Role of oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence

Sensitive subcellular scale and real-time detection of hydrogen peroxide by a W-doped Pt microelectrode

A W-doped Pt modified graphene oxide (Pt-W-GO) electrochemical microelectrode was developed to detect hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in real time at a subcellular scale. Interestingly, results showed that the concentration of H2O2 in the nucleus of HeLa cells was 2.68 times and 0.51 times that in the extracellular membrane and cytoplasm, respectively.

Investigation of in vitro biological activity of young Hordeum vulgare leaf in correlation with its bioactive compounds

Young shoots of cereals are widely regarded as superfoods with health benefits attributed to their potential antioxidant activity and antioxidant-related effects (e.g. anticancer). The current study aimed to examine the chemical characteristics of Hordeum vulgare methanolic and aqueous extracts and assess their antioxidant activity using the DDPH and ORAC. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of xanthine oxidase was screened. TLC bioautography was employed to determine the polarity of the compounds present in the extracts that exhibited the most potent free radical scavenging activity. Total flavonoid content of the methanolic and aqueous extracts was 0.14 mg QE/g and 0.012 mg QE/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract was found to be more potent, with a value of 0.97 ± 0.13 mmol TE/g than the aqueous extract which had no activity. This study presents novel findings on the xanthine inhibitory activity of H. vulgare. The methanolic extract demonstrated moderate inhibition of xanthine oxidase with a value of 23.24%. The results of our study were compared with the phytochemical and pharmacological analysis of Triticum aestivum, and further comparison was made with the data reported in the literature. Inconsistencies were observed in the chemical and pharmacological properties of H. vulgare, which could be a result of using herbal material harvested in different vegetative phases and various methods used for extraction. The findings of our study indicate that the timing of the harvest and extraction method may play crucial role in attaining the optimal phytochemical composition of H. vulgare, hence enhancing its pharmacological activity.

Determination of antioxidant, DNA protection, enzyme inhibition potential and molecular docking studies of a biomarker ursolic acid in Nepeta species

Ursolic acid (UA), which has many biological properties such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, and regulates some pharmacological processes, has been isolated from the flowers, leaves, berries and fruits of many plant species. In this work, UA was purified from the methanol-chloroform crude extract of Nepeta species (N. aristata, N. baytopii, N. italica, N. trachonitica, N. stenantha) using a silica gel column with chloroform or ethyl acetate solvents via bioactivity-guided isolation. The most active sub-fractions were determined under bioactivities using antioxidant and DNA protection activities and enzyme inhibitions. UA was purified from these fractions and its structure was elucidated by NMR spectroscopy techniques. The highest amount of UA was found in N. stenantha (8.53 mg UA/g), while the lowest amount of UA was found in N. trachonitica (1.92 mg UA/g). The bioactivities of UA were evaluated with antioxidant and DNA protection activities, enzyme inhibitions, kinetics and interactions. The inhibition values (IC50) of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, urease, CA, tyrosinase, lipase, AChE, and BChE were determined between 5.08 and 181.96 µM. In contrast, Ki values of enzyme inhibition kinetics were observed between 0.04 and 0.20 mM. In addition, Ki values of these enzymes for enzyme-UA interactions were calculated as 0.38, 0.86, 0.45, 1.01, 0.23, 0.41, 0.01 and 2.24 µM, respectively. It is supported that UA can be widely used as a good antioxidant against oxidative damage, an effective DNA protector against genetic diseases, and a suitable inhibitor for metabolizing enzymes.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

The Association Between Oxidative Stress and Sperm Parameters in Patients with Acromegaly

OBJECTIVE

Spermatozoa are susceptible to oxidative radicals when antioxidant defenses are inadequate. The extent to which oxidative radicals contribute to sperm damage in patients with acromegaly remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate and elucidate this relationship.

METHODS

The overall status of oxidants and antioxidants in both seminal plasma and serum of patients with acromegaly compared to a control group of healthy individuals was investigated. In addition, sperm parameters, including important measures such as growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations.

RESULTS

Twenty-two patients with acromegaly with controlled disease and 14 healthy controls were included. The total oxidant status was significantly higher in the semen samples of the patients with acromegaly. A negative correlation was found between sperm total oxidant status and total sperm count and sperm concentration. Similarly, a negative correlation was found between the total sperm count and the sperm oxidative stress index. In individuals diagnosed with acromegaly, there was a statistically significant increase in sperm growth hormone levels. Conversely, the level of insulin-like growth factor 1 was significantly increased in the sperm of the control group, which consisted of healthy individuals. The correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between venous total oxidant status and growth hormone levels in semen.

CONCLUSION

The elevated levels of reactive oxygen radicals in individuals with acromegaly suggest a possible link between oxidative stress and its effects on semen quality.

Fast FRAP-SIA method to determine antioxidant capacity

One of the most used methods to measure antioxidant capacity in food is the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) test, which is simple, sensitive, and economical, nevertheless has long analysis times, causing measurement errors due to the instability of the FRAP reagent due to its precipitation sequential injection analysis (SIA) is a flow technique that can correct these disadvantages because it is more quickly. So, a novel FRAP-SIA method was developed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. The system was optimized using a central composite design for hydrodynamic and chemical factors, resulting in a flow rate of 35 μL s-1, and aspirate volumes of 33 μL-38 μL-33 μL for the sequence (FRAP-Antioxidant-FRAP). FRAP reagent was prepared with an HCl solution at 0.005 mol L-1, improving its stability 24 times, concerning when it is in acetate buffer at pH 3.6. The method showed excellent accuracy (RSD <3%) with a LOD of 1.0 μmol L-1 of Trolox for a linear range of 5-120 μmol L-1. The reaction time was diminished by 96% concerning the FRAP-microplate assay (from 30 min to 1.2 min). The method was applied in beverages and extracts, obtaining recovery values ranging from 91.24 to 114.22%.

Advance in Iron Metabolism, Oxidative Stress and Cellular Dysfunction in Experimental and Human Kidney Diseases

Kidney diseases pose a significant global health issue, frequently resulting in the gradual decline of renal function and eventually leading to end-stage renal failure. Abnormal iron metabolism and oxidative stress-mediated cellular dysfunction facilitates the advancement of kidney diseases. Iron homeostasis is strictly regulated in the body, and disturbance in this regulatory system results in abnormal iron accumulation or deficiency, both of which are associated with the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. Iron overload promotes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the Fenton reaction, resulting in oxidative damage to cellular molecules and impaired cellular function. Increased oxidative stress can also influence iron metabolism through upregulation of iron regulatory proteins and altering the expression and activity of key iron transport and storage proteins. This creates a harmful cycle in which abnormal iron metabolism and oxidative stress perpetuate each other, ultimately contributing to the advancement of kidney diseases. The crosstalk of iron metabolism and oxidative stress involves multiple signaling pathways, such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways. This review delves into the functions and mechanisms of iron metabolism and oxidative stress, along with the intricate relationship between these two factors in the context of kidney diseases. Understanding the underlying mechanisms should help to identify potential therapeutic targets and develop novel and effective therapeutic strategies to combat the burden of kidney diseases.

Several lines of antioxidant defense against oxidative stress: antioxidant enzymes, nanomaterials with multiple enzyme-mimicking activities, and low-molecular-weight antioxidants

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are well recognized for playing a dual role, since they can be either deleterious or beneficial to biological systems. An imbalance between ROS production and elimination is termed oxidative stress, a critical factor and common denominator of many chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, neurological disorders (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), and other disorders. To counteract the harmful effects of ROS, organisms have evolved a complex, three-line antioxidant defense system. The first-line defense mechanism is the most efficient and involves antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). This line of defense plays an irreplaceable role in the dismutation of superoxide radicals (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The removal of superoxide radicals by SOD prevents the formation of the much more damaging peroxynitrite ONOO- (O2•-  + NO• → ONOO-) and maintains the physiologically relevant level of nitric oxide (NO•), an important molecule in neurotransmission, inflammation, and vasodilation. The second-line antioxidant defense pathway involves exogenous diet-derived small-molecule antioxidants. The third-line antioxidant defense is ensured by the repair or removal of oxidized proteins and other biomolecules by a variety of enzyme systems. This review briefly discusses the endogenous (mitochondria, NADPH, xanthine oxidase (XO), Fenton reaction) and exogenous (e.g., smoking, radiation, drugs, pollution) sources of ROS (superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, peroxyl radical, hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite). Attention has been given to the first-line antioxidant defense system provided by SOD, CAT, and GPx. The chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidant enzymes, enzyme-related diseases (cancer, cardiovascular, lung, metabolic, and neurological diseases), and the role of enzymes (e.g., GPx4) in cellular processes such as ferroptosis are discussed. Potential therapeutic applications of enzyme mimics and recent progress in metal-based (copper, iron, cobalt, molybdenum, cerium) and nonmetal (carbon)-based nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities (nanozymes) are also discussed. Moreover, attention has been given to the mechanisms of action of low-molecular-weight antioxidants (vitamin C (ascorbate), vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), carotenoids (e.g., β-carotene, lycopene, lutein), flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, anthocyanins, epicatechin), and glutathione (GSH)), the activation of transcription factors such as Nrf2, and the protection against chronic diseases. Given that there is a discrepancy between preclinical and clinical studies, approaches that may result in greater pharmacological and clinical success of low-molecular-weight antioxidant therapies are also subject to discussion.

Role of oxidative stress-induced ferroptosis in cancer therapy

Ferroptosis is a distinct mode of cell death, distinguishing itself from typical apoptosis by its reliance on the accumulation of iron ions and lipid peroxides. Cells manifest an imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidant equilibrium during certain pathological contexts, such as tumours, resulting in oxidative stress. Notably, recent investigations propose that heightened intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to oxidative stress can heighten cellular susceptibility to ferroptosis inducers or expedite the onset of ferroptosis. Consequently, comprehending role of ROS in the initiation of ferroptosis has significance in elucidating disorders related to oxidative stress. Moreover, an exhaustive exploration into the mechanism and control of ferroptosis might offer novel targets for addressing specific tumour types. Within this context, our review delves into recent fundamental pathways and the molecular foundation of ferroptosis. Four classical ferroptotic molecular pathways are well characterized, namely, glutathione peroxidase 4-centred molecular pathway, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 molecular pathway, mitochondrial molecular pathway, and mTOR-dependent autophagy pathway. Furthermore, we seek to elucidate the regulatory contributions enacted by ROS. Additionally, we provide an overview of targeted medications targeting four molecular pathways implicated in ferroptosis and their potential clinical applications. Here, we review the role of ROS and oxidative stress in ferroptosis, and we discuss opportunities to use ferroptosis as a new strategy for cancer therapy and point out the current challenges persisting within the domain of ROS-regulated anticancer drug research and development.

Pioglitazone-induced alterations of purine metabolism in healthy male subjects

Pioglitazone is class of thiazolidinediones that activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in adipocytes to improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity and has been used as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. However, the underlying mechanisms of associated pioglitazone-induced effects remain unclear. Our study aimed to investigate endogenous metabolite alterations associated with pioglitazone administration in healthy male subjects using an untargeted metabolomics approach. All subjects received 30 mg of pioglitazone once daily in the assigned sequence and period. Urine samples were collected before pioglitazone administration and for 24 h after 7 days of administration. A total of 1465 compounds were detected and filtered using a coefficient of variance below 30% and 108 metabolites were significantly altered upon pioglitazone administration via multivariate statistical analysis. Fourteen significant metabolites were identified using authentic standards and public libraries. Additionally, pathway analysis revealed that metabolites from purine and beta-alanine metabolisms were significantly altered after pioglitazone administration. Further analysis of quantification of metabolites from purine metabolism, revealed that the xanthine/hypoxanthine and uric acid/xanthine ratios were significantly decreased at post-dose. Pioglitazone-dependent endogenous metabolites and metabolic ratio indicated the potential effect of pioglitazone on the activation of PPAR and fatty acid synthesis. Additional studies involving patients are required to validate these findings.

The effects of micro- and nanoplastics on the central nervous system: A new threat to humanity?

Given the widespread production and use of plastics, poor biodegradability, and inadequate recycling, micro/nanoplastics (MNPs) have caused widespread environmental pollution. As a result, humans inevitably ingest MNPs through various pathways. However, there is still no consensus on whether exposure to MNPs has adverse effects on humans. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge of MNPs and the potential mechanisms of their impact on the central nervous system. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that exposure to MNPs may pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and lead to neurotoxicity through impairments in oxidative and inflammatory balance, neurotransmitter alternation, nerve conduction-related key enzymes, and impact through the gut-brain axis. It is worth noting that MNPs may act as carriers and have more severe effects on the body when co-exposed with other substances. MNPs of smaller sizes cause more severe harm. Despite the scarcity of reports directly relevant to humans, this review brings together a growing body of evidence showing that exposure to MNPs disturbs neurons and has even been found to alter the memory and behavior of organisms. This effect may lead to further potential negative influence on the central nervous system and contribute to the development of other diseases such as central nervous system inflammation and Parkinson 's-like neurodegenerative disorders. There is a need further to investigate the threat of MNPs to human health.

The Impact of SNP-Induced Amino Acid Substitutions L19P and G66R in the dRP-Lyase Domain of Human DNA Polymerase β on Enzyme Activities

Base excision repair (BER), which involves the sequential activity of DNA glycosylases, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucleases, DNA polymerases, and DNA ligases, is one of the enzymatic systems that preserve the integrity of the genome. Normal BER is effective, but due to single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the enzymes themselves-whose main function is to identify and eliminate damaged bases-can undergo amino acid changes. One of the enzymes in BER is DNA polymerase β (Polβ), whose function is to fill gaps in DNA. SNPs can significantly affect the catalytic activity of an enzyme by causing an amino acid substitution. In this work, pre-steady-state kinetic analyses and molecular dynamics simulations were used to examine the activity of naturally occurring variants of Polβ that have the substitutions L19P and G66R in the dRP-lyase domain. Despite the substantial distance between the dRP-lyase domain and the nucleotidyltransferase active site, it was found that the capacity to form a complex with DNA and with an incoming dNTP is significantly altered by these substitutions. Therefore, the lower activity of the tested polymorphic variants may be associated with a greater number of unrepaired DNA lesions.

Unveiling the therapeutic potential of Dl-3-n-butylphthalide in NTG-induced migraine mouse: activating the Nrf2 pathway to alleviate oxidative stress and neuroinflammation

BACKGROUND

Migraine stands as a prevalent primary headache disorder, with prior research highlighting the significant involvement of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways in its pathogenesis and chronicity. Existing evidence indicates the capacity of Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) to mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby conferring neuroprotective benefits in many central nervous system diseases. However, the specific therapeutic implications of NBP in the context of migraine remain to be elucidated.

METHODS

We established a C57BL/6 mouse model of chronic migraine (CM) using recurrent intraperitoneal injections of nitroglycerin (NTG, 10 mg/kg), and prophylactic treatment was simulated by administering NBP (30 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, 120 mg/kg) by gavage prior to each NTG injection. Mechanical threshold was assessed using von Frey fibers, and photophobia and anxious behaviours were assessed using a light/dark box and elevated plus maze. Expression of c-Fos, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), Nucleus factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and related pathway proteins in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (SP5C) were detected by Western blotting (WB) or immunofluorescence (IF). The expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in SP5C and CGRP in plasma were detected by ELISA. A reactive oxygen species (ROS) probe was used to detect the expression of ROS in the SP5C.

RESULTS

At the end of the modelling period, chronic migraine mice showed significantly reduced mechanical nociceptive thresholds, as well as photophobic and anxious behaviours. Pretreatment with NBP attenuated nociceptive sensitization, photophobia, and anxiety in the model mice, reduced expression levels of c-Fos and CGRP in the SP5C and activated Nrf2 and its downstream proteins HO-1 and NQO-1. By measuring the associated cytokines, we also found that NBP reduced levels of oxidative stress and inflammation. Most importantly, the therapeutic effect of NBP was significantly reduced after the administration of ML385 to inhibit Nrf2.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that NBP may alleviate migraine by activating the Nrf2 pathway to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in migraine mouse models, confirming that it may be a potential drug for the treatment of migraine.

Brazil nut consumption reduces DNA damage in overweight type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a metabolic disease, which occurs largely due to unhealthy lifestyle. As oxidative stress is believed to promote T2D, by inducing damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA, appropriate dietary interventions seem critical to prevent, manage, and even reverse this condition. Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa, H.B.K.) are nature's richest source of selenium, a mineral that has shown several health benefits. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effects of selenium consumption, through Brazil nuts, on biochemical and oxidative stress parameters, and genomic instability in T2D patients. We recruited 133 patients with T2D, registered in the Integrated Clinics of the University of Southern Santa Catarina (Brazil). Participants consumed one Brazil nut a day for six months. Blood samples and exfoliated buccal cells were collected at the beginning and the end of the intervention. The glycemic profile, lipid profile, renal profile and hepatic profile, DNA damage and selenium content were evaluated. A total of 74 participants completed the intervention. Brazil nut consumption increased selenium and GSH levels, GPx, and CAT activity while DCF and nitrites levels decreased. Total thiols increased, and protein carbonyl and MDA levels decreased. Levels of baseline and oxidative DNA damage in T2D patients were significantly decreased, as well as the frequency of micronuclei and nuclear buds. The fasting glucose levels, HDL and LDL cholesterol, and GGT levels that increased significantly in patients with type 2 diabetes were significantly reduced with nut consumption. Our results show an increase in antioxidant activity, along with reductions of protein and lipid oxidation as well as DNA damage, suggesting that Brazil nut consumption could be an ally in reducing oxidative stress and modulating the genomic instability in T2D patients.

Maternal exposure to particulate matter from duck houses restricts fetal growth due to inflammatory damage and oxidative stress

The composition of particulate matter (PM) in poultry farms differs significantly from that of atmospheric PM as there is a higher concentration of microbes on farms. To assess the health effects of PM from poultry farms on pregnant animals, we collected PM from duck houses using a particulate sampler, processed it via centrifugation and vacuum concentration, and subsequently exposed the mice to airborne PM at 0.48 mg/m3 (i.e., low concentration group) and 1.92 mg/m3 (i.e., high concentration group) on the fifth day of pregnancy. After exposure until the twentieth day of pregnancy or spontaneous delivery, mice were euthanized for sampling. The effects of PM from duck houses on the pregnancy toxicity of mice were analyzed using histopathological analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results showed that exposure to PM had adverse effects on pregnant mice that reduced their feed intake in both groups. Microscopic lesions were observed in the lungs and placentas of pregnant mice, and the lesions worsened with increased PM concentrations, as shown by alveolar wall thickening, the infiltration of inflammatory cells in pulmonary interstitium, congestion, edema, and cellular degeneration of placenta. In pregnant mice in the high concentration group, exposure to PM significantly increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the lungs and placentas, caused oxidative stress, and decreased estrogen level in the blood. Exposure to PM also resulted in the reduced litter sizes of pregnant mice and shorter body and tail lengths in the fetuses delivered. Beyond that, exposure to PM significantly downregulated the levels of antioxidant factor superoxide dismutase and neurotrophic factor Ngf in the brains of fetuses. Collectively, exposure to a high concentration of PM by inhalation among pregnant mice caused significant pregnancy toxicity that led to abnormal fetal development due to inflammatory damage and oxidative stress. These findings established a foundation for future studies on the underlying mechanisms of pregnancy toxicity induced by exposure to PM.

Novel drug therapy of acute hepatic failure induced in rats by a combination of tadalafil and Lepidium sativum

BACKGROUND

Hepatocyte death and a systemic inflammatory response are the outcome of a complex chain of events mediated by numerous inflammatory cells and chemical mediators. The point of this study was to find out if tadalafil and/or Lepidium sativum (L. sativum) could help people who have been exposed to carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) and are experiencing acute moderate liver failure. This was especially true when the two were used together.

METHOD AND MATERIALS

To cause mild liver failure 24 h before sacrifice, a single oral dosage of CCL4 (2.5 mL/kg b.w.) (50% in olive oil) was utilized. Furthermore, immunohistochemical expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) as well as histological abnormalities were performed on liver tissue.

RESULTS

The results showed that tadalafil and/or L. sativum, especially in combination, performed well to cure acute mild liver failure caused by CCL4. This was demonstrated by a decrease in NF-κB expression in the liver tissue and an improvement in organ damage markers observed in the blood and liver tissues. Furthermore, such therapy reduced interleukin1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in the liver tissue. It's worth noting that the tested combination resulted in greater liver improvement.

CONCLUSIONS

According to the findings, tadalafil and L. sativum, particularly in combination, have the ability to protect the liver from the negative effects of CCL4 exposure. Because of its capacity to improve liver function, restore redox equilibrium, and decrease inflammatory mediators, it is a prospective option for mitigating the negative effects of common environmental pollutants such as CCL4.

Sustainable permeable biobarriers for atrazine removal in packed bed biofilm reactors

The synergy between two supported bacterial biofilms of S. equisimilis and P. putida and a sustainable biocarrier (raw pine) was studied, working both as biobarriers for the treatment of water contaminated with atrazine. Firstly, the effects of ATZ exposure on bacterial growth were evaluated, with Gram-positive S. equisimilis being a more tolerant bacterium to higher amounts of the herbicide. The bioremoval of ATZ by S. equisimilis concentrated biomass was then assessed, reaching around 83.5% after 15 days due to the potential degradation by the biomass and biosorption by the solids, with overlapping of both mechanisms. The optimization of bacterial biofilm attachment onto raw pine prior to bioremoval assays in lab-scale packed bed biofilm reactors was performed by varying initial biomass concentration, inocula growth time and hydrodynamic conditions. Lastly, the optimized biosystems were tested as sustainable remediation designs to treat water contaminated with the selected herbicide. Results reveal an added beneficial effect towards the bioremoval of atrazine using supported biofilms onto raw pine, reaching 90.42% and 79.71% by S. equisimilis and P. putida biofilms, respectively, over 58.31% increase when compared to sorption on fixed bed of pine. The coupling of biosorption/biodegradation favors the bioremoval process significantly.

Associations of Vitamins and Related Cofactor Metabolites with Mammographic Breast Density in Premenopausal Women

BACKGROUND

Identifying biological drivers of mammographic breast density (MBD), a strong risk factor for breast cancer, could provide insight into breast cancer etiology and prevention. Studies on dietary factors and MBD have yielded conflicting results. There are, however, very limited data on the associations of dietary biomarkers and MBD.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate the associations of vitamins and related cofactor metabolites with MBD in premenopausal women.

METHODS

We measured 37 vitamins and related cofactor metabolites in fasting plasma samples of 705 premenopausal women recruited during their annual screening mammogram at the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. Volpara was used to assess volumetric percent density (VPD), dense volume (DV), and nondense volume (NDV). We estimated the least square means of VPD, DV, and NDV across quartiles of each metabolite, as well as the regression coefficient of a metabolite in continuous scale from multiple covariate-adjusted linear regression. We corrected for multiple testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure to control the false discover rate (FDR) at a 5% level.

RESULTS

Participants' mean VPD was 10.5%. Two vitamin A metabolites (β-cryptoxanthin and carotene diol 2) were positively associated, and one vitamin E metabolite (γ-tocopherol) was inversely associated with VPD. The mean VPD increased across quartiles of β-cryptoxanthin (Q1 = 7.2%, Q2 = 7.7%, Q3 = 8.4%%, Q4 = 9.2%; P-trend = 1.77E-05, FDR P value = 1.18E-03). There was a decrease in the mean VPD across quartiles of γ-tocopherol (Q1 = 9.4%, Q2 = 8.1%, Q3 = 8.0%, Q4 = 7.8%; P -trend = 4.01E-03, FDR P value = 0.04). Seven metabolites were associated with NDV: 3 vitamin E (γ-CEHC glucuronide, δ-CEHC, and γ-tocopherol) and 1 vitamin C (gulonate) were positively associated, whereas 2 vitamin A (carotene diol 2 and β-cryptoxanthin) and 1 vitamin C (threonate) were inversely associated with NDV. No metabolite was significantly associated with DV.

CONCLUSION

We report novel associations of vitamins and related cofactor metabolites with MBD in premenopausal women.

MicroRNA-204-5p Ameliorates Renal Injury via Regulating Keap1/Nrf2 Pathway in Diabetic Kidney Disease

Background

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is characterized by renal fibrosis, and the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis is still not definitely confirmed. MiR-204-5p plays an important role in the regulation of fibrosis, autophagy and oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of miR-204-5p on renal damage in diabetic kidneys and the underlying mechanisms involved.

Methods

In vivo, AAV-Ksp-miR-204-5p mimics were injected into mice via tail vein. In vitro, high glucose-induced HK-2 cells were treated with miR-204-5p inhibitor, miR-204-5p mimics, ATG5 siRNA, tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), ML385, or 3-Methyladenine (3-MA). FISH and qRT-PCR were used to detect miR-204-5p expression. The expressions of protein and mRNA were detected by Western blotting, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. The concentration of fibronectin in HK-2 cells culture medium was detected by ELISA.

Results

The expression of miR-204-5p in diabetic kidneys was significantly inhibited than that in control group. Delivering miR-204-5p mimics increased miR-204-5p expression, improved renal function, inhibited renal fibrosis and oxidative stress, and restored autophagy in db/db mice. In vitro, the expression of miR-204-5p was inhibited by HG treatment in HK-2 cells. MiR-204-5p mimics effectively increased miR-204-5p expression and reduced fibronectin and collagen I expression, restored autophagy dysfunction, and increased Nrf2 expression, whereas these alterations were abrogated by Nrf2 inhibitor ML385, autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA, 5 mM) treatment or ATG5 siRNA transfection in HG-induced HK-2 cells. In addition, miR-204-5p inhibitor significantly inhibited miR-204-5p expression and aggravated HG-induced fibronectin and collagen I expression, autophagy dysfunction, and decreased Nrf2 expression, while these alterations were abolished by Nrf2 activator TBHQ. Furthermore, the binding of miR-204-5p with Keap1 was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay and miR-204-5p negatively regulated Keap1 expression, resulting in the activation of Nrf2 pathway.

Conclusion

MicroRNA-204-5p protects against the progression of diabetic renal fibrosis by restoring autophagy via regulating Keap1/Nrf2 pathway.

Metabolic syndrome is linked to the incidence of pancreatic cancer

Background

Although previous studies have showed that metabolic syndrome is one of the contributors of pancreatic cancer, there is no clear consensus that early stages of metabolic syndrome are linked to increased incidence of pancreatic cancer. Therefore, we confirmed the linkage between metabolic syndrome and pancreatic cancer, and shown that even early stage of metabolic syndrome is linked to pancreatic cancer in the retrospective observational study.

Methods

We recruited approximately 4.6 million Japanese in 2005 and followed up these subjects for more than 10 years. At the time of the enrollment, after obtaining clinical data with prescribed drugs and examining the presence or absence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), we followed up on these subjects with and without MetS to examine the incidence of pancreatic cancer. The modified criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATPIII) were used to define MetS.

Findings

During the 40.7-month average follow-up period for 2,707,296 subjects with complete data for identifying MetS and important risk factors without pancreatic cancer before the enrollment, 87,857 suffered from pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancers occurred in 16,154 of 331,229 subjects (4.9%) in the MetS group and 71,703 of 2,376,067 patients (3.0%) in the non-MetS group (hazard ratio (HR), 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34-1.39; p < 0.0001 after the adjustment with age, smoking and sex). As the number of the constituent factors of MetS increased from one to five, the incidence of pancreatic cancer correspondingly increased (HR: 1.11, 1.23, 1.42, 1.66 and 2.03 using Cox proportional hazard models, p < 0.0001 each). When we defined MetS using the Japanese criteria, the results are in accord with the results using NCEP/ATPIII. Especially pre-metabolic syndrome (pre-MetS) in the Japanese criteria was tightly linked to the incidence of pancreatic cancers.

Interpretation

MetS is confirmed to be linked to pancreatic cancer. Although we cannot conclude causality. We also demonstrated the link between pre-MetS and pancreatic cancer.

Funding

The sponsors of the study were Japanese Heart Foundation and Japan Cardiovascular Research Foundation. This is also partially supported by Grants-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan; and Grants-in-Aid from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development.

Oxidative damage associated with exposure to heavy metals present in topsoils in central Chile

Exposure to heavy metals may cause the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, generating oxidative stress and consequently, various harms to human health. The soil surrounding the Ventanas Industrial Complex, in Puchuncaví and Quintero municipal districts on the central Chilean coast, contains heavy metal concentrations (As, Cu, Pb, Zn, among others) that far exceed the maximum permissible levels established by Italian soil standards (used as a reference). This study aimed to investigate the potential association between heavy metal exposure in humans and the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in inhabitants of these locations. We took blood samples from 140 adults living in sites with high concentrations of heavy metals in the soil and compared them with blood samples from 140 adults living in areas with normal heavy metal concentrations. We assessed lipid peroxidation, damage to genetic material, and Total Antioxidant Capacity in these blood samples. Our results indicate an association between oxidative damage and heavy metal exposure, where the inhabitants living in exposed areas have a higher level of DNA damage compared with those living in control areas. Given that DNA damage is one of the main factors in carcinogenesis, these results are of interest, both for public health and for public policies aimed at limiting human exposure to environmental pollution.

Protective potential of naringenin and its nanoformulations in redox mechanisms of injury and disease

Increasing evidence suggests that elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a significant role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Increased intracellular levels of ROS can lead to the oxidation of lipids, DNA, and proteins, contributing to cellular damage. Hence, the maintenance of redox hemostasis is essential. Naringenin (NAR) is a flavonoid included in the flavanones subcategory. Various pharmacological actions have been ascribable to this phytochemical composition, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, antiadipogenic, neuro-, and cardio-protective activities. This review focused on the underlying mechanism responsible for the antioxidative stress properties of NAR and its' nanoformulations. Several lines of in vitro and in vivo investigations suggest the effects of NAR and its nanoformulation on their target cells via modulating signaling pathways. These nanoformulations include nanoemulsion, nanocarriers, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), and nanomicelle. This review also highlights several beneficial health effects of NAR nanoformulations on human diseases including brain disorders, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and small intestine injuries. Employing nanoformulation can improve the pharmacokinetic properties of NAR and consequently efficiency by reducing its limitations, such as low bioavailability. The protective effects of NAR and its' nanoformulations against oxidative stress may be linked to the modulation of Nrf2-heme oxygenase-1, NO/cGMP/potassium channel, COX-2, NF-κB, AMPK/SIRT3, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, BDNF, NOX, and LOX-1 pathways. Understanding the mechanism behind the protective effects of NAR can facilitate drug development for the treatment of oxidative stress-related disorders.

OH Radical-Induced Oxidation in Nucleosides and Nucleotides Unraveled by Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectroscopy

OH⋅-induced oxidation products of DNA nucleosides and nucleotides have been structurally characterized by collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MS2 ) and Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy. CID-MS2 results have shown that the addition of one oxygen atom occurs on the nucleobase moiety. The gas-phase geometries of +16 mass increment products of 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA(O)H+ ), 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate (dAMP(O)H+ ), 2'-deoxycytidine (dC(O)H+ ), and 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate (dCMP(O)H+ ) are extensively investigated by IRMPD spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations. We show that a carbonyl group is formed at the C8 position after oxidation of 2'-deoxyadenosine and its monophosphate derivative. For 2'-deoxycytidine and its monophosphate derivative, the oxygen atom is added to the C5 position to form a C-OH group. IRMPD spectroscopy has been employed for the first time to provide direct structural information on oxidative lesions in DNA model systems.

Low cholesterol levels are associated with increasing risk of plasma cell neoplasm: A UK biobank cohort study

BACKGROUND

Plasma cell neoplasms are a group of hematologic neoplasms that often develop in the elderly population. The relationship between cholesterol levels and hematologic malignancy has been identified in population studies. However, it is still unclear if there is a relationship between cholesterol levels and plasma cell neoplasm in European ancestry.

METHODS

Prospective cohorts included 502,507 individuals from the UK Biobank who were followed up to 2019 and assessed total cholesterol(TC) levels, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, apolipoprotein A (ApoA) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) as risk factors for plasma cell neoplasms with Cox proportional hazard regression and restricted cubic spline model. We also used two-sample Mendelian randomization to determine if the cholesterol level has a causal effect on developing plasma cell neoplasms.

RESULTS

We observed 1819 plasma cell neoplasm cases during 14.2 years of follow-up in the UK Biobank. We found higher blood serum cholesterol levels at baseline were associated with a lower risk of plasma cell neoplasm in our study. All lipid profiles we analyzed in this study were inversely associated with plasma cell neoplasm risk (all ptrend  <0.005) but triglycerides did not have such association. However, there was no suggestive association of genetically predicted serum LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol levels with multiple myeloma.

CONCLUSION

Low serum total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, ApoA, and ApoB levels were all associated with increasing the risk of plasma cell neoplasm.

Digestion-resistant whey peptides promote antioxidant effect on Caco-2 cells

Enteric endothelial cells are the first structure to come in contact with digested food and may suffer oxidative damage by innumerous exogenous factors. Although peptides derived from whey digestion have presented antioxidant potential, little is known regarding antioxidant pathways activation in Caco-2 cell line model. Hence, we evaluated the ability to form whey peptides resistant to simulated gastrointestinal digestive processes, with potential antioxidant activity on gastrointestinal cells and associated with sequence structure and activity. Using the INFOGEST method of simulated static digestion, we achieved 35.2% proteolysis, with formation of peptides of low molecular mass (<600 Da) evaluated by FPLC. The digestion-resistant peptides showed a high proportion of hydrophobic and acidic amino acids, but with average surface hydrophobicity. We identified 24 peptide sequences, mainly originated from β-lactoglobulin, that exhibit various bioactivities. Structurally, the sequenced peptides predominantly contained the amino acids lysine and valine in the N-terminal region, and tyrosine in the C-terminal region, which are known to exhibit antioxidant properties. The antioxidant activity of the peptide digests was on average twice as potent as that of the protein isolates for the same concentration, as evaluated by ABTS, DPPH and ORAC. Evaluation of biological activity in Caco-2 intestinal cells, stimulated with hydrogen peroxide, showed that they attenuated the production of reactive oxygen species and prevented GSH reduction and SOD activity increase. Caco-2 cells were not responsive to nitric oxide secretion. This study suggests that whey peptides formed during gastric digestion exhibit biological antioxidant activity, without the need for previously hydrolysis with exogenous enzymes for supplement application. The study's primary contribution was demonstrating the antioxidant activity of whey peptides in maintaining the gastrointestinal epithelial cells, potentially preventing oxidative stress that affects the digestive system.

Exposure to Polystyrene Nanoplastics Led to Learning and Memory Deficits in Zebrafish by Inducing Oxidative Damage and Aggravating Brain Aging

Nanoplastics (NPs) may pass through the blood-brain barrier, giving rise to serious concerns about their potential toxicity to the brain. In this study, the effects of NPs exposure on learning and memory, the primary cognitive functions of the brain, are assessed in zebrafish with classic T-maze exploration tasks. Additionally, to reveal potential affecting mechanisms, the impacts of NPs exposure on brain aging, oxidative damage, energy provision, and the cell cycle are evaluated. The results demonstrate that NP-exposed zebrafish takes significantly longer for their first entry and spends markedly less time in the reward zone in the T-maze task, indicating the occurrence of learning and memory deficits. Moreover, higher levels of aging markers (β-galactosidase and lipofuscin) are detected in the brains of NP-exposed fish. Along with the accumulation of reactive free radicals, NP-exposed zebrafish suffer significant levels of brain oxidative damage. Furthermore, lower levels of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and higher levels of p53 are observed in the brains of NP-exposed zebrafish, suggesting that NPs exposure also results in a shortage of energy supply and an arrestment of the cell cycle. These findings suggest that NPs exposure may pose a severe threat to brain health, which deserves closer attention.

Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: chronic diseases and aging

A physiological level of oxygen/nitrogen free radicals and non-radical reactive species (collectively known as ROS/RNS) is termed oxidative eustress or "good stress" and is characterized by low to mild levels of oxidants involved in the regulation of various biochemical transformations such as carboxylation, hydroxylation, peroxidation, or modulation of signal transduction pathways such as Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and other processes. Increased levels of ROS/RNS, generated from both endogenous (mitochondria, NADPH oxidases) and/or exogenous sources (radiation, certain drugs, foods, cigarette smoking, pollution) result in a harmful condition termed oxidative stress ("bad stress"). Although it is widely accepted, that many chronic diseases are multifactorial in origin, they share oxidative stress as a common denominator. Here we review the importance of oxidative stress and the mechanisms through which oxidative stress contributes to the pathological states of an organism. Attention is focused on the chemistry of ROS and RNS (e.g. superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, peroxyl radicals, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite), and their role in oxidative damage of DNA, proteins, and membrane lipids. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of oxidative stress biomarkers is also discussed. Oxidative stress contributes to the pathology of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurological disorders (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, Down syndrome), psychiatric diseases (depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), renal disease, lung disease (chronic pulmonary obstruction, lung cancer), and aging. The concerted action of antioxidants to ameliorate the harmful effect of oxidative stress is achieved by antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutases-SODs, catalase, glutathione peroxidase-GPx), and small molecular weight antioxidants (vitamins C and E, flavonoids, carotenoids, melatonin, ergothioneine, and others). Perhaps one of the most effective low molecular weight antioxidants is vitamin E, the first line of defense against the peroxidation of lipids. A promising approach appears to be the use of certain antioxidants (e.g. flavonoids), showing weak prooxidant properties that may boost cellular antioxidant systems and thus act as preventive anticancer agents. Redox metal-based enzyme mimetic compounds as potential pharmaceutical interventions and sirtuins as promising therapeutic targets for age-related diseases and anti-aging strategies are discussed.

Leukocyte 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine as an oxidative stress marker to predict cardiovascular events and death in chronic hemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND

Hemodialysis patients have a markedly increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress plays a pathogenic role in the progression of atherosclerosis and CV disease among chronic hemodialysis patients. The 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) content in leukocyte deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been shown as a sensitive and well-known biomarker of oxidant-induced DNA damage in chronic hemodialysis patients.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study to investigate the association of leukocyte 8-OHdG and CV events and deaths in patients of chronic hemodialysis. In this study, 217 chronic hemodialysis patients were recruited from 2016 to 2021. The 8-OHdG content of leukocyte DNA was measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography electrochemical detection method. Study outcomes were CV events as well as CV and all-cause deaths. The patients were followed until May 2021.

RESULTS

The median follow-up period was 34.8 months. At the end of May 2021, 57 first CV events and 89 all-CV events occurred. Among the first and all CV events, 17 (29.8%) and 32 (36.0%) were fatal, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed per 1/10 5 dG increment in leukocyte 8-OHdG values increased risk of CV events (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.19; 95% CI, 1.10-1.41; p < 0.001), CV death (aHR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.03-1.72; p = 0.034), and all-cause death (aHR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01-1.30; p = 0.038).

CONCLUSION

This is the first study to demonstrate that oxidative stress assessed by 8-OHdG levels of leukocyte DNA predicted CV events as well as CV and all-cause deaths among chronic hemodialysis patients.

Real-time in vivo ROS monitoring with luminescent nanoparticles reveals skin inflammation dynamics

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key regulators in numerous pathological contexts, including cancer or inflammation. Their role is complex, which justifies the need for methods enabling their quantitative and time-resolved monitoring in vivo, in the perspective to profile tissues of individual patients. However, current ROS detection methods do not provide these features. Here, we propose a new method based on the imaging of lanthanide-ion nanoparticles (GdVO4:Eu), whose photoluminescence is modulated by the surrounding ROS concentration. We monitored their luminescence after intradermic injection in a mouse ear submitted to an inflammation-inducing topical stimulus. Based on this approach, we quantified the ROS concentration after inflammation induction and identified a two-step kinetics of ROS production, which may be attributed to the response of resident immune cells and their further recruitment at the inflammation locus.

Impact of Polyphenols on Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Factors in Diabetes Mellitus: Nutritional Antioxidants and Their Application in Improving Antidiabetic Therapy

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the development and progression of diabetes and its complications. Nutritional antioxidants derived from dietary sources have gained significant attention due to their potential to improve antidiabetic therapy. This review will delve into the world of polyphenols, investigating their origins in plants, metabolism in the human body, and relevance to the antioxidant mechanism in the context of improving antidiabetic therapy by attenuating oxidative stress, improving insulin sensitivity, and preserving β-cell function. The potential mechanisms of, clinical evidence for, and future perspectives on nutritional antioxidants as adjuvant therapy in diabetes management are discussed.

Putative role of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in cancer pathology and immunotherapy: Can this be a hidden treasure, especially for the elderly?

Cancer is globally a disease of significant public health concern owing to its prevalence, and association with morbidity and mortality. Thus, cost-effective treatments for cancer are important to help reduce its significant morbidity and mortality. However, the current therapeutic options for cancer such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery may produce serious adverse events such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and peripheral neuropathy, especially in the long term. In addition, these therapeutic options may not be well tolerated by the elderly especially those who are frail. The current article is aimed at discussing an alternative therapeutic option, non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and the roles it plays in cancer pathology and immunotherapy. The VNS does this by reducing oxidative stress via silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1); inhibiting inflammation via both hypothalamic-pituitary-axis (HPA) and the release of corticosteroid from the adrenal gland, and cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), and increasing vagal activity which helps in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and metabolism, and increase chance of survival. Furthermore, it helps with reducing complications due to cancer or its treatments such as postoperative ileus and severity of peripheral neuropathy induced by chemotherapy, and improves cancer-related fatigue, lymphopenia, and quality of life. These suggest that the importance of non-invasive VNS in cancer pathology and immunotherapy cannot be overemphasized. Therefore, considering the safety of non-invasive VNS and its cost-effectiveness, it is a therapeutic option worth trying for these patients, especially in combination with other therapies.

Neutrophils and the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)

We are not entirely able to understand, assess, and modulate the functioning of the immune system in clinical situations that lead to a systemic inflammatory response. In the search for diagnostic and treatment strategies (which are still far from perfect), it became very important to study the pathogenesis and participation of endogenous inflammation mediators. This study attempts to more precisely establish the role of neutrophils in individual phenomena occurring during an inflammatory and anti-inflammatory reaction, taking into account their cidal, immunoregulatory, and reparative abilities. Pro- and anticoagulatory properties of endothelium in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) are emphasised, along with the resulting clinical implications (the application of immunotherapy using mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) or IL-6 antagonists in sepsis and COVID-19 treatment, among others). Special attention is paid to reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced by neutrophils activated during "respiratory burst" in the course of SIRS; the protective and pathogenic role of these endogenous mediators is highlighted. Moreover, clinically useful biomarkers of SIRS (neutrophil extracellular traps, cell-free DNA, DAMP, TREMs, NGAL, miRNA, selected cytokines, ROS, and recognised markers of endothelial damage from the group of adhesins by means of immunohistochemical techniques) related to the neutrophils are presented, and their role in the diagnosing and forecasting of sepsis, burn disease, and COVID-19 is emphasised. Finally, examples of immunomodulation of sepsis and antioxidative thermal injury therapy are presented.

Assessment of sub-chronic oral toxicity of Nityanand Rasa: An ayurvedic herbo-metallic formulation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Nityananda Rasa (NR) is an ayurvedic herbo-metallic formulation used to treat gout, obesity, hypothyroidism, elephantiasis, and other diseases. However, its safety is a concern owing to the use of heavy metals like mercury and arsenic.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To study the sub-chronic oral toxicity of NR on albino wistar rats for safety evaluation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The male and female albino wistar rats were administered a daily dose of 30 (low), 300 (medium) and 600 (high) mg/kg BW/day of NR for 90-day period. The body weight and feed consumption were monitored once a week. After 90 days, blood and vital organs were harvested for genotoxicity, hematology, biochemistry, histopathology, gene expression and the biodistribution analysis.

RESULTS

There was no mortality or severe behavioural changes observed in rats. Significant changes in biochemical enzyme levels were seen at medium and high doses of NR i. e. 300 and 600 mg/kg BW/day respectively. No hematological changes were observed. Mild histopathological changes seen at high dose of NR which were found in concurrence with the biochemical alterations in liver and brain. There was mild genotoxicity and no detectable level of mercury but significant arsenic level in blood at high dose. Gene expression was mildly affected.

CONCLUSIONS

NR induced moderate toxic effects at high dose but can be considered safe at therapeutic doses.

Impact of semen oxidative stress on sperm quality: initial results from Vietnam

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to determine the relationship between oxidative stress (OS) measured by the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and the results of semen analysis among men from infertile couples.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study included 166 men from infertile couples, determined according to the World Health Organization guidelines. The general characteristics, semen analysis, sperm chromatin dispersion assay, and ORP of all subjects were evaluated and analyzed statistically.

RESULTS

Among 166 men from infertile couples, individuals with OS had a significantly higher DNA fragmentation index (DFI) than men without OS (22.37% ± 11.67% vs. 17.98% ± 8.98%). The sperm concentration, total sperm count, motility rate, and normal morphology were negatively correlated, while and an abnormal head and neck-tail were positively correlated with ORP. There was also a positive association between the DFI and OS level. The optimal ORP threshold for determining sperm quality was 0.77 mV/106 sperm/mL (sensitivity, 50.4%; specificity, 93.5%; positive predictive value, 52.9%; negative predictive value, 32.3%).

CONCLUSIONS

Determining the ORP suggests that OS has an adverse effect on the total sperm count, sperm motility, sperm concentration, morphology, vitality, and DNA fragmentation index.

Modeling the evolution of recombination plasticity: A prospective review

Meiotic recombination is one of the main sources of genetic variation, a fundamental factor in the evolutionary adaptation of sexual eukaryotes. Yet, the role of variation in recombination rate and other recombination features remains underexplored. In this review, we focus on the sensitivity of recombination rates to different extrinsic and intrinsic factors. We briefly present the empirical evidence for recombination plasticity in response to environmental perturbations and/or poor genetic background and discuss theoretical models developed to explain how such plasticity could have evolved and how it can affect important population characteristics. We highlight a gap between the evidence, which comes mostly from experiments with diploids, and theory, which typically assumes haploid selection. Finally, we formulate open questions whose solving would help to outline conditions favoring recombination plasticity. This will contribute to answering the long-standing question of why sexual recombination exists despite its costs, since plastic recombination may be evolutionary advantageous even in selection regimes rejecting any non-zero constant recombination.

A review of chromium (Cr) epigenetic toxicity and health hazards

Carcinogenic metals affect a variety of cellular processes, causing oxidative stress and cancer. The widespread distribution of these metals caused by industrial, residential, agricultural, medical, and technical activities raises concern for adverse environmental and human health effects. Of these metals, chromium (Cr) and its derivatives, including Cr(VI)-induced, are of a public health concern as they cause DNA epigenetic alterations resulting in heritable changes in gene expression. Here, we review and discuss the role of Cr(VI) in epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, micro-RNA changes, biomarkers of exposure and toxicity, and highlight prevention and intervention strategies to protect susceptible populations from exposure and adverse occupational health effects. Cr(VI) is a ubiquitous toxin linked to cardiovascular, developmental, neurological, and endocrine diseases as well as immunologic disorders and a high number of cancer types in humans following inhalation and skin contact. Cr alters DNA methylation levels as well as global and gene-specific histone posttranslational modifications, emphasizing the importance of considering epigenetics as a possible mechanism underlying Cr(VI) toxicity and cell-transforming ability. Our review shows that determining the levels of Cr(VI) in occupational workers is a crucial first step in shielding health problems, including cancer and other disorders. More clinical and preventative measures are therefore needed to better understand the toxicity and safeguard employees against cancer.

Fate and environmental behaviors of microplastics through the lens of free radical

Microplastics (MPs), as plastics with a size of less than 5 mm, are ubiquitously present in the environment and become an increasing environmental concern. The fate and environmental behavior of MPs are significantly influenced by the presence of free radicals. Free radicals can cause surface breakage, chemical release, change in crystallinity and hydrophilicity, and aggregation of MPs. On the other hand, the generation of free radicals with a high concentration and oxidation potential can effectively degrade MPs. There is a limited review article to bridge the fate and environmental behaviors of MP with free radicals and their reactions. This paper reviews the sources, types, detection methods, generation mechanisms, and influencing factors of free radicals affecting the environmental processes of MPs, the environmental effects of MPs controlled by free radicals, and the degradation strategies of MPs based on free radical-associated technologies. Moreover, this review elaborates on the limitations of the current research and provides ideas for future research on the interactions between MPs and free radicals to better explain their environmental impacts and control their risks. This article aims to keep the reader abreast of the latest development in the fate and environmental behaviors of MP with free radicals and their reactions and to bridge free radical chemistry with MP control methodology.

The Effect of Using Bovine Colostrum and Probiotics on Performance, Egg Traits, Blood Biochemical and Antioxidant Status of Laying Japanese Quails

The present paper aims to evaluate the effect of different levels of bovine colostrum and probiotic dietary supplementation on egg production performance, egg traits, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry and antioxidant status of laying Japanese quails. For the trial, 240 laying quails, aged between 24 weeks and 30 weeks, were involved in a 3 × 2 factorial experimental design, with 3 levels of bovine fresh colostrum (0, 2, and 4 percent of the total ratio) and 2 levels of probiotics (0 and 0.01 percent of the total ratio) administration. The colostrum supplementation improved the egg production performance, egg traits, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry, and antioxidant status (p < 0.01). Probiotics used without colostrum did not affect the investigated traits of laying Japanese quails (p > 0.05), but a synergistic effect was observed when combined with colostrum. The overall results recommended that using 4% of bovine colostrum in laying Japanese quails, with the addition of 0.01% of probiotic feed additive results in positive effects on egg production performance, egg traits, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry, and antioxidant status of laying Japanese quails in the late laying period.

Copper oxide nanoparticles: In vitro and in vivo toxicity, mechanisms of action and factors influencing their toxicology

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have received increasing interest due to their distinctive properties, including small particle size, high surface area, and reactivity. Due to these properties, their applications have been expanded rapidly in various areas such as biomedical properties, industrial catalysts, gas sensors, electronic materials, and environmental remediation. However, because of these widespread uses, there is now an increased risk of human exposure, which could lead to short- and long-term toxicity. This review addresses the underlying toxicity mechanisms of CuO NPs in cells which include reactive oxygen species generation, leaching of Cu ion, coordination effects, non-homeostasis effect, autophagy, and inflammation. In addition, different key factors responsible for toxicity, characterization, surface modification, dissolution, NPs dose, exposure pathways and environment are discussed to understand the toxicological impact of CuO NPs. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that CuO NPs cause oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and inflammation in bacterial, algal, fish, rodents, and human cell lines. Therefore, to make CuO NPs a more suitable candidate for various applications, it is essential to address their potential toxic effects, and hence, more studies should be done on the long-term and chronic impacts of CuO NPs at different concentrations to assure the safe usage of CuO NPs.

Dihydropyrazole Derivatives Act as Potent α-Amylase Inhibitors and Free Radical Scavengers: Synthesis, Bioactivity Evaluation, Structure-Activity Relationship, ADMET, and Molecular Docking Studies

Dihydropyrazole (1-22) derivatives were synthesized from already synthesized chalcones. The structures of all of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis and various spectroscopic techniques. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds were screened against α amylase as well as investigated for antioxidant activities. The synthesized compounds demonstrate good to excellent antioxidant activities with IC₅₀ values ranging between 30.03 and 913.58 μM. Among the 22 evaluated compounds, 11 compounds exhibit excellent activity relative to the standard ascorbic acid IC₅₀ = 287.30 μM. Interestingly, all of the evaluated compounds show good to excellent α amylase activity with IC₅₀ values lying in the range between 0.5509 and 810.73 μM as compared to the standard acarbose IC₅₀ = 73.12 μM. Among the investigated compounds, five compounds demonstrate better activity compared to the standard. In order to investigate the binding interactions of the evaluated compounds with amylase protein, molecular docking studies were conducted, which show an excellent docking score as compared to the standard. Furthermore, the physiochemical properties, drug likeness, and ADMET were investigated, and it was found that none of the compounds violate Lipiniski's rule of five, which shows that this class of compounds has enough potential to be used as a drug candidate in the near future.

PARP-1: a critical regulator in radioprotection and radiotherapy-mechanisms, challenges, and therapeutic opportunities

Background: Since its discovery, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) has been extensively studied due to its regulatory role in numerous biologically crucial pathways. PARP inhibitors have opened new therapeutic avenues for cancer patients and have gained approval as standalone treatments for certain types of cancer. With continued advancements in the research of PARP inhibitors, we can fully realize their potential as therapeutic targets for various diseases. Purpose: To assess the current understanding of PARP-1 mechanisms in radioprotection and radiotherapy based on the literature. Methods: We searched the PubMed database and summarized information on PARP inhibitors, the interaction of PARP-1 with DNA, and the relationships between PARP-1 and p53/ROS, NF-κB/DNA-PK, and caspase3/AIF, respectively. Results: The enzyme PARP-1 plays a crucial role in repairing DNA damage and modifying proteins. Cells exposed to radiation can experience DNA damage, such as single-, intra-, or inter-strand damage. This damage, associated with replication fork stagnation, triggers DNA repair mechanisms, including those involving PARP-1. The activity of PARP-1 increases 500-fold on DNA binding. Studies on PARP-1-knockdown mice have shown that the protein regulates the response to radiation. A lack of PARP-1 also increases the organism's sensitivity to radiation injury. PARP-1 has been found positively or negatively regulate the expression of specific genes through its modulation of key transcription factors and other molecules, including NF-κB, p53, Caspase 3, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Conclusion: This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the physiological and pathological roles of PARP-1 and examines the impact of PARP-1 inhibitors under conditions of ionizing radiation exposure. The review also emphasizes the challenges and opportunities for developing PARP-1 inhibitors to improve the clinical outcomes of ionizing radiation damage.

Synthesis and antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral activity of some pyrazole-based heterocycles using a 2(3H)-furanone derivative

Some pyrazole-based heterocycles such as pyrrolone, pyridazinone, and imidazole derivatives were synthesized utilizing the pyrazolyl-2(3H )-furanone derivative 3 , which was obtained in a good yield via Perkin condensation of 5-chloro-4-formyl-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazole with 3-(4-methylbenzoyl)propionic acid in the presence of cyclo-dehydrating agent (sodium acetate and acetic anhydride). Also, the acid hydrazide obtained was reacted with some carbonyl reagents such as acetic anhydride, benzoyl chloride, 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, and 1,3-diphenyl-4-formylpyrazole, aiming to achieve new pyrrolone derivatives. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral activity screening of some synthesized compounds demonstrated that some of them offered strong potencies. An experimental trial was undertaken to explore the effect of different substances and applied against avian influenza HPAI-H5N1 (AIV) to evaluate the antiviral replication in specific pathogen-free chicken embryos. All the compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activities, and most of tested compounds showed potent inhibition growth activity toward Haemophilus (Gram-negative bacteria), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria), and Candida albicans fungus. Upon antimicrobial screening, it was observed that the majority of the compounds were found to be active against Staphylococcus aureus , Haemophilus , and Candida albicans as compared to standard drugs. This experiment shows the potential usage of these compounds as antiviral agents and can be considered as a viable means to control the economically important avian influenza of poultry. These compounds can thus be recommended for their antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal property and can very well be used as immunostimulants.

Effect of Fluoride on the Expression of 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine in the Blood, Kidney, Liver, and Brain of Rats

Excessive exposure of fluoride not only leads to damage on bone, but also has an adverse effect on soft tissues. Oxidative DNA damage induced by fluoride is thought to be one of the toxic mechanisms of fluoride effect. However, the dose-response of fluoride on oxidative DNA damage is barely studied in organisms. This study investigated the concentration of fluoride in rat blood, kidney, liver, and brain as well as the dose-time effect of fluoride on the expression of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the above tissues. Rats were exposed to 0 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, and 100 mg/L of fluorine ion and treated for one and three months. The results showed that the accumulation of fluoride in soft tissues was very different. At the first month, blood fluoride was increased, liver and brain fluoride showed a U-shaped change, and kidney fluoride was not significant. At the third month, blood fluoride was altered with an inverted U-shaped change, kidney and brain fluoride increased, but liver fluoride decreased. Both the exposure concentration and the time of exposure had a significant effect on the expression of 8-OHdG in the above tissues. However, the effect patterns of fluoride on these tissues were notably different at different times. At the first month of fluoride treatment, blood, kidney, and liver 8-OHdG decreased with the increasing fluoride concentration. At the third month, blood 8-OHdG showed a U-shaped change, but kidney 8-OHdG altered with an inverted U-shaped change. Liver 8-OHdG increased, while brain 8-OHdG decreased at the third month. Correlation analysis showed that only blood 8-OHdG was significantly inversely correlated with blood fluoride and dental fluorosis grade in both the first and third months. Liver 8-OHdG was negatively and significantly correlated with liver fluoride. There was a weak but nonsignificant correlation between kidney and brain 8-OHdG and fluoride in both tissues. Additionally, blood 8-OHdG was positively correlated with kidney and liver 8-OHdG at the first month and positively correlated with brain 8-OHdG at the third month. Taken together, our data suggests that concentration and time of fluoride exposure had a significant effect on 8-OHdG, but the effect patterns of fluoride on 8-OHdG were different in the tissues, which suggests that the impact of fluoride on 8-OHdG may be a tissue-specific, as well as a non-monotonic positive correlation.

Free Radicals and Obesity-Related Chronic Inflammation Contrasted by Antioxidants: A New Perspective in Coronary Artery Disease

We are surrounded by factors called free radicals (FR), which attach to the molecules our body is made of, first among them the endothelium. Even though FR are to a certain extent a normal factor, nowadays we face an escalating increase in these biologically aggressive molecules. The escalating formation of FR is linked to the increased usage of man-made chemicals for personal care (toothpaste, shampoo, bubble bath, etc.), domestic laundry and dish-washer detergents, and also an ever wider usage of drugs (both prescription and over the counter), especially if they are to be used long-term (years). In addition, tobacco smoking, processed foods, pesticides, various chronic infectious microbes, nutritional deficiencies, lack of sun exposure, and, finally, with a markedly increasing impact, electromagnetic pollution (a terribly destructive factor), can increase the risk of cancer, as well as endothelial dysfunction, owing to the increased production of FR that they cause. All these factors create endothelial damage, but the organism may be able to repair such damage thanks to the intervention of the immune system supported by antioxidants. However, one other factor can perpetuate the state of inflammation, namely obesity and metabolic syndrome with associated hyperinsulinemia. In this review, the role of FR, with a special emphasis on their origin, and of antioxidants, is explored from the perspective of their role in causing atherosclerosis, in particular at the coronary level.

The Role of Natural Antioxidant Products That Optimize Redox Status in the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes

The worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes is rapidly increasing, particularly in children, adolescents, and young adults. Oxidative stress (OxS) has emerged as a likely initiating factor in T2D. Natural antioxidant products may act to slow or prevent T2D by multiple mechanisms, i.e., (1) reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress, (2) preventing the damaging effects of lipid peroxidation, and (3) acting as essential cofactors for antioxidant enzymes. Natural antioxidant products should also be evaluated in the context of the complex physiological processes that modulate T2D-OxS such as glycemic control, postprandial OxS, the polyol pathway, high-calorie, high-fat diets, exercise, and sleep. Minimizing processes that induce chronic damaging OxS and maximizing the intake of natural antioxidant products may provide a means of preventing or slowing T2D progression. This "optimal redox" (OptRedox) approach also provides a framework in which to discuss the potential benefits of natural antioxidant products such as vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene, selenium, and manganese. Although there is a consensus that early effective intervention is critical for preventing or reversing T2D progression, most research has focused on adults. It is critical, therefore, that future research include pediatric populations.

The Synergy between Glutathione and Phenols-Phenolic Antioxidants Repair Glutathione: Closing the Virtuous Circle-A Theoretical Insight

Glutathione (GSH) and phenols are well-known antioxidants, and previous research has suggested that their combination can enhance antioxidant activity. In this study, we used Quantum Chemistry and computational kinetics to investigate how this synergy occurs and elucidate the underlying reaction mechanisms. Our results showed that phenolic antioxidants could repair GSH through sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) in aqueous media, with rate constants ranging from 3.21 × 10⁶ M^-1 s^-1 for catechol to 6.65 × 10⁸ M^-1 s^-1 for piceatannol, and through proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) in lipid media with rate constants ranging from 8.64 × 10⁶ M^-1 s^-1 for catechol to 5.53 × 10⁷ M^-1 s^-1 for piceatannol. Previously it was found that superoxide radical anion (O₂^•-) can repair phenols, thereby completing the synergistic circle. These findings shed light on the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of combining GSH and phenols as antioxidants.

Immunomodulatory, Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Pharmacokinetic Activity of Ulvan, a Seaweed-Derived Sulfated Polysaccharide: An Updated Comprehensive Review

Cancer is one of the most worldwide spread diseases and causes maximum death. Treatment of cancer depends on the host immune system and the type of drugs. The inefficiency of conventional cancer treatments as a result of drug resistance, nontargeted delivery, and chemotherapy-related negative side effects has caused bioactive phytochemicals to come into focus. As a result, recent years have seen an increase in research into screening and identifying natural compounds with anticancer properties. Recent studies on the isolation and use of polysaccharides derived from various marine algal species have revealed a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant and anticancer properties. Ulvan is a polysaccharide derived from various green seaweeds of the Ulva species in the family Ulvaceae. It has been demonstrated to have potent anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties through the modulation of antioxidants. It is vital to understand the mechanisms underlying the biotherapeutic activities of Ulvan in cancer and its role in immunomodulation. In this context, we reviewed the anticancer effects of ulvan based on its apoptotic effects and immunomodulatory activity. Additionally, we also focused on its pharmacokinetic studies in this review. Ulvan is the most conceivable candidate for use as a cancer therapeutic agent and could be used to boost immunity. Moreover, it may be established as an anticancer drug once its mechanisms of action are understood. Due to its high food and nutritive values, it can be used as a possible dietary supplement for cancer patients in the near future. This review may provide fresh perspectives on the potential novel role of ulvan, reveal a brand-new cancer-prevention strategy, and improve human health.

Antioxidant Activity in Extracts from Zingiberaceae Family: Cardamom, Turmeric, and Ginger

An increase in life expectancy leads to a greater impact of chronic non-communicable diseases. This is even more remarkable in elder populations, to whom these become main determinants of health status, affecting mental and physical health, quality of life, and autonomy. Disease appearance is closely related to the levels of cellular oxidation, pointing out the importance of including foods in one's diet that can prevent oxidative stress. Previous studies and clinical data suggest that some plant-based products can slow and reduce the cellular degradation associated with aging and age-related diseases. Many plants from one family present several applications that range from the food to the pharmaceutical industry due to their characteristic flavor and scents. The Zingiberaceae family, which includes cardamom, turmeric, and ginger, has bioactive compounds with antioxidant activities. They also have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiemetic activities and properties that help prevent cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. These products are abundant sources of chemical substances, such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and diarylheptanoids. The main bioactive compounds found in this family (cardamom, turmeric, and ginger) are 1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate, β-turmerone, and α-zingiberene. The present review gathers evidence surrounding the effects of dietary intake of extracts of the Zingiberaceae family and their underlying mechanisms of action. These extracts could be an adjuvant treatment for oxidative-stress-related pathologies. However, the bioavailability of these compounds needs to be optimized, and further research is needed to determine appropriate concentrations and their antioxidant effects in the body.

Piperlongumine treatment impacts heart and liver development and causes developmental delay in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

Piperlongumine (PL) and piperine (PP) are alkaloids presented in long pepper (Piper longum), and they exhibit various biological activities, especially anti-cancer properties. With these regards, they are considered as future medicines with high potential. Even they are exposed to humans such a long time, their potential toxicities in the environment have not been studied. Therefore, their ecological toxicities were assessed using zebrafish embryos. PP showed low mortality and no abnormal phenotype up to 10 µM. However, PL exhibited strong acute toxicity at the concentration of 5-10 µM ranges, and abnormal development were frequently found in the range of 1-2.5 µM with pericardial and yolk sac edemas. In transgenic zebrafish embryos, PL induced an increase in the number of intersegmental vessels and delayed the early-stage development. PL treatment affected heart formation and heart rate. The presence of PL induced the expression of cytokines, inflammatory markers, and inflammasome in the embryos. The PL treatment changed the mRNA levels of the ER stress and apoptosis-related genes. In addition, ROS production was observed during early-stage development of PL-treated zebrafish embryos. These results indicate that developing PL as a medicine would require extremely meticulous strategies to prevent potential toxicity.

From liver fibrosis to hepatocarcinogenesis: Role of excessive liver H2O2 and targeting nanotherapeutics

Liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been worldwide threats nowadays. Liver fibrosis is reversible in early stages but will develop precancerosis of HCC in cirrhotic stage. In pathological liver, excessive H₂O₂ is generated and accumulated, which impacts the functionality of hepatocytes, Kupffer cells (KCs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), leading to genesis of fibrosis and HCC. H₂O₂ accumulation is associated with overproduction of superoxide anion (O₂^•−) and abolished antioxidant enzyme systems. Plenty of therapeutics focused on H₂O₂ have shown satisfactory effects against liver fibrosis or HCC in different ways. This review summarized the reasons of liver H₂O₂ accumulation, and the role of H₂O₂ in genesis of liver fibrosis and HCC. Additionally, nanotherapeutics targeting H₂O₂ were summarized for further consideration of antifibrotic or antitumor therapy.

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Liver fibrosis and HCC are closely related because ROS induced liver damage and inflammation, especially over-cumulated H₂O₂.

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Excess H₂O₂ diffusion in pathological liver was due to increased metabolic rate and diminished cellular antioxidant systems.

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Freely diffused H₂O₂ damaged liver-specific cells, thereby leading to fibrogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis.

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Nanotherapeutics targeting H₂O₂ are summarized for treatment of liver fibrosis and HCC, and also challenges are proposed.

Cadmium, Lead, Chronic Physiological Stress and Endometrial Cancer: How Environmental Policy Can Alter the Exposure of At-Risk Women in the United States

The health and life outcomes of individuals are intertwined with the context in which they grow and live. The totality of exposures one experiences affects health in the short term and throughout the life course. Environmental exposure to multiple contaminants can increase stress levels in individuals and neighborhoods with psychosocial stressors such as crime, drug and alcohol misuse, and violence also taking a toll on individual and neighborhood wellbeing. In addition, the availability, organization, and quality of local institutions and infrastructure all affect health in the short and long term. The role of these factors in endometrial cancer will be explored in this paper. In addition, policy implications regarding lead, chronic physiological stress, and endometrial cancer will be explored to ascertain the impact of these factors on at-risk women.