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Eiberg M. Cognitive Functioning of Children in Out-of-Home Care. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2024; 17:217-230. [PMID: 38938961 PMCID: PMC11199474 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-023-00580-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most children who enter out-of-home care (OHC) have been subjected to prolonged maltreatment. Maltreatment potentially contributes to a cumulative deficit in neurocognitive maturation and development that is likely to proceed with the child's placement into OHC and persist throughout adulthood. From the theoretical perspective of how maltreatment may affect the developing brain, this study examines the IQ and executive function of children placed in OHC on standardized, norm-referenced measures. Furthermore, the study investigates the prevalence of serious cognitive delays, defined by scores in the clinical range on the administered instruments. METHODS The study included 153 children in foster care (66% female), aged 6-15 (M = 10.5, SD = 2.1). Independent two-sample t-tests were run to test for significant differences between the sample and the norm population on the applied neuropsychological measures. RESULTS The results showed that discrepancies in cognitive development were global in scope, with the children lagging significantly behind the norm population on all applied measures with discrepancies ranging from 0.61 to 2.10 SD (p < .001). Also, serious developmental delays in all cognitive domains were vastly overrepresented in the sample ranging from 11.3% (IQ) to 66.0% (executive function). CONCLUSIONS The results document a very high prevalence of cognitive deficits and delays among the children in the sample. The implications of identifying the neurocognitive effects of maltreatment in the practices of the child welfare system are discussed in terms of developing suitable assessment and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misja Eiberg
- VIVE - The Danish Center for Social Science Research, Herluf Trolles gade 11, 1052 , Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Cheng YT, Woo J, Luna-Figueroa E, Maleki E, Harmanci AS, Deneen B. Social deprivation induces astrocytic TRPA1-GABA suppression of hippocampal circuits. Neuron 2023; 111:1301-1315.e5. [PMID: 36787749 PMCID: PMC10121837 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Social experience is essential for the development and maintenance of higher-order brain function. Social deprivation results in a host of cognitive deficits, and cellular studies have largely focused on associated neuronal dysregulation; how astrocyte function is impacted by social deprivation is unknown. Here, we show that hippocampal astrocytes from juvenile mice subjected to social isolation exhibit increased Ca2+ activity and global changes in gene expression. We found that the Ca2+ channel TRPA1 is upregulated in astrocytes after social deprivation and astrocyte-specific deletion of TRPA1 reverses the physiological and cognitive deficits associated with social deprivation. Mechanistically, TRPA1 inhibition of hippocampal circuits is mediated by a parallel increase of astrocytic production and release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA after social deprivation. Collectively, our studies reveal how astrocyte function is tuned to social experience and identifies a social-context-specific mechanism by which astrocytic TRPA1 and GABA coordinately suppress hippocampal circuit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Cheng
- Center for Cancer Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junsung Woo
- Center for Cancer Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Estefania Luna-Figueroa
- Center for Cancer Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ehson Maleki
- Center for Cancer Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Deneen
- Center for Cancer Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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3
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Denis F, Mahalli R, Delpierre A, Romagna C, Selimovic D, Renaud M. Psychobiological Factors in Global Health and Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116728. [PMID: 35682311 PMCID: PMC9180632 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Psychobiological research is a systems approach that aims to integrate the biological, psychological and social systems that may influence health or pathology, particularly in chronic diseases and physical and/or psychiatric disorders. In this approach, we can expect to be able to deduce a ‘biological signature’ associated with particular symptom clusters. Similarly, psychosocial factors such as life events, health attitudes and behaviours, social support, psychological well-being, spirituality and personality are to be considered in terms of their influence on individual vulnerability to disease. At the psychophysiological level, it is important to understand, for example, the pathways that link the effects of chronic stress, social support and health, through the neuroendocrine and autonomic mechanisms that determine stress responses. At the macroscopic level, the role of individual socio-demographic variables such as personality, treatment modalities and health promotion through psycho-educational interventions needs to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Denis
- Department of Odontology, Tours University Hospital Center, 37000 Tours, France; (R.M.); (A.D.); (C.R.); (D.S.)
- Faculty of Dentistry, Nantes University, 44000 Nantes, France
- EA 75-05 Education, Ethics, Health, Faculty of Medicine, François-Rabelais University, 37000 Tours, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Rachid Mahalli
- Department of Odontology, Tours University Hospital Center, 37000 Tours, France; (R.M.); (A.D.); (C.R.); (D.S.)
- U1253, iBrain, CIC1415, Inserm, University Hospital Centre, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Alexis Delpierre
- Department of Odontology, Tours University Hospital Center, 37000 Tours, France; (R.M.); (A.D.); (C.R.); (D.S.)
| | - Christine Romagna
- Department of Odontology, Tours University Hospital Center, 37000 Tours, France; (R.M.); (A.D.); (C.R.); (D.S.)
| | - Denis Selimovic
- Department of Odontology, Tours University Hospital Center, 37000 Tours, France; (R.M.); (A.D.); (C.R.); (D.S.)
| | - Matthieu Renaud
- Laboratory Bioengineering Nanosciences LBN, University of Montpellier, 34193 Montpellier, France;
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4
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Optimized Clinical Strategies for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Integrating Ketamine Protocols with Trauma- and Attachment-Informed Psychotherapy. PSYCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/psych4010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategically timed trauma- and attachment-informed psychotherapy to address underlying emotional wounds, paired with ketamine administered in precision-calibrated doses to ensure high-entropy brain states, may be key to improving the quality and duration of ketamine’s therapeutic efficacy for treatment-resistant depression. This approach optimizes the opportunities for change created by ketamine’s known effects as a rapid antidepressant that stimulates synaptogenesis, normalizes neural connectivity and coherence, enhances neuroplasticity, reduces inflammation, and induces high-entropy brain states with associated subjective psychedelic experiences. Ketamine, a non-selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist is a safe, effective, fast-acting dissociative anesthetic that, as a standalone treatment, also exhibits rapid sustained antidepressant effects, even in many patients with treatment-resistant depression. A prior history of developmental trauma and attachment injuries are known primary factors in the etiology of treatment resistance in depression and other mental disorders. Thus, the adjunct of targeted psychotherapy attuned to trauma and attachment injuries may enhance and prolong ketamine efficacy and provide an opportunity for lasting therapeutic change. Psychotherapy engagement during repeated ketamine sessions for patient safety and integration of altered states, paired with separate individualized psychotherapy-only sessions timed 24–48 h post ketamine induction, takes advantage of peak ketamine-induced dendritic spine growth in the prefrontal cortex and limbic system, and normalized network connectivity across brain structures. This strategically timed paired-session approach also exploits the therapeutic potential created by precision-calibrated ketamine-linked high-entropy brain states and associated psychedelic experiences that are posited to disrupt overly rigid maladaptive thoughts, behaviors, and disturbing memories associated with treatment-resistant depression; paired sessions also support integration of the felt sense of happiness and connectivity associated with psychedelic experiences.
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5
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Evaluation of sea cucumber peptides-assisted memory activity and acetylation modification in hippocampus of test mice based on scopolamine-induced experimental animal model of memory disorder. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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6
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Shollenbarger S, Thomas AM, Wade NE, Gruber SA, Tapert SF, Filbey FM, Lisdahl KM. Intrinsic Frontolimbic Connectivity and Mood Symptoms in Young Adult Cannabis Users. Front Public Health 2019; 7:311. [PMID: 31737591 PMCID: PMC6838025 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The endocannbinoid system and cannabis exposure has been implicated in emotional processing. The current study examined whether regular cannabis users demonstrated abnormal intrinsic (a.k.a. resting state) frontolimbic connectivity compared to non-users. A secondary aim examined the relationship between cannabis group connectivity differences and self-reported mood and affect symptoms. Method: Participants included 79 cannabis-using and 80 non-using control emerging adults (ages of 18–30), balanced for gender, reading ability, and age. Standard multiple regressions were used to predict if cannabis group status was associated with frontolimbic connectivity after controlling for site, past month alcohol and nicotine use, and days of abstinence from cannabis. Results: After controlling for research site, past month alcohol and nicotine use, and days of abstinence from cannabis, cannabis users demonstrated significantly greater connectivity between left rACC and the following: right rACC (p = 0.001; corrected p = 0.05; f2 = 0.55), left amygdala (p = 0.03; corrected p = 0.47; f2 = 0.17), and left insula (p = 0.03; corrected p = 0.47; f2 = 0.16). Among cannabis users, greater bilateral rACC connectivity was significantly associated with greater subthreshold depressive symptoms (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Cannabis using young adults demonstrated greater connectivity within frontolimbic regions compared to controls. In cannabis users, greater bilateral rACC intrinsic connectivity was associated with greater levels of subthreshold depression symptoms. Current findings suggest that regular cannabis use during adolescence is associated with abnormal frontolimbic connectivity, especially in cognitive control and emotion regulation regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyler Shollenbarger
- Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Alicia M Thomas
- Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Natasha E Wade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Staci A Gruber
- Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Susan F Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Francesca M Filbey
- Bert Moore Chair in BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Krista M Lisdahl
- Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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7
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Kalsi N, Tambelli R, Altavilla D, Trentini C, Panunzi S, Stanca M, Aceto P, Cardona F, Lai C. Neurophysiological correlate of emotional regulation in cognitive and motor deficits in Tourette's syndrome. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 20:647-661. [PMID: 29364039 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2018.1430375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The present study investigated the role of different emotions in the expression of cognitive and motor control abilities of children having Tourette's syndrome (TS) compared to healthy controls.Methods: The electroencephalography activity of 33 children (mean age in final sample: TS (n = 10) = 10.5 ± 2.3; control (n = 10) = 10.1 ± 2.9) was recorded during a visual task consisting of four emotional face cues (anger, happiness, neutral and sadness) followed by a target in congruent or incongruent position with emotional cue. The participants were asked to indicate the target location.Results: The TS patients showed a shorter latency of the P1 and N170 only for anger cues compared to controls. In addition, sLORETA results showed an increased activation in the left occipital area and a decreased activation in the left amygdala, temporal and cingulate for anger cues in TS patients. Coherently, TS patients showed a lower accuracy of response only with anger cue and severity of tics resulted correlated with the event-related potentials data and behavioural responses linked to anger cue.Conclusions: These results suggest that children with TS process emotions (in particular the anger) differently from the controls, and that its regulation seems to have an important role in the cognitive and motor deficits in TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navkiran Kalsi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Renata Tambelli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Altavilla
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Trentini
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Panunzi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariella Stanca
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Aceto
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cardona
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Lai
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
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8
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Galadari A. Psychology of Mystical Experience: Muḥammad and Siddhārtha. ANTHROPOLOGY OF CONSCIOUSNESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/anoc.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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9
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The role of EEG and EMG combined virtual reality gaming system in facial palsy rehabilitation - A case report. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2019; 23:425-431. [PMID: 31103130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recovery rates for facial palsy are usually excellent; however, regularly patients present with problems with their fine facial movements that affect their emotional expressions. OBJECTIVE To discover the viability and ease of using an Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Electromyography (EMG) combined Virtual Reality (VR) gaming system - the 'Oculus Rift' device in the evaluation and rehabilitation of facial palsy. DESIGN Single case study. PATIENT INFORMATION A young 23-year-old female with facial palsy. CLINICAL FINDINGS Most of the patient's facial features were re-established within the recovery time frame, except for her right forehead and eyebrow movements. INTERVENTION A 10 day exercise program (Day 2-11) with an immersive virtual reality device, which randomly shoots virtually animated white balls in an unpredictable and testing pattern. OUTCOME MEASURES EEG and EMG patterns corresponding to the facial upper quadrant were taken at baseline, post-intervention, and at follow up. RESULTS EMG and EEG investigation revealed a progressive improvement in the muscle activation in response to the impulsive and unpredictable activities in the virtual environment provided through the immersive VR device. CONCLUSION The case report found a positive relationship between VR, facial upper quadrant EMG activation and EEG pattern changes following the intervention.
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10
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Ng R, Lai P, Brown TT, Järvinen A, Halgren E, Bellugi U, Trauner D. Neuroanatomical correlates of emotion-processing in children with unilateral brain lesion: A preliminary study of limbic system organization. Soc Neurosci 2018; 13:688-700. [PMID: 28990866 PMCID: PMC6117211 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2017.1386126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, MRI and DTI were employed to examine subcortical volume and microstructural properties (FA, MD) of the limbic network, and their relationships with affect discrimination in 13 FL (6 right FL, M = 10.17 years; 7 left FL; M = 10.09) and 13 typically-developing children (TD; M = 10.16). Subcortical volume of the amygdala, hippocampus and thalamus and FA and MD of the fornix and anterior thalamic radiation (ATR) were examined. Results revealed no group differences across emotion-perception tasks or amygdalar volume. However, contrasting neuroanatomical patterns were observed in right versus left FL youth. Right FL participants showed increased left hippocampal and thalamic volume relative to left FL participants; whereas, the latter group showed increased right thalamic volume. DTI findings also indicated right FL children show greater MD of right fornix than other groups, whereas, left FL youth showed greater MD of left fornix. Right FL youth also showed lower FA of right fornix than left FL children, whereby the latter showed greater FA of left fornix and ATR. Differential associations between DTI indices and auditory/visual emotion-perception were observed across FL groups. Findings indicate diverging brain-behavioral relationships for emotion-perception among right and left FL children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena Ng
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience; Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037
- Institute of Child Development; University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Philip Lai
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communicative Disorders, 6330 Alvarado Court #208, San Diego, CA 92120
| | - Timothy T. Brown
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genomics; University of California San Diego, 8950 Villa La Jolla Drive, Suite C101, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Radiology; University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 93094
| | - Anna Järvinen
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience; Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Eric Halgren
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genomics; University of California San Diego, 8950 Villa La Jolla Drive, Suite C101, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Radiology; University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 93094
| | - Ursula Bellugi
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience; Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Doris Trauner
- Department of Neurosciences; University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 93094
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11
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Kozanian OO, Rohac DJ, Bavadian N, Corches A, Korzus E, Huffman KJ. Long-Lasting Effects of Prenatal Ethanol Exposure on Fear Learning and Development of the Amygdala. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:200. [PMID: 30233337 PMCID: PMC6131196 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal ethanol exposure (PrEE) produces developmental abnormalities in brain and behavior that often persist into adulthood. We have previously reported abnormal cortical gene expression, disorganized neural circuitry along with deficits in sensorimotor function and anxiety in our CD-1 murine model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, or FASD (El Shawa et al., 2013; Abbott et al., 2016). We have proposed that these phenotypes may underlie learning, memory, and behavioral deficits in humans with FASD. Here, we evaluate the impact of PrEE on fear memory learning, recall and amygdala development at two adult timepoints. PrEE alters learning and memory of aversive stimuli; specifically, PrEE mice, fear conditioned at postnatal day (P) 50, showed deficits in fear acquisition and memory retrieval when tested at P52 and later at P70–P72. Interestingly, this deficit in fear acquisition observed during young adulthood was not present when PrEE mice were conditioned later, at P80. These mice displayed similar levels of fear expression as controls when tested on fear memory recall. To test whether PrEE alters development of brain circuitry associated with fear conditioning and fear memory recall, we histologically examined subdivisions of the amygdala in PrEE and control mice and found long-term effects of PrEE on fear memory circuitry. Thus, results from this study will provide insight on the neurobiological and behavioral effects of PrEE and provide new information on developmental trajectories of brain dysfunction in people prenatally exposed to ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga O Kozanian
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - David J Rohac
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Niusha Bavadian
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Alex Corches
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Edward Korzus
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Kelly J Huffman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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12
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English LH, Wisener M, Bailey HN. Childhood emotional maltreatment, anxiety, attachment, and mindfulness: Associations with facial emotion recognition. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 80:146-160. [PMID: 29605464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated factors thought to contribute to facial emotion processing. Female university students (N = 126) completed self-report measures of childhood emotional maltreatment, anxiety symptoms, attachment anxiety and avoidance, and trait mindfulness before completing a facial emotion recognition task, where they viewed sequences of faces that incorporated progressively more emotional content until they were able to correctly identify the emotion. They completed the task under low and high cognitive load conditions to distinguish between relatively effortful versus automatic processing abilities. Regression analyses revealed that under low cognitive load, attachment avoidance and mindfulness predicted quicker identification of fear (i.e., with less perceptual information), whereas anxiety predicted slower identification of fear (i.e., with more perceptual information). In the high cognitive load condition, emotional maltreatment and mindfulness predicted quicker identification of fear, and anxiety and mindfulness predicted faster identification of emotions overall. Although current findings are correlational, most of these effects were specific to fearful faces, suggesting that experiences of childhood emotional maltreatment and associated socio-emotional sequelae are related to heightened processing of threat-related information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne H English
- University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Melanie Wisener
- McGill University, 845 Rue Sherbrooke O, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.
| | - Heidi N Bailey
- University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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13
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Hoicka E, Powell S, Knight J, Norwood M. Two-year-olds can socially learn to think divergently. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 36:22-36. [DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hoicka
- Department of Psychology; University of Sheffield; UK
| | | | - Jenny Knight
- Department of Psychology; University of Sheffield; UK
| | - Megan Norwood
- Department of Psychology; University of Sheffield; UK
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14
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Tse SK, Chan C, Kwong SM, Li H. Sex differences in syntactic development: Evidence from Cantonese-speaking preschoolers in Hong Kong. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01650250143000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Utterances produced during spontaneous play activities by 180 Cantonese-speaking children, ranging in age from 3 to 5 years, were analysed with the focus on declaratives. Syntactic development was gauged in terms of changes in the mean length of utterance, sentence type and structure, syntactic complexity, and verb pattern, and age-related develpments in these were found. Significant sex differences were found in syntactic development, with girls outperforming boys in mean utterance length, some sentence types and structures, and syntactic complexity, with a significant age by sex interaction in the group of 4-year-olds. The period between age 3 and age 4 was identified as critical for syntactic development, as many linguistic changes occurred in this time. Growth in the ability to use compound sentences was found to be the most significant contributor to increased mean length of utterance. Biological, psychological, and sociocontextual factors influencing these sex differences in language performance are explored and discussed. The generality of the educational implications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol Chan
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sin Mee Kwong
- Education Department of Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui Li
- The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Gröger N, Matas E, Gos T, Lesse A, Poeggel G, Braun K, Bock J. The transgenerational transmission of childhood adversity: behavioral, cellular, and epigenetic correlates. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1037-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1570-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Hoicka E, Mowat R, Kirkwood J, Kerr T, Carberry M, Bijvoet-van den Berg S. One-Year-Olds Think Creatively, Just Like Their Parents. Child Dev 2016; 87:1099-105. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Matas E, Bock J, Braun K. The Impact of Parent-Infant Interaction on Epigenetic Plasticity Mediating Synaptic Adaptations in the Infant Brain. Psychopathology 2016; 49:201-210. [PMID: 27668788 DOI: 10.1159/000448055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of the brain depends on an individual's nature (genes) and nurture (environments). This interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental events during brain development drives the maturation of functional brain circuits such as sensory, motor, emotional, and complex cognitive pathways. Adverse environmental conditions such as early life stress can interfere with the functional development of emotional and cognitive brain systems and thereby increase the risk of developing psychiatric disorders later in life. In order to develop more efficient and individualized protective and therapeutic interventions, it is essential to understand how environmental stressors during infancy affect cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in brain maturation. Animal models of early life stress have been able to reveal brain structural and metabolic changes in prefrontolimbic circuits, which are time, brain region, neuron, and sex specific. By focusing on animal models of separation stress during infancy, this review highlights epigenetic and cytoarchitectural modifications which are assumed to mediate lasting changes of brain function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Matas
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Streit F, Bekrater-Bodmann R, Diers M, Reinhard I, Frank J, Wüst S, Seltzer Z, Flor H, Rietschel M. Concordance of Phantom and Residual Limb Pain Phenotypes in Double Amputees: Evidence for the Contribution of Distinct and Common Individual Factors. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015; 16:1377-1385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Botanas CJ, Lee H, de la Peña JB, Dela Peña IJ, Woo T, Kim HJ, Han DH, Kim BN, Cheong JH. Rearing in an enriched environment attenuated hyperactivity and inattention in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats, an animal model of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Physiol Behav 2015; 155:30-7. [PMID: 26656767 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by symptoms of hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity. It is commonly treated with psychostimulants that typically begins during childhood and lasts for an extended period of time. However, there are concerns regarding the consequences of chronic psychostimulant treatment; thus, there is a growing search for an alternative management for ADHD. One non-pharmacological management that is gaining much interest is environmental enrichment. Here, we investigated the effects of rearing in an enriched environment (EE) on the expression of ADHD-like symptoms in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRs), an animal model of ADHD. SHRs were reared in EE or standard environment (SE) from post-natal day (PND) 21 until PND 49. Thereafter, behavioral tests that measure hyperactivity (open field test [OFT]), inattention (Y-maze task), and impulsivity (delay discounting task) were conducted. Additionally, electroencephalography (EEG) was employed to assess the effects of EE on rat's brain activity. Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, the normotensive counterpart of the SHRs, were used to determine whether the effects of EE were specific to a particular genetic background. EE improved the performance of the SHRs and WKY rats in the OFT and Y-maze task, but not the delay discounting task. Interestingly, EE induced significant EEG changes in WKY rats, but not in the SHRs. These findings show that rearing environment may play a role in the expression of ADHD-like symptoms in the SHRs and that EE may be considered as a putative complementary approach in managing ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrislean Jun Botanas
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro-815 Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyelim Lee
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro-815 Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | - June Bryan de la Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro-815 Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Irene Joy Dela Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro-815 Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeseon Woo
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro-815 Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro-815 Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Medical School, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-755, Republic of Korea
| | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yungundong, Chongrogu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro-815 Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea.
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Quevedo K, Johnson AE, Loman MM, Lafavor T, Moua B, Gunnar MR. The impact of early neglect on defensive and appetitive physiology during the pubertal transition: a study of startle and postauricular reflexes. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 57:289-304. [PMID: 25773732 PMCID: PMC5157206 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the effect of early neglect on defensive and appetitive physiology during puberty. Emotion-modulated reflexes, eye-blink startle (defensive) and postauricular (appetitive), were measured in 12-to-13-year-old internationally adopted youth (from foster care or from institutional settings) and compared to non-adopted US born controls. Startle Reflex: adopted youth displayed lower overall startle amplitude across all valences and startle potentiation to negative images was negatively related to severity of pre-adoption neglect. Postauricular reflex (PAR): adopted youth showed larger PAR magnitude across all valences. Puberty: adopted youth showed diminished PAR potentiation to positive images and startle potentiation during mid/late puberty versus the opposite pattern in not-adopted. Early neglect was associated with blunted fast defensive reflexes and heightened fast appetitive reflexes. After puberty, early neglected youth showed physiological hyporeactivity to threatening and appetitive stimuli versus heightened reactivity in not adopted youth. Behavioral correlates in this sample and possible neurodevelopmental mechanisms of psychophysiological differences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Quevedo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Vela RM. The effect of severe stress on early brain development, attachment, and emotions: a psychoanatomical formulation. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2014; 37:519-34. [PMID: 25455063 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Child abuse is the most extreme form of stress in childhood and adolescence, and has severe effects on the child's development. Limbic nuclei and circuitry development are especially vulnerable to child abuse and neglect during the first year of life. Development at the neuronal level can be severely disturbed by trauma during early infancy, resulting in maladaptive synaptic formation, impeding experience-expectant brain development. Development of basic emotions may favor the development of negative instead of positive emotions. The new concept of psychoanatomical formulation is introduced. A case vignette is presented and analyzed, based on the disturbed neuroanatomy underlying symptom expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M Vela
- Child and Family Services, North Suffolk Mental Health Association, Massachusetts General Hospital, 301 Broadway, Chelsea, MA 02150, USA.
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Promoting our understanding of neural plasticity by exploring developmental plasticity in early and adult life. Brain Res Bull 2014; 107:31-6. [PMID: 24942566 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity (DP) is widely considered to be a property of early life stages, but evidence suggests it can be reactivated in mature brains. For example, recent developments on animal models suggest that experience in enriched environments (EE) can induce DP and enable adult recovery from amblyopia; even when the typical critical period for that recovery has closed. An interesting body of evidence suggests that extrapolation of the rejuvenatory power of that paradigm in mature human brains is feasible. These studies show that exposure to EE throughout life is associated with a delay, or even prevention, of age-related cognitive deficits. Consequently, it can be concluded that DP might underlie the neuroprotective effects against a neurocognitive breakdown that have been observed, and that EE exposure later in life might induce DP in a similar way to early EE exposure. Thus, the DP might exert its influence beyond the typical developing age ranges: childhood and adolescence. Although further research is still required, the observation of EE related neuroprotective effects are a breakthrough in the study of DP in humans and new advances in our understanding of neural plasticity have thus been reached.
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Poels S, Bloemers J, van Rooij K, Koppeschaar H, Olivier B, Tuiten A. Two novel combined drug treatments for women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 121:71-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Bock J, Rether K, Gröger N, Xie L, Braun K. Perinatal programming of emotional brain circuits: an integrative view from systems to molecules. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:11. [PMID: 24550772 PMCID: PMC3913903 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental influences such as perinatal stress have been shown to program the developing organism to adapt brain and behavioral functions to cope with daily life challenges. Evidence is now accumulating that the specific and individual effects of early life adversity on the functional development of brain and behavior emerge as a function of the type, intensity, timing and the duration of the adverse environment, and that early life stress (ELS) is a major risk factor for developing behavioral dysfunctions and mental disorders. Results from clinical as well as experimental studies in animal models support the hypothesis that ELS can induce functional “scars” in prefrontal and limbic brain areas, regions that are essential for emotional control, learning and memory functions. On the other hand, the concept of “stress inoculation” is emerging from more recent research, which revealed positive functional adaptations in response to ELS resulting in resilience against stress and other adversities later in life. Moreover, recent studies indicate that early life experiences and the resulting behavioral consequences can be transmitted to the next generation, leading to a transgenerational cycle of adverse or positive adaptations of brain function and behavior. In this review we propose a unifying view of stress vulnerability and resilience by connecting genetic predisposition and programming sensitivity to the context of experience-expectancy and transgenerational epigenetic traits. The adaptive maturation of stress responsive neural and endocrine systems requires environmental challenges to optimize their functions. Repeated environmental challenges can be viewed within the framework of the match/mismatch hypothesis, the outcome, psychopathology or resilience, depends on the respective predisposition and on the context later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Bock
- PG "Epigenetics and Structural Plasticity", Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany ; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kathy Rether
- PG "Epigenetics and Structural Plasticity", Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany ; Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Gröger
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lan Xie
- PG "Epigenetics and Structural Plasticity", Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany ; Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Braun
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg, Germany ; Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
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Diaz MR, Jotty K, Locke JL, Jones SR, Valenzuela CF. Moderate Alcohol Exposure during the Rat Equivalent to the Third Trimester of Human Pregnancy Alters Regulation of GABAA Receptor-Mediated Synaptic Transmission by Dopamine in the Basolateral Amygdala. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:46. [PMID: 24904907 PMCID: PMC4035091 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal ethanol (EtOH) exposure leads to a range of neurobehavioral alterations, including deficits in emotional processing. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) plays a critical role in modulating emotional processing, in part, via dopamine (DA) regulation of GABA transmission. This BLA modulatory system is acquired during the first 2 weeks of postnatal life in rodents (equivalent to the third trimester of human pregnancy) and we hypothesized that it could be altered by EtOH exposure during this period. We found that exposure of rats to moderate levels of EtOH vapor during the third trimester-equivalent [postnatal days (P) 2-12] alters DA modulation of GABAergic transmission in BLA pyramidal neurons during periadolescence. Specifically, D1R-mediated potentiation of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) was significantly attenuated in EtOH-exposed animals. However, this was associated with a compensatory decrease in D3R-mediated suppression of miniature IPSCs. Western blot analysis revealed that these effects were not a result of altered D1R or D3R levels. BLA samples from EtOH-exposed animals also had significantly lower levels of the DA precursor (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) but DA levels were not affected. This is likely a consequence of reduced catabolism of DA, as indicated by reduced levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in the BLA samples. Anxiety-like behavior was not altered in EtOH-exposed animals. This is the first study to demonstrate that the modulatory actions of DA in the BLA are altered by developmental EtOH exposure. Although compensatory adaptations were engaged in our moderate EtOH exposure paradigm, it is possible that these are not able to restore homeostasis and correct anxiety-like behaviors under conditions of heavier EtOH exposure. Therefore, future studies should investigate the potential role of alterations in the modulatory actions of DA in the pathophysiology of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Rafael Diaz
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, NM , USA
| | - Karick Jotty
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque, NM , USA
| | - Jason L Locke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC , USA
| | - Sara R Jones
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC , USA
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Rincón-Cortés M, Sullivan RM. Early life trauma and attachment: immediate and enduring effects on neurobehavioral and stress axis development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:33. [PMID: 24711804 PMCID: PMC3968754 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Over half a century of converging clinical and animal research indicates that early life experiences induce enduring neuroplasticity of the HPA-axis and the developing brain. This experience-induced neuroplasticity is due to alterations in the frequency and intensity of stimulation of pups' sensory systems (i.e., olfactory, somatosensory, gustatory) embedded in mother-infant interactions. This stimulation provides "hidden regulators" of pups' behavioral, physiological, and neural responses that have both immediate and enduring consequences, including those involving the stress response. While variation in stimulation can produce individual differences and adaptive behaviors, pathological early life experiences can induce maladaptive behaviors, initiate a pathway to pathology, and increase risk for later-life psychopathologies, such as mood and affective disorders, suggesting that infant-attachment relationships program later-life neurobehavioral function. Recent evidence suggests that the effects of maternal presence or absence during this sensory stimulation provide a major modulatory role in neural and endocrine system responses, which have minimal impact on pups' immediate neurobehavior but a robust impact on neurobehavioral development. This concept is reviewed here using two complementary rodent models of infant trauma within attachment: infant paired-odor-shock conditioning (mimicking maternal odor attachment learning) and rearing with an abusive mother that converge in producing a similar behavioral phenotype in later-life including depressive-like behavior as well as disrupted HPA-axis and amygdala function. The importance of maternal social presence on pups' immediate and enduring brain and behavior suggests unique processing of sensory stimuli in early life that could provide insight into the development of novel strategies for prevention and therapeutic interventions for trauma experienced with the abusive caregiver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millie Rincón-Cortés
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sackler Institute for Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, USA
- New York University Child Study Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Millie Rincón-Cortés, Sullivan Laboratory, New York University Child Study Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 1 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA e-mail:
| | - Regina M. Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sackler Institute for Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, USA
- New York University Child Study Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Mychasiuk R, Hehar H, Farran A, Esser MJ. Mean girls: sex differences in the effects of mild traumatic brain injury on the social dynamics of juvenile rat play behaviour. Behav Brain Res 2013; 259:284-91. [PMID: 24231261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that children who experience a traumatic brain injury (TBI) are often the victim of peer rejection, have very few mutual friends, and are at risk for long-term behavioural and social impairments. Owing to the fact that peer play is critical for healthy development, it is possible that the long-term impairments are associated not only with the TBI, but also altered play during this critical period of brain development. This study was designed to determine if social dynamics and juvenile play are altered in rats that experience a mild TBI (mTBI) early in life. Play-fighting behaviours were recorded and analyzed for young male and female Sprague Dawley rats that were given either an mTBI or a sham injury. The study found that the presence of an mTBI altered the play fighting relationship, and the nature of the alterations were dependent upon the sex of the pairing and the injury status of their peers. Sham rats were significantly less likely to initiate play with an mTBI rat, and were more likely to respond to a play initiation from an mTBI rat with an avoidant strategy. This effect was significantly more pronounced in female rats, whereby it appeared that female rats with an mTBI were particularly rejected and most often excluded from play experiences. Male rats with an mTBI learned normal play strategies from their sham peers (when housed in mixed cages), whereas female rats with an mTBI show heightened impairment in these conditions. Play therapy may need to be incorporated into treatment strategies for children with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mychasiuk
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Heritage Medical Research Building, Room 277, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - H Hehar
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Heritage Medical Research Building, Room 277, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - A Farran
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Heritage Medical Research Building, Room 277, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - M J Esser
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Heritage Medical Research Building, Room 277, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Hrvoj-Mihic B, Bienvenu T, Stefanacci L, Muotri AR, Semendeferi K. Evolution, development, and plasticity of the human brain: from molecules to bones. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:707. [PMID: 24194709 PMCID: PMC3812990 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroanatomical, molecular, and paleontological evidence is examined in light of human brain evolution. The brain of extant humans differs from the brains of other primates in its overall size and organization, and differences in size and organization of specific cortical areas and subcortical structures implicated into complex cognition and social and emotional processing. The human brain is also characterized by functional lateralizations, reflecting specializations of the cerebral hemispheres in humans for different types of processing, facilitating fast and reliable communication between neural cells in an enlarged brain. The features observed in the adult brain reflect human-specific patterns of brain development. Compared to the brains of other primates, the human brain takes longer to mature, promoting an extended period for establishing cortical microcircuitry and its modifications. Together, these features may underlie the prolonged period of learning and acquisition of technical and social skills necessary for survival, creating a unique cognitive and behavioral niche typical of our species. The neuroanatomical findings are in concordance with molecular analyses, which suggest a trend toward heterochrony in the expression of genes implicated in different functions. These include synaptogenesis, neuronal maturation, and plasticity in humans, mutations in genes implicated in neurite outgrowth and plasticity, and an increased role of regulatory mechanisms, potentially promoting fast modification of neuronal morphologies in response to new computational demands. At the same time, endocranial casts of fossil hominins provide an insight into the timing of the emergence of uniquely human features in the course of evolution. We conclude by proposing several ways of combining comparative neuroanatomy, molecular biology and insights gained from fossil endocasts in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Hrvoj-Mihic
- Department of Anthropology, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA ; Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Stem Cell Program, University of California at San Diego, School of Medicine La Jolla, CA, USA
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Mlsna LM, Koh S. Maturation-dependent behavioral deficits and cell injury in developing animals during the subacute postictal period. Epilepsy Behav 2013; 29:190-7. [PMID: 23973645 PMCID: PMC3927371 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged early-life seizures are associated with disruptions of affective and cognitive function. Postictal disturbances, temporary functional deficits that persist for hours to days after seizures, have not yet been thoroughly characterized. Here, we used kainic acid (KA) to induce status epilepticus (SE) in immature rats at three developmental stages (postnatal day (P) 15, 21, or 30) and subsequently assessed spatial learning and memory in a Barnes maze, exploratory behavior in an open field, and the spatiotemporal distribution of cell injury during the first 7-10 days of the postictal period. At 1 day post-SE, P15-SE rats showed no deficit in the Barnes maze but were hyperexploratory in an open field compared with their littermate controls. In contrast, P21- and P30-SE rats exhibited markedly impaired performance in the Barnes maze and exhibited significantly reduced open field exploration suggestive of anxiety-like behavior. These behavioral changes were transient in P15 rats but more persistent in P21 and enduring in P30 rats after KA-SE. The time course of behavioral deficits in P21 and P30 rats was temporally correlated with the presence of neuronal injury in the lateral septal nuclei, amygdala, and ventral subiculum/CA1, regions involved in modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Mlsna
- Neurobiology Program, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
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Cotiga AC. Intrauterine Experience and Emotional Development of the Fetus: Aspects of Group Therapy Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Balaszczuk V, Bender C, Pereno G, Beltramino CA. Binge alcohol‐induced alterations in BDNF and GDNF expression in central extended amygdala and pyriform cortex on infant rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:287-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Balaszczuk
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín FerreyraFriuli 24345016CórdobaArgentina
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva Humana, Facultad de PsicologíaUniversidad Nacional de Córdoba5000CórdobaArgentina
| | - Crhistian Bender
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín FerreyraFriuli 24345016CórdobaArgentina
| | - Germán Pereno
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva Humana, Facultad de PsicologíaUniversidad Nacional de Córdoba5000CórdobaArgentina
| | - Carlos A. Beltramino
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín FerreyraFriuli 24345016CórdobaArgentina
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Bloemers J, van Rooij K, Poels S, Goldstein I, Everaerd W, Koppeschaar H, Chivers M, Gerritsen J, van Ham D, Olivier B, Tuiten A. Toward Personalized Sexual Medicine (Part 1): Integrating the “Dual Control Model” into Differential Drug Treatments for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder and Female Sexual Arousal Disorder. J Sex Med 2013; 10:791-809. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Pardey MC, Kumar NN, Goodchild AK, Clemens KJ, Homewood J, Cornish JL. Long-term effects of chronic oral Ritalin administration on cognitive and neural development in adolescent wistar kyoto rats. Brain Sci 2012; 2:375-404. [PMID: 24961199 PMCID: PMC4061802 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci2030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often results in chronic treatment with psychostimulants such as methylphenidate (MPH, Ritalin®). With increases in misdiagnosis of ADHD, children may be inappropriately exposed to chronic psychostimulant treatment during development. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of chronic Ritalin treatment on cognitive and neural development in misdiagnosed “normal” (Wistar Kyoto, WKY) rats and in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR), a model of ADHD. Adolescent male animals were treated for four weeks with oral Ritalin® (2 × 2 mg/kg/day) or distilled water (dH2O). The effect of chronic treatment on delayed reinforcement tasks (DRT) and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH-ir) in the prefrontal cortex was assessed. Two weeks following chronic treatment, WKY rats previously exposed to MPH chose the delayed reinforcer significantly less than the dH2O treated controls in both the DRT and extinction task. MPH treatment did not significantly alter cognitive performance in the SHR. TH-ir in the infralimbic cortex was significantly altered by age and behavioural experience in WKY and SHR, however this effect was not evident in WKY rats treated with MPH. These results suggest that chronic treatment with MPH throughout adolescence in “normal” WKY rats increased impulsive choice and altered catecholamine development when compared to vehicle controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margery C Pardey
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia.
| | - Natasha N Kumar
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia.
| | - Ann K Goodchild
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia.
| | - Kelly J Clemens
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia.
| | - Judi Homewood
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia.
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35
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Horton MK, Kahn LG, Perera F, Barr DB, Rauh V. Does the home environment and the sex of the child modify the adverse effects of prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos on child working memory? Neurotoxicol Teratol 2012; 34:534-41. [PMID: 22824009 PMCID: PMC3901426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphorus insecticide, has long been associated with delayed neurocognitive development and most recently with decrements in working memory at age 7. In the current paper, we expanded the previous work on CPF to investigate how additional biological and social environmental factors might create or explain differential neurodevelopmental susceptibility, focusing on main and moderating effects of the quality of the home environment (HOME) and child sex. We evaluate how the quality of the home environment (specifically, parental nurturance and environmental stimulation) and child sex interact with the adverse effects of prenatal CPF exposure on working memory at child age 7years. We did not observe a remediating effect of a high quality home environment (either parental nurturance or environmental stimulation) on the adverse effects of prenatal CPF exposure on working memory. However, we detected a borderline significant interaction between prenatal exposure to CPF and child sex (B (95% CI) for interaction term=-1.714 (-3.753 to 0.326)) suggesting males experience a greater decrement in working memory than females following prenatal CPF exposure. In addition, we detected a borderline interaction between parental nurturance and child sex (B (95% CI) for interaction term=1.490 (-0.518 to 3.499)) suggesting that, in terms of working memory, males benefit more from a nurturing environment than females. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation into factors that may inform an intervention strategy to reduce or reverse the cognitive deficits resulting from prenatal CPF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Horton
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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36
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Woods-Groves S, Eaves RC, Williams TO. Exploratory factor analysis of the Human Behavior Rating Scale: a rural population. Psychol Rep 2012; 109:785-802. [PMID: 22420113 DOI: 10.2466/03.09.10.20.pr0.109.6.785-802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The construct validity of Eaves' Human Behavior Rating Scale (HBRS) was investigated. The HBRS is a scale with 91 Likert-type items designed to measure five factors: arousal (persistence and curiosity), affect (externalizing and internalizing), and cognition. Forty-four teachers of Grades 6, 7, and 8 from two low socioeconomic and rural southern counties completed the HBRS for 320 of their students. Three parcels were submitted for analysis for each of the five dimensions. A five-factor, then a two-factor, solution were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. A principal-axis factor analysis was employed and an oblique promax rotation was applied. The results supported the five-factor solution with 90.2% of the total variance accounted for when compared to the two-factor solution which recovered 73.4% of the total variance. Intercorrelations between factors ranged from .15 to .76 for the five-factor solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Woods-Groves
- Department of Teaching and Learning, Universityof Iowa, Iowa City, 52242-1529, USA.
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Braun K. The prefrontal-limbic system: development, neuroanatomy, function, and implications for socioemotional development. Clin Perinatol 2011; 38:685-702. [PMID: 22107898 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge that neonatal emotional experience and associated learning processes are critical in the maturation of prefronto-limbic circuits emphasizes the importance of preterm and neonatal care. The further improvement of care and intervention strategies requires a deeper understanding of epigenetic mechanisms mediating experience-induced synaptic reorganization underlying the emergence of emotional and cognitive behavioral traits. Interdisciplinary research efforts are needed in which pediatricians and developmental biologists and psychologists merge their knowledge, concepts, and methodology. The hope is that the translational relevance of research efforts can be improved through a greater interaction between basic and clinical scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Braun
- Department of Zoology and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Street 44, Magdeburg, Germany.
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38
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Smith AB, Giampietro V, Brammer M, Halari R, Simmons A, Rubia K. Functional development of fronto-striato-parietal networks associated with time perception. Front Hum Neurosci 2011; 5:136. [PMID: 22087089 PMCID: PMC3213530 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to our understanding of the functional maturation of executive functions, little is known about the neurofunctional development of perceptive functions. Time perception develops during late adolescence, underpinning many functions including motor and verbal processing, as well as late maturing higher order cognitive skills such as forward planning and future-related decision making. Nothing, however, is known about the neurofunctional changes associated with time perception from childhood to adulthood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging we explored the effects of age on the brain activation and functional connectivity of 32 male participants from 10 to 53 years of age during a time discrimination task that required the discrimination of temporal intervals of seconds differing by several hundred milliseconds. Increasing development was associated with progressive activation increases within left lateralized dorsolateral and inferior fronto-parieto-striato-thalamic brain regions. Furthermore, despite comparable task performance, adults showed increased functional connectivity between inferior/dorsolateral interhemispheric fronto-frontal activation as well as between inferior fronto-parietal regions compared with adolescents. Activation in caudate, specifically, was associated with both increasing age and better temporal discrimination. Progressive decreases in activation with age were observed in ventromedial prefrontal cortex, limbic regions, and cerebellum. The findings demonstrate age-dependent developmentally dissociated neural networks for time discrimination. With increasing age there is progressive recruitment of later maturing left hemispheric and lateralized fronto-parieto-striato-thalamic networks, known to mediate time discrimination in adults, while earlier developing brain regions such as ventromedial prefrontal cortex, limbic and paralimbic areas, and cerebellum subserve fine-temporal processing functions in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Smith
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London London, UK
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39
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Chareyron LJ, Lavenex PB, Amaral DG, Lavenex P. Stereological analysis of the rat and monkey amygdala. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:3218-39. [PMID: 21618234 PMCID: PMC4342351 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The amygdala is part of a neural network that contributes to the regulation of emotional behaviors. Rodents, especially rats, are used extensively as model organisms to decipher the functions of specific amygdala nuclei, in particular in relation to fear and emotional learning. Analysis of the role of the nonhuman primate amygdala in these functions has lagged work in the rodent but provides evidence for conservation of basic functions across species. Here we provide quantitative information regarding the morphological characteristics of the main amygdala nuclei in rats and monkeys, including neuron and glial cell numbers, neuronal soma size, and individual nuclei volumes. The volumes of the lateral, basal, and accessory basal nuclei were, respectively, 32, 39, and 39 times larger in monkeys than in rats. In contrast, the central and medial nuclei were only 8 and 4 times larger in monkeys than in rats. The numbers of neurons in the lateral, basal, and accessory basal nuclei were 14, 11, and 16 times greater in monkeys than in rats, whereas the numbers of neurons in the central and medial nuclei were only 2.3 and 1.5 times greater in monkeys than in rats. Neuron density was between 2.4 and 3.7 times lower in monkeys than in rats, whereas glial density was only between 1.1 and 1.7 times lower in monkeys than in rats. We compare our data in rats and monkeys with those previously published in humans and discuss the theoretical and functional implications that derive from our quantitative structural findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc J. Chareyron
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pamela Banta Lavenex
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - David G. Amaral
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, California National Primate Research Center and the M.I.N.D. Institute, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Pierre Lavenex
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
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Mack TD, Hackney AA, Pyle M. The relationship between psychopathic traits and attachment behavior in a non-clinical population. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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41
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Mitchell IJ, Beech AR. Towards a neurobiological model of offending. Clin Psychol Rev 2011; 31:872-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Balaszczuk V, Bender C, Pereno GL, Beltramino CA. Alcohol-induced neuronal death in central extended amygdala and pyriform cortex during the postnatal period of the rat. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:733-42. [PMID: 21664448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mothers who consume alcohol during pregnancy may cause a neurotoxic syndrome defined as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in their offspring. This disorder is characterized by reduction in brain size, cognitive deficits and emotional/social disturbances. These alterations are thought to be caused by an alcohol-induced increase in apoptosis during neurodevelopment. Little is known about neuroapoptosis in the central extended amygdala and the pyriform cortex, which are key structures in emotional/social behaviors. The goal of this study was to determine the vulnerability of neuroapoptotic alcohol effects in those areas. Rats were administered alcohol (2.5g/kg s.c. at 0 and 2h) or saline on postnatal day (PND) 7, 15 and 20. The Amino-cupric-silver technique was used to evaluate neurodegeneration and immunohistochemistry to detect activated caspases 3-8 and 9 at 2h, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24h after drug administration. We measured blood alcohol levels each hour, from 2 to 8h post second administration of alcohol in each of the ages studied. Results showed alcohol induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the central extended amygdala on PND 7 and 15, and pyriform cortex on PND 7, 15 and 20. These structures showed activation of caspase 3 and 9 but not of caspase 8 suggesting that alcohol-induced apoptosis could occur by the intrinsic pathway. The pharmacokinetic differences between ages did not associate with the neurodegeneration age dependence. In conclusion, these limbic areas are damaged by alcohol, and each one has their own window of vulnerability during the postnatal period. The possible implications in emotional/social features in FASD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Balaszczuk
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, Friuli, Córdoba, Argentina.
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43
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Cheung C, McAlonan GM, Fung YY, Fung G, Yu KK, Tai KS, Sham PC, Chua SE. MRI study of minor physical anomaly in childhood autism implicates aberrant neurodevelopment in infancy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20246. [PMID: 21687660 PMCID: PMC3110727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MPAs (minor physical anomalies) frequently occur in neurodevelopmental disorders because both face and brain are derived from neuroectoderm in the first trimester. Conventionally, MPAs are measured by evaluation of external appearance. Using MRI can help overcome inherent observer bias, facilitate multi-centre data acquisition, and explore how MPAs relate to brain dysmorphology in the same individual. Optical MPAs exhibit a tightly synchronized trajectory through fetal, postnatal and adult life. As head size enlarges with age, inter-orbital distance increases, and is mostly completed before age 3 years. We hypothesized that optical MPAs might afford a retrospective 'window' to early neurodevelopment; specifically, inter-orbital distance increase may represent a biomarker for early brain dysmaturation in autism. METHODS We recruited 91 children aged 7-16; 36 with an autism spectrum disorder and 55 age- and gender-matched typically developing controls. All children had normal IQ. Inter-orbital distance was measured on T1-weighted MRI scans. This value was entered into a voxel-by-voxel linear regression analysis with grey matter segmented from a bimodal MRI data-set. Age and total brain tissue volume were entered as covariates. RESULTS Intra-class coefficient for measurement of the inter-orbital distance was 0.95. Inter-orbital distance was significantly increased in the autism group (p = 0.03, 2-tailed). The autism group showed a significant relationship between inter-orbital distance grey matter volume of bilateral amygdalae extending to the unci and inferior temporal poles. CONCLUSIONS Greater inter-orbital distance in the autism group compared with healthy controls is consistent with infant head size expansion in autism. Inter-orbital distance positively correlated with volume of medial temporal lobe structures, suggesting a link to "social brain" dysmorphology in the autism group. We suggest these data support the role of optical MPAs as a "fossil record" of early aberrant neurodevelopment, and potential biomarker for brain dysmaturation in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlton Cheung
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Grainne M. McAlonan
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yee Y. Fung
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Germaine Fung
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kevin K. Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kin-Shing Tai
- Department of Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Pak C. Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Siew E. Chua
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Das Gehirn in der Gruppe oder die Gruppe im Gehirn - Zur Neurobiologie des Mentalisierens in Gruppenpsychotherapien. GRUPPENPSYCHOTHERAPIE UND GRUPPENDYNAMIK 2011. [DOI: 10.13109/grup.2011.47.2.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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45
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Bock J, Braun K. The impact of perinatal stress on the functional maturation of prefronto-cortical synaptic circuits: implications for the pathophysiology of ADHD? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2011; 189:155-69. [PMID: 21489388 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53884-0.00023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enriched as well as impoverished or adverse perinatal environment plays an essential role in the development and refinement of neuronal pathways, which are the neural substrate of intellectual capacity and socioemotional competence. Perinatal experience and learning events continuously interact with the adaptive shaping of excitatory, inhibitory, and neuromodulatory synaptic as well as the endocrine stress systems, including the neuronal corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) pathways. Adverse environments, such as stress and emotional deprivation can not only delay experience-dependent maturation of these pathways, but also induce permanent changes in prefronto-cortical wiring patterns. We assume that such dysfunctional connections are the neuronal basis for the development of psychosocially induced mental disorders during later life. The aim of this review is to focus on the impact of perinatal stress on the neuronal and synaptic reorganization during brain development and possible implications for the etiology and therapy of mental disorders such as ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Bock
- Department of Zoology and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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46
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Abstract
Over the past several decades, the relative contribution of both environmental and genetic influences in the development of aggression and violence has been explored extensively. Only fairly recently, however, has it become increasingly evident that early perinatal life events may substantially increase the vulnerability toward the development of violent and aggressive behaviors in offspring across the lifespan. Early life risk factors, such as pregnancy and birth complications and intrauterine exposure to environmental toxins, appear to have a profound and enduring impact on the neuroregulatory systems mediating violence and aggression, yet the emergence of later adverse behavioral outcomes appears to be both complex and multidimensional. The present chapter reviews available experimental and clinical findings to provide a framework on perinatal risk factors that are associated with altered developmental trajectories leading to violence and aggression, and also highlights the genetic contributions in the expression of these behaviors.
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47
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Long-term losses of amygdala corticotropin-releasing factor neurons are associated with behavioural outcomes following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Behav Brain Res 2010; 208:609-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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Woods-Groves S, Eaves RC, Williams TO. Internal Consistency of the Human Behavior Rating Scale. Psychol Rep 2009; 105:835-48. [DOI: 10.2466/pr0.105.3.835-848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The internal consistency of the Human Behavior Rating Scale (HBRS) was investigated. The 91-item Likert-type scale is designed to measure five dimensions: persistence, curiosity, externalizing affect, internalizing affect, and cognition. It is used as a research tool to investigate the tenets of Eaves' 1993 integrated theory of human behavior. Three separate sampling plans were employed. Teachers and nonteachers completed Human Behavior Rating Scale ratings of children ranging in age from 5 to 18 years old. Cronbach coefficients alpha were reported by sex, grade, or age for the three samples. Of the 185 reported alpha coefficients, 175 were at or above .90, while 10 had values between .80 and .89.
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Musholt K, Cirillo G, Cavaliere C, Rosaria Bianco M, Bock J, Helmeke C, Braun K, Papa M. Neonatal separation stress reduces glial fibrillary acidic protein- and S100beta-immunoreactive astrocytes in the rat medial precentral cortex. Dev Neurobiol 2009; 69:203-11. [PMID: 19137572 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between the mother/parents and their offspring provides socioemotional input, which is essential for the establishment and maintenance of synaptic networks in prefrontal and limbic brain regions. Since glial cells are known to play an important role in developmental and experience-driven synaptic plasticity, the effect of an early adverse emotional experience induced by maternal separation for 1 or 6 h on the expression of the glia specific proteins S100beta and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was quantitatively analyzed in anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and precentral medial cortex. Three animal groups were analyzed at postnatal day 14: (i) separated for 1 h; (ii) separated for 6 h; (iii) undisturbed (control). Twenty-four hours after stress exposure, the stressed brains showed significantly reduced numbers of S100beta-immunoreactive (ir) cells in the anterior cingulate cortex (6-h stress) and in the precentral medial cortex (1- and 6-h stress). Significantly reduced numbers of GFAP-ir cells were observed only in the medial precentral cortex (1- and 6-h stress); no significant changes were observed in the anterior cingulate cortex. No significant changes of the two glial markers were observed in the hippocampus. Double-labeling experiments with GFAP and pCREB revealed pCREB labeling only in the hippocampus, where the stressed brains (1 and 6 h) displayed significantly reduced numbers of GFAP/pCREB-ir glial cells. The observed downregulation of glia-specific marker proteins is in line with our hypothesis that emotional experience can alter glia cell activation in the juvenile limbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Musholt
- Department of Zoology and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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50
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Kisilevsky B, Hains S, Brown C, Lee C, Cowperthwaite B, Stutzman S, Swansburg M, Lee K, Xie X, Huang H, Ye HH, Zhang K, Wang Z. Fetal sensitivity to properties of maternal speech and language. Infant Behav Dev 2009; 32:59-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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