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Lautz LS, Melchers TC, Noorlander A, Stoopen G, Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A. Application of a generic PBK model for beef cattle: Tissue/fluid correlations of paracetamol and NSAIDs. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 190:114812. [PMID: 38879144 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and paracetamol can be administered off-label to cattle. Since the use of these veterinary medicines in cattle may pose a public health risk after meat consumption, it is important to translate measured concentrations in urine and tissues into concentrations in meat for human consumption. A generic physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) model for cattle can enable this translation. In this work, a beef cattle PBK model was applied to calculate the relationships between concentrations in different bovine tissues and those were compared to measured concentrations in different matrices. Sixty-seven kidney samples, the corresponding urine and meat samples, and available 19 serum samples were analysed. Overall, 70% of the PBK model predictions are within a 2-fold factor and relationships for kidney/meat, urine/meat, and plasma/meat ratios were established. The conversions of measured kidney concentrations into meat concentrations were mostly within a factor two, while those based on plasma and urine were underpredicted. Based on these ratios, plasma and urine could be used as an appropriate surrogate matrix for a fast, simple in vivo sample screening test under field conditions, such as in local farms and slaughterhouses, to predict a maximum residue level exceedance in meat, reducing the number of test samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Lautz
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T C Melchers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A Noorlander
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - G Stoopen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Umemori Y, Handa K, Yoshimura S, Kageyama M, Iijima T. Development of a Novel In Silico Classification Model to Assess Reactive Metabolite Formation in the Cysteine Trapping Assay and Investigation of Important Substructures. Biomolecules 2024; 14:535. [PMID: 38785942 PMCID: PMC11117661 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Predicting whether a compound can cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is difficult due to the complexity of drug mechanism. The cysteine trapping assay is a method for detecting reactive metabolites that bind to microsomes covalently. However, it is cumbersome to use 35S isotope-labeled cysteine for this assay. Therefore, we constructed an in silico classification model for predicting a positive/negative outcome in the cysteine trapping assay. We collected 475 compounds (436 in-house compounds and 39 publicly available drugs) based on experimental data performed in this study, and the composition of the results showed 248 positives and 227 negatives. Using a Message Passing Neural Network (MPNN) and Random Forest (RF) with extended connectivity fingerprint (ECFP) 4, we built machine learning models to predict the covalent binding risk of compounds. In the time-split dataset, AUC-ROC of MPNN and RF were 0.625 and 0.559 in the hold-out test, restrictively. This result suggests that the MPNN model has a higher predictivity than RF in the time-split dataset. Hence, we conclude that the in silico MPNN classification model for the cysteine trapping assay has a better predictive power. Furthermore, most of the substructures that contributed positively to the cysteine trapping assay were consistent with previous results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koichi Handa
- DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, TEIJIN PHARMA LIMITED, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan; (Y.U.); (S.Y.); (M.K.); (T.I.)
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3
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Chen M, Du R, Zhang T, Li C, Bao W, Xin F, Hou S, Yang Q, Chen L, Wang Q, Zhu A. The Application of a Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic Model in Health Risk Assessment. TOXICS 2023; 11:874. [PMID: 37888724 PMCID: PMC10611306 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Toxicokinetics plays a crucial role in the health risk assessments of xenobiotics. Classical compartmental models are limited in their ability to determine chemical concentrations in specific organs or tissues, particularly target organs or tissues, and their limited interspecific and exposure route extrapolation hinders satisfactory health risk assessment. In contrast, physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models quantitatively describe the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of chemicals across various exposure routes and doses in organisms, establishing correlations with toxic effects. Consequently, PBTK models serve as potent tools for extrapolation and provide a theoretical foundation for health risk assessment and management. This review outlines the construction and application of PBTK models in health risk assessment while analyzing their limitations and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ruihu Du
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chutao Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenqiang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Fan Xin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shaozhang Hou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Qiaomei Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital), Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital), Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Compatibility Toxicology, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, China
| | - An Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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4
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Stern S, Wang H, Sadrieh N. Microphysiological Models for Mechanistic-Based Prediction of Idiosyncratic DILI. Cells 2023; 12:1476. [PMID: 37296597 PMCID: PMC10253021 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major contributor to high attrition rates among candidate and market drugs and a key regulatory, industry, and global health concern. While acute and dose-dependent DILI, namely, intrinsic DILI, is predictable and often reproducible in preclinical models, the nature of idiosyncratic DILI (iDILI) limits its mechanistic understanding due to the complex disease pathogenesis, and recapitulation using in vitro and in vivo models is extremely challenging. However, hepatic inflammation is a key feature of iDILI primarily orchestrated by the innate and adaptive immune system. This review summarizes the in vitro co-culture models that exploit the role of the immune system to investigate iDILI. Particularly, this review focuses on advancements in human-based 3D multicellular models attempting to supplement in vivo models that often lack predictability and display interspecies variations. Exploiting the immune-mediated mechanisms of iDILI, the inclusion of non-parenchymal cells in these hepatoxicity models, namely, Kupffer cells, stellate cells, dendritic cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, introduces heterotypic cell-cell interactions and mimics the hepatic microenvironment. Additionally, drugs recalled from the market in the US between 1996-2010 that were studies in these various models highlight the necessity for further harmonization and comparison of model characteristics. Challenges regarding disease-related endpoints, mimicking 3D architecture with different cell-cell contact, cell source, and the underlying multi-cellular and multi-stage mechanisms are described. It is our belief that progressing our understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of iDILI will provide mechanistic clues and a method for drug safety screening to better predict liver injury in clinical trials and post-marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Stern
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Nakissa Sadrieh
- Office of New Drugs, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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5
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He C, Mao Y, Wan H. Preclinical evaluation of chemically reactive metabolites and mitigation of bioactivation in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103621. [PMID: 37201781 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The formation of reactive metabolites (RMs) is thought to be one of the pathogeneses for some idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) which are considered one of the leading causes of some drug attritions and/or recalls. Minimizing or eliminating the formation of RMs via chemical modification is a useful tactic to reduce the risk of IADRs and time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs). The RMs should be carefully handled before making a go-no-go decision. Herein, we highlight the role of RMs in the occurrence of IADRs and CYP TDI, the risk of structural alerts, the approaches of RM assessment at the discovery stage and strategies to minimize or eliminate RM liability. Finally, some considerations for developing a RM-positive drug candidate are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyong He
- Department of DMPK/Tox, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical, No. 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China.
| | - Yuchang Mao
- Department of DMPK/Tox, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical, No. 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Hong Wan
- Department of DMPK/Bioanalysis, Shanghai Medicilon, No. 585 Chuanda Road, Shanghai 201299, China.
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6
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Ponting DJ, Dobo KL, Kenyon MO, Kalgutkar AS. Strategies for Assessing Acceptable Intakes for Novel N-Nitrosamines Derived from Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15584-15607. [PMID: 36441966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The detection of N-nitrosamines, derived from solvents and reagents and, on occasion, the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) at higher than acceptable levels in drug products, has led regulators to request a detailed review for their presence in all medicinal products. In the absence of rodent carcinogenicity data for novel N-nitrosamines derived from amine-containing APIs, a conservative class limit of 18 ng/day (based on the most carcinogenic N-nitrosamines) or the derivation of acceptable intakes (AIs) using structurally related surrogates with robust rodent carcinogenicity data is recommended. The guidance has implications for the pharmaceutical industry given the vast number of marketed amine-containing drugs. In this perspective, the rate-limiting step in N-nitrosamine carcinogenicity, involving cytochrome P450-mediated α-carbon hydroxylation to yield DNA-reactive diazonium or carbonium ion intermediates, is discussed with reference to the selection of read-across analogs to derive AIs. Risk-mitigation strategies for managing putative N-nitrosamines in the preclinical discovery setting are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Ponting
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, United Kingdom
| | - Krista L Dobo
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Portfolio and Regulatory Strategy, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michelle O Kenyon
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Portfolio and Regulatory Strategy, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Claesson A, Parkes K. Non-innocuous Consequences of Metabolic Oxidation of Alkyls on Arenes. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11433-11453. [PMID: 36001003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive metabolite (RM) formation is widely accepted as playing a pivotal role in causing adverse idiosyncratic drug reactions, with most attention paid to drug-induced liver injury. Mechanisms of RM formation are determined by the drug's properties in relation to human enzymes transforming the drug. This Perspective focuses on enzymatic oxidation of alkyl groups on aromatics leading to quinone methides and benzylic alcohol sulfates as RMs, a topic that has not received very much attention. Unlike previous overviews, we will include in our Perspective several fulvene-like methides such as 3-methyleneindole. We also speculate that a few older drugs may form non-reported methides of this class. In addition, we report a few guiding DFT calculations of changes in free energy on going from a benzylic alcohol to the corresponding methide. Particularly facile reactions of 2-aminothiazole-5-methanol and 4-aminobenzyl alcohol are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alf Claesson
- Awametox AB, Lilldalsvägen 17 A, SE-14461 Rönninge, Sweden
| | - Kevin Parkes
- Consultant, 39 Cashio Lane, Letchworth Garden City, Hertfordshire SG6 1AY, U.K
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8
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Kakutani N, Kobayashi S, Taniguchi T, Nomura Y. A cysteine trapping assay for risk assessment of reactive acyl CoA metabolites. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:16-25. [PMID: 35084285 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2035016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1. Some drugs with carboxylic acid moieties can potentially cause rare but severe hepatotoxicity. The reactive chemical species generated by drug metabolism are thought to be one reason for this event. Although the phase II conjugation metabolism of carboxylic acids generally renders a compound more polar and inactive, it is also responsible for the formation of reactive metabolites.2. This study aimed to provide a new approach toward the risk assessment of carboxylic acids in the aspect of reactive acyl CoA metabolites.3. Although acyl CoA metabolites have been concerned, it is difficult to detect them because of its instability. We investigated the trapping agents for acyl CoA metabolites. We found that cysteine is a good trapping agent and developed an assay method for the reactivity of acyl CoA metabolites. We evaluated 17 drugs with carboxylic acid moieties, all drugs concerned with hepatotoxicity displayed reactive potential. With a consideration of the exposure of each parent drug, the correlation between drug labels and the calculated risk of carboxylic drugs was improved.4. These evaluations can be conducted without radiochemical reagents or the authentic standards of metabolites. We believe that the method will be beneficial for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kakutani
- Japan Tobacco Inc Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, 569-1125 Japan
| | - Satoru Kobayashi
- Japan Tobacco Inc Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, 569-1125 Japan
| | - Toshio Taniguchi
- Japan Tobacco Inc Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, 569-1125 Japan
| | - Yukihiro Nomura
- Japan Tobacco Inc Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, 569-1125 Japan
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9
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Guengerich FP. Roles of cytochrome P450 enzymes in pharmacology and toxicology: Past, present, and future. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:1-47. [PMID: 35953152 PMCID: PMC9869358 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of the cytochrome P450 (P450) field has been remarkable in the areas of pharmacology and toxicology, particularly in drug development. Today it is possible to use the knowledge base and relatively straightforward assays to make intelligent predictions about drug disposition prior to human dosing. Much is known about the structures, regulation, chemistry of catalysis, and the substrate and inhibitor specificity of human P450s. Many aspects of drug-drug interactions and side effects can be understood in terms of P450s. This knowledge has also been useful in pharmacy practice, as well as in the pharmaceutical industry and medical practice. However, there are still basic and practical questions to address regarding P450s and their roles in pharmacology and toxicology. Another aspect is the discovery of drugs that inhibit P450 to treat diseases.
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10
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Wei H, Li AP. Permeabilized cryopreserved human hepatocytes as an exogenous metabolic system in a novelmetabolism-dependent cytotoxicity assay (MDCA) for the evaluation of metabolic activation anddetoxification of drugs associated with drug induced liver injuries: Results with acetaminophen,amiodarone, cyclophosphamide, ketoconazole, nefazodone, and troglitazone. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:140-149. [PMID: 34750194 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a novel in vitro experimental system, the metabolism-dependent cytotoxicity assay (MDCA), for the definition of the roles of hepatic drug metabolism in toxicity. MDCA employs permeabilized cofactor-supplemented cryopreserved human hepatocytes (MetMax{trade mark, serif} human hepatocytes, MMHH), as an exogenous metabolic activating system, and HEK-293 cells, a cell line devoid of drug metabolizing enzyme activity, as target cells for the quantification of drug toxicity. The assay was performed in the presence and absence of cofactors for key drug metabolism pathways known to play key roles in drug toxicity: NADPH/NAD+ for phase 1 oxidation, UDPGA for UGT mediated glucuronidation, PAPS for SULT mediated sulfation, and GSH for GST mediated GSH conjugation. Six drugs with clinically significant hepatoxicity, resulting in liver failure or a need for liver transplantation: acetaminophen, amiodarone, cyclophosphamide, ketoconazole, nefazodone and troglitazone were evaluated. All six drugs exhibited cytotoxicity enhancement by NADPH, suggesting metabolic activation via phase 1 oxidation. Attenuation of cytotoxicity by UDPGA was observed for acetaminophen, ketoconazole and troglitazone, by PAPS for acetaminophen, ketoconazole and troglitazone, and by GSH for all six drugs. Our results suggest that MDCA can be applied towards the elucidation of metabolic activation and detoxification pathways, providing information that can be applied in drug development to guide structure optimization to reduce toxicity and to aid the assessment of metabolism-based risk factors for drug toxicity. GSH detoxification represents an endpoint for the identification of drugs forming cytotoxic reactive metabolites, a key property of drugs with idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. Significance Statement Application of the metabolism-dependent cytotoxicity assay (MDCA) for the elucidation of the roles of metabolic activation and detoxification pathways in drug toxicity may provide information to guide structure optimization in drug development to reduce hepatotoxic potential, and to aid the assessment of metabolism-based risk factors. GSH detoxification represents an endpoint for the identification of drugs forming cytotoxic reactive metabolites may be applied towards the evaluation of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wei
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, United States
| | - Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., United States
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11
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Khojasteh SC, Argikar UA, Driscoll JP, Heck CJS, King L, Jackson KD, Jian W, Kalgutkar AS, Miller GP, Kramlinger V, Rietjens IMCM, Teitelbaum AM, Wang K, Wei C. Novel advances in biotransformation and bioactivation research - 2020 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:384-433. [PMID: 33910427 PMCID: PMC8826528 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1916028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This annual review is the sixth of its kind since 2016 (see references). Our objective is to explore and share articles which we deem influential and significant in the field of biotransformation and bioactivation. These fields are constantly evolving with new molecular structures and discoveries of corresponding pathways for metabolism that impact relevant drug development with respect to efficacy and safety. Based on the selected articles, we created three sections: (1) drug design, (2) metabolites and drug metabolizing enzymes, and (3) bioactivation and safety (Table 1). Unlike in years past, more biotransformation experts have joined and contributed to this effort while striving to maintain a balance of authors from academic and industry settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James P Driscoll
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Department of DMPK, UCB Biopharma, Slough, UK
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wenying Jian
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Valerie Kramlinger
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Aaron M Teitelbaum
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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12
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Jee A, Sernoskie SC, Uetrecht J. Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Mechanistic and Clinical Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062954. [PMID: 33799477 PMCID: PMC7998339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) remains a significant problem for patients and drug development. The idiosyncratic nature of IDILI makes mechanistic studies difficult, and little is known of its pathogenesis for certain. Circumstantial evidence suggests that most, but not all, IDILI is caused by reactive metabolites of drugs that are bioactivated by cytochromes P450 and other enzymes in the liver. Additionally, there is overwhelming evidence that most IDILI is mediated by the adaptive immune system; one example being the association of IDILI caused by specific drugs with specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, and this may in part explain the idiosyncratic nature of these reactions. The T cell receptor repertoire likely also contributes to the idiosyncratic nature. Although most of the liver injury is likely mediated by the adaptive immune system, specifically cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, adaptive immune activation first requires an innate immune response to activate antigen presenting cells and produce cytokines required for T cell proliferation. This innate response is likely caused by either a reactive metabolite or some form of cell stress that is clinically silent but not idiosyncratic. If this is true it would make it possible to study the early steps in the immune response that in some patients can lead to IDILI. Other hypotheses have been proposed, such as mitochondrial injury, inhibition of the bile salt export pump, unfolded protein response, and oxidative stress although, in most cases, it is likely that they are also involved in the initiation of an immune response rather than representing a completely separate mechanism. Using the clinical manifestations of liver injury from a number of examples of IDILI-associated drugs, this review aims to summarize and illustrate these mechanistic hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Jee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | | | - Jack Uetrecht
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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13
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Siddiqui S, Ahmed N, Goswami M, Chakrabarty A, Chowdhury G. DNA damage by Withanone as a potential cause of liver toxicity observed for herbal products of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:72-81. [PMID: 34345852 PMCID: PMC8320610 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely used medicinal herb Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) has been recently reported to cause liver damage. Withanone is a major metabolite of Ashwagandha. Withanone was found to cause DNA damage. Withanone forms adducts with amines and thiols. Withanone-mediated DNA damage has serious biological consequences.
Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha, is a medicinal plant used for thousands of years for various remedies. Extracts of Ashwagandha contain more than 200 metabolites, with withanone (win) being one of the major ones responsible for many of its medicinal properties. Recently, several cases of liver toxicity resulting from commercially available Ashwagandha products have been reported. The first report of Ashwagandha-related liver damage was from Japan, which was quickly resolved after drug-withdrawal. Later, similar cases of liver toxicity due to Ashwagandha consumption were reported from the USA and Iceland. Towards understanding the liver toxicity of Ashwagandha extracts, we studied win, a representative withanolide having toxicophores or structural alerts that are commonly associated with adverse drug reactions. We found that win can form non-labile adducts with the nucleosides dG, dA, and dC. Using various biochemical assays, we showed that win forms adducts in DNA and interfere with its biological property. Win also forms adducts with amines and this process is reversible. Based on the data presented here we concluded that win is detoxified by GSH but under limiting GSH levels it can cause DNA damage. The work presented here provides a potential mechanism for the reported Ashwagandha-mediated liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Siddiqui
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, UP 201314, India
| | - Nabeel Ahmed
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, UP 201314, India
| | - Mausumi Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN 632014, India
| | - Anindita Chakrabarty
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, UP 201314, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, UP 201314, India
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14
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Kropf C, Begnaud F, Gimeno S, Berthaud F, Debonneville C, Segner H. In Vitro Biotransformation Assays Using Liver S9 Fractions and Hepatocytes from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Overcoming Challenges with Difficult to Test Fragrance Chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:2396-2408. [PMID: 32915480 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro metabolic stability assays using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) isolated hepatocytes (RT-HEP) or hepatic S9 fractions (RT-S9) were introduced to provide biotransformation rate data for the assessment of chemical bioaccumulation in fish. The present study explored the suitability of the RT-HEP and RT-S9 assays for difficult test chemicals, and the in vitro-based predictions were compared to in silico-based predictions and in vivo-measured bioconcentration factors (BCFs). The results show that volatile or reactive chemicals can be tested with minor modifications of the in vitro protocols. For hydrophobic chemicals, a passive dosing technique was developed. Finally, a design-of-experiment approach was used to identify optimal in vitro assay conditions. The modified assay protocols were applied to 10 fragrances with diverse physicochemical properties. The in vitro intrinsic clearance rates were higher in the S9 than in the hepatocyte assay, but the in vitro-in vivo (IVIV) predictions were comparable between the 2 assays. The IVIV predictions classified the test chemicals as nonbioaccumulative (BCF < 2000), which was in agreement with the in vivo data but in contrast to the in silico-based predictions. The findings from the present study provide strong evidence that the RT-HEP and RT-S9 assays can provide reliable estimates of in vivo biotransformation rates for test chemicals with difficult physicochemical properties. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2396-2408. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kropf
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Begnaud
- Corporate R&D Division/Analytical Innovation, Firmenich International, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Gimeno
- Legal and Compliance, Firmenich Belgium, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Berthaud
- Corporate R&D Division/Analytical Innovation, Firmenich International, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Debonneville
- Corporate R&D Division/Analytical Innovation, Firmenich International, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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15
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Bandookwala M, Nemani KS, Chatterjee B, Sengupta P. Reactive Metabolites: Generation and Estimation with Electrochemistry Based Analytical Strategy as an Emerging Screening Tool. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411016666200131154202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Analytical scientists have constantly been in search for more efficient and
economical methods for drug simulation studies. Owing to great progress in this field, there are various
techniques available nowadays that mimic drug metabolism in the hepatic microenvironment.
The conventional in vitro and in vivo studies pose inherent methodological drawbacks due to which
alternative analytical approaches are devised for different drug metabolism experiments.
Methods:
Electrochemistry has gained attention due to its benefits over conventional metabolism
studies. Because of the protein binding nature of reactive metabolites, it is difficult to identify them
directly after formation, although the use of trapping agents aids in their successful identification.
Furthermore, various scientific reports confirmed the successful simulation of drug metabolism studies
by electrochemical cells. Electrochemical cells coupled with chromatography and mass spectrometry
made it easy for direct detection of reactive metabolites. In this review, an insight into the application
of electrochemical techniques for metabolism simulation studies has been provided. The sole
use of electrochemical cells, as well as their setups on coupling to liquid chromatography and mass
spectrometry has been discussed. The importance of metabolism prediction in early drug discovery
and development stages along with a brief overview of other conventional methods has also been
highlighted.
Conclusion:
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article to review the electrochemistry
based strategy for the analysis of reactive metabolites. The outcome of this ‘first of its kind’ review
will significantly help the researchers in the application of electrochemistry based bioanalysis for metabolite
detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bandookwala
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Kavya Sri Nemani
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Bappaditya Chatterjee
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management (SPPSPTM), NMIMS University, Mumbai, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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16
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Monroe JJ, Tanis KQ, Podtelezhnikov AA, Nguyen T, Machotka SV, Lynch D, Evers R, Palamanda J, Miller RR, Pippert T, Cabalu TD, Johnson TE, Aslamkhan AG, Kang W, Tamburino AM, Mitra K, Agrawal NGB, Sistare FD. Application of a Rat Liver Drug Bioactivation Transcriptional Response Assay Early in Drug Development That Informs Chemically Reactive Metabolite Formation and Potential for Drug-induced Liver Injury. Toxicol Sci 2020; 177:281-299. [PMID: 32559301 PMCID: PMC7553701 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a major reason for drug candidate attrition from development, denied commercialization, market withdrawal, and restricted prescribing of pharmaceuticals. The metabolic bioactivation of drugs to chemically reactive metabolites (CRMs) contribute to liver-associated adverse drug reactions in humans that often goes undetected in conventional animal toxicology studies. A challenge for pharmaceutical drug discovery has been reliably selecting drug candidates with a low liability of forming CRM and reduced drug-induced liver injury potential, at projected therapeutic doses, without falsely restricting the development of safe drugs. We have developed an in vivo rat liver transcriptional signature biomarker reflecting the cellular response to drug bioactivation. Measurement of transcriptional activation of integrated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) electrophilic stress, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 1 (NRF1) proteasomal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses, is described for discerning estimated clinical doses of drugs with potential for bioactivation-mediated hepatotoxicity. The approach was established using well benchmarked CRM forming test agents from our company. This was subsequently tested using curated lists of commercial drugs and internal compounds, anchored in the clinical experience with human hepatotoxicity, while agnostic to mechanism. Based on results with 116 compounds in short-term rat studies, with consideration of the maximum recommended daily clinical dose, this CRM mechanism-based approach yielded 32% sensitivity and 92% specificity for discriminating safe from hepatotoxic drugs. The approach adds new information for guiding early candidate selection and informs structure activity relationships (SAR) thus enabling lead optimization and mechanistic problem solving. Additional refinement of the model is ongoing. Case examples are provided describing the strengths and limitations of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Donna Lynch
- Safety Assessment & Laboratory Animal Resources
| | - Raymond Evers
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Jairam Palamanda
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Randy R Miller
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | | | - Tamara D Cabalu
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | | | | | - Wen Kang
- Safety Assessment & Laboratory Animal Resources
| | | | - Kaushik Mitra
- Safety Assessment & Laboratory Animal Resources
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19486
| | - Nancy G B Agrawal
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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17
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Baker JR, Russell CC, Gilbert J, Sakoff JA, McCluskey A. Amino Alcohol Acrylonitriles as Activators of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway: An Unexpected MTT Phenotypic Screening Outcome. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:490-505. [PMID: 32012442 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Z)-N-(4-(2-cyano-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)vinyl)phenyl)acetamide, 1 showed MCF-7 GI50 =30 nM and 400-fold selective c.f. MCF10A (normal breast tissue). Acetamide moiety modification (13 a-g) to introduce additional hydrophobicity was favoured with MCF-7 breast cancer cell activity enhanced at 1.3 nM. Other analogues were potent against the HT29 colon cancer cell line at 23 nM. Textbook SAR data was observed in the MCF-7 cell line, in an MTT assay, via the ortho (17 a), meta (17 b) and para (13 f). The amino alcohol -OH moiety was pivotal, but no stereochemical preference noted. But, these data did not fit our homology modelling expectations. Aberrant MTT ((3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) screening results and metabolic interference confirmed by sulforhodamine B (SRB) screening. Interfering analogues resulted in 120 and 80-fold CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 amplification, with no upregulation of SULT1A1. This is consistent with activation of the AhR pathway. Piperidine per-deuteration reduced metabolic inactivation. 3-OH / 4-OH piperidine analogues showed differential MTT and SRB activity supporting MTT assay metabolic inactivation. Data supports piperidine 3-OH, but not the 4-OH, as a CYP substrate. This family of β-amino alcohol substituted 3,4-dichlorophenylacetonitriles show broad activity modulated via the AhR pathway. By SRB analysis the most potent analogue was 23 b, (Z)-3-(4-(3-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-acrylonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Cecilia C Russell
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jayne Gilbert
- Experimental Therapeutics Group Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Hospital, Edith Street, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Jennette A Sakoff
- Experimental Therapeutics Group Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Hospital, Edith Street, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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18
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Is there enough evidence to classify cycloalkyl amine substituents as structural alerts? Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 174:113796. [PMID: 31926938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Basic amine substituents provide several pharmacokinetic benefits relative to acidic and neutral functional groups, and have been extensively utilized as substituents of choice in drug design. On occasions, basic amines have been associated with off-target pharmacology via interactions with aminergic G-protein coupled receptors, ion-channels, kinases, etc. Structural features associated with the promiscuous nature of basic amines have been well-studied, and can be mitigated in a preclinical drug discovery environment. In addition to the undesirable secondary pharmacology, α-carbon oxidation of certain secondary or tertiary cycloalkyl amines can generate electrophilic iminium and aldehyde metabolites, potentially capable of covalent adduction to proteins or DNA. Consequently, cycloalkyl amines have been viewed as structural alerts (SAs), analogous to functional groups such as anilines, furans, thiophenes, etc., which are oxidized to reactive metabolites that generate immunogenic haptens by covalently binding to host proteins. Detailed survey of the literature, however, suggests that cases where preclinical or clinical toxicity has been explicitly linked to the metabolic activation of a cycloalkyl amine group are extremely rare. Moreover, there is a distinct possibility for the formation of electrophilic iminium/amino-aldehyde metabolites with numerous cycloalkyl amine-containing marketed drugs, since stable ring cleavage products have been characterized as metabolites in human mass balance studies. In the present work, a critical analysis of the evidence for and against the role of iminium ions/aldehydes as mediators of toxicity is discussed with a special emphasis on often time overlooked detoxication pathways of these reactive species to innocuous metabolites.
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19
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Kowalski JP, McDonald MG, Whittington D, Guttman M, Scian M, Girhard M, Hanenberg H, Wiek C, Rettie AE. Structure–Activity Relationships for CYP4B1 Bioactivation of 4-Ipomeanol Congeners: Direct Correlation between Cytotoxicity and Trapped Reactive Intermediates. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2488-2498. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John P. Kowalski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Matthew G. McDonald
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Dale Whittington
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Michele Scian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Marco Girhard
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children’s Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Allan E. Rettie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
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20
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Jeon J, Hollender J. In vitro biotransformation of pharmaceuticals and pesticides by trout liver S9 in the presence and absence of carbamazepine. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109513. [PMID: 31421535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop (i) a technique for identifying metabolites of organic contaminants by using an in vitro system of trout S9 and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry-based identification method and (ii) to apply this technique to identify the interactive potential of carbamazepine on the formation rate of other metabolites. The pharmaceuticals carbamazepine and propranolol and the pesticides azoxystrobin, diazinon, and fipronil were selected as test contaminants. As a result, a total of ten metabolites were identified for the five parent substances, six of which were confirmed using reference standards. Metabolic reactions included hydroxylation, epoxidation, S-oxidation, and dealkylation. The metabolic transformation rate ranged from 0.2 to 3.5 pmol/mg protein/min/μmol substrate. In the binary exposure experiment with increasing carbamazepine concentration, the formation rates of diazinon and fipronil metabolites (MDI2 and MFP2, respectively) increased, while formation of metabolites of propranolol and azoxystrobin (MPR1, MPR2, MPR3, and MAZ1) slowed down. Meanwhile, S9 pre-exposed to carbamazepine produced diazoxon, a toxic metabolite of diazinon, and pyrimidinol, a less toxic metabolite, more rapidly. These results suggest that carbamazepine, a perennial environmental pollutant, might modulate the toxicity of other substances such as diazinon but further in vivo studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Jeon
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, South Korea; School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, South Korea; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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21
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Ji C, Guha M, Zhu X, Whritenour J, Hemkens M, Tse S, Walker GS, Evans E, Khan NK, Finkelstein MB, Callegari E, Obach RS. Enzalutamide and Apalutamide: In Vitro Chemical Reactivity Studies and Activity in a Mouse Drug Allergy Model. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:211-222. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changhua Ji
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mausumee Guha
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Xu Zhu
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jessica Whritenour
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michelle Hemkens
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Susanna Tse
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory S. Walker
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ellen Evans
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nasir K. Khan
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Martin B. Finkelstein
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Ernesto Callegari
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - R. Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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22
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Abstract
Cumulative research over several decades has implicated the involvement of reactive metabolites in many idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs). Consequently, "avoidance" strategies have been inserted into drug discovery paradigms, which include the exclusion of structural alerts and possible termination of reactive metabolite-positive compounds. Several noteworthy examples where reactive metabolite-related liabilities have been resolved through structure-metabolism studies are presented herein. Considerable progress has also been made in addressing the limitations of the avoidance strategy and further refining the process of managing reactive metabolite issues in drug development. These efforts primarily stemmed from the observation that numerous drugs, which contain structural alerts and/or form reactive metabolites, are devoid of ADRs. The Perspective also dwells into an analysis of the structural alert/reactive metabolite concept with a discussion of risk mitigation tactics to support the progression of reactive metabolite-positive drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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23
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Chang JH, Sangaraju D, Liu N, Jaochico A, Plise E. Comprehensive Evaluation of Bile Acid Homeostasis in Human Hepatocyte Co-Culture in the Presence of Troglitazone, Pioglitazone, and Acetylsalicylic Acid. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4230-4240. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae H. Chang
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dewakar Sangaraju
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ning Liu
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Allan Jaochico
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Emile Plise
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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24
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Zhang S, Wang Z, Chen J. Physiologically based toxicokinetics (PBTK) models for pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio). CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:793-801. [PMID: 30612048 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are regarded as "pseudo-persistent" pollutants due to their being continuously loaded into the aquatic environment. Physiologically based toxicokinetics (PBTK) models that can quantitatively describe absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion processes of chemicals in biota are of importance to predict internal exposure (e.g. doses at specific target tissues/organs) from external exposure concentrations. In this study, PBTK models with up to six compartments including brain, liver, kidney, gills, richly perfused tissues and poorly perfused tissues, were developed for predicting internal distribution of 10 PPCPs in wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The PBTK predicted concentrations were close to the measured ones, with deviations less than 1 log unit for most of PPCPs. Sensitivity analysis showed that various partition coefficients of the chemicals exerted significant influence on model outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China.
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25
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Kakutani N, Nanayama T, Nomura Y. Novel risk assessment of reactive metabolites from discovery to clinical stage. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:201-211. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kakutani
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute
| | - Toyomichi Nanayama
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute
| | - Yukihiro Nomura
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute
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26
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Uetrecht J. Mechanisms of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 85:133-163. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Liu L, Fu L, Zhang JW, Wei H, Ye WL, Deng ZK, Zhang L, Cheng Y, Ouyang D, Cao Q, Cao DS. Three-Level Hepatotoxicity Prediction System Based on Adverse Hepatic Effects. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:393-408. [PMID: 30475633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is a major cause of drug withdrawal from the market. To reduce the drug attrition induced by hepatotoxicity, an accurate and efficient hepatotoxicity prediction system must be constructed. In the present study, we constructed a three-level hepatotoxicity prediction system based on different levels of adverse hepatic effects (AHEs) combined with machine learning, using (1) an end point, hepatotoxicity; (2) four hepatotoxicity severity degrees; and (3) specific AHEs. After collecting and curing 15 873 compound-AHE pairs associated with 2017 compounds and 403 AHEs, we constructed 27 models with three end point levels with the random forest algorithm, and obtained accuracies ranging from 67.0 to 78.2% and the area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) of 0.715-0.875. The 27 models were fully integrated into a tiered hepatotoxicity prediction system. The existence of hepatotoxicity existence, severity degree, and potential AHEs for a given compound could be inferred simultaneously and systematically. Thus, the tiered hepatotoxicity prediction system allows researchers to have significant confidence in confirming compound hepatotoxicity, analyzing hepatotoxicity from multiple perspectives, obtaining warnings for the potential hepatotoxicity severity, and even rapidly selecting the proper in vitro experiments for hepatotoxicity verification. We also applied three external sets (11 drugs or candidates that failed in clinical trials or were withdrawn from the market, the PharmGKB (offsides) database, and an herbal hepatotoxicity data set) to test and validate the prediction ability of our system. Furthermore, the hepatotoxicity prediction system was adapted into a flow framework based on the Konstanz Information Miner, which was made available for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Central South University , Changsha , People's Republic of China
| | - Li Fu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Central South University , Changsha , People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Wei Zhang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Central South University , Changsha , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wei
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Central South University , Changsha , People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ling Ye
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Central South University , Changsha , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Ke Deng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Central South University , Changsha , People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha 410004 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Central South University , Changsha , People's Republic of China
| | - Defang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS) , University of Macau , Macau , China
| | - Qian Cao
- Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University , Beijing 100001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Sheng Cao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Central South University , Changsha , People's Republic of China
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28
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Jackson KD, Durandis R, Vergne MJ. Role of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in the Metabolic Activation of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2367. [PMID: 30103502 PMCID: PMC6121577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are a rapidly expanding class of molecular targeted therapies for the treatment of various types of cancer and other diseases. An increasing number of clinically important small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been shown to undergo cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation to form chemically reactive, potentially toxic products. Metabolic activation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors is proposed to contribute to the development of serious adverse reactions, including idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. This article will review recent findings and ongoing studies to elucidate the link between drug metabolism and tyrosine kinase inhibitor-associated hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klarissa D Jackson
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA.
| | - Rebecca Durandis
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA.
| | - Matthew J Vergne
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA.
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Kenna JG, Uetrecht J. Do In Vitro Assays Predict Drug Candidate Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury Risk? Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1658-1669. [PMID: 30021844 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro assays are commonly used during drug discovery to try to decrease the risk of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI). But how effective are they at predicting risk? One of the most widely used methods evaluates cell cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity assays that used cell lines that are very different from normal hepatocytes, and high concentrations of drug, were not very accurate at predicting idiosyncratic drug reaction risk. Even cytotoxicity assays that use more biologically normal cells resulted in many false-positive and false-negative results. Assays that quantify reactive metabolite formation, mitochondrial injury, and bile salt export pump (BSEP) inhibition have also been described. Although evidence suggests that reactive metabolite formation and BSEP inhibition can play a role in the mechanism of iDILI, these assays are not very accurate at predicting risk. In contrast, inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain appears not to play an important role in the mechanism of iDILI, although other types of mitochondrial injury may do so. It is likely that there are many additional mechanisms by which drugs can cause iDILI. However, simply measuring more parameters is unlikely to provide better predictive assays unless those parameters are actually involved in the mechanism of iDILI. Hence, a better mechanistic understanding of iDILI is required; however, mechanistic studies of iDILI are very difficult. There is substantive evidence that most iDILI is immune mediated; therefore, the most accurate assays may involve those that determine immune responses to drugs. New methods to manipulate immune tolerance may greatly facilitate development of more suitable methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gerry Kenna
- Safer Medicines Trust, Kingsbridge, United Kingdom (J.G.K.); and Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.U.)
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- Safer Medicines Trust, Kingsbridge, United Kingdom (J.G.K.); and Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.U.)
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30
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Latif M, Ashraf Z, Basit S, Ghaffar A, Zafar MS, Saeed A, Meo SA. Latest perspectives of orally bioavailable 2,4-diarylaminopyrimidine analogues (DAAPalogues) as anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors: discovery and clinical developments. RSC Adv 2018; 8:16470-16493. [PMID: 35540549 PMCID: PMC9080316 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01934g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The course of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) therapy has improved impressively. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved crizotinib (Xalkori, Pfizer) as a first-in-class tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that demonstrated a substantial objective response rate (ORR) and remarkable progression-free survival (PFS). However, acquired resistance to crizotinib is still a major concern especially as the central nervous system (CNS) remains the most common sites of relapse. To combat disease resistance, limited PFS and poor CNS exposure exhibited by crizotinib (Xalkori, Pfizer) led to the discovery of numerous next generation ALK-TKIs and surprisingly most of them are 2,4-Diarylaminopyrimidine Analogues (DAAPalogues). To date, DAAPalogues have been investigated extensively to display their superior potency against numerous kinase targets especially ALK/ROS1. This review describes hit-to-drug evolution strategies, activity spectra, milestones related to medicinal chemistry discovery efforts and scalable synthetic pathways of clinically emerging DAAPalouges which are either progressing as investigational or preclinical candidates. In addition, the significance of DAAPalogues to treat the patients with ALK+-NSCLC in clinical settings has been detailed. This review is beneficial for medicinal chemists and researchers contributing to discovering ALK-TKIs to overcome existing issues related to DAAPalouges in the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Latif
- College of Medicine, Centre for Genetics and Inherited Diseases (CGID), Taibah University Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Sulman Basit
- College of Medicine, Centre for Genetics and Inherited Diseases (CGID), Taibah University Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Ghaffar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Sultan Ayoub Meo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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31
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- und tritiummarkierte Verbindungen: Anwendungen in den modernen Biowissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- and Tritium-Labelled Compounds: Applications in the Life Sciences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1758-1784. [PMID: 28815899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen isotopes are unique tools for identifying and understanding biological and chemical processes. Hydrogen isotope labelling allows for the traceless and direct incorporation of an additional mass or radioactive tag into an organic molecule with almost no changes in its chemical structure, physical properties, or biological activity. Using deuterium-labelled isotopologues to study the unique mass-spectrometric patterns generated from mixtures of biologically relevant molecules drastically simplifies analysis. Such methods are now providing unprecedented levels of insight in a wide and continuously growing range of applications in the life sciences and beyond. Tritium (3 H), in particular, has seen an increase in utilization, especially in pharmaceutical drug discovery. The efforts and costs associated with the synthesis of labelled compounds are more than compensated for by the enhanced molecular sensitivity during analysis and the high reliability of the data obtained. In this Review, advances in the application of hydrogen isotopes in the life sciences are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
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Zhuo Y, Wu JL, Yan X, Guo MQ, Liu N, Zhou H, Liu L, Li N. Strategy for Hepatotoxicity Prediction Induced by Drug Reactive Metabolites Using Human Liver Microsome and Online 2D-Nano-LC-MS Analysis. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13167-13175. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhuo
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Jian-Lin Wu
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
- Changzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 25 Heping North Road, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Ming-Quan Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture,
Wuhan Botanical Garden, Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Central
Laboratory, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Liang Liu
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Na Li
- State
Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
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Weaver RJ, Betts C, Blomme EAG, Gerets HHJ, Gjervig Jensen K, Hewitt PG, Juhila S, Labbe G, Liguori MJ, Mesens N, Ogese MO, Persson M, Snoeys J, Stevens JL, Walker T, Park BK. Test systems in drug discovery for hazard identification and risk assessment of human drug-induced liver injury. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:767-782. [PMID: 28604124 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1341489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The liver is an important target for drug-induced toxicities. Early detection of hepatotoxic drugs requires use of well-characterized test systems, yet current knowledge, gaps and limitations of tests employed remains an important issue for drug development. Areas Covered: The current state of the science, understanding and application of test systems in use for the detection of drug-induced cytotoxicity, mitochondrial toxicity, cholestasis and inflammation is summarized. The test systems highlighted herein cover mostly in vitro and some in vivo models and endpoint measurements used in the assessment of small molecule toxic liabilities. Opportunities for research efforts in areas necessitating the development of specific tests and improved mechanistic understanding are highlighted. Expert Opinion: Use of in vitro test systems for safety optimization will remain a core activity in drug discovery. Substantial inroads have been made with a number of assays established for human Drug-induced Liver Injury. There nevertheless remain significant gaps with a need for improved in vitro tools and novel tests to address specific mechanisms of human Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Progress in these areas will necessitate not only models fit for application, but also mechanistic understanding of how chemical insult on the liver occurs in order to identify translational and quantifiable readouts for decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Weaver
- a Research & Biopharmacy, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier , Suresnes , France
| | - Catherine Betts
- b Pathology Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism , AstraZeneca R&D , Cambridge , UK
| | | | - Helga H J Gerets
- d Non Clinical Development, Chemin du Foriest , UCB BioPharma SPRL , Braine L'Alleud , Belgium
| | | | - Philip G Hewitt
- f Non-Clinical Development, Merck KGaA , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Satu Juhila
- g In Vitro Biology , Orion Pharma , Espoo , Finland
| | - Gilles Labbe
- h Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety , Sanofi R&D , Paris , France
| | | | - Natalie Mesens
- i Preclinical Development & Safety, Janssen (Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson) Turnhoutseweg 30 , Beerse , Belgium
| | - Monday O Ogese
- j Pathology Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism , AstraZeneca R&D , Cambridge , UK
| | - Mikael Persson
- k Innovative Medicines and Early Clinical Development, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Discovery Safety , AstraZeneca R&D , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Jan Snoeys
- l Pharmacokinetics Dynamics & Metabolism, Janssen (Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson) Turnhoutseweg 30 , Beerse , Belgium
| | - James L Stevens
- m Dept of Toxicology , Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , Indiana , USA
| | - Tracy Walker
- n Investigative Safety & Drug Metabolism , GlaxoSmithKline, David Jack Centre for Research and Development , Ware , Herts , Hertfordshire, UK
| | - B Kevin Park
- o Institute of Translational Medicine , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
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Abstract
A number of drugs have been withdrawn from the market or severely restricted in their use because of unexpected toxicities that become apparent only after the launch of new drug entities. Circumstantial evidence suggests that, in most cases, reactive metabolites are responsible for these unexpected toxicities. In this review, a general overview of the types of reactive metabolites and the consequences of their formation are presented. The current approaches to evaluate bioactivation potential of new compounds with particular emphasis on the advantages and limitation of these procedures will be discussed. Reasonable reasons for the excellent safety record of certain drugs susceptible to bioactivation will also be explored and should provide valuable guidance in the use of reactive-metabolite assessments when nominating drug candidates for development. This will, in turn, help us to design and bring safer drugs to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmacy; King Saud University; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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36
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Kalgutkar AS. Liabilities Associated with the Formation of “Hard” Electrophiles in Reactive Metabolite Trapping Screens. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:220-238. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit S. Kalgutkar
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism − New Chemical
Entities, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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37
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L, Donato MT. Upgrading HepG2 cells with adenoviral vectors that encode drug-metabolizing enzymes: application for drug hepatotoxicity testing. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:137-148. [PMID: 27671376 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1238459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug attrition rates due to hepatotoxicity are an important safety issue considered in drug development. The HepG2 hepatoma cell line is currently being used for drug-induced hepatotoxicity evaluations, but its expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes is poor compared with hepatocytes. Different approaches have been proposed to upgrade HepG2 cells for more reliable drug-induced liver injury predictions. Areas covered: We describe the advantages and limitations of HepG2 cells transduced with adenoviral vectors that encode drug-metabolizing enzymes for safety risk assessments of bioactivable compounds. Adenoviral transduction facilitates efficient and controlled delivery of multiple drug-metabolizing activities to HepG2 cells at comparable levels to primary human hepatocytes by generating an 'artificial hepatocyte'. Furthermore, adenoviral transduction enables the design of tailored cells expressing particular metabolic capacities. Expert opinion: Upgraded HepG2 cells that recreate known inter-individual variations in hepatic CYP and conjugating activities due to both genetic (e.g., polymorphisms) or environmental (e.g., induction, inhibition) factors seems a suitable model to identify bioactivable drug and conduct hepatotoxicity risk assessments. This strategy should enable the generation of customized cells by reproducing human pheno- and genotypic CYP variability to represent a valuable human hepatic cell model to develop new safer drugs and to improve existing predictive toxicity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M José Gómez-Lechón
- a Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Valencia , Spain.,b CIBEREHD, FIS , Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- a Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Valencia , Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- a Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Valencia , Spain.,b CIBEREHD, FIS , Spain.,c Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Valencia , Valencia , Spain
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38
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Ortega-Alonso A, Stephens C, Lucena MI, Andrade RJ. Case Characterization, Clinical Features and Risk Factors in Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E714. [PMID: 27187363 PMCID: PMC4881536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by xenobiotics (drugs, herbals and dietary supplements) presents with a range of both phenotypes and severity, from acute hepatitis indistinguishable of viral hepatitis to autoimmune syndromes, steatosis or rare chronic vascular syndromes, and from asymptomatic liver test abnormalities to acute liver failure. DILI pathogenesis is complex, depending on the interaction of drug physicochemical properties and host factors. The awareness of risk factors for DILI is arising from the analysis of large databases of DILI cases included in Registries and Consortia networks around the world. These networks are also enabling in-depth phenotyping with the identification of predictors for severe outcome, including acute liver failure and mortality/liver transplantation. Genome wide association studies taking advantage of these large cohorts have identified several alleles from the major histocompatibility complex system indicating a fundamental role of the adaptive immune system in DILI pathogenesis. Correct case definition and characterization is crucial for appropriate phenotyping, which in turn will strengthen sample collection for genotypic and future biomarkers studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Ortega-Alonso
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Digestivas y Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Camilla Stephens
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Digestivas y Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Isabel Lucena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Digestivas y Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raúl J Andrade
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Ebbrell DJ, Madden JC, Cronin MTD, Schultz TW, Enoch SJ. Development of a Fragment-Based in Silico Profiler for Michael Addition Thiol Reactivity. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1073-81. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Ebbrell
- School
of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, England
| | - Judith C. Madden
- School
of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, England
| | - Mark T. D. Cronin
- School
of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, England
| | - Terry W. Schultz
- Department
of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Steven J. Enoch
- School
of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, England
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40
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Wang J, Wang J, Xu C, Liu R, Chen Y. Molecular mechanism of catalase activity change under sodium dodecyl sulfate-induced oxidative stress in the mouse primary hepatocytes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 307:173-183. [PMID: 26780704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) contributes to adverse effects of organisms probably because of its ability to induce oxidative stress via changing the activity of antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT). But the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain unclear. This study characterized the harmful effects of SDS-induced oxidative stress on the mouse primary hepatocytes as well as the structure and function of CAT molecule and investigated the underlying molecular mechanism. After 12h SDS (0.1μM to 0.2mM) exposure, no significant change was observed in CAT activity of the hepatocytes. After 0.5 and 0.8mM SDS exposure, the state of oxidative stress stimulated CAT production in the hepatocytes. The inhibition of CAT activity induced by directly interacting with SDS was unable to catch the synthesis of CAT and therefore resulted in the increased activity and elevated ROS level. Further molecular experiments showed that SDS prefers to bind to the interface with no direct effect on the active site and the structure of heme groups of CAT molecule. When the sites in the interface is saturated, SDS interacts with VAL 73, HIS 74, ASN 147 and PHE 152, the key residues of the enzyme activity, and leads to the decrease of CAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 27# Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Jiaxi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 27# Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Chi Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 27# Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 27# Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Yadong Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang,Nanjing 210009, PR China
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41
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Li D, Fu YJ, Rusling JF. Characterizing protein modifications by reactive metabolites using magnetic bead bioreactors and LC-MS/MS. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:4701-3. [PMID: 25693065 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00420a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here label-free metabolite-protein adduct detection and identification employing magnetic beads coated with metabolic enzymes as bioreactors to generate metabolites and possible metabolite-protein adducts for analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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42
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Foufelle F, Fromenty B. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in drug-induced toxicity. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00211. [PMID: 26977301 PMCID: PMC4777263 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug‐induced toxicity is a key issue for public health because some side effects can be severe and life‐threatening. These adverse effects can also be a major concern for the pharmaceutical companies since significant toxicity can lead to the interruption of clinical trials, or the withdrawal of the incriminated drugs from the market. Recent studies suggested that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress could be an important event involved in drug liability, in addition to other key mechanisms such as mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Indeed, drug‐induced ER stress could lead to several deleterious effects within cells and tissues including accumulation of lipids, cell death, cytolysis, and inflammation. After recalling important information regarding drug‐induced adverse reactions and ER stress in diverse pathophysiological situations, this review summarizes the main data pertaining to drug‐induced ER stress and its potential involvement in different adverse effects. Drugs presented in this review are for instance acetaminophen (APAP), arsenic trioxide and other anticancer drugs, diclofenac, and different antiretroviral compounds. We also included data on tunicamycin (an antibiotic not used in human medicine because of its toxicity) and thapsigargin (a toxic compound of the Mediterranean plant Thapsia garganica) since both molecules are commonly used as prototypical toxins to induce ER stress in cellular and animal models.
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43
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Thompson RA, Isin EM, Ogese MO, Mettetal JT, Williams DP. Reactive Metabolites: Current and Emerging Risk and Hazard Assessments. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:505-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Thompson
- DMPK, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Emre M. Isin
- DMPK, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Monday O. Ogese
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome T. Mettetal
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, 35 Gatehouse Dr, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Dominic P. Williams
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
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44
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L, Donato MT. Metabolic activation and drug-induced liver injury: in vitro approaches for the safety risk assessment of new drugs. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:752-68. [PMID: 26691983 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant leading cause of hepatic dysfunction, drug failure during clinical trials and post-market withdrawal of approved drugs. Many cases of DILI are unexpected reactions of an idiosyncratic nature that occur in a small group of susceptible individuals. Intensive research efforts have been made to understand better the idiosyncratic DILI and to identify potential risk factors. Metabolic bioactivation of drugs to form reactive metabolites is considered an initiation mechanism for idiosyncratic DILI. Reactive species may interact irreversibly with cell macromolecules (covalent binding, oxidative damage), and alter their structure and activity. This review focuses on proposed in vitro screening strategies to predict and reduce idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity associated with drug bioactivation. Compound incubation with metabolically competent biological systems (liver-derived cells, subcellular fractions), in combination with methods to reveal the formation of reactive intermediates (e.g., formation of adducts with liver proteins, metabolite trapping or enzyme inhibition assays), are approaches commonly used to screen the reactivity of new molecules in early drug development. Several cell-based assays have also been proposed for the safety risk assessment of bioactivable compounds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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MESH Headings
- Activation, Metabolic
- Animals
- Cell Culture Techniques/trends
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/epidemiology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/metabolism
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology
- Coculture Techniques/trends
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/trends
- Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects
- Drugs, Investigational/chemistry
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacokinetics
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques/trends
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Microfluidics/methods
- Microfluidics/trends
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/enzymology
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/drug effects
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/pathology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
- Tissue Scaffolds/trends
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Affiliation(s)
- M José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, FIS, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, FIS, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
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45
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Lassila T, Rousu T, Mattila S, Chesné C, Pelkonen O, Turpeinen M, Tolonen A. Formation of GSH-trapped reactive metabolites in human liver microsomes, S9 fraction, HepaRG-cells, and human hepatocytes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:345-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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46
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Garcia-Serna R, Vidal D, Remez N, Mestres J. Large-Scale Predictive Drug Safety: From Structural Alerts to Biological Mechanisms. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1875-87. [PMID: 26360911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent explosion of data linking drugs, proteins, and pathways with safety events has promoted the development of integrative systems approaches to large-scale predictive drug safety. The added value of such approaches is that, beyond the traditional identification of potentially labile chemical fragments for selected toxicity end points, they have the potential to provide mechanistic insights for a much larger and diverse set of safety events in a statistically sound nonsupervised manner, based on the similarity to drug classes, the interaction with secondary targets, and the interference with biological pathways. The combined identification of chemical and biological hazards enhances our ability to assess the safety risk of bioactive small molecules with higher confidence than that using structural alerts only. We are still a very long way from reliably predicting drug safety, but advances toward gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to adverse outcomes represent a step forward in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricard Garcia-Serna
- Chemotargets SL , Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 4 (TI-05A7), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - David Vidal
- Chemotargets SL , Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 4 (TI-05A7), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nikita Remez
- Chemotargets SL , Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 4 (TI-05A7), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Systems Pharmacology, Research Program on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute and University Pompeu Fabra , Parc de Recerca Biomèdica, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Mestres
- Chemotargets SL , Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 4 (TI-05A7), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Systems Pharmacology, Research Program on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute and University Pompeu Fabra , Parc de Recerca Biomèdica, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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47
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Ryan E, Morrow BJ, Hemley CF, Pinson JA, Charman SA, Chiu FCK, Foitzik RC. Evidence for the in Vitro Bioactivation of Aminopyrazole Derivatives: Trapping Reactive Aminopyrazole Intermediates Using Glutathione Ethyl Ester in Human Liver Microsomes. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1747-52. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin J. Morrow
- Cancer Therapeutics CRC, 343
Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Catherine F. Hemley
- Cancer Therapeutics CRC, 343
Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Jo-Anne Pinson
- Cancer Therapeutics CRC, 343
Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | | | | | - Richard C. Foitzik
- Cancer Therapeutics CRC, 343
Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
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48
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Yamaoka T, Kitamura Y. Characterization of a highly sensitive and selective novel trapping reagent, stable isotope labeled glutathione ethyl ester, for the detection of reactive metabolites. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 76:83-95. [PMID: 26314789 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.08.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glutathione (GSH) trapping assays are widely used to predict the post-marketing risk for idiosyncratic drug reactions (IDRs) in the pharmaceutical industry. Although several GSH derivatives have been introduced as trapping reagents for reactive intermediates, more sensitive and selective reagents are desired to prevent the generation of erroneous results. In this study, stable isotope labeled GSH ethyl ester (GSHEE-d5) was designed and its detection capability was evaluated. METHODS GSHEE-d5 was synthesized and its detection potential was compared with stable isotope labeled GSH ([(13)C2,(15)N]GSH) as a reference trapping reagent. The trapping reagents were added to human liver microsomes as a 1:1 mixture with GSHEE or GSH, respectively, and incubated with seven IDR positive drugs and three IDR negative drugs. The adducts formed between the reagents and reactive metabolites were analyzed by unit resolution mass spectrometer (MS) using isotope pattern-dependent scan with neutral loss filtering. RESULTS A single-step reaction of GSH and ethanol-d6 produced GSHEE-d5 with a yield of 85%. The GSHEE-d5 assay detected adducts with all seven IDR positive drugs, and no adducts were detected with the three IDR negative drugs. In contrast, the [(13)C2,(15)N]GSH assay failed to detect adducts with three of the IDR positive drugs. In the case of diclofenac, the GSHEE-d5 assay showed a 4-times greater signal intensity than the [(13)C2,(15)N]GSH assay. DISCUSSION GSHEE-d5 enabled the detection of reactive metabolites with greater sensitivity and selectivity than [(13)C2,(15)N]GSH. These results demonstrate that GSHEE-d5 would be a useful trapping reagent for evaluating the risk of IDRs with unit resolution MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Yamaoka
- DMPK Research Laboratory, Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Kitamura
- DMPK Research Laboratory, Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848, Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan.
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49
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Chen M, Suzuki A, Borlak J, Andrade RJ, Lucena MI. Drug-induced liver injury: Interactions between drug properties and host factors. J Hepatol 2015; 63:503-14. [PMID: 25912521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a common cause for drug withdrawal from the market and although infrequent, DILI can result in serious clinical outcomes including acute liver failure and the need for liver transplantation. Eliminating the iatrogenic "harm" caused by a therapeutic intent is a priority in patient care. However, identifying culprit drugs and individuals at risk for DILI remains challenging. Apart from genetic factors predisposing individuals at risk, the role of the drugs' physicochemical and toxicological properties and their interactions with host and environmental factors need to be considered. The influence of these factors on mechanisms involved in DILI is multi-layered. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on 1) drug properties associated with hepatotoxicity, 2) host factors considered to modify an individuals' risk for DILI and clinical phenotypes, and 3) drug-host interactions. We aim at clarifying knowledge gaps needed to be filled in as to improve risk stratification in patient care. We therefore broadly discuss relevant areas of future research. Emerging insight will stimulate new investigational approaches to facilitate the discovery of clinical DILI risk modifiers in the context of disease complexity and associated interactions with drug properties, and hence will be able to move towards safety personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Chen
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Gastroenterology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Jürgen Borlak
- Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Raúl J Andrade
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Digestivas, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Isabel Lucena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Digestivas, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
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50
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Analytical challenges for conducting rapid metabolism characterization for QIVIVE. Toxicology 2015; 332:20-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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