea.
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15
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Birch H, Kramer NI, Mayer P. Time-Resolved Freely Dissolved Concentrations of Semivolatile and Hydrophobic Test Chemicals in In Vitro Assays-Measuring High Losses and Crossover by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1780-1790. [PMID: 31426631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In vitro assays are normally conducted in plastic multiwell plates open to exchange with the ambient air. The concentration of test substances freely available to cells is often not known, can change over time, and is difficult to measure in the small volumes in microplates. However, even a well-characterized toxicological response is of limited value if it cannot be linked to a well-defined exposure level. The aim of this study was to develop and apply an approach for determining time-resolved freely dissolved concentrations of semivolatile and hydrophobic organic chemicals (SVHOCs) in in vitro assays: (1) free fractions were measured by a new medium dilution method and (2) time-resolved loss curves were obtained by measurements of total concentrations in 96-well plates during incubations at 37 °C. Headspace solid-phase microextraction was used as an analytical technique for 24 model chemicals spanning 6 chemical groups and 4-5 orders of magnitude in Kow and Kaw. Free fractions were >30% for chemicals with log Kow < 3.5 and then decreased with increasing log Kow. Medium concentrations declined significantly (>50%) within 24 h of incubation for all 20 chemicals having log Kow > 4 or log Kaw > -3.5 in serum-free medium. Losses of chemicals were lower for medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, most significantly for chemicals with log Kow > 4. High crossover to neighboring wells also was observed below log Kow of 4 and log Kaw of -3.5. Sealing the well plates had limited effect on the losses but clearly reduced crossover. The high losses and crossover of most tested chemicals question the suitability of multiwell plates for in vitro testing of SVHOCs and call for (1) test systems that minimize losses, (2) methods to control in vitro exposure, (3) analytical confirmation of exposure, and (4) exposure control and confirmation being included in good in vitro reporting standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Birch
- Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet, Building 115 , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Nynke I Kramer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences , Utrecht University , 3508 TC Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet, Building 115 , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
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16
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Groothuis FA, Timmer N, Opsahl E, Nicol B, Droge STJ, Blaauboer BJ, Kramer NI. Influence of in Vitro Assay Setup on the Apparent Cytotoxic Potency of Benzalkonium Chlorides. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1103-1114. [PMID: 31012305 PMCID: PMC6584903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The nominal concentration
is generally used to express concentration–effect
relationships in in vitro toxicity assays. However, the nominal concentration
does not necessarily represent the exposure concentration responsible
for the observed effect. Surfactants accumulate at interphases and
likely sorb to in vitro system components such as serum protein and
well plate plastic. The extent of sorption and the consequences of
this sorption on in vitro readouts is largely unknown for these chemicals.
The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effect of sorption to
in vitro components on the observed cytotoxic potency of benzalkonium
chlorides (BAC) varying in alkyl chain length (6–18 carbon
atoms, C6–18) in a basal cytotoxicity assay with
the rainbow trout gill cell line (RTgill-W1). Cells were exposed for
48 h in 96-well plates to increasing concentration of BACs in exposure
medium containing 0, 60 μM bovine serum albumin (BSA) or 10%
fetal bovine serum (FBS). Before and after exposure, BAC concentrations
in exposure medium were analytically determined. Based on freely dissolved
concentrations at the end of the exposure, median effect concentrations
(EC50) decreased with increasing alkyl chain length up
to 14 carbons. For BAC with alkyl chains of 12 or more carbons, EC50’s based on measured concentrations after exposure
in supplement-free medium were up to 25-times lower than EC50’s calculated using nominal concentrations. When BSA or FBS
was added to the medium, a decrease in cytotoxic potency of up to
22 times was observed for BAC with alkyl chains of eight or more carbons.
The results of this study emphasize the importance of expressing the
in vitro readouts as a function of a dose metric that is least influenced
by assay setup to compare assay sensitivities and chemical potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris A Groothuis
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences , Utrecht University , PO Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Niels Timmer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences , Utrecht University , PO Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Eystein Opsahl
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences , Utrecht University , PO Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Beate Nicol
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre , Unilever U.K. , Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ , United Kingdom
| | - Steven T J Droge
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences , Utrecht University , PO Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Bas J Blaauboer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences , Utrecht University , PO Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Nynke I Kramer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences , Utrecht University , PO Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht , The Netherlands
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17
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Paini A, Leonard J, Joossens E, Bessems J, Desalegn A, Dorne J, Gosling J, Heringa M, Klaric M, Kliment T, Kramer N, Loizou G, Louisse J, Lumen A, Madden J, Patterson E, Proença S, Punt A, Setzer R, Suciu N, Troutman J, Yoon M, Worth A, Tan Y. Next generation physiologically based kinetic (NG-PBK) models in support of regulatory decision making. COMPUTATIONAL TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 9:61-72. [PMID: 31008414 PMCID: PMC6472623 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The fields of toxicology and chemical risk assessment seek to reduce, and eventually replace, the use of animals for the prediction of toxicity in humans. In this context, physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling based on in vitro and in silico kinetic data has the potential to a play significant role in reducing animal testing, by providing a methodology capable of incorporating in vitro human data to facilitate the development of in vitro to in vivo extrapolation of hazard information. In the present article, we discuss the challenges in: 1) applying PBK modelling to support regulatory decision making under the toxicology and risk-assessment paradigm shift towards animal replacement; 2) constructing PBK models without in vivo animal kinetic data, while relying solely on in vitro or in silico methods for model parameterization; and 3) assessing the validity and credibility of PBK models built largely using non-animal data. The strengths, uncertainties, and limitations of PBK models developed using in vitro or in silico data are discussed in an effort to establish a higher degree of confidence in the application of such models in a regulatory context. The article summarises the outcome of an expert workshop hosted by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (EC-JRC) - European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), on "Physiologically-Based Kinetic modelling in risk assessment - reaching a whole new level in regulatory decision-making" held in Ispra, Italy, in November 2016, along with results from an international survey conducted in 2017 and recently reported activities occurring within the PBK modelling field. The discussions presented herein highlight the potential applications of next generation (NG)-PBK modelling, based on new data streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Paini
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - J.A. Leonard
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 100 ORAU Way, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - E. Joossens
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - J.G.M. Bessems
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - A. Desalegn
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - J.L. Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority, 1a, Via Carlo Magno, 1A, 43126 Parma PR, Italy
| | - J.P. Gosling
- School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - M.B. Heringa
- RIVM - The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - T. Kliment
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - N.I. Kramer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G. Loizou
- Health and Safety Executive, Buxton, UK
| | - J. Louisse
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Lumen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - J.C. Madden
- School of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - E.A. Patterson
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
| | - S. Proença
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A. Punt
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R.W. Setzer
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - N. Suciu
- DiSTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - J. Troutman
- Central Product Safety, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - M. Yoon
- ScitoVation, 6 Davis Drive, PO Box 110566, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- ToxStrategies, Research Triangle Park Office, 1249 Kildaire Farm Road 134, Cary, NC 27511, USA
| | - A. Worth
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Y.M. Tan
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
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18
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Maner J, Burkard M, Cassano JC, Nash SMB, Schirmer K, Suter MJF. Hexachlorobenzene exerts genotoxic effects in a humpback whale cell line under stable exposure conditions. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39447-39457. [PMID: 35540658 PMCID: PMC9076109 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Humpback whales, like other polar wildlife, accumulate persistent organic pollutants. In Southern hemisphere populations, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) dominates the contaminant profiles. HCB is linked to a variety of health effects and is classified as a group 2B carcinogen, but the mechanism of action is a matter of contention. Potential toxicological effects to humpback whales remain entirely unknown. The recently established humpback whale fibroblast cell line (HuWa) offers an in vitro model for toxicological investigations. We here combine this novel cell line with a passive dosing strategy to investigate whale-specific toxicity of HCB. The relevant partitioning coefficients were determined to produce stable and predictable exposure concentrations in small-scale bioassays. The system was used to assess acute toxicity as well as genotoxicity of HCB to the HuWa cell line. While we found some transient reductions in metabolic activity, measured with the indicator dye alamarBlue, no clear acute toxic effects were discernible. Yet, a significant increase in DNA damage, detected in the alkaline comet assay, was found in HuWa cells exposed to 10 μg L−1 HCB during the sensitive phase of cell attachment. Collectively, this work provides a ready-to-use passive dosing system and delivers evidence that HCB elicits genotoxicity in humpback whale cells. Stable exposure concentrations for hexachlorobenzene (HCB) can be achieved using silicone O-rings for passive dosing. Using this setup it was found that HCB causes DNA damage in a cell line of humpback whale fibroblasts.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Maner
- Department Environmental Toxicology
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
- Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science
- ETH Zürich
| | - Michael Burkard
- Department Environmental Toxicology
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
- Switzerland
- Southern Ocean Persistent Organic Pollutants Program
- Environmental Futures Research Institute
| | - Juan Carlos Cassano
- Empa, Swiss Laboratories for Material Science and Technology
- Particle-Biology Interactions Laboratory
- Switzerland
| | - Susan M. Bengtson Nash
- Southern Ocean Persistent Organic Pollutants Program
- Environmental Futures Research Institute
- Griffith University
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department Environmental Toxicology
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
- Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science
- ETH Zürich
| | - Marc J.-F. Suter
- Department Environmental Toxicology
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
- Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science
- ETH Zürich
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19
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Lin H, Xia X, Jiang X, Bi S, Wang H, Zhai Y, Wen W, Guo X. Bioavailability of Pyrene Associated with Different Types of Protein Compounds: Direct Evidence for Its Uptake by Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9851-9860. [PMID: 30102861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The protein-like dissolved organic matter (DOM) is ubiquitous in aquatic environments. However, the bioavailability of protein-like DOM-associated hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) is not well-understood, and in particular, the direct evidence of their uptake by organisms is scarce. In the present work, tryptone (2000 Da), bovine serum albumin (BSA; 66 000 Da), and phycocyanin (120 000 Da) were chosen as model protein-like DOM, which were labeled by commercial fluorescein (cy5) to investigate the uptake mechanisms of protein compound-associated pyrene (a typical HOC) by Daphnia magna. The pyrene concentration in the tissues except the gut and immobilization of D. magna were detected to calculate the bioavailable fraction of protein compound-associated pyrene when the freely dissolved pyrene concentration was controlled through passive dosing devices. The results demonstrated that the tryptone could permeate cellular membrane and directly enter the tissues of D. magna from the exposure solutions, whereas BSA and phycocyanin might indirectly enter the tissues from the gut. A part of pyrene associated with protein compounds was bioavailable to D. magna; the order of their bioavailable fractions was trypone (54.6-58.1%) > phycocyanin (21.6-32.8%) > BSA (17.7-26.8%). The difference was principally related to the uptake mechanisms of pyrene associated with different types of protein. This work suggests that the protein compound-associated HOCs should be considered to evaluate the bioavailability and eco-environmental hazard of HOCs in natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Xinghui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Xiaoman Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Siqi Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Yawei Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Wu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Xuejun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
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20
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Fischer FC, Abele C, Droge STJ, Henneberger L, König M, Schlichting R, Scholz S, Escher BI. Cellular Uptake Kinetics of Neutral and Charged Chemicals in in Vitro Assays Measured by Fluorescence Microscopy. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:646-657. [PMID: 29939727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular uptake kinetics are key for understanding time-dependent chemical exposure in in vitro cell assays. Slow cellular uptake kinetics in relation to the total exposure time can considerably reduce the biologically effective dose. In this study, fluorescence microscopy combined with automated image analysis was applied for time-resolved quantification of cellular uptake of 10 neutral, anionic, cationic, and zwitterionic fluorophores in two reporter gene assays. The chemical fluorescence in the medium remained relatively constant during the 24-h assay duration, emphasizing that the proteins and lipids in the fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplemented to the assay medium represent a large reservoir of reversibly bound chemicals with the potential to compensate for chemical depletion by cell uptake, growth, and sorption to well materials. Hence FBS plays a role in stabilizing the cellular dose in a similar way as polymer-based passive dosing, here we term this process as serum-mediated passive dosing (SMPD). Neutral chemicals accumulated in the cells up to 12 times faster than charged chemicals. Increasing medium FBS concentrations accelerated uptake due to FBS-facilitated transport but led to lower cellular concentrations as a result of increased sorption to medium proteins and lipids. In vitro cell exposure results from the interaction of several extra- and intracellular processes, leading to variable and time-dependent exposure between different chemicals and assay setups. The medium FBS plays a crucial role for the thermodynamic equilibria as well as for the cellular uptake kinetics, hence influencing exposure. However, quantification of cellular exposure by an area under the curve (AUC) analysis illustrated that, for the evaluated bioassay setup, current in vitro exposure models that assume instantaneous equilibrium between medium and cells still reflect a realistic exposure because the AUC was typically reduced less than 20% compared to the cellular dose that would result from instantaneous equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian C Fischer
- Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Cedric Abele
- Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Steven T J Droge
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Luise Henneberger
- Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Maria König
- Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Rita Schlichting
- Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Stefan Scholz
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany.,Environmental Toxicology, Centre for Applied Geoscience , Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , 72074 Tübingen , Germany
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21
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Mustajärvi L, Eriksson-Wiklund AK, Gorokhova E, Jahnke A, Sobek A. Transferring mixtures of chemicals from sediment to a bioassay using silicone-based passive sampling and dosing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1404-1413. [PMID: 29022620 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00228a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental mixtures of chemicals consist of a countless number of compounds with unknown identity and quantity. Yet, chemical regulation is mainly built around the assessment of single chemicals. Existing frameworks for assessing the toxicity of mixtures require that both the chemical composition and quantity are known. Quantitative analyses of the chemical composition of environmental mixtures are however extremely challenging and resource-demanding. Bioassays may therefore serve as a useful approach for investigating the combined toxicity of environmental mixtures of chemicals in a cost-efficient and holistic manner. In this study, an unknown environmental mixture of bioavailable semi-hydrophobic to hydrophobic chemicals was sampled from a contaminated sediment in a coastal Baltic Sea area using silicone polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as an equilibrium passive sampler. The chemical mixture was transferred to a PDMS-based passive dosing system, and its applicability was demonstrated using green algae Tetraselmis suecica in a cell viability assay. The proportion of dead cells increased significantly with increasing exposure level and in a dose-response manner. At an ambient concentration, the proportion of dead cells in the population was nearly doubled compared to the control; however, the difference was non-significant due to high inter-replicate variability and a low number of replicates. The validation of the test system regarding equilibrium sampling, loading efficiency into the passive dosing polymer, stability of the mixture composition, and low algal mortality in control treatments demonstrates that combining equilibrium passive sampling and passive dosing is a promising tool for investigating the toxicity of bioavailable semi-hydrophobic and hydrophobic chemicals in complex environmental mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Mustajärvi
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Sweden.
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22
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Berggren E, White A, Ouedraogo G, Paini A, Richarz AN, Bois FY, Exner T, Leite S, Grunsven LAV, Worth A, Mahony C. Ab initio chemical safety assessment: A workflow based on exposure considerations and non-animal methods. COMPUTATIONAL TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 4:31-44. [PMID: 29214231 PMCID: PMC5695905 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We describe and illustrate a workflow for chemical safety assessment that completely avoids animal testing. The workflow, which was developed within the SEURAT-1 initiative, is designed to be applicable to cosmetic ingredients as well as to other types of chemicals, e.g. active ingredients in plant protection products, biocides or pharmaceuticals. The aim of this work was to develop a workflow to assess chemical safety without relying on any animal testing, but instead constructing a hypothesis based on existing data, in silico modelling, biokinetic considerations and then by targeted non-animal testing. For illustrative purposes, we consider a hypothetical new ingredient x as a new component in a body lotion formulation. The workflow is divided into tiers in which points of departure are established through in vitro testing and in silico prediction, as the basis for estimating a safe external dose in a repeated use scenario. The workflow includes a series of possible exit (decision) points, with increasing levels of confidence, based on the sequential application of the Threshold of Toxicological (TTC) approach, read-across, followed by an "ab initio" assessment, in which chemical safety is determined entirely by new in vitro testing and in vitro to in vivo extrapolation by means of mathematical modelling. We believe that this workflow could be applied as a tool to inform targeted and toxicologically relevant in vitro testing, where necessary, and to gain confidence in safety decision making without the need for animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Berggren
- Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit, & EURL ECVAM, Directorate F – Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Alicia Paini
- Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit, & EURL ECVAM, Directorate F – Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Andrea-Nicole Richarz
- Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit, & EURL ECVAM, Directorate F – Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Sofia Leite
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo A. van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrew Worth
- Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit, & EURL ECVAM, Directorate F – Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
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23
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Stibany F, Ewald F, Miller I, Hollert H, Schäffer A. Improving the reliability of aquatic toxicity testing of hydrophobic chemicals via equilibrium passive dosing - A multiple trophic level case study on bromochlorophene. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:96-104. [PMID: 28142058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to improve the reliability and practicability of aquatic toxicity testing of hydrophobic chemicals based upon the model substance bromochlorophene (BCP). Therefore, we adapted a passive dosing format to test the toxicity of BCP at different concentrations and in multiple test systems with aquatic organisms of various trophic levels. At the same time, the method allowed for the accurate determination of exposure concentrations (i.e., in the presence of exposed organisms; Ctest) and freely dissolved concentrations (i.e., without organisms present; Cfree) of BCP in all tested media. We report on the joint adaptation of three ecotoxicity tests - algal growth inhibition, Daphnia magna immobilization, and fish-embryo toxicity - to a silicone O-ring based equilibrium passive dosing format. Effect concentrations derived by passive dosing methods were compared with corresponding effect concentrations derived by standard co-solvent setups. The passive dosing format led to EC50-values in the lower μgL-1 range for algae, daphnids, and fish embryos, whereas increased effect concentrations were measured in the co-solvent setups for algae and daphnids. This effect once more shows that passive dosing might offer advantages over standard methods like co-solvent setups when it comes to a reliable risk assessment of hydrophobic substances. The presented passive dosing setup offers a facilitated, practical, and repeatable way to test hydrophobic chemicals on their toxicity to aquatic organisms, and is an ideal basis for the detailed investigation of this important group of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Stibany
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Franziska Ewald
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ina Miller
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Graepel R, Lamon L, Asturiol D, Berggren E, Joossens E, Paini A, Prieto P, Whelan M, Worth A. The virtual cell based assay: Current status and future perspectives. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:258-267. [PMID: 28108195 PMCID: PMC5742635 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to replace the use of animals in toxicity testing, there is a need to predict in vivo toxic doses from concentrations that cause toxicological effects in relevant in vitro systems. The Virtual Cell Based Assay (VCBA) estimates time-dependent concentration of a test chemical in the cell and cell culture for a given in vitro system. The concentrations in the different compartments of the cell and test system are derived from ordinary differential equations, physicochemical parameters of the test chemical and properties of the cell line. The VCBA has been developed for a range of cell lines including BALB/c 3T3 cells, HepG2, HepaRG, lung A459 cells, and cardiomyocytes. The model can be used to design and refine in vitro experiments and extrapolate in vitro effective concentrations to in vivo doses that can be applied in risk assessment. In this paper, we first discuss potential applications of the VCBA: i) design of in vitro High Throughput Screening (HTS) experiments; ii) hazard identification (based on acute systemic toxicity); and iii) risk assessment. Further extension of the VCBA is discussed in the second part, exploring potential application to i) manufactured nanomaterials, ii) additional cell lines and endpoints, and considering iii) other opportunities. VCBA as an alternative approach can be applied in the domain of nanotoxicology. VCBA can support better testing strategies in acute toxicity. Refinement of the VCBA taking into account biological oscillators could improve toxicity prediction. Extensions of the VCBA can capture effects related to additional subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabea Graepel
- Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit incorporating EURL ECVAM, Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Lara Lamon
- Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit incorporating EURL ECVAM, Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.
| | - David Asturiol
- Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit incorporating EURL ECVAM, Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Elisabet Berggren
- Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit incorporating EURL ECVAM, Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Joossens
- Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit incorporating EURL ECVAM, Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Alicia Paini
- Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit incorporating EURL ECVAM, Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit incorporating EURL ECVAM, Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Maurice Whelan
- Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit incorporating EURL ECVAM, Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Andrew Worth
- Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit incorporating EURL ECVAM, Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
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Fischer F, Böhm L, Höss S, Möhlenkamp C, Claus E, Düring RA, Schäfer S. Passive Dosing in Chronic Toxicity Tests with the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9708-9716. [PMID: 27494096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In chronic toxicity tests with Caenorhabditis elegans, it is necessary to feed the nematode with bacteria, which reduces the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs), leading to poorly defined exposure with conventional dosing procedures. We examined the efficacy of passive dosing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using silicone O-rings to control exposure during C. elegans toxicity testing and compared the results to those obtained with solvent spiking. Solid-phase microextraction and liquid-liquid extraction were used to measure Cfree and the chemicals taken up via ingestion. During toxicity testing, Cfree decreased by up to 89% after solvent spiking but remained constant with passive dosing. This led to a higher apparent toxicity on C. elegans exposed by passive dosing than by solvent spiking. With increasing bacterial cell densities, Cfree of solvent-spiked PAHs decreased while being maintained constant with passive dosing. This resulted in lower apparent toxicity under solvent spiking but an increased apparent toxicity with passive dosing, probably as a result of the higher chemical uptake rate via food (CUfood). Our results demonstrate the utility of passive dosing to control Cfree in routine chronic toxicity testing of HOCs. Moreover, both chemical uptake from water or via food ingestion can be controlled, thus enabling the discrimination of different uptake routes in chronic toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Fischer
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) , Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Leonard Böhm
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Christel Möhlenkamp
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) , Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Evelyn Claus
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) , Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Rolf-Alexander Düring
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Schäfer
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) , Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
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26
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Xia X, Zhang X, Zhou D, Bao Y, Li H, Zhai Y. Importance of suspended sediment (SPS) composition and grain size in the bioavailability of SPS-associated pyrene to Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:440-448. [PMID: 27112726 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) tend to associate with suspended sediment (SPS) in aquatic environments; the composition and grain size of SPS will affect the bioavailability of SPS-associated HOCs. However, the bioavailability of HOCs sorbed on SPS with different compositions and grain sizes is not well understood. In this work, passive dosing devices were made to control the freely dissolved concentration of pyrene, a typical HOC, in the exposure systems. The effect of pyrene associated with amorphous organic carbon (AOC), black carbon (BC), and minerals of SPS with grain sizes of 0-50 μm and 50-100 μm on the immobilization and enzymatic activities of Daphnia magna was investigated to quantify the bioavailability of pyrene sorbed on SPS with different grain sizes and compositions. The results showed that the contribution of AOC-, BC-, and mineral-associated pyrene to the total bioavailability of SPS-associated pyrene was approximately 50%-60%, 10%-29%, and 20%-30%, respectively. The bioavailable fraction of pyrene sorbed on the three components of SPS was ordered as AOC (22.4%-67.3%) > minerals (20.1%-46.0%) > BC (9.11%-16.8%), and the bioavailable fraction sorbed on SPS of 50-100 μm grain size was higher than those of 0-50 μm grain size. This is because the SPS grain size will affect the ingestion of SPS and the SPS composition will affect the desorption of SPS-associated pyrene in Daphnia magna. According to the results obtained in this study, a model has been developed to calculate the bioavailability of HOCs to aquatic organisms in natural waters considering both SPS grain size and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Xia
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yimeng Bao
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2624BC, Netherlands
| | - Husheng Li
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yawei Zhai
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China
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27
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Jahnke A, Mayer P, Schäfer S, Witt G, Haase N, Escher BI. Strategies for Transferring Mixtures of Organic Contaminants from Aquatic Environments into Bioassays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5424-5431. [PMID: 26804122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mixtures of organic contaminants are ubiquitous in the environment. Depending on their persistence and physicochemical properties, individual chemicals that make up the mixture partition and distribute within the environment and might then jointly elicit toxicological effects. For the assessment and monitoring of such mixtures, a variety of cell-based in vitro and low-complexity in vivo bioassays based on algae, daphnids or fish embryos are available. A very important and sometimes unrecognized challenge is how to combine sampling, extraction and dosing to transfer the mixtures from the environment into bioassays, while conserving (or re-establishing) their chemical composition at adjustable levels for concentration-effect assessment. This article outlines various strategies for quantifiable transfer from environmental samples including water, sediment, and biota into bioassays using total extraction or polymer-based passive sampling combined with either solvent spiking or passive dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Jahnke
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstr. 15, DE-04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Miljøvej B113, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sabine Schäfer
- Department of Qualitative Hydrology, German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BFG) , Am Mainzer Tor 1, DE-56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Gesine Witt
- Department of Environmental Technology, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences , Ulmenliet 20, DE-21033 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nora Haase
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstr. 15, DE-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstr. 15, DE-04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Hölderlinstr. 12, DE-72074 Tübingen, Germany
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
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28
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Procedures for the reconstruction, primary culture and experimental use of rainbow trout gill epithelia. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:490-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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29
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Zeng F, Sherry JP, Bols NC. Use of the rainbow trout cell lines, RTgill-W1 and RTL-W1 to evaluate the toxic potential of benzotriazoles. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 124:315-323. [PMID: 26584462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell lines, RTgill-W1 and RTL-W1 from respectively gill and liver of rainbow trout, Onchorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), were used to evaluate the toxic potential of six benzotriazoles (BTRs) and tolytriazole (TT), which is a commercial mixture of 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (4MBTR) and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (5MBTR). The other BTRs were 1H-benzotriazole (1H-BTR), 5-chlorobenzotriazole (5CBTR), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (1OHBTR) and 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole monohydrate (DM). Except for DM, all BTRs were cytotoxic at concentrations above 15mg/L and transitorily elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Neither N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) nor IM-54 inhibited cytotoxicity, suggesting that ROS were not the major cause of the cell death. Cell death was not blocked by Necrostatin nor accompanied by DNA laddering, suggesting that the cell death mechanism was neither necroptosis nor apoptosis. As judged by the comet assay, DNA strand breaks were detected with three BTRs: 4MBTR, 5MBTR and 5CBTR. In RTL-W1, the BTRs weakly induced cytochrome P4501A, suggesting that they have the potential to alter xenobiotic metabolism and activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. In summary, the toxic potential of BTRs appears to be limited to only high concentrations, which are higher than have been measured in the environment to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanxing Zeng
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - James P Sherry
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6
| | - Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
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30
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Defining and Controlling Exposure During In Vitro Toxicity Testing and the Potential of Passive Dosing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 157:263-292. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_5017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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31
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Brinkmann M, Preuss TG, Hollert H. Advancing In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolations of Mechanism-Specific Toxicity Data Through Toxicokinetic Modeling. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 157:293-317. [PMID: 27619489 DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_5015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
International legislation, such as the European REACH regulation (registration, evaluation, authorization, and restriction of chemicals), mandates the assessment of potential risks of an ever-growing number of chemicals to the environment and human health. Although this legislation is considered one of the most important investments in consumer safety ever, the downside is that the current testing strategies within REACH rely on extensive animal testing. To address the ethical conflicts arising from these increased testing requirements, decision-makers, such as the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), are committed to Russel and Burch's 3R principle (i.e., reduction, replacement, refinement) by demanding that animal experiments should be substituted with appropriate alternatives whenever possible. A potential solution of this dilemma might be the application of in vitro bioassays to estimate toxic effects using cells or cellular components instead of whole organisms. Although such assays are particularly useful to assess potential mechanisms of toxic action, scientists require appropriate methods to extrapolate results from the in vitro level to the situation in vivo. Toxicokinetic models are a straightforward means of bridging this gap. The present chapter describes different available options for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) of mechanism-specific effects focused on fish species and also reviews the implications of confounding factors during the conduction of in vitro bioassays and their influence on the optimal choice of different dose metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Brinkmann
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | | | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 1 Tiansheng Road Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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32
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Smith KEC, Jeong Y, Kim J. Passive dosing versus solvent spiking for controlling and maintaining hydrophobic organic compound exposure in the Microtox® assay. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:174-180. [PMID: 26117202 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbial toxicity bioassays such as the Microtox® test are ubiquitously applied to measure the toxicity of chemicals and environmental samples. In many ways their operation is conducive to the testing of organic chemicals. They are of short duration, use glass cuvettes and take place at reduced temperatures in medium lacking sorbing components. All of these are expected to reduce sorptive and volatile losses, but particularly for hydrophobic organics the role of such losses in determining the bioassay response remains unclear. This study determined the response of the Microtox® test when using solvent spiking compared to passive dosing for introducing the model hydrophobic compounds acenaphthene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene. Compared to solvent spiking, the apparent sensitivity of the Microtox® test with passive dosing was 3.4 and 12.4 times higher for acenaphthene and phenanthrene, respectively. Furthermore, fluoranthene only gave a consistent response with passive dosing. Benzo(a)pyrene did not result in a response with either spiking or passive dosing even at aqueous solubility. Such differences in the apparent sensitivity of the Microtox® test can be traced back to the precise definition of the dissolved exposure concentrations and the buffering of losses with passive dosing. This highlights the importance of exposure control even in simple and short-term microbial bioassays such as the Microtox® test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian E C Smith
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E 7.1, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Yoonah Jeong
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E 7.1, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jongwoon Kim
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E 7.1, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
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33
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Gilbert D, Mayer P, Pedersen M, Vinggaard AM. Endocrine activity of persistent organic pollutants accumulated in human silicone implants--Dosing in vitro assays by partitioning from silicone. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 84:107-114. [PMID: 26264162 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) accumulated in human tissues may pose a risk for human health by interfering with the endocrine system. This study establishes a new link between actual human internal POP levels and the endocrine active dose in vitro, applying partitioning-controlled dosing from silicone to the H295R steroidogenesis assay: (1) Measured concentrations of POPs in silicone breast implants were taken from a recent study and silicone disks were loaded according to these measurements. (2) Silicone disks were transferred into H295R cell culture plates in order to control exposure of the adrenal cells by equilibrium partitioning. (3) Hormone production of the adrenal cells was measured as toxicity endpoint. 4-Nonylphenol was used for method development, and the new dosing method was compared to conventional solvent-dosing. The two dosing modes yielded similar dose-dependent hormonal responses of H295R cells. However, with the partitioning-controlled freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree) as dose metrics, dose-response curves were left-shifted by two orders of magnitude relative to spiked concentrations. Partitioning-controlled dosing of POPs resulted in up to 2-fold increases in progestagen and corticosteroid levels at Cfree of individual POPs in or below the femtomolar range. Silicone acted not only as source of the POPs but also as a sorption sink for lipophilic hormones, stimulating the cellular hormone production. Methodologically, the study showed that silicone can be used as reference partitioning phase to transfer in vivo exposure in humans (silicone implants) to in vitro assays (partition-controlled dosing). The main finding was that POPs at the levels at which they are found in humans can interfere with steroidogenesis in a human adrenocortical cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Gilbert
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikael Pedersen
- Division of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Vinggaard
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
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Vergauwen L, Schmidt SN, Stinckens E, Maho W, Blust R, Mayer P, Covaci A, Knapen D. A high throughput passive dosing format for the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity test. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:9-17. [PMID: 26026258 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
High throughput testing according to the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) test (OECD Testing Guideline 236) is usually conducted in well plates. In the case of hydrophobic test substances, sorptive and evaporative losses often result in declining and poorly controlled exposure conditions. Therefore, our objective was to improve exposure conditions in FET tests by evaluating a passive dosing format using silicone O-rings in standard 24-well polystyrene plates. We exposed zebrafish embryos to a series of phenanthrene concentrations until 120h post fertilization (hpf), and obtained a linear dilution series. We report effect values for both mortality and sublethal morphological effects based on (1) measured exposure concentrations, (2) (lipid normalized) body residues and (3) chemical activity. The LC50 for 120hpf was 310μg/L, CBR50 (critical body residue) was 2.72mmol/kg fresh wt and La50 (lethal chemical activity) was 0.047. All values were within ranges expected for baseline toxicity. Impaired swim bladder inflation was the most pronounced morphological effect and swimming activity was reduced in all exposure concentrations. Further analysis showed that the effect on swimming activity was not attributed to impaired swim bladder inflation, but rather to baseline toxicity. We conclude that silicone O-rings (1) produce a linear dilution series of phenanthrene in the 120hpf FET test, (2) generate and maintain aqueous concentrations for reliable determination of effect concentrations, and allow for obtaining mechanistic toxicity information, and (3) cause no toxicity, demonstrating its potential as an extension of the FET test when testing hydrophobic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Vergauwen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Stine N Schmidt
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljoevej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Evelyn Stinckens
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Walid Maho
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljoevej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dries Knapen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Stadnicka-Michalak J, Schirmer K, Ashauer R. Toxicology across scales: Cell population growth in vitro predicts reduced fish growth. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500302. [PMID: 26601229 PMCID: PMC4643812 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risk assessment of chemicals is essential but often relies on ethically controversial and expensive methods. We show that tests using cell cultures, combined with modeling of toxicological effects, can replace tests with juvenile fish. Hundreds of thousands of fish at this developmental stage are annually used to assess the influence of chemicals on growth. Juveniles are more sensitive than adult fish, and their growth can affect their chances to survive and reproduce. Thus, to reduce the number of fish used for such tests, we propose a method that can quantitatively predict chemical impact on fish growth based on in vitro data. Our model predicts reduced fish growth in two fish species in excellent agreement with measured in vivo data of two pesticides. This promising step toward alternatives to fish toxicity testing is simple, inexpensive, and fast and only requires in vitro data for model calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Stadnicka-Michalak
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. E-mail: ;
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- ETH (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule) Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roman Ashauer
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Claessens M, Monteyne E, Wille K, Vanhaecke L, Roose P, Janssen CR. Passive sampling reversed: coupling passive field sampling with passive lab dosing to assess the ecotoxicity of mixtures present in the marine environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 93:9-19. [PMID: 25752535 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a new approach in aquatic toxicity testing combining passive sampling and passive dosing. Polydimethylsiloxane sheets were used to sample contaminant mixtures in the marine environment. These sheets were subsequently transferred to ecotoxicological test medium in which the sampled contaminant mixtures were released through passive dosing. 4 out of 17 of these mixtures caused severe effects in a growth inhibition assay with a marine diatom. These effects could not be explained by the presence of compounds detected in the sampling area and were most likely attributable to unmeasured compounds absorbed to the passive samplers during field deployment. The findings of this study indicate that linking passive sampling in the field to passive dosing in laboratory ecotoxicity tests provides a practical and complimentary approach for assessing the toxicity of hydrophobic contaminant mixtures that mimics realistic environmental exposures. Limitations and opportunities for future improvements are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Claessens
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Els Monteyne
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Model, 2e en 23e Linieregimentsplein, B-8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Klaas Wille
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Patrick Roose
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Model, 2e en 23e Linieregimentsplein, B-8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Differential immunomodulatory responses to nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons applied by passive dosing. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:345-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Rouquié D, Heneweer M, Botham J, Ketelslegers H, Markell L, Pfister T, Steiling W, Strauss V, Hennes C. Contribution of new technologies to characterization and prediction of adverse effects. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:172-83. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.986054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Barbosa DJ, Capela JP, de Lourdes Bastos M, Carvalho F. In vitro models for neurotoxicology research. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015; 4:801-842. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00043a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system has a highly complex organization, including many cell types with multiple functions, with an intricate anatomy and unique structural and functional characteristics; the study of its (dys)functionality following exposure to xenobiotics, neurotoxicology, constitutes an important issue in neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel José Barbosa
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - João Paulo Capela
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
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40
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Seiler TB, Best N, Fernqvist MM, Hercht H, Smith KEC, Braunbeck T, Mayer P, Hollert H. PAH toxicity at aqueous solubility in the fish embryo test with Danio rerio using passive dosing. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:77-84. [PMID: 25048891 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As part of the risk assessment process within REACh, prior to manufacturing and distribution of chemical substances their (eco)toxicological impacts have to be investigated. The fish embryo toxicity test (FET) with the zebrafish Danio rerio has gained a high significance as an in vitro alternative to animal testing in (eco)toxicology. However, for hydrophobic organic chemicals it remains a technical challenge to ensure constant freely dissolved concentration at the maximum exposure level during such biotests. Passive dosing with PDMS silicone was thus applied to control the freely dissolved concentration of ten PAHs at their saturation level in the FET. The experiments gave repeatable results, with the toxicity of the PAHs generally increasing with the maximum chemical activities of the PAHs. HPLC analysis confirmed constant exposure at the saturation level. In additional experiments, fish embryos without direct contact to the silicone surface showed similar mortalities as those exposed with direct contact to the silicone. Silicone oil overlaying the water phase as a novel passive dosing phase had no observable effects on the development of the fish embryos until hatching. This study provides further data to support the close relationship between the chemical activity and the toxicity of hydrophobic organic compounds. Passive dosing from PDMS silicone enabled reliable toxicity testing of (highly) hydrophobic substances at aqueous solubility, providing a practical way to control toxicity exactly at the maximum exposure level. This approach is therefore expected to be useful as a cost-effective initial screening of hydrophobic chemicals for potential adverse effects to freshwater vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Nina Best
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Margit Møller Fernqvist
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Hendrik Hercht
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kilian E C Smith
- Energy and Environment Centre, Korean Institute of Science and Technology Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, University of Saarland, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, DK - 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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41
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Lee YS, Lee DHY, Delafoulhouze M, Otton SV, Moore MM, Kennedy CJ, Gobas FAPC. In vitro biotransformation rates in fish liver S9: effect of dosing techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:1885-1893. [PMID: 24832019 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In vitro biotransformation assays are currently being explored to improve estimates of bioconcentration factors of potentially bioaccumulative organic chemicals in fish. The present study compares thin-film and solvent-delivery dosing techniques as well as single versus multiple chemical dosing for measuring biotransformation rates of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver S9. The findings show that biotransformation rates of very hydrophobic substances can be accurately measured in thin-film sorbent-dosing assays from concentration-time profiles in the incubation medium but not from those in the sorbent phase because of low chemical film-to-incubation-medium mass-transfer rates at the incubation temperature of 13.5 °C required for trout liver assays. Biotransformation rates determined by thin-film dosing were greater than those determined by solvent-delivery dosing for chrysene (octanol-water partition coefficient [KOW ] =10(5.60) ) and benzo[a]pyrene (KOW =10(6.04) ), whereas there were no statistical differences in pyrene (KOW =10(5.18) ) biotransformation rates between the 2 methods. In sorbent delivery-based assays, simultaneous multiple-chemical dosing produced biotransformation rates that were not statistically different from those measured in single-chemical dosing experiments for pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene but not for chrysene. In solvent-delivery experiments, multiple-chemical dosing produced biotransformation rates that were much smaller than those in single-chemical dosing experiments for all test chemicals. While thin-film sorbent-phase and solvent delivery-based dosing methods are both suitable methods for measuring biotransformation rates of substances of intermediate hydrophobicity, thin-film sorbent-phase dosing may be more suitable for superhydrophobic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Shan Lee
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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42
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Emelogu ES, Seiler TB, Pollard P, Robinson CD, Webster L, McKenzie C, Heger S, Hollert H, Bresnan E, Best J, Moffat CF. Evaluations of combined zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo and marine phytoplankton (Diacronema lutheri) toxicity of dissolved organic contaminants in the Ythan catchment, Scotland, UK. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:5537-5546. [PMID: 24407789 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2488-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of organic contaminants including pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have previously been detected in surface waters in the river Ythan catchment, North East Scotland UK. While the concentrations detected were below Water Framework Directive Environmental Quality Standards (WFD-EQSs) environmental exposures to the diverse mixtures of contaminants, known and unknown, may pose chronic and/or sublethal effects to non target organisms. The present study assessed the embryo and algal toxicity potential of freely dissolved organic contaminants from the Ythan catchment using silicone rubber passive sampling devices (SR-PSDs) and miniaturised bioassay techniques. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and marine phytoplankton species (Diacronema lutheri) were exposed to extracts from SR-PSDs deployed at different locations along the river Ythan and an undeployed procedural blank. Statistically significant developmental and algal toxicities were measured in all tests of extracts from deployed samples compared with the procedural blanks. This indicates environmental exposure to, and the combined toxicity potential of, freely dissolved organic contaminants in the catchment. The present and previous studies in the Ythan catchment, coupling SR-PSDs and bioassay techniques, have both helped to understand the interactions and combined effects of dissolved organic contaminants in the catchment. They have further revealed the need for improvement in the techniques currently used to assess environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel S Emelogu
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK,
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Stadnicka-Michalak J, Tanneberger K, Schirmer K, Ashauer R. Measured and modeled toxicokinetics in cultured fish cells and application to in vitro-in vivo toxicity extrapolation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92303. [PMID: 24647349 PMCID: PMC3960223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect concentrations in the toxicity assessment of chemicals with fish and fish cells are generally based on external exposure concentrations. External concentrations as dose metrics, may, however, hamper interpretation and extrapolation of toxicological effects because it is the internal concentration that gives rise to the biological effective dose. Thus, we need to understand the relationship between the external and internal concentrations of chemicals. The objectives of this study were to: (i) elucidate the time-course of the concentration of chemicals with a wide range of physicochemical properties in the compartments of an in vitro test system, (ii) derive a predictive model for toxicokinetics in the in vitro test system, (iii) test the hypothesis that internal effect concentrations in fish (in vivo) and fish cell lines (in vitro) correlate, and (iv) develop a quantitative in vitro to in vivo toxicity extrapolation method for fish acute toxicity. To achieve these goals, time-dependent amounts of organic chemicals were measured in medium, cells (RTgill-W1) and the plastic of exposure wells. Then, the relation between uptake, elimination rate constants, and log KOW was investigated for cells in order to develop a toxicokinetic model. This model was used to predict internal effect concentrations in cells, which were compared with internal effect concentrations in fish gills predicted by a Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic model. Our model could predict concentrations of non-volatile organic chemicals with log KOW between 0.5 and 7 in cells. The correlation of the log ratio of internal effect concentrations in fish gills and the fish gill cell line with the log KOW was significant (r>0.85, p = 0.0008, F-test). This ratio can be predicted from the log KOW of the chemical (77% of variance explained), comprising a promising model to predict lethal effects on fish based on in vitro data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Stadnicka-Michalak
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Zürich, Switzerland
- EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Tanneberger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Ecosens AG, Wallisellen, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Zürich, Switzerland
- EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roman Ashauer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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Chen Y, Geurts M, Sjollema SB, Kramer NI, Hermens JLM, Droge STJ. Acute toxicity of the cationic surfactant C12-benzalkonium in different bioassays: how test design affects bioavailability and effect concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:606-15. [PMID: 24273010 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Using an ion-exchange-based solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method, the freely dissolved concentrations of C12-benzalkonium were measured in different toxicity assays, including 1) immobilization of Daphnia magna in the presence or absence of dissolved humic acid; 2) mortality of Lumbriculus variegatus in the presence or absence of a suspension of Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) sediment; 3) photosystem II inhibition of green algae Chlorella vulgaris; and 4) viability of in vitro rainbow trout gill cell line (RTgill-W1) in the presence or absence of serum proteins. Furthermore, the loss from chemical adsorption to the different test vessels used in these tests was also determined. The C12-benzalkonium sorption isotherms to the different sorbent phases were established as well. Our results show that the freely dissolved concentration is a better indicator of the actual exposure concentration than the nominal or total concentration in most test assays. Daphnia was the most sensitive species to C12-benzalkonium. The acute Daphnia and Lumbriculus tests both showed no enhanced toxicity from possible ingestion of sorbed C12-benzalkonium in comparison with water-only exposure, which is in accordance with the equilibrium partitioning theory. Moreover, the present study demonstrates that commonly used sorbent phases can strongly affect bioavailability and observed effect concentrations for C12-benzalkonium. Even stronger effects of decreased actual exposure concentrations resulting from sorption to test vessels, cells, and sorbent phases can be expected for more hydrophobic cationic surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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45
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Madureira DJ, Weiss FT, Van Midwoud P, Helbling DE, Sturla SJ, Schirmer K. Systems toxicology approach to understand the kinetics of benzo(a)pyrene uptake, biotransformation, and DNA adduct formation in a liver cell model. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:443-53. [PMID: 24446834 DOI: 10.1021/tx400446q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based models are important for deriving mechanistic information about stress response pathways that have evolved to protect cells from toxic insult, such as exposure to environmental pollutants. One determinant of the stress response is the amount of chemical entering the cell and the cell's ability to detoxify and remove the chemical. If the stress response is overwhelmed, an adverse outcome will ensue. It was the goal of our study to quantify uptake and elimination rates of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, in a murine liver cell line. We evaluated the kinetic behavior in the context of BaP uptake, biotransformation, DNA adduct formation and repair along with the transcriptional and cell proliferation response. A low (50 nM) and a high (5 μM) BaP concentration were chosen in order to differentiate the role of exposure concentration in the time-resolved interaction of BaP with cells. While rates of uptake and the initial transcriptional response were similar for both BaP concentrations, cells exposed to 50 nM BaP completely recovered from exposure within 24 h, whereas cells exposed to 5 μM BaP did not. Biotransformation proceeded faster on 50 nM BaP, and the few DNA adducts formed were completely repaired after transient cell cycle arrest. In contrast, DNA adducts greatly accumulated in cells exposed to 5 μM BaP, despite significant biotransformation; complete cell cycle arrest and toxicity evolved. On the basis of the kinetic rate constants and cellular response, we conclude that at least short-term, pulsed exposures to 50 nM BaP, which we consider environmentally relevant, can be handled by cells without adverse outcome. Further studies are needed to determine the ability of cells to recover from repeated exposure. Our study emphasizes the importance of quantifying chemical uptake and fate in cell models to differentiate a stress response from an adverse outcome for better risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Madureira
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Dübendorf, Switzerland
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46
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Dayeh VR, Bols NC, Tanneberger K, Schirmer K, Lee LEJ. The use of fish-derived cell lines for investigation of environmental contaminants: an update following OECD's fish toxicity testing framework No. 171. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 1:Unit1.5. [PMID: 23670863 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx0105s56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Protocols for evaluating chemical toxicity at the cellular level using fish cell lines are described in this unit. Routine methodologies for growing salmonid cell lines, and using them in aquatic toxicology studies that support the mandate of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to reduce the use of whole animals in toxicity testing, are presented. Rapid, simple, cost-effective tests evaluating viability of cells with three indicator dyes per sample provides a broad overview of the sensitivity of cells to chemical contaminants. This fluorometric assay involves: (1) alamar blue for metabolic activity, (2) CFDA-AM for membrane integrity, and (3) neutral red for lysosomal function. These protocols are conveniently performed in semi-unison within the same multiwell plates and read at three different wavelengths. Detailed step-by-step descriptions of the assays, parameters to consider, troubleshooting, and guidelines for data interpretation are provided as essential tools for investigating environmental aquatic contaminants at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian R Dayeh
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Scholz S, Sela E, Blaha L, Braunbeck T, Galay-Burgos M, García-Franco M, Guinea J, Klüver N, Schirmer K, Tanneberger K, Tobor-Kapłon M, Witters H, Belanger S, Benfenati E, Creton S, Cronin MT, Eggen RI, Embry M, Ekman D, Gourmelon A, Halder M, Hardy B, Hartung T, Hubesch B, Jungmann D, Lampi MA, Lee L, Léonard M, Küster E, Lillicrap A, Luckenbach T, Murk AJ, Navas JM, Peijnenburg W, Repetto G, Salinas E, Schüürmann G, Spielmann H, Tollefsen KE, Walter-Rohde S, Whale G, Wheeler JR, Winter MJ. A European perspective on alternatives to animal testing for environmental hazard identification and risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 67:506-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Stalter D, Dutt M, Escher BI. Headspace-free setup of in vitro bioassays for the evaluation of volatile disinfection by-products. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1605-14. [PMID: 24117097 DOI: 10.1021/tx400263h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The conventional setup of in vitro bioassays in microplates does not prevent the loss of volatile compounds, which hampers the toxicological characterization of waterborne volatile disinfection by-products (DBPs). To minimize the loss of volatile test chemicals, we adapted four in vitro bioassays to a headspace-free setup using eight volatile organic compounds (four trihalomethanes, 1,1-dichloroethene, bromoethane, and two haloacetonitriles) that cover a wide range of air-water partition coefficients. The nominal effect concentrations of the test chemicals decreased by up to three orders of magnitude when the conventional setup was changed to a headspace-free setup for the bacterial cytotoxicity assay using bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri. The increase of apparent sensitivity correlated significantly with the air-water partition coefficient. Purge and trap GC/MS analysis revealed a reduced loss of dosed volatile compounds in the headspace free setup (78-130% of nominal concentration) compared to a substantial loss in the conventional set up (2-13% of the nominal concentration). The experimental effect concentrations converged with the headspace-free setup to the effect concentrations predicted by a QSAR model, confirming the suitability of the headspace-free approach to minimize the loss of volatile test chemicals. The analogue headspace-free design of the bacterial bioassays for genotoxicity (umuC assay) and mutagenicity (Ames fluctuation assay) increased the number of compounds detected as genotoxic or mutagenic from one to four and zero to two, respectively. In a bioassay with a mammalian cell line applied for detecting the induction of the Nrf-2-mediated oxidative stress response (AREc32 assay), the headspace-free setup improved the apparent sensitivity by less than one order of magnitude, presumably due to the retaining effect of the serum components in the medium, which is also reflected in the reduced aqueous concentrations of compounds. This study highlights the importance of adapting bioanalytical test setups when volatile/semivolatile compounds are present in the sample to avoid the loss of chemicals and thus to avoid underestimating the toxicity of mixtures and complex environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stalter
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Brisbane Qld 4108, Australia
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Groothuis FA, Heringa MB, Nicol B, Hermens JLM, Blaauboer BJ, Kramer NI. Dose metric considerations in in vitro assays to improve quantitative in vitro-in vivo dose extrapolations. Toxicology 2013; 332:30-40. [PMID: 23978460 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Challenges to improve toxicological risk assessment to meet the demands of the EU chemical's legislation, REACH, and the EU 7th Amendment of the Cosmetics Directive have accelerated the development of non-animal based methods. Unfortunately, uncertainties remain surrounding the power of alternative methods such as in vitro assays to predict in vivo dose-response relationships, which impedes their use in regulatory toxicology. One issue reviewed here, is the lack of a well-defined dose metric for use in concentration-effect relationships obtained from in vitro cell assays. Traditionally, the nominal concentration has been used to define in vitro concentration-effect relationships. However, chemicals may differentially and non-specifically bind to medium constituents, well plate plastic and cells. They may also evaporate, degrade or be metabolized over the exposure period at different rates. Studies have shown that these processes may reduce the bioavailable and biologically effective dose of test chemicals in in vitro assays to levels far below their nominal concentration. This subsequently hampers the interpretation of in vitro data to predict and compare the true toxic potency of test chemicals. Therefore, this review discusses a number of dose metrics and their dependency on in vitro assay setup. Recommendations are given on when to consider alternative dose metrics instead of nominal concentrations, in order to reduce effect concentration variability between in vitro assays and between in vitro and in vivo assays in toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris A Groothuis
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Minne B Heringa
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Beate Nicol
- Unilever U.K., Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Joop L M Hermens
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Bas J Blaauboer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Nynke I Kramer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Di Guardo A, Hermens JLM. Challenges for exposure prediction in ecological risk assessment. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2013; 9:e4-e14. [PMID: 23610044 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating organism exposure in the ecosystems is a difficult task and can be carried out measuring or predicting concentrations in the environment. Although current regulatory approaches favor a modeling approach, they either use a static representation of the environment and of the chemical discharge or a simplified dynamic approach (e.g., dealing with pesticides). Improving the ecological realism of exposure prediction offers a number of challenges. Some are related to the understanding of basic mechanisms such as bioavailability and the determination of internal exposure or the need to develop new paradigms for polar and ionized chemicals. Other issues are the need to provide monitoring data to understand the environmental fate of chemical mixtures, polar and ionized chemicals and metabolites, to understand the complexity of exposure in spatially and temporally variable environments. Exposure models require the development of suitable approaches to simulate the complexity of exposure in the ecosystems including the development of a variety of temporal and spatial scenarios and the integration of submodels (such as aquatic and terrestrial food webs). Finally, the integration of dynamic exposure and effect models is envisaged to fully carry out a more realistic ecological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Guardo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy.
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