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Cui Y, Hua J, He Q, Guo L, Wang Y, Wang X. Comparison of three source apportionment methods based on observed and initial HCHO in Taiyuan, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171828. [PMID: 38521281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Identifying the sources of formaldehyde (HCHO) is key to reducing the pollution of HCHO and ozone (O3) on the ground level. Using the same datasets applied to the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model by (Hua et al., 2023), the initial concentrations of HCHO were estimated using the photochemical age and the sources of observed and initial HCHO were apportioned based on multiple linear regression (MLR) and photochemical age-based parameterization (PCAP) methods. These results suggest that the source of the initial HCHO can better reflect its contribution. The secondary formation contributed to 49.3-69.1 % of initial HCHO at four sites in Taiyuan based on MLR, which was higher (7.4-36.2 %) than the contributions of secondary formation from observed HCHO. The HCHO was mainly affected by anthropogenic secondary (10.8-34.4 %) and background sources (17.4-78.7 %) based on the PCAP method. We compared the results of the HCHO sources from the MLR, PCAP, and PMF models under photochemical loss. There was good agreement among the emission ratios of acetylene-based HCHO obtained by the different methods at the four sites. The correlation analysis of different source apportionment methods illustrated that primary emissions from the PCAP and the MLR model had the greatest correlation (0.22-0.60). Secondary formations from the PMF and MLR models showed good correlations at all four sites, with R values ranging from 0.42 to 0.83. The HCHO peak of diurnal variation simulated by MLR appeared late compared to the other methods, and the difference in daily variation of HCHO from the PMF model was significantly higher than that of PCAP and MLR. The overlapping conclusions of different source apportionment methods should be considered and used to guide efforts to improve air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cui
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Jingya Hua
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiusheng He
- Department of Materials Environmental Engineering, Shanxi Polytechnic College, Taiyuan 237016, China.
| | - Lili Guo
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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2
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Zou Y, Yan XL, Flores RM, Zhang LY, Yang SP, Fan LY, Deng T, Deng XJ, Ye DQ. Source apportionment and ozone formation mechanism of VOCs considering photochemical loss in Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166191. [PMID: 37567293 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the sources and impact of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on ozone formation is challenging when the traditional method does not account for their photochemical loss. In this study, online monitoring of 56 VOCs was carried out in summer and autumn during high ozone pollution episodes. The photochemical age method was used to evaluate the atmospheric chemical loss of VOCs and to analyze the effects on characteristics, sources, and ozone formation of VOC components. The initial concentrations during daytime were 5.12 ppbv and 4.49 ppbv higher than the observed concentrations in the summer and autumn, respectively. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model identified 5 major emission sources. However, the omission of the chemical loss of VOCs led to underestimating the contributions of sources associated with highly reactive VOC components, such as those produced by biogenic emissions and solvent usage. Conversely it resulted in overestimating the contributions from VOC components with lower chemical activity such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) usage, vehicle emissions, and gasoline evaporation. Furthermore, the estimation of ozone formation may be underestimated when the atmospheric photochemical loss is not taken into account. The ozone formation potential (OFP) method and propylene-equivalent concentration method both underestimated ozone formation by 53.24 ppbv and 47.25 ppbc, respectively, in the summer, and by 40.34 ppbv and 26.37 ppbc, respectively, in the autumn. The determination of the ozone formation regime based on VOC chemical loss was more acceptable. In the summer, the ozone formation regime changed from the VOC-limited regime to the VOC-NOx transition regime, while in the autumn, the ozone formation regime changed from the strong VOC-limited regime to the weak VOC-limited regime. To obtain more thorough and precise conclusions, further monitoring and analysis studies will be conducted in the near future on a wider variety of VOC species such as oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zou
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - X L Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Institute of Tibetan Plateau Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - R M Flores
- Marmara University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - L Y Zhang
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - S P Yang
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - L Y Fan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - T Deng
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - X J Deng
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - D Q Ye
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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3
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Liu Z, Wang B, Wang C, Sun Y, Zhu C, Sun L, Yang N, Fan G, Sun X, Xia Z, Pan G, Zhu C, Gai Y, Wang X, Xiao Y, Yan G, Xu C. Characterization of photochemical losses of volatile organic compounds and their implications for ozone formation potential and source apportionment during summer in suburban Jinan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117158. [PMID: 37726031 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) undergo substantial photochemical losses during their transport from emission sources to receptor sites, resulting in serious implications for their source apportionment and ozone (O3) formation. Based on the continuous measurements of VOCs in suburban Jinan in August 2022, the effects of photochemical losses on VOC source contributions and O3 formation were evaluated in this study. The observed and initial concentrations of total VOCs (TVOC) were 12.0 ± 5.1 and 16.0 ± 7.4 ppbv, respectively. Throughout the observation period, alkenes had the most prominent photochemical losses (58.2%), followed by aromatic hydrocarbons (23.1%), accounting for 80.6% and 6.9% of the total losses, respectively. During high O3 episodes, the photochemical loss of VOCs was 6.9 times higher than that during the cleaning period. Alkene losses (exceeding 67.3%), specifically losses of isoprene, propylene, ethylene, and n-butene, dominated the total losses of VOCs during the O3 increase period. Eight sources of VOCs were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) based on the observed and initial concentration data (OC-PMF and IC-PMF, respectively). Concentrations of all emission sources in the OC-PMF were underestimated by 2.4%-57.1%. Moreover, the contribution of each emission source was over- or underestimated compared with that in case of the IC-PMF. The contributions of biogenic and motor vehicle exhaust emissions were underestimated by 5.3 and 2.8 percentage points, respectively, which was associated with substantial oxidation of the emitted high-reactive species. The contributions of coal/biomass burning and natural gas were overestimated by 2.4 and 3.9 percentage points, respectively, which were related to the emission of low-reactive species (acetylene, ethane, and propane). Based on our results, the photochemical losses of VOCs grossly affect their source apportionment and O3 formation. Thus, photochemical losses of VOCs must be thoroughly accounted to establish a precise scientific foundation for air-pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Baolin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China.
| | - Yuchun Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Chuanyong Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Lei Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Na Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Guolan Fan
- Jinan Eco-environmental Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Jinan Eco-environmental Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Zhiyong Xia
- Jinan Eco-environmental Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Guang Pan
- Jinan Eco-environmental Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Changtong Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Yichao Gai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Zibo Eco-environmental Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Guihuan Yan
- Ecology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, China
| | - Chongqing Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China; Ecology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, China
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4
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Gu Y, Liu B, Meng H, Song S, Dai Q, Shi L, Feng Y, Hopke PK. Source apportionment of consumed volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132138. [PMID: 37531767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional source apportionments of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been based on observed and initial concentrations after photochemical correction. However, these results have not been related to ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Thus, the apportioned contributions could not effectively support secondary pollution control development. Source apportionment of the VOCs consumed in forming O3 and SOA is needed. A consumed VOC source apportionment approach was developed and applied to hourly speciated VOCs data from June to August 2022 measured in Laoshan, Qingdao. Biogenic emissions (56.3%), vehicle emissions (17.2%), and gasoline evaporation (9.37%) were the main sources of consumed VOCs. High consumed VOCs from biogenic emissions mainly occurred during transport from parks to the southwest and northwest of study site. During the O3 pollution period, biogenic emissions (46.3%), vehicle emissions (24.2%), and gasoline evaporation (14.3%) provided the largest contributions to the consumed VOCs. However, biogenic emissions contribution increased to 57.1% during the non-O3 pollution period, and vehicle emissions and gasoline evaporation decreased to 16.5% and 9.01%, respectively. Biogenic emissions and the mixed source of combustion sources and solvent use contributed the most to O3 and SOA formation potentials during the O3 pollution period, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Gu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - He Meng
- Qingdao Eco-environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shaojie Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Laiyuan Shi
- Qingdao Eco-environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
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5
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Yuan L, Wang H, Gao Y, Ren G, Lu Y, Jing S, Tan W, Zhu L, Shang Y, An J, Huang C. Atmospheric gaseous aromatic hydrocarbons in eastern China based on mobile measurements: Spatial distribution, secondary formation potential and source apportionment. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 130:102-113. [PMID: 37032027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are both well known as hazardous air pollutants and also important anthropogenic precursors of tropospheric ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). In recent years, there have been intensive studies covering MAHs emission from various sources and their behavior under stimulated photochemical conditions. Yet in-situ measurements of PAHs presence and variations in ambient air are sparse. Herein we conducted large geometrical scale mobile measurements for 16 aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs, including 7 MAHs and 9 PAHs) in eastern China between October 27 and November 8, 2019. This unique dataset has allowed for some insights in terms of AHs concentration variations, accompanying chemical composition, source contributions and spatial distributions in eastern China. In general, AHs showed a clear concentration variability between the south and the north of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). The concentrations of PAHs were approximately 9% of AHs, but contributed 23% of SOA formation potential. Source apportionment via positive matrix factorization (PMF) model revealed that industrial processes as the largest source (44%) of observed AHs, followed by solvent usage (21%), vehicle exhaust (19%), coal combustion (11%) and coking processes (6%). In the perspective of PAHs sources, coal combustion emissions were identified as the dominating factor of a share of 41%-52% in eastern China. Our findings complemented the simultaneously monitoring information of PAHs and MAHs in eastern China, revealed the importance of PAHs to SOA formation and highlighted the necessity of formulating strategies to reduce emissions from anthropogenic sources and reduce risks to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; State of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Guofa Ren
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Yiqun Lu
- State of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shengao Jing
- State of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wen Tan
- Tofwerk China, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Tofwerk China, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yu Shang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jing An
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
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Hua J, Cui Y, Guo L, Li H, Fan J, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu K, He Q, Wang X. Spatial characterization of HCHO and reapportionment of its secondary sources considering photochemical loss in Taiyuan, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161069. [PMID: 36584945 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) plays an important role in atmospheric ozone (O3) formation. To accurately identify the sources of HCHO, carbonyls and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at three urban sites (Taoyuan, TY-U; Jinyuan, JY-U; Xiaodian, XD-U) and a suburban site (Shanglan, SL-B) in Taiyuan during a high O3 period (from July 20 to August 3, 2020). The average mixing ratio of HCHO at XD-U (8.1 ± 2.8 ppbv) was comparable to those at TY-U (7.4 ± 2.1 ppbv) and JY-U (7.0 ± 2.3 ppbv) but higher (p < 0.01) than that at SL-B (4.9 ± 2.3 ppbv). HCHO contributed to 54.3-59.9 % of the total ozone formation potentials (OFPs) of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) at four sites. The diurnal variation of HCHO concentrations reached a peak value at 12:00-15:00, which may be attributed to the strong photochemical reaction. To obtain more accurate source results of HCHO under the condition of photochemical loss, the initial concentrations of NMHCs were estimated based on photochemical age parameterization and incorporated into the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model (termed IC-PMF). According to the IC-PMF results, secondary formation (SF) contributed the most to HCHO at XD-U (35.6 %) and SL-B (25.1 %), whereas solvent usage (SU) (40.9 %) and coking sources (CS) (36.0 %) were the major sources at TY-U and JY-U, respectively. Compared to the IC-PMF, the conventional PMF analysis based on the observed data underestimated the contributions of SU (100.5-154.2 %) and biogenic sources (BS) (28.5-324.7 %). Further reapportionment of secondary HCHO by multiple linear regression indicated that SU dominated the sources of HCHO at SL-B (28.3 %) and TY-U (41.7 %), while industrial emissions (IE) and CS contributed the most to XD-U (26.6 %) and JY-U (43.0 %) in Taiyuan from north to south, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Hua
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yang Cui
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Lili Guo
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jie Fan
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Kankan Liu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Qiusheng He
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Liu B, Yang Y, Yang T, Dai Q, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Hopke PK. Effect of photochemical losses of ambient volatile organic compounds on their source apportionment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107766. [PMID: 36706584 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical losses of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) substantially affect source apportionment analysis. Hourly speciated VOC data measured from April to August 2020 in Tianjin, China were used to analyze the photochemical losses of VOC species and assess the impacts of photochemical losses on source apportionment by comparing the positive matrix factorization (PMF) results based on observed and initial concentration data (OC-PMF and IC-PMF). The initial concentrations of the VOC species were estimated using a photochemical age-based parameterization method. The results suggest that the average photochemical loss of total VOCs (TVOCs) during the ozone pollution period was 2.4 times higher than that during the non-ozone pollution period. The photochemical loss of alkenes was more significant than that of the other VOC species. Temperature has an important effect on photochemical losses, and different VOC species have different sensitivities to temperature; high photochemical losses mainly occurred at temperatures between 25 °C and 35 °C. Photochemical losses reduced the concentrations of highly reactive species in the OC-PMF factor profile. Compared with the IC-PMF results, the OC-PMF contributions of biogenic emissions and polymer production-related industrial sources were underestimated by 73 % and 50 %, respectively, likely due to the oxidation of isoprene and propene, respectively. The contribution of diesel and gasoline evaporation was underestimated by 39 %, which was likely due to the loss of m,p-xylene. Additionally, the contributions of liquefied petroleum gas, vehicle emissions, natural gas, and oil refinery were underestimated by 31 %, 29 %, 23 %, and 13 %, respectively. When the O3 concentrations were higher than 140 μg m-3 or the temperatures were higher than 30 °C, the photochemical losses from most sources increased substantially. Additionally, solar radiation produced different photochemical losses for different source types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
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8
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Peng Y, Wang H, Wang Q, Jing S, An J, Gao Y, Huang C, Yan R, Dai H, Cheng T, Zhang Q, Li M, Hu J, Shi Z, Li L, Lou S, Tao S, Hu Q, Lu J, Chen C. Observation-based sources evolution of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in a megacity of China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:794-805. [PMID: 36182184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Both concentrations and emissions of many air pollutants have been decreasing due to implement of control measures in China, in contrast to the fact that an increase in emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) has been reported. This study employed seven years continuous NMHCs measurements and the related activities data of Shanghai, a megacity in China, to explore evolution of emissions and effectiveness of air pollution control measures. The mixing ratio of NMHCs showed no statistical interannual changes, of which their compositions exhibited marked changes. This resulted in a decreasing trend of ozone formation potential by 3.8%/year (p < 0.05, the same below), which should be beneficial to ozone pollution mitigation as its production in Shanghai is in the NMHCs-limited regime. Observed alkanes, aromatics and acetylene changed by +3.7%/year, -5.9%/year and -7.4%/year, respectively, and alkenes showed no apparent trend. NMHCs sources were apportioned by a positive matrix factorization model. Accordingly, vehicular emissions (-5.9%/year) and petrochemical industry emissions (-7.1%/year) decreased significantly, but the decrease slowed down; significant reduction in solvent usage (-9.0%/year) appeared after 2010; however, emissions of natural gas (+12.6%/year) and fuel evaporation (with an increasing fraction) became more important. The inconsistency between observations and inventories was found in interannual trend and speciation as well as source contributions, emphasizing the need for further validation in NMHCs emission inventory. Our study confirms the effectiveness of measures targeting mobile and centralized emissions from industrial sources and reveals a need focusing on fugitive emissions, which provided new insights into future air policies in polluted region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Peng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shengao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jingyu An
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Rusha Yan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Haixia Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Tiantao Cheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Big Data Institute for Carbon Emission and Environmental Pollution, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhihao Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Li Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shikang Tao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qinyao Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Changhong Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
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9
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Dominutti PA, Hopkins JR, Shaw M, Mills GP, Le HA, Huy DH, Forster GL, Keita S, Hien TT, Oram DE. Evaluating major anthropogenic VOC emission sources in densely populated Vietnamese cities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120927. [PMID: 36565909 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play an important role in urban air pollution, both as primary pollutants and through their contribution to the formation of secondary pollutants, such as tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols. In this study, more than 30 VOC species were continuously monitored in the two most populous cities in Vietnam, namely Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC, September-October 2018 and March 2019) and Hanoi (March 2019). In parallel with ambient VOC sampling, grab sampling was used to target the most prevalent regional-specific emission sources and estimate their emission factors (EFs). Emission ratios (ERs) obtained from ambient sampling were compared between Vietnamese cities and other cities across the globe. No significant differences were observed between HCMC and Hanoi, suggesting the presence of similar sources. Moreover, a good global agreement was obtained in the spatial comparison within a factor of 2, with greater ER for aromatics and pentanes obtained in the Vietnamese cities. The detailed analysis of sources included the evaluation of EF from passenger cars, buses, trucks, motorcycles, 3-wheeled motorcycles, waste burning, and coal-burning emissions. Our comparisons between ambient and near-source concentration profiles show that road transport sources are the main contributors to VOC concentrations in Vietnamese cities. VOC emissions were calculated from measured EF and consumption data available in Hanoi and compared with those estimated by a global emission inventory (EDGAR v4.3.2). The total VOC emissions from the road transport sector estimated by the inventory do not agree with those calculated from our observations which showed higher total emissions by a factor of 3. Furthermore, the inventory misrepresented the VOCs speciation, mainly for isoprene, monoterpenes, aromatics, and oxygenated compounds. Accounting for these differences in regional air quality models would lead to improved predictions of their impacts and help to prioritise pollution reduction strategies in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Dominutti
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| | - James R Hopkins
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Marvin Shaw
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Graham P Mills
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Hoang Anh Le
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Duong Huu Huy
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
| | - Grant L Forster
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sekou Keita
- Département Mathématiques-Physique-Chimie, Université Peleforo Gon Coulibaly, BP 1328 Korhogo, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - To Thi Hien
- Faculty of Environment, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
| | - David E Oram
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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10
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Cepa JJ, Pavón RM, Caramés P, Alberti MG. A Review of Gas Measurement Practices and Sensors for Tunnels. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1090. [PMID: 36772130 PMCID: PMC9919948 DOI: 10.3390/s23031090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of pollutant gases emitted by traffic in a tunnel affects the indoor air quality and contributes to structural deterioration. Demand control ventilation systems incur high operating costs, so reliable measurement of the gas concentration is essential. Numerous commercial sensor types are available with proven experience, such as optical and first-generation electrochemical sensors, or novel materials in detection methods. However, all of them are subjected to measurement deviations due to environmental conditions. This paper presents the main types of sensors and their application in tunnels. Solutions will also be discussed in order to obtain reliable measurements and improve the efficiency of the extraction systems.
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11
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Liu Y, Qiu P, Xu K, Li C, Yin S, Zhang Y, Ding Y, Zhang C, Wang Z, Zhai R, Deng Y, Yan F, Zhang W, Xue Z, Sun Y, Ji D, Li J, Chen J, Tian H, Liu X, Zhang Y. Analysis of VOC emissions and O 3 control strategies in the Fenhe Plain cities, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116534. [PMID: 36419282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Long-term continuous hourly measurements of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are scarce at the regional scale. In this study, a one-year hourly measurement campaign of VOCs was performed in Lvliang, Linfen, and Yuncheng in the heavily polluted Fenhe Plain region in China. The VOC average (±standard deviation, std) concentrations in Lvliang, Linfen, and Yuncheng were 44.4 ± 24.9, 45.7 ± 24.9, and 37.5 ± 25.0 ppbv, respectively. Compared to published data from the past two decades in China, the observed VOCs were at high concentration levels. VOCs in the Fenhe Plain cities were significantly impacted by industrial sources according to calculated emission ratios but were less affected by liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas (LPG/NG) and traffic emissions than those in megacities abroad. The emission inventories and observation data were combined for verification and identification of the key VOC species and sources controlling ozone (O3). Industrial emissions were the largest source of VOCs, accounting for 65%-79% of the total VOC emissions, while the coking industry accounted for 45.2%-66.0%. The emission inventories significantly underestimated oxygenated VOC (OVOC) emissions through the verification of VOC emission ratios. O3 control scenarios were analyzed by changing VOC/NOX reduction ratios through a photochemical box model. O3 control strategies were formulated considering local pollution control plans, emission inventories, and O3 formation regimes. The O3 reduction of reactivity-control measures was comparable with emission-control measures, ranging from 16% to 41%, which was contrary to the general perception that ozone formation potential (OFP)-based measures were more efficient for O3 reduction. Sources with high VOC emissions are accompanied by high OFP on the Fenhe Plain, indicating that the control of high-emission sources can effectively mitigate O3 pollution on this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Peipei Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chenlu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shijie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yunjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Yuncheng Municipal Ecological Environment Bureau, Yuncheng, 044000, China
| | - Ruixiao Zhai
- Yuncheng Municipal Ecological Environment Bureau, Yuncheng, 044000, China
| | - Yijun Deng
- Yuncheng Municipal Ecological Environment Bureau, Yuncheng, 044000, China
| | - Fengyu Yan
- Yuncheng Municipal Ecological Environment Bureau, Yuncheng, 044000, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Hezhong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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12
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Manco A, Ciccioli P, Famulari D, Brilli F, Ciccioli P, Tommasi PD, Toscano P, Gioli B, Esposito A, Magliulo V. Real-time air concentrations and turbulent fluxes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) over historic closed landfills to assess their potential environmental impact. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119748. [PMID: 35868472 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, emission/deposition fluxes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and H2S from a historic closed landfill site in Southern Italy were determined by Eddy Covariance (EC) using Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS). This was done in two field campaigns of one week performed in July and October 2016, where fluxes of CO2 and CH4 were also measured. Many compounds not previously identified in the biogas were detected by PTR-TOF-MS, but only in July some of them produced positive fluxes exceeding the flux limit of detection. Methanol was the most emitted compound with an average flux of 44.20 ± 4.28 μg m-2 h-1, followed by toluene with a mean flux of 18.97 ± 2.47 μg m-2 h-1. Toluene fluxes were 10 times higher than those of benzene, fitting rather well with values previously measured in the biogas. VOCs emission fluxes of monoterpenes and highly reactive arenes did not reflect, however, the biogas composition. This, combined with tiny emissions of VOC oxidation products, suggests that landfill emissions underwent some photochemical degradation before being dispersed in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Deposition fluxes of some VOCs emitted from the sea was also observed in July. No relevant VOC fluxes were instead measured in October, suggesting that temperature was the variable controlling most landfill emission. Albeit small, summer landfill emissions from the investigated site can have an impact on the population living nearby, because they contain or still generate compounds that causing nuisance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Manco
- National Research Council, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Paolo Ciccioli
- National Research Council, Institute of Biological Systems, (CNR-ISB), Area Della Ricerca di Roma, 00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Daniela Famulari
- National Research Council, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Federico Brilli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50017, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Piero Ciccioli
- National Research Council, Institute of Biological Systems, (CNR-ISB), Area Della Ricerca di Roma, 00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Paul Di Tommasi
- National Research Council, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Piero Toscano
- Institute of Bioeconomy, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBE), Via G. Caproni 8, 50145, Firenze, Italy
| | - Beniamino Gioli
- Institute of Bioeconomy, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBE), Via G. Caproni 8, 50145, Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Esposito
- National Research Council, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Magliulo
- National Research Council, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055, Portici (NA), Italy
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13
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Yang T, Liu B, Yang Y, Dai Q, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Hopke PK. Improved positive matrix factorization for source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in vehicular emissions during the Spring Festival in Tianjin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 303:119122. [PMID: 35276248 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical losses of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and uncertainties in calculated factor profiles can reduce the accuracy of source apportionment by positive matrix factorization (PMF). We developed an improved PMF method (termed ICLP-PMF) that estimated the reaction-corrected ("initial") concentrations of VOCs. Source profiles from literature provided constraints. ICLP-PMF evaluated the vehicular emission contributions to hourly speciated VOC data from December 2020 to March 2021 and estimated gasoline and diesel vehicles contributions to Tianjin's VOC concentrations around the Chinese Spring Festival (SF). The average observed and initial total VOCs (TVOCs) concentrations were 24.2 and 42.9 ppbv, respectively. Alkanes were the highest concentration VOCs while aromatics showed the largest photochemical losses during the study period. Literature gasoline and diesel profiles from representative Chinese cities were constructed and provided constraints. Source apportionment was performed using ICLP-PMF method and three other PMF approaches. Photochemical losses of alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons induced differences between calculated factor profiles and literature profiles. Using observed concentrations and unconstrained profiles produced underestimated SF contributions (∼121% and 72% for gasoline and diesel vehicles, respectively). According to the ICLP-PMF results, the contributions of gasoline and diesel vehicles during the SF were 25.6% and 23.2%, respectively, lower than those before and after the SF. No diel diesel vehicle contribution variations were found during the SF likely due to the decline in truck activity north of the study site during the holiday period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
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14
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Li F, Tong S, Jia C, Zhang X, Lin D, Zhang W, Li W, Wang L, Ge M, Xia L. Sources of ambient non-methane hydrocarbon compounds and their impacts on O 3 formation during autumn, Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:85-97. [PMID: 35459517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The field observation of 54 non-methane hydrocarbon compounds (NMHCs) was conducted from September 1 to October 20 in 2020 during autumn in Haidian District, Beijing. The mean concentration of total NMHCs was 29.81 ± 11.39 ppbv during this period, and alkanes were the major components. There were typical festival effects of NMHCs with lower concentration during the National Day. Alkenes and aromatics were the dominant groups in ozone formation potential (OFP) and OH radical loss rate (LOH). The positive matrix factorization (PMF) running results revealed that vehicular exhaust became the biggest source in urban areas, followed by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) usage, solvent usage, and fuel evaporation. The box model coupled with master chemical mechanism (MCM) was applied to study the impacts of different NMHCs sources on ozone (O3) formation in an O3 episode. The simulation results indicated that reducing NMHCs concentration could effectively suppress O3 formation. Moreover, reducing traffic-related emissions of NMHCs was an effective way to control O3 pollution at an urban site in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Li
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China; State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Chenhui Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Deng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, College of Resource and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weiran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixin Xia
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yingkou Institute of Technology, Yingkou 115014, China.
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15
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Sahu LK, Tripathi N, Gupta M, Singh V, Yadav R, Patel K. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Ambient Concentrations of Aromatic Volatile Organic Compounds in a Metropolitan City of Western India. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2022JD036628. [PMID: 35602912 PMCID: PMC9111284 DOI: 10.1029/2022jd036628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The real-time Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes (BTEX) concentrations were measured in a metropolitan city of India during January to May of 2020 and 2014-2015-2018 to assess the impact of emission reduction during the COVID-19 lockdown. The total BTEX (∑BTEX) concentrations were 11.5 ± 9.0, 15.7 ± 16, 5.3 ± 5.0, 2.9 ± 2.0, and 0.93 ± 1.2 ppbv in January-May 2020, respectively. The evening rush hour peaks of BTEX during lockdown decreased by 4-5 times from the same period of years 2014-2015-2018. A significant decline in background concentrations suggests a regional-scale reduction in anthropogenic emissions. The contributions of ∑TEX compounds to ∑BTEX increased from 42% to 59% in winter to 64%-75% during the lockdown under hot summer conditions. While emission reductions dominated during the lockdown period, the meteorological and photochemical factors may also have contributed. Meteorological influence on actual observed BTEX data was removed by normalizing with ventilation coefficient (VC). The actual ambient air reductions of 85%-90% and VC-normalized reductions of 54%-88% of the BTEX concentrations during lockdown were estimated compared to those during the same period of 2014-2015-2018. The estimated changes using nighttime data, which take into account BTEX photooxidation removal, are ∼8% lower than the VC-normalized estimates using all data. These significant reductions in BTEX concentrations are consistent with the change in people's movement as inferred from mobility data during the lockdown. Although enforced, the significant decline in ambient BTEX levels during lockdown was a good change for the air quality. The study suggests a need for more effective science-based policies that consider local and regional factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. K. Sahu
- Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)AhmedabadIndia
| | | | - Mansi Gupta
- Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)AhmedabadIndia
- Indian Institute of Technology GandhinagarGandhinagarIndia
| | - Vikas Singh
- National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)GadankiIndia
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM)PuneIndia
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16
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Wu R, Zhao Y, Xia S, Hu W, Xie F, Zhang Y, Sun J, Yu H, An J, Wang Y. Reconciling the bottom-up methodology and ground measurement constraints to improve the city-scale NMVOCs emission inventory: A case study of Nanjing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152447. [PMID: 34942246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reliable emission estimate of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) is important for understanding the atmospheric chemistry and formulating control policy of ozone (O3). In this study, a speciated emission inventory of anthropogenic NMVOCs was developed with the refined "bottom-up" methodology and best available information of individual sources for Nanjing in 2017. The total NMVOCs emissions were calculated at 163.2 Gg. It was broken down into the emissions of over 500 individual species and aromatics took the largest fraction (33.3% of the total emissions). Meanwhile, 105 compounds were measured at 5 sites representing different functional zones of Nanjing for one year. The annual mean concentration of totally 105 species varied from 48.5 ppbv to 63.7 ppbv, and alkanes was the most abundant group with its mass fractions ranging 37.2-40.1% at different sites. Constrained by the emission ratios of individual species versus carbon monoxide (CO) based on ground measurement, the total emissions of 105 species (NMVOCs-105) was estimated at 195.6 Gg, 81.1% larger than the bottom-up estimate of NMVOCs-105 (108.0 Gg). The constrained emissions indicated an overestimation of aromatics and underestimation of OVOCs and halocarbons in the bottom-up emission inventory because of the uncertainties in source profiles. O3 simulation with Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was conducted for January, April, July and October in 2017 to evaluate the bottom-up and constrained emission estimates. The mean normal bias (MNB) and mean normal error (MNE) values were generally within the criteria (MNB ≤ ±15% and MNE ≤ 30%) for both inventories. The model performance was improved when the constrained estimates were applied, indicating the benefit of ground observation constraints on NMVOCs emission estimation and O3 simulation. Based on the O3 formation potential (OFP), 12 key NMVOCs species mainly from surface coating, on-road vehicles and oil exploitation and refinery were identified as the priority compounds for O3 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, CICAEET, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China.
| | - Sijia Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210036, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Fangjian Xie
- Nanjing Municipal Academy of Ecology and Environment Protection Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering and Technology Co., Ltd, Jiangsu Environmental Protection Group Co., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210019, China
| | - Jinjin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Huan Yu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Junlin An
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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17
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Emission Ratios and Source Identification of VOCs in Moscow in 2019–2020. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of CO and 15 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at the IAP-RAS (A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics) site located in the center of Moscow were analyzed. Acetaldehyde, ethanol, 1.3-butadiene, isoprene, toluene and C-8 aromatics were established to be the main ozone precursors in the observed area, providing up to 82% of the total ozone formation potential of the VOCs measured. Diurnal and seasonal variations of the compounds are discussed. The concentrations of anthropogenic VOCs (acetaldehyde, benzene, 1.3-butadiene, toluene, and C-8 aromatics) did not exceed their maximum permissible levels, reaching their maxima in summer and autumn in the morning and evening hours. Biogenic ethanol and isoprene were the highest in summer midday but their concentrations were low enough (up to 4 and 0.4 ppbv, respectively) due to small vegetation area around the site. Emission ratios (ERs) for the main ozone precursors—acetaldehyde, ethanol, 1.3-butadiene, isoprene, toluene, and C-8 aromatics—were estimated from two-sided linear regression fits using benzene and CO as tracers for anthropogenic emissions, with spatial and temporal filters being applied to account for the influence of chemistry and local emission sources. The best estimates of ERs were obtained using benzene as a reference species. Anthropogenic fractions of VOCs (AFs) were then estimated. As expected, acetaldehyde, toluene, 1.3-butadiene, and C8aromatics were entirely anthropogenic and emitted mainly from urban vehicle exhausts throughout the day, both in summer and in winter. AFs of isoprene and ethanol did not exceed 30% and 50% in summer, respectively, during both daytime and nighttime hours. In winter, the anthropogenic fractions of isoprene and ethanol were slightly higher (up to 35% and 60%, respectively).
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18
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Kumar A, Hakkim H, Ghude SD, Sinha V. Probing wintertime air pollution sources in the Indo-Gangetic Plain through 52 hydrocarbons measured rarely at Delhi & Mohali. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149711. [PMID: 34438157 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During wintertime, the Indo-Gangetic Plain suffers from severe air pollution affecting several hundred million people. Here we present unprecedented measurements and source analyses of 52 NMHCs (25 alkanes, 16 aromatics, 10 alkenes and one alkyne) in the cities of Delhi and Mohali (300 km north of Delhi) during wintertime (Dec 2016-Jan 2017). NMHCs were measured using a thermal desorption gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionisation detectors with data traceable to WMO standards. The ten most abundant NMHCs that were measured were the same at both Delhi and Mohali: propane, n-butane, acetylene, ethane, toluene, i-butane, ethene, i-pentane, benzene and propene and accounted for >50% of total measured NMHC mass concentration (137 ± 5.8 μg m-3 in Mohali and 239 ± 7.7 μg m-3 in Delhi). Ambient NMHCs and calculated hydroxyl radical reactivity were approximately twice as high in Delhi relative to Mohali, and 2-12 times higher than most other mega-cities, except Lahore and Karachi. Using chemical source signatures, traffic and LPG usage emissions were identified as the major contributor of these reactive NMHCs at both sites during nighttime, with additional minor contributions of garbage burning in Mohali, and evaporative fuel and biomass burning emissions in Delhi. Comparison of NMHC/CO and NMHC/C2H2 ratios over Mohali and Delhi, to other cities, suggested gasoline/petrol-fuelled vehicles were major NMHC emitters within the traffic source. The data from both Mohali and Delhi suggest that a large fraction of the fleet comprised vehicles with older emission control in both Mohali and Delhi. Analyses revealed poor representation of propene, ethene and trimethylbenzenes in the emission inventory (EDGARv4.3.2) over Mohali and Delhi. This study provides key data and new insights into the sources of reactive NMHCs (lifetime < few days) that drive regional wintertime pollution through direct effects and the formation of secondary pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Haseeb Hakkim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Sachin D Ghude
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Vinayak Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
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19
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Doak AG, Christiansen M, Alwe HD, Bertram TH, Carmichael G, Cleary P, Czarnetzki AC, Dickens AF, Janssen M, Kenski D, Millet DB, Novak GA, Pierce BR, Stone EA, Long RW, Vermeuel MP, Wagner TJ, Valin L, Stanier CO. Characterization of ground-based atmospheric pollution and meteorology sampling stations during the Lake Michigan Ozone Study 2017. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:866-889. [PMID: 33689601 PMCID: PMC10068588 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2021.1900000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The Lake Michigan Ozone Study 2017 (LMOS 2017) in May and June 2017 enabled study of transport, emissions, and chemical evolution related to ozone air pollution in the Lake Michigan airshed. Two highly instrumented ground sampling sites were part of a wider sampling strategy of aircraft, shipborne, and ground-based mobile sampling. The Zion, Illinois site (on the coast of Lake Michigan, 67 km north of Chicago) was selected to sample higher NOx air parcels having undergone less photochemical processing. The Sheboygan, Wisconsin site (on the coast of Lake Michigan, 211 km north of Chicago) was selected due to its favorable location for the observation of photochemically aged plumes during ozone episodes involving southerly winds with lake breeze. The study encountered elevated ozone during three multiday periods. Daytime ozone episode concentrations at Zion were 60 ppb for ozone, 3.8 ppb for NOx, 1.2 ppb for nitric acid, and 8.2 μg m-3 for fine particulate matter. At Sheboygan daytime, ozone episode concentrations were 60 ppb for ozone, 2.6 ppb for NOx, and 3.0 ppb for NOy. To facilitate informed use of the LMOS 2017 data repository, we here present comprehensive site description, including airmass influences during high ozone periods of the campaign, overview of meteorological and pollutant measurements, analysis of continuous emission monitor data from nearby large point sources, and characterization of local source impacts from vehicle traffic, large point sources, and rail. Consistent with previous field campaigns and the conceptual model of ozone episodes in the area, trajectories from the southwest, south, and lake breeze trajectories (south or southeast) were overrepresented during pollution episodes. Local source impacts from vehicle traffic, large point sources, and rail were assessed and found to represent less than about 15% of typical concentrations measured. Implications for model-observation comparison and design of future field campaigns are discussed.Implications: The Lake Michigan Ozone Study 2017 (LMOS 2017) was conducted along the western shore of Lake Michigan, and involved two well-instrumented coastal ground sites (Zion, IL, and Sheboygan, WI). LMOS 2017 data are publicly available, and this paper provides detailed site characterization and measurement summary to enable informed use of repository data. Minor local source impacts were detected but were largely confined to nighttime conditions of less interest for ozone episode analysis and modeling. The role of these sites in the wider field campaign and their detailed description facilitates future campaign planning, informed data repository use, and model-observation comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin G. Doak
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Megan Christiansen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hariprasad D. Alwe
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gregory Carmichael
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Patricia Cleary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, USA
| | - Alan C. Czarnetzki
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, USA
| | | | - Mark Janssen
- Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium, Rosemont, IL, USA
| | - Donna Kenski
- Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium, Rosemont, IL, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Gordon A. Novak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bradley R. Pierce
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Russell W. Long
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Timothy J. Wagner
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lukas Valin
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charles O. Stanier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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20
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Liu J, Chu B, Chen T, Zhong C, Liu C, Ma Q, Ma J, Zhang P, He H. Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Potential from Ambient Air in Beijing: Effects of Atmospheric Oxidation Capacity at Different Pollution Levels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4565-4572. [PMID: 33733751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) plays a critical role in sustained haze pollution in megacities. Traditional observation of atmospheric aerosols usually analyzes the ambient organic aerosol (OA) but neglects the SOA formation potential (SOAFP) of precursors remaining in ambient air. Knowledge on SOAFP is still limited, especially in megacities suffering from frequent haze. In this study, the SOAFP of ambient air in urban Beijing was characterized at different pollution levels based on a two-year field observation using an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) system. Both OA and SOAFP increased as a function of ambient pollution level, in which increasing concentrations of precursor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and decreasing atmospheric oxidation capacity were found to be the two main influencing factors. To address the role of the atmospheric oxidation capacity in SOAFP, a relative OA enhancement ratio (EROA = 1 + SOAFP/OA) and the elemental composition of the OA were investigated in this study. The results indicated that the atmospheric oxidation capacity was weakened and resulted in higher SOAFP on more polluted days. The relationship found between SOAFP and the atmospheric oxidation capacity could be helpful in understanding changes in SOA pollution with improving air quality in the megacities of developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changgeng Liu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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21
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Seltzer KM, Pennington E, Rao V, Murphy BN, Strum M, Isaacs KK, Pye HOT. Reactive organic carbon emissions from volatile chemical products. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:5079-5100. [PMID: 34122530 PMCID: PMC8193795 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-5079-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Volatile chemical products (VCPs) are an increasingly important source of anthropogenic reactive organic carbon (ROC) emissions. Among these sources are everyday items, such as personal care products, general cleaners, architectural coatings, pesticides, adhesives, and printing inks. Here, we develop VCPy, a new framework to model organic emissions from VCPs throughout the United States, including spatial allocation to regional and local scales. Evaporation of a species from a VCP mixture in the VCPy framework is a function of the compound-specific physiochemical properties that govern volatilization and the timescale relevant for product evaporation. We introduce two terms to describe these processes: evaporation timescale and use timescale. Using this framework, predicted national per capita organic emissions from VCPs are 9.5 kg per person per year (6.4 kg C per person per year) for 2016, which translates to 3.05 Tg (2.06 Tg C), making VCPs a dominant source of anthropogenic organic emissions in the United States. Uncertainty associated with this framework and sensitivity to select parameters were characterized through Monte Carlo analysis, resulting in a 95 % confidence interval of national VCP emissions for 2016 of 2.61-3.53 Tg (1.76-2.38 Tg C). This nationwide total is broadly consistent with the U.S. EPA's 2017 National Emission Inventory (NEI); however, county-level and categorical estimates can differ substantially from NEI values. VCPy predicts higher VCP emissions than the NEI for approximately half of all counties, with 5 % of all counties having greater than 55 % higher emissions. Categorically, application of the VCPy framework yields higher emissions for personal care products (150 %) and paints and coatings (25 %) when compared to the NEI, whereas pesticides (-54 %) and printing inks (-13 %) feature lower emissions. An observational evaluation indicates emissions of key species from VCPs are reproduced with high fidelity using the VCPy framework (normalized mean bias of -13 % with r =0.95). Sector-wide, the effective secondary organic aerosol yield and maximum incremental reactivity of VCPs are 5.3 % by mass and 1.58 gO3 g-1, respectively, indicating VCPs are an important, and likely to date underrepresented, source of secondary pollution in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl M Seltzer
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Postdoctoral Fellow in the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Elyse Pennington
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow in the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Venkatesh Rao
- Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Benjamin N Murphy
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Madeleine Strum
- Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Kristin K Isaacs
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Havala O T Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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22
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Cui L, Li HW, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Lee SC, Blake DR, Wang XM, Ho KF, Cao JJ. The characteristics and sources of roadside VOCs in Hong Kong: Effect of the LPG catalytic converter replacement programme. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143811. [PMID: 33246717 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve local air quality of Hong Kong, more than 99% taxies and public light buses were changed from diesel to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fuel type in the early 2000s. In addition to the catalytic converters wear and tear, it is necessary to control air pollutants emitted from LPG vehicles. Therefore, an LPG catalytic converter replacement programme (CCRP) was fulfilled from October 2013 to April 2014 by the Hong Kong government. Roadside volatile compounds (VOCs) were measured by on-line measurement techniques before and after the programme to evaluate the effectiveness of the LPG CCRP. The mixing ratios of total measured VOCs were found decreased from 69.3 ± 12.6 ppbv to 43.9 ± 6.5 ppbv after the LPG CCRP with the decreasing percentage of 36.7%. In addition, the total mixing ratio of LPG tracers, namely propane, i-butane, and n-butane, accounted for 49% of total measured VOCs before the LPG CCRP and the weighting percentage decreased to 34% after the programme. Moreover, the source apportionment of roadside VOCs also reflects the large decreasing trend of LPG vehicular emissions after the air pollution control measure. Due to the application of PTR-MS on measuring real-time VOCs and oxygenated volatile compounds (OVOCs) in this study, the emission ratios of individual OVOCs were investigated and being utilized to differentiate primary and secondary/biogenic sources of roadside OVOCs in Hong Kong. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the intervention programme, and are helpful to further implementation of air pollution control strategies in Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cui
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hai Wei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Zhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shun Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Donald Ray Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xin Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Ji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China
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23
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Niu Z, Kong S, Zheng H, Yan Q, Liu J, Feng Y, Wu J, Zheng S, Zeng X, Yao L, Zhang Y, Fan Z, Cheng Y, Liu X, Wu F, Qin S, Yan Y, Ding F, Liu W, Zhu K, Liu D, Qi S. Temperature dependence of source profiles for volatile organic compounds from typical volatile emission sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141741. [PMID: 32889467 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Source profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the evaporation of various fuels, industrial raw materials, processes and products are still limited in China. The impact of ambient temperature on the VOC released from these fugitive emission sources has also been rarely reported. In order to establish VOC source profiles for thirteen volatile emission sources, a sampling campaign was conducted in Central China, and five types of sources were investigated both in winter and summer. The dominant VOC groups varied in different sources, and they were alkanes (78.6%), alkenes (53.1%), aromatics (55.1%), halohydrocarbons (80.7%) and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) (76.0%), respectively. Ambient temperature showed different impacts on VOC source profiles and specific species ratios. The mass percentages of halohydrocarbons emitted from color printing and waste transfer station in summer were 42 times and 20 times higher than those in winter, respectively. The mass percentages of OVOCs emitted from car painting, waste transfer station and laundry emission sources were much higher in summer (7.9-27.8%) than those in winter (0.8-2.6%). On the contrary, alkanes from color printing, car painting and waste transfer stations were about 11, 4 and 5 times higher in winter than those in summer, respectively. The coefficient of divergence values for the source profiles obtained in winter and summer ranged in 0.3-0.7, indicating obvious differences of source profiles. Benzene/toluene ratio varied in 0.00-0.76, and it was in the range of 0.02-0.50 in winter and 0.04-0.52 in summer for the same sources, respectively. Hexanal, isobutene, m,p-xylene, toluene, 2-methylacrolein, styrene, 1-hexane and cis-2-butene dominated the ozone formation potentials (OFP). The OFP summer/winter differences were 5-320 times by MIR method and 1-79 times by Propy-Equiv method, respectively. This study firstly gave direct evidence that ambient temperature modified the mass percentages of VOC species obviously. It is important for improving VOC source apportionment and chemical reactivity simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Niu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Huang Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jinhong Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yunkai Feng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shurui Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liquan Yao
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zewei Fan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fangqi Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Si Qin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yingying Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Feng Ding
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kuanguang Zhu
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Dominutti P, Nogueira T, Fornaro A, Borbon A. One decade of VOCs measurements in São Paulo megacity: Composition, variability, and emission evaluation in a biofuel usage context. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:139790. [PMID: 32559485 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In South America, the observations of atmospheric pollutants are deficient, and few cities have implemented air quality monitoring programs. In addition, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) observations are still missing, and little is known about their contributions to the atmospheric composition and impacts in a large ethanol usage context like Brazil. Here, we present a wide range of VOCs that have been measured for ten years in São Paulo Megacity (SPM) in different campaigns at traffic, urban and background sites. When compared with other cities worldwide, the average VOCs ambient concentrations in SPM were higher by factors of 2 to 10. However, the ambient VOCs distribution among these cities is homogeneous even for ethanol, aldehydes and alkenes species. Emission ratios (ER) were established related to carbon monoxide and acetylene, which did not depict strong seasonal and interannual variability in SPM. When compared with previous studies, ERs showed an enrichment from road-tunnel to background, suggesting the presence of other sources than traffic. A good agreement in ER was found with Los Angeles and Paris; but limited consistencies with Middle East and Asia cities. Our ethanol measurements show that contrasted ER can be obtained depending on the emission process involved, with a strong impact of evaporation on ethanol concentrations. The multiyear acetaldehyde analysis displayed that ER could be a valuable metric to assess the long-term changes in emissions sources. Finally, VOCs emissions were calculated from ER and compared with those estimated by the global emission inventory (Edgar). The total VOC emissions estimated by the global inventory agree very well with those from our observations up to 75%. Nevertheless, the VOCs speciation is misrepresented in the inventory, mainly for oxygenated and heavier alkanes compounds. These inconsistencies will also have an impact on the quantification of secondary atmospheric pollutants formation associated to road transport emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Dominutti
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo (IAG-USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, LaMP-UMR 6016, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178 Aubière, France.
| | - Thiago Nogueira
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo (IAG-USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adalgiza Fornaro
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo (IAG-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agnès Borbon
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, LaMP-UMR 6016, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178 Aubière, France
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25
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Yang Y, Wang Y, Yao D, Zhao S, Yang S, Ji D, Sun J, Wang Y, Liu Z, Hu B, Zhang R, Wang Y. Significant decreases in the volatile organic compound concentration, atmospheric oxidation capacity and photochemical reactivity during the National Day holiday over a suburban site in the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114657. [PMID: 33618483 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To what extent anthropogenic emissions could influence volatile organic compound (VOCs) concentrations and related atmospheric reactivity is still poorly understood. China's 70th National Day holidays, during which anthropogenic emissions were significantly reduced to ensure good air quality on Anniversary Day, provides a unique opportunity to investigate these processes. Atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC), OH reactivity, secondary transformation, O3 formation and VOCs-PM2.5 sensitivity are evaluated based on parameterization methods and simultaneous measurements of VOCs, O3, NOx, CO, SO2, PM2.5, JO1D, JNO2, JNO3 carried out at a suburban site between Beijing and Tianjin before, during, and after the National Day holiday 2019. During the National Day holidays, the AOC, OH reactivity, O3 formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAP) were 1.6 × 107 molecules cm-3 s-1, 41.8 s-1, 299.2 μg cm-3 and 1471.8 μg cm-3, respectively, which were 42%, 29%, 47% and 42% lower than pre-National Day values and -12%, 42%, 36% and 42% lower than post-National Day values, respectively. Reactions involving OH radicals dominated the AOC during the day, but OH radicals and O3 reactions at night. Alkanes (the degree of unsaturation = 0, (D, Equation (1)) accounted for the largest contributions to the total VOCs concentration, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs; D ≤ 1) to OH reactivity and OFP, and aromatics (D = 4) to the SOAP. O3 production was identified as VOCs-limited by VOCs (ppbC)/NOx (ppbv) ratios during the sampling campaign, with greater VOCs limitation during post- National Day and more-aged air masses during the National Day. The VOCs-sensitivity coefficient (VOCs-S) suggested that VOCs were more sensitive to PM2.5 in low-pollution domains and during the National Day holiday. This study emphasizes the importance of not only the abundance, reactivity, and secondary transformation of VOCs but also the effects of VOCs on PM2.5 for the development of effective control strategies to minimize O3 and PM2.5 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, P.O.Box 64, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Dan Yao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shuman Zhao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuanghong Yang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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26
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Zhang F, Shang X, Chen H, Xie G, Fu Y, Wu D, Sun W, Liu P, Zhang C, Mu Y, Zeng L, Wan M, Wang Y, Xiao H, Wang G, Chen J. Significant impact of coal combustion on VOCs emissions in winter in a North China rural site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137617. [PMID: 32325589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was carried out using an online GC-FID/MS at a rural site in North China Plain from 1 Nov. 2017 to 21 Jan. 2018. Their concentrations, emission ratios and source apportionment are investigated. During the entire experiment period, the average mixing ratio of VOCs was 69.5 ± 51.9 ppb, among which alkanes contributed the most (37% on average). Eight sources were identified in the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) model as short-chain alkanes (13.3%), biomass burning (4.6%), solvent (10.8%), industry (3.7%), coal combustion (41.1%), background (4.5%), vehicular emission (7.7%) and secondary formation (14.2%). In addition to the formation of OVOCs through photochemical reactions, the primary sources, such as coal combustion, biomass burning, vehicular emission, solvent and industry, can also contribute to OVOCs emissions. High OVOCs emission ratios thus were observed at Wangdu site. Primary emission was estimated to contribute 50%, 45%, 73%, 77%, 40%, and 29% on average to acrolein, acetone, methylvinylketone (MVK), methylethylketone (MEK), methacrolein and n-hexanal according to NMF analysis, respectively, which was well consistent with the contribution from photochemical age method. Secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) was evaluated by SOA yield, which was significantly higher under low-NOx condition (13.4 μg m-3 ppm-1) than that under high-NOx condition (3.2 μg m-3 ppm-1). Moreover, the photochemical reactivity and sources of VOCs showed differences in seven observed pollution episodes. Among, the largest OH loss rate and SOAFP were found in severe pollution plumes, which were induced primarily by coal combustion. Therefore, mitigation strategies for severe pollution formation should focus on reducing coal combustion emitted VOCs that lead to SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Department of Environment, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province 314000, China
| | - Xiaona Shang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Guangzhao Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Department of Environment, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province 314000, China
| | - Di Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Environment, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province 314000, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 200062, China.
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27
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Han T, Ma Z, Xu W, Qiao L, Li Y, He D, Wang Y. Characteristics and source implications of aromatic hydrocarbons at urban and background areas in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:136083. [PMID: 31863975 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) concentrations, their temporal and spatial variations, and their source origins from September-December 2017 at an urban and a background site in Beijing, China were investigated. The averaged (±σ) total mixing ratios of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m, p-xylenes, and o-xylene were 0.40 ± 0.39 ppbv, 0.31 ± 0.34 ppbv, 0.08 ± 0.07 ppbv, 0.08 ± 0.08 ppbv, and 0.05 ± 0.05 ppbv at the SDZ site, which were 63%, 79%, 83%, 85%, and 89% lower than those at the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences site (CMA). It is worth noting that the average mixing ratios of BTEX at SDZ and CMA were 0.86 ± 1.03 ppbv and 3.38 ± 2.80 ppbv during the heating period (HP), which were 2.3% and 21.9% lower than those before the HP, a decrease that was mainly related to the frequent occurrence of strong northerly and northwesterly winds and low relative humidity (RH) during the HP. Obvious differences were also observed between the BTEX composition proportions at the SDZ and CMA sites. On average, benzene comprised 44% of the total BTEX at SDZ, whereas toluene was the largest contributor to the total BTEX at CMA, accounting for 37%. In addition, the contributions of C8 aromatics (the sum of ethylbenzene, m, p-xylenes, and o-xylene) at CMA (36%) were also higher than those at SDZ (21%), reflecting the different emission sources of the two sites. In addition, the BTEX species showed similar and pronounced diurnal profiles at SDZ and CMA, all characterized by much higher values at night than during the day. Diagnostic ratios and source implications suggested that SDZ was affected mainly by biomass/biofuel/coal burning, with substantially elevated benzene levels during the winter HP, whereas CMA was affected both by traffic-related emissions and biomass/biofuel/coal burning emissions. These findings suggest the necessity of regionally-tailored control strategies both to reduce BTEX levels and to mitigate their environmental impact. Further analysis of the backward trajectories revealed that the BTEX compounds varied greatly in terms of air mass origins, but generally exhibited high values for slow air masses passing over areas south of Beijing, with dominant contributions from benzene, toluene, and m, p-xylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Han
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China; Beijing Shangdianzi Regional Atmosphere Watch Station, Beijing 101507, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China; Beijing Shangdianzi Regional Atmosphere Watch Station, Beijing 101507, China.
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather &Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China; Beijing Shangdianzi Regional Atmosphere Watch Station, Beijing 101507, China
| | - Yingruo Li
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China; Beijing Shangdianzi Regional Atmosphere Watch Station, Beijing 101507, China
| | - Di He
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China; Beijing Shangdianzi Regional Atmosphere Watch Station, Beijing 101507, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather &Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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28
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Sheu R, Stönner C, Ditto JC, Klüpfel T, Williams J, Gentner DR. Human transport of thirdhand tobacco smoke: A prominent source of hazardous air pollutants into indoor nonsmoking environments. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay4109. [PMID: 32181345 PMCID: PMC7056301 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay4109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of indoor nonsmoking environments with thirdhand smoke (THS) is an important, poorly understood public health concern. Real-time THS off-gassing from smokers into a nonsmoking movie theater was observed with online and offline high-resolution mass spectrometry. Prominent emission events of THS tracers (e.g., 2,5-dimethylfuran, 2-methylfuran, and acetonitrile) and other tobacco-related volatile organic compounds (VOCs) coincided with the arrival of certain moviegoers and left residual contamination. These VOC emission events exposed occupants to the equivalent of 1 to 10 cigarettes of secondhand smoke, including multiple hazardous air pollutants (e.g., benzene and formaldehyde) at parts-per-billion concentrations. Nicotine and related intermediate-volatility nitrogen-containing compounds, which vaporized from clothes/bodies and recondensed onto aerosol, comprised 34% of observed functionalized organic aerosol abundance. Exposure to THS VOC emission events will be considerably enhanced in poorly ventilated or smaller spaces in contrast with a large, well-ventilated theater-amplifying concentrations and potential impacts on health and indoor chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sheu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Jenna C. Ditto
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas Klüpfel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | | | - Drew R. Gentner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- SEARCH (Solutions for Energy, Air, Climate and Health) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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29
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Gao Y, Wang H, Zhang X, Jing S, Peng Y, Qiao L, Zhou M, Huang DD, Wang Q, Li X, Li L, Feng J, Ma Y, Li Y. Estimating Secondary Organic Aerosol Production from Toluene Photochemistry in a Megacity of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8664-8671. [PMID: 31265258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The production of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from toluene photochemistry in Shanghai, a megacity of China, was estimated by two approaches, the parametrization method and the tracer-based method. The temporal profiles of toluene, together with other fifty-six volatile organic compounds (VOCs), were characterized. Combing with the vapor wall loss corrected SOA yields derived from chamber experiments, the estimated toluene SOA by the parametrization method as embodied in the two-product model contributes up to ∼40% of the total SOA budget during summertime. 2,3-Dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid (DHOPA), a unique product from the OH-initiated oxidation of toluene in the presence of elevated NOx, was used as a tracer to back calculate the toluene SOA concentrations. By taking account for the effect of gas-particle partitioning processes on the fraction of DHOPA in the particle phase, the estimated toluene SOA concentrations agree within ∼33% with the estimates by the parametrization method. The agreement between these two independent approaches highlight the need to update current model frameworks with recent laboratory advances for a more accurate representation of SOA formation in regions with substantial anthropogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation & Modeling Laboratory (ACOM) , National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) , Boulder , Colorado 80301 , United States
| | - Sheng'ao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Yarong Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Liping Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Dan Dan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Li Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Jialiang Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 , China
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Yingjie Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
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30
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Zhou X, Li Z, Zhang T, Wang F, Wang F, Tao Y, Zhang X, Wang F, Huang J. Volatile organic compounds in a typical petrochemical industrialized valley city of northwest China based on high-resolution PTR-MS measurements: Characterization, sources and chemical effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:883-896. [PMID: 30947059 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To scientifically understand the emissions and chemistry of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a typical petrochemical industrialized and dust-rich region of Northwest China, VOCs were measured at a receptor site in the Lanzhou Valley using a high-resolution online proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer (PTR-MS). The ranking of VOC mixing ratios was methanol (32.72 ± 8.94 ppb) > acetaldehyde (5.05 ± 2.4 ppb) > acetic acid (3.42 ± 1.71 ppb). Lanzhou has higher oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) mixing ratios (methanol and acetaldehyde) and lower aromatics levels (benzene, toluene and C8-aromatics) compared with other cities. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model showed eight sources of VOCs as follows: (1) mixed industrial process-1 (13.5%), (2) secondary formation (13.2%), (3) mixed industrial process-2 (11.8%), (4) residential biofuel use and waste disposal (13.80%), (5) solvent usage (10.1%), (6) vehicular exhaust (11.8%), (7) biogenic (13.8%) and (8) biomass burning (12.0%). Both the PSCF and the CWT results of mixed industrial process-1 were mainly from the northeast of Lanzhou and the biomass burning was from the southeast; the other four sources (without secondary formation and biogenic) were mainly from the west and northwest of Lanzhou, which were associated with the dust area of the Gobi Desert. A trajectory sector analysis revealed that the local emissions contributed 64.9-71.1% to the VOCs. OVOCs accounted for 43% of the ozone production potential (OFP), and residential biofuel use and waste disposal (25.1%), mixed industrial process-2 (15.3%) and solvent usage (13.4%) appeared to be the dominant sources contributors to O3 production. The rank of main secondary organic aerosols (SOA) precursors under low-NOx conditions is xylene > toluene > benzene > naphthalene > styrene > C10-aromatics > isoprene, while under high-NOx conditions, it is toluene > naphthalene > xylene > C10-aromatics > styrene > benzene > isoprene. Solvent usage and vehicular exhaust appeared to be the dominant contributors to SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhongqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Tinjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Fanglin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Feiteng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fanglong Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ju Huang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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31
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Gupta SK, Elumalai SP. Dependence of urban air pollutants on morning/evening peak hours and seasons. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 76:572-590. [PMID: 30879121 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00616-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Traffic emission is a major source of air pollution in urban cities of developing world. This paper shows dependence of traffic-related air pollutants in urban cities on morning/evening peak hours and winter/summer seasons. This research also shows the meteorological impact, such as temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and wind speed (WS), on traffic-related air pollutants in urban cites. Based on the research output, the elevated level of PM concentration was observed between 1.8 and 6.7 times at all nearby roadway locations compared with background (IIT [ISM] campus). We have found 2.3, 2.4, 2.6 (morning) and 2.0, 2.1, and 2.1 (evening) times higher average PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations, respectively, in the winter than summer monitoring periods across all locations, due to the stable boundary layer, lower mixing height, and lower friction velocity. It is indicated that urban meteorology plays a crucial role in increasing or decreasing exposed pollutant concentrations in various microenvironments. The analysis of PM2.5/PM10 ratios was lower during whole campaign due to higher contribution of coarser particles generated by vehicles. During winter and summer seasons, 0.57 and 0.33 was observed, respectively. It is indicated that 57% and 33% of PM10 makes up PM2.5 particle, respectively. PM concentrations have showed a negative linear relationship with T and WS and positive relationship with RH in winter/summer seasons. Therefore, traffic and meteorology play a big role to increase or decrease in traffic-related air pollutants in urban air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Gupta
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India
| | - Suresh Pandian Elumalai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.
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32
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Park ES, Sener IN. Traffic-related air emissions in Houston: Effects of light-rail transit. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:154-161. [PMID: 30227285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that automobile pollution poses significantly more harmful health impacts than previously realized. Light-rail transit (LRT) is a major type of transportation infrastructure, but there has been little research assessing the air quality effects of LRT based on the actual air pollution data. This study aimed to assess the effects of LRT on automobile-related air emissions in Houston. Specifically, we examined the effects of LRT on key tailpipe pollutants-carbon monoxide and acetylene-as well as other traffic pollution surrogates referred to as BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), measured from ambient air monitoring stations. An interrupted time series design and analysis was used to determine the impact of an intervention, where the intervention was the opening of an LRT on January 1, 2004, with two years (2002-2003) of before and two years (2004-2005) of after period data. We found that, after controlling for weather, the opening of the LRT was associated with statistically significant reductions in traffic-related air emissions. Specifically, at the exposure sites, the daily maximum carbon monoxide level was reduced roughly by 24%, and the daily level of toluene was reduced roughly by 60% (33% after accounting for the reduction at the comparison site). Our findings lend support to the air quality benefits of LRT by providing suggestive evidence of positive effects of LRT based on actual air pollution monitoring data. This study's findings also emphasize the importance of developing effective measures to assess traffic-related pollution and call for advanced data collection strategies of additional data, including traffic volume and speed data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sug Park
- Texas A&M Transportation Institute, 3135 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3135, USA.
| | - Ipek Nese Sener
- Texas A&M Transportation Institute, 505 E. Huntland Dr., Suite 455, Austin, TX 78752, USA.
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33
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McDonald BC, de Gouw JA, Gilman JB, Jathar SH, Akherati A, Cappa CD, Jimenez JL, Lee-Taylor J, Hayes PL, McKeen SA, Cui YY, Kim SW, Gentner DR, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Goldstein AH, Harley RA, Frost GJ, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Trainer M. Volatile chemical products emerging as largest petrochemical source of urban organic emissions. Science 2018; 359:760-764. [PMID: 29449485 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaq0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A gap in emission inventories of urban volatile organic compound (VOC) sources, which contribute to regional ozone and aerosol burdens, has increased as transportation emissions in the United States and Europe have declined rapidly. A detailed mass balance demonstrates that the use of volatile chemical products (VCPs)-including pesticides, coatings, printing inks, adhesives, cleaning agents, and personal care products-now constitutes half of fossil fuel VOC emissions in industrialized cities. The high fraction of VCP emissions is consistent with observed urban outdoor and indoor air measurements. We show that human exposure to carbonaceous aerosols of fossil origin is transitioning away from transportation-related sources and toward VCPs. Existing U.S. regulations on VCPs emphasize mitigating ozone and air toxics, but they currently exempt many chemicals that lead to secondary organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C McDonald
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA. .,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joost A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ali Akherati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Julia Lee-Taylor
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Patrick L Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stuart A McKeen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yu Yan Cui
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Si-Wan Kim
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Drew R Gentner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Harley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gregory J Frost
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James M Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael Trainer
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
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Ghosh B. Impact of Changes in Oil and Gas Production Activities on Air Quality in Northeastern Oklahoma: Ambient Air Studies in 2015-2017. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3285-3294. [PMID: 29439573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A total of three ground-based ambient air studies were conducted in February through March of 2015, 2016, and 2017 at the Phillips 66 Research Center in northeastern Oklahoma. C2-C12 nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were measured using whole-air sampling and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In 2016 and 2017, online methane and ethane measurements were also conducted. Strong methane-ethane correlation identified oil and gas (O&G) upstream and midstream operations to be the primary methane source. C2-C5 alkanes were the dominant NMHCs whose average mixing ratio peaked in 2016 before dropping in 2017. This observation is attributed to regional O&G upstream operations, which peaked in 2015. Mean mixing ratios of C2-C5 alkanes ranged from 0.99 to 16.99 ppb. Measured ratios of i-C5/ n-C5 were 0.97 ± 0.03, 1.18 ± 0.04, and 1.06 ± 0.02 in 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively, indicating that O&G upstream and midstream operations were their primary source. Photochemical age was estimated using observed ratio between hexane and propane. Emission ratios of NMHCs at zero photochemical age were calculated, which resembled the composition reported in the literature for natural gas field condensate tank flashing. Back-trajectory analysis showed that hydrocarbon-rich plumes came from the south and west directions, where O&G upstream and midstream operations are abundant. High OH reactivity values were calculated from C2-C6 alkanes mixing ratios, with the average reactivity for the 3 years being 1.55, 1.88, and 1.16 s-1. This indicates that VOC emissions from O & G operations may contribute to ozone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddhadeb Ghosh
- Phillips 66 Research Center , Highway 60 and 123, Bartlesville , Oklahoma 74003 , United States
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35
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Urban flux measurements reveal a large pool of oxygenated volatile organic compound emissions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1186-1191. [PMID: 29358383 PMCID: PMC5819406 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714715115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The exchange of nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) at the surface–atmosphere interface is a fundamental constraint and important boundary condition for atmospheric chemistry and its effects on climate. Anthropogenic emissions are thought to account for about half of the NMVOC flux into the atmosphere of the Northern Hemisphere, yet their budget is considerably uncertain due to the scarcity of appropriate top-down constraints. Here we present direct flux measurements of NMVOCs based on the eddy covariance technique, showing that the contribution of typical urban emission sources is comprised of a surprisingly large portion of oxygenated NMVOC. These results suggest that typical urban NMVOC emission sources could be significantly higher than currently projected in air chemistry and climate models. Atmospheric chemistry is fueled by a large annual influx of nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC). These compounds influence ozone formation, lead to secondary organic aerosol production, and play a significant role for the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. The anthropogenic NMVOC budget is considerably uncertain due to the diversity of urban emission sources. Here, we present comprehensive observations of urban NMVOC eddy covariance fluxes using a newly designed proton-transfer-reaction quadrupole interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer. We found emission fluxes of a surprisingly large pool of oxygenated NMVOCs (OVOCs) with an appreciable fraction of higher oxidized OVOCs that cannot be explained by known fast photochemical turnaround or current primary emission estimates. Measured OVOC/NMVOC bulk flux ratios are two to four times higher than inferred from aggregated anthropogenic emission inventories. Extrapolating these results would double the global anthropogenic NMVOC flux. In view of globally accelerating urbanization, our study highlights the need to reevaluate the influence of anthropogenic NMVOC on atmospheric chemistry, human health, and the climate system.
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36
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Borbon A, Boynard A, Salameh T, Baudic A, Gros V, Gauduin J, Perrussel O, Pallares C. Is Traffic Still an Important Emitter of Monoaromatic Organic Compounds in European Urban Areas? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:513-521. [PMID: 29164867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trends of long-term observations and emission inventories suggest that traffic emissions will no longer dominate the concentrations of monoaromatic compounds (i.e., TEX - toluene, xylenes, and ethylbenzene) in European urban areas. But the split limit between traffic and other emission sector contributions such as solvent use remains tenuous. Here long-term observations of an extensive set of hydrocarbons, including TEX, at traffic and urban background sites in London, Paris and Strasbourg were combined to estimate the relative importance of traffic emissions on TEX in every city. When analyzing the urban enhancement emission ratios of TEX-to-benzene on a seasonal basis, two potential source signatures other than traffic could be differentiated in all cities (1) summertime evaporation from fuel and/or solvent and (2) wintertime domestic heating. However, traffic emissions still unambiguously dominate the concentration levels of TEX in every city despite the reduction of their emissions at exhaust pipe over the last two decades. Traffic explains between 60% and 96% (at ±20%) of TEX levels while it is less clear for xylenes at some locations. Our results provide a basis to evaluate regional emission inventories. The method is applicable at any urban area where speciated hydrocarbon monitoring is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Borbon
- Université Clermont Auvergne , CNRS, LaMP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anne Boynard
- UVSQ, CNRS, LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités , Paris, France
| | - Thérèse Salameh
- Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris Est Créteil et Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace , Créteil, France
| | - Alexia Baudic
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), UMR CNRS 8212, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace , Gif sur Yvette, France
- AIRPARIF, Association Agréée de Surveillance de la Qualité de l'Air en Île-de-France, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Valérie Gros
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), UMR CNRS 8212, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace , Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Julie Gauduin
- AIRPARIF, Association Agréée de Surveillance de la Qualité de l'Air en Île-de-France, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Perrussel
- AIRPARIF, Association Agréée de Surveillance de la Qualité de l'Air en Île-de-France, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Cyril Pallares
- Agence de surveillance de la qualité de l'air (ASPA), F-67300, Schiltigheim, France
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37
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Praske E, Otkjær RV, Crounse JD, Hethcox JC, Stoltz BM, Kjaergaard HG, Wennberg PO. Atmospheric autoxidation is increasingly important in urban and suburban North America. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:64-69. [PMID: 29255042 PMCID: PMC5776813 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715540115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas-phase autoxidation-regenerative peroxy radical formation following intramolecular hydrogen shifts-is known to be important in the combustion of organic materials. The relevance of this chemistry in the oxidation of organics in the atmosphere has received less attention due, in part, to the lack of kinetic data at relevant temperatures. Here, we combine computational and experimental approaches to investigate the rate of autoxidation for organic peroxy radicals (RO2) produced in the oxidation of a prototypical atmospheric pollutant, n-hexane. We find that the reaction rate depends critically on the molecular configuration of the RO2 radical undergoing hydrogen transfer (H-shift). RO2 H-shift rate coefficients via transition states involving six- and seven-membered rings (1,5 and 1,6 H-shifts, respectively) of α-OH hydrogens (HOC-H) formed in this system are of order 0.1 s-1 at 296 K, while the 1,4 H-shift is calculated to be orders of magnitude slower. Consistent with H-shift reactions over a substantial energetic barrier, we find that the rate coefficients of these reactions increase rapidly with temperature and exhibit a large, primary, kinetic isotope effect. The observed H-shift rate coefficients are sufficiently fast that, as a result of ongoing NO x emission reductions, autoxidation is now competing with bimolecular chemistry even in the most polluted North American cities, particularly during summer afternoons when NO levels are low and temperatures are elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Praske
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Rasmus V Otkjær
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John D Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - J Caleb Hethcox
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Henrik G Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Paul O Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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38
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Kim S, Sanchez D, Wang M, Seco R, Jeong D, Hughes S, Barletta B, Blake DR, Jung J, Kim D, Lee G, Lee M, Ahn J, Lee SD, Cho G, Sung MY, Lee YH, Kim DB, Kim Y, Woo JH, Jo D, Park R, Park JH, Hong YD, Hong JH. OH reactivity in urban and suburban regions in Seoul, South Korea - an East Asian megacity in a rapid transition. Faraday Discuss 2017; 189:231-51. [PMID: 27138104 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00230c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
South Korea has recently achieved developed country status with the second largest megacity in the world, the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). This study provides insights into future changes in air quality for rapidly emerging megacities in the East Asian region. We present total OH reactivity observations in the SMA conducted at an urban Seoul site (May-June, 2015) and a suburban forest site (Sep, 2015). The total OH reactivity in an urban site during the daytime was observed at similar levels (∼15 s(-1)) to those previously reported from other East Asian megacity studies. Trace gas observations indicate that OH reactivity is largely accounted for by NOX (∼50%) followed by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (∼35%). Isoprene accounts for a substantial fraction of OH reactivity among the comprehensive VOC observational dataset (25-47%). In general, observed total OH reactivity can be accounted for by the observed trace gas dataset. However, observed total OH reactivity in the suburban forest area cannot be largely accounted for (∼70%) by the trace gas measurements. The importance of biogenic VOC (BVOCs) emissions and oxidations used to evaluate the impacts of East Asian megacity outflows for the regional air quality and climate contexts are highlighted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saewung Kim
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA.
| | - Dianne Sanchez
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA.
| | - Mark Wang
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA.
| | - Roger Seco
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA.
| | - Daun Jeong
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA.
| | - Stacey Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Barbara Barletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Jinsang Jung
- The Division of Metrology for Quality of Life, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea 34113
| | - Deugsoo Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, South Korea 573-701
| | - Gangwoong Lee
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, South Korea 449-791
| | - Meehye Lee
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea 02841
| | - Joonyoung Ahn
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Sang-Deok Lee
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Gangnam Cho
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Min-Young Sung
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Dan Bi Kim
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Younha Kim
- Division of Interdisciplinary Studies, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea 05025
| | - Jung-Hun Woo
- Division of Interdisciplinary Studies, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea 05025
| | - Duseong Jo
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea 08826
| | - Rokjin Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea 08826
| | - Jeong-Hoo Park
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - You-Deog Hong
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
| | - Ji-Hyung Hong
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea 22689
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39
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Sahu LK, Tripathi N, Yadav R. Contribution of biogenic and photochemical sources to ambient VOCs during winter to summer transition at a semi-arid urban site in India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:595-606. [PMID: 28689148 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the sources and characteristics of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured using PTR-TOF-MS instrument in a metropolitan city of India during winter to summer transition period. Mixing ratios of VOCs exhibited strong diurnal, day-to-day and episodic variations. Methanol was the most dominant species with monthly mean values of 18-22 pbbv. The emission ratios of VOCs relative to benzene calculated from nighttime data were used to estimate the relative contributions of vehicle exhaust and other sources. The increasing daytime ratios of oxygenated-VOCs (OVOCs)/benzene and isoprene/benzene from February to March indicates increasing contribution of photo-oxidation and biogenic sources. Daytime fractions of acetone (18%), acetaldehyde (15%) and isoprene (4.5%) to the sum of measured VOCs in March were higher than those in February. Variations of VOCs at lower temperatures (<25 °C) were predominantly controlled by anthropogenic sources. At high temperatures, particularly in the range of 32-40 °C during March, levels of OVOCs and isoprene were influenced by biogenic emissions. The emissions of OVOCs from vehicle exhaust were estimated to be smaller (20-40%) than those from other sources. The contributions of biogenic and secondary sources to OVOCs and isoprene increased by 10-15% from winter to summer. This study provides evidence that the winter-to-summer transition has an impact on sources and composition of VOCs in tropical urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Sahu
- Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India.
| | - Nidhi Tripathi
- Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
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40
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Park ES, Sener IN. Impact of light rail transit on traffic-related pollution and stroke mortality. Int J Public Health 2017; 62:721-728. [PMID: 28357446 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-017-0967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper evaluates the changes in vehicle exhaust and stroke mortality for the general public residing in the surrounding area of the light rail transit (LRT) in Houston, Texas, after its opening. METHODS The number of daily deaths due to stroke for 2002-2005 from the surrounding area of the original LRT line (exposure group) and the control groups was analyzed using an interrupted time-series analysis. Ambient concentrations of acetylene before and after the opening of LRT were also compared. RESULTS A statistically significant reduction in the average concentration of acetylene was observed for the exposure sites whereas the reduction was negligible at the control site. Poisson regression models applied to the stroke mortality data indicated a significant reduction in daily stroke mortality after the opening of LRT for the exposure group, while there was either an increase or a considerably smaller reduction for the control groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings support the idea that LRT systems provide health benefits for the general public and that the reduction in motor-vehicle-related air pollution may have contributed to these health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sug Park
- Texas A&M Transportation Institute, 3135 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-3135, USA
| | - Ipek Nese Sener
- Texas A&M Transportation Institute, 505 E. Huntland Dr., Suite 455, Austin, TX, 78752, USA.
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Kari E, Hao L, Yli-Pirilä P, Leskinen A, Kortelainen M, Grigonyte J, Worsnop DR, Jokiniemi J, Sippula O, Faiola CL, Virtanen A. Effect of Pellet Boiler Exhaust on Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from α-Pinene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1423-1432. [PMID: 28009165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between anthropogenic and biogenic emissions, and implications for aerosol production, have raised particular scientific interest. Despite active research in this area, real anthropogenic emission sources have not been exploited for anthropogenic-biogenic interaction studies until now. This work examines these interactions using α-pinene and pellet boiler emissions as a model test system. The impact of pellet boiler emissions on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from α-pinene photo-oxidation was studied under atmospherically relevant conditions in an environmental chamber. The aim of this study was to identify which of the major pellet exhaust components (including high nitrogen oxide (NOx), primary particles, or a combination of the two) affected SOA formation from α-pinene. Results demonstrated that high NOx concentrations emitted by the pellet boiler reduced SOA yields from α-pinene, whereas the chemical properties of the primary particles emitted by the pellet boiler had no effect on observed SOA yields. The maximum SOA yield of α-pinene in the presence of pellet boiler exhaust (under high-NOx conditions) was 18.7% and in the absence of pellet boiler exhaust (under low-NOx conditions) was 34.1%. The reduced SOA yield under high-NOx conditions was caused by changes in gas-phase chemistry that led to the formation of organonitrate compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eetu Kari
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Liqing Hao
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Yli-Pirilä
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Leskinen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio Unit, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miika Kortelainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Julija Grigonyte
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 08121-3976, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Celia L Faiola
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annele Virtanen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Wang B, Liu Y, Shao M, Lu S, Wang M, Yuan B, Gong Z, He L, Zeng L, Hu M, Zhang Y. The contributions of biomass burning to primary and secondary organics: A case study in Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:548-556. [PMID: 27371770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synchronized online measurements of gas- and particle- phase organics including non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) and submicron organic matters (OM) were conducted in November 2010 at Heshan, Guangdong provincial supersite, China. Several biomass burning events were identified by using acetonitrile as a tracer, and enhancement ratios (EnRs) of organics to carbon monoxide (CO) obtained from this work generally agree with those from rice straw burning in previous studies. The influences of biomass burning on NMHCs, OVOCs and OM were explored by comparing biomass burning impacted plumes (BB plumes) and non-biomass burning plumes (non-BB plumes). A photochemical age-based parameterization method was used to characterize primary emission and chemical behavior of those three organic groups. The emission ratios (EmRs) of NMHCs, OVOCs and OM to CO increased by 27-71%, 34-55% and 67% in BB plumes, respectively, in comparison with non-BB plumes. The estimated formation rate of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in BB plumes was found to be 24% faster than non-BB plumes. By applying the above emission ratios to the whole PRD, the annual emissions of VOCs and OM from open burning of crop residues would be 56.4 and 3.8Gg in 2010 in PRD, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- BaoLin Wang
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Min Shao
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - SiHua Lu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - ZhaoHeng Gong
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - LingYan He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - LiMin Zeng
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - YuanHang Zhang
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Olaguer EP, Knipping E, Shaw S, Ravindran S. Microscale air quality impacts of distributed power generation facilities. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2016; 66:795-806. [PMID: 27191342 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1184194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The electric system is experiencing rapid growth in the adoption of a mix of distributed renewable and fossil fuel sources, along with increasing amounts of off-grid generation. New operational regimes may have unforeseen consequences for air quality. A three-dimensional microscale chemical transport model (CTM) driven by an urban wind model was used to assess gaseous air pollutant and particulate matter (PM) impacts within ~10 km of fossil-fueled distributed power generation (DG) facilities during the early afternoon of a typical summer day in Houston, TX. Three types of DG scenarios were considered in the presence of motor vehicle emissions and a realistic urban canopy: (1) a 25-MW natural gas turbine operating at steady state in either simple cycle or combined heating and power (CHP) mode; (2) a 25-MW simple cycle gas turbine undergoing a cold startup with either moderate or enhanced formaldehyde emissions; and (3) a data center generating 10 MW of emergency power with either diesel or natural gas-fired backup generators (BUGs) without pollution controls. Simulations of criteria pollutants (NO2, CO, O3, PM) and the toxic pollutant, formaldehyde (HCHO), were conducted assuming a 2-hr operational time period. In all cases, NOx titration dominated ozone production near the source. The turbine scenarios did not result in ambient concentration enhancements significantly exceeding 1 ppbv for gaseous pollutants or over 1 µg/m(3) for PM after 2 hr of emission, assuming realistic plume rise. In the case of the datacenter with diesel BUGs, ambient NO2 concentrations were enhanced by 10-50 ppbv within 2 km downwind of the source, while maximum PM impacts in the immediate vicinity of the datacenter were less than 5 µg/m(3). IMPLICATIONS Plausible scenarios of distributed fossil generation consistent with the electricity grid's transformation to a more flexible and modernized system suggest that a substantial amount of deployment would be required to significantly affect air quality on a localized scale. In particular, natural gas turbines typically used in distributed generation may have minor effects. Large banks of diesel backup generators such as those used by data centers, on the other hand, may require pollution controls or conversion to natural gas-fired reciprocal internal combustion engines to decrease nitrogen dioxide pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephanie Shaw
- b Electric Power Research Institute , Palo Alto , CA , USA
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Wang M, Chen W, Shao M, Lu S, Zeng L, Hu M. Investigation of carbonyl compound sources at a rural site in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 28:128-136. [PMID: 25662247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyl compounds are important intermediates in atmospheric photochemistry, but their primary sources are still not understood well. In this work, carbonyls, hydrocarbons, and alkyl nitrates were continuously measured during November 2011 at a rural site in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. Mixing ratios of carbonyls and hydrocarbons showed large fluctuations during the entire measurement. The average level for total measured volatile organic compounds during the pollution episode from 25th to 27th November, 2011 was 91.6 ppb, about 7 times the value for the clean period of 7th-8th, November, 2011. To preliminarily identify toluene sources at this site, the emission ratio of toluene to benzene (T/B) during the pollution episode was determined based on photochemical ages derived from the relationship of alkyl nitrates to their parent alkanes. The calculated T/B was 5.8 ppb/ppb, significantly higher than the values of 0.2-1.7 ppb/ppb for vehicular exhaust and other combustion sources, indicating the dominant influence of industrial emissions on ambient toluene. The contributions of industrial sources to ambient carbonyls were then calculated using a multiple linear regression fit model that used toluene and alkyl nitrates as respective tracers for industrial emission and secondary production. During the pollution episode, 18.5%, 69.0%, and 52.9% of measured formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were considered to be attributable to industrial emissions. The emission ratios relative to toluene for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were determined to be 0.10, 0.20 and 0.40 ppb/ppb, respectively. More research on industrial carbonyl emission characteristics is needed to understand carbonyl sources better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Wentai Chen
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Shao
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Sihua Lu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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45
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Bzdek BR, Horan AJ, Pennington MR, Janechek NJ, Baek J, Stanier CO, Johnston MV. Silicon is a frequent component of atmospheric nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11137-45. [PMID: 25203137 DOI: 10.1021/es5026933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are the largest fraction of aerosol loading by number. Knowledge of the chemical components present in nanoparticulate matter is needed to understand nanoparticle health and climatic impacts. In this work, we present field measurements using the Nano Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (NAMS), which provides quantitative elemental composition of nanoparticles around 20 nm diameter. NAMS measurements indicate that the element silicon (Si) is a frequent component of nanoparticles. Nanoparticulate Si is most abundant in locations heavily impacted by anthropogenic activities. Wind direction correlations suggest the sources of Si are diffuse, and diurnal trends suggest nanoparticulate Si may result from photochemical processing of gas phase Si-containing compounds, such as cyclic siloxanes. Atmospheric modeling of oxidized cyclic siloxanes is consistent with a diffuse photochemical source of aerosol Si. More broadly, these observations indicate a previously overlooked anthropogenic source of nanoaerosol mass. Further investigation is needed to fully resolve its atmospheric role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Bzdek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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46
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Wells KC, Millet DB, Cady-Pereira KE, Shephard MW, Henze DK, Bousserez N, Apel EC, de Gouw J, Warneke C, Singh HB. Quantifying global terrestrial methanol emissions using observations from the TES satellite sensor. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2014; 14:2555-2570. [PMID: 33758587 PMCID: PMC7983851 DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-2555-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We employ new global space-based measurements of atmospheric methanol from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) with the adjoint of the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to quantify terrestrial emissions of methanol to the atmosphere. Biogenic methanol emissions in the model are based on version 2.1 of the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGANv2.1), using leaf area data from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and GEOS-5 assimilated meteorological fields. We first carry out a pseudo observation test to validate the overall approach, and find that the TES sampling density is sufficient to accurately quantify regional- to continental-scale methanol emissions using this method. A global inversion of two years of TES data yields an optimized annual global surface flux of 122 Tg yr-1 (including biogenic, pyrogenic, and anthropogenic sources), an increase of 60 % from the a priori global flux of 76 Tg yr-1. Global terrestrial methanol emissions are thus nearly 25 % those of isoprene (~540 Tg yr-1), and are comparable to the combined emissions of all anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (~100-200 Tg yr-1). Our a posteriori terrestrial methanol source leads to a strong improvement of the simulation relative to an ensemble of airborne observations, and corroborates two other recent top-down estimates (114-120 Tg yr-1) derived using in situ and space-based measurements. Inversions testing the sensitivity of optimized fluxes to model errors in OH, dry deposition, and oceanic uptake of methanol, as well as to the assumed a priori constraint, lead to global fluxes ranging from 118 to 126 Tg yr-1. The TES data imply a relatively modest revision of model emissions over most of the tropics, but a significant upward revision in midlatitudes, particularly over Europe and North America. We interpret the inversion results in terms of specific source types using the methanol : CO correlations measured by TES, and find that biogenic emissions are overestimated relative to biomass burning and anthropogenic emissions in central Africa and southeastern China, while they are underestimated in regions such as Brazil and the US. Based on our optimized emissions, methanol accounts for > 25 % of the photochemical source of CO and HCHO over many parts of the northern extratropics during springtime, and contributes ~6 % of the global secondary source of those compounds annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Wells
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - D. B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - K. E. Cady-Pereira
- Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - D. K. Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - N. Bousserez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - E. C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - J. de Gouw
- Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - C. Warneke
- Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - H. B. Singh
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
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47
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McDonald BC, Gentner DR, Goldstein AH, Harley RA. Long-term trends in motor vehicle emissions in u.s. urban areas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10022-31. [PMID: 23915291 DOI: 10.1021/es401034z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A fuel-based approach is used to estimate long-term trends (1990-2010) in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from motor vehicles. Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) are estimated using ambient NMHC/CO ratios after controlling for nonvehicular sources. Despite increases in fuel use of ∼10-40%, CO running exhaust emissions from on-road vehicles decreased by ∼80-90% in Los Angeles, Houston, and New York City, between 1990 and 2010. The ratio of NMHC/CO was found to be 0.24 ± 0.04 mol C/mol CO over time in Los Angeles, indicating that both pollutants decreased at a similar rate and were improved by similar emission controls, whereas on-road data from other cities suggest rates of reduction in NMHC versus CO emissions may differ somewhat. Emission ratios of CO/NOx (nitrogen oxides = NO + NO2) and NMHC/NOx decreased by a factor of ∼4 between 1990 and 2007 due to changes in the relative emission rates of passenger cars versus diesel trucks, and slight uptick thereafter, consistent across all urban areas considered here. These pollutant ratios are expected to increase in future years due to (1) slowing rates of decrease in CO and NMHC emissions from gasoline vehicles and (2) significant advances in control of diesel NOx emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C McDonald
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720-1710, United States
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Yucuis RA, Stanier CO, Hornbuckle KC. Cyclic siloxanes in air, including identification of high levels in Chicago and distinct diurnal variation. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:905-10. [PMID: 23541357 PMCID: PMC3975597 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The organosilicon compounds octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) are high production volume chemicals that are widely used in household goods and personal care products. Due to their prevalence and chemical characteristics, cyclic siloxanes are being assessed as possible persistent organic pollutants. D4, D5, and D6 were measured in indoor and outdoor air to quantify and compare siloxane concentrations and compound ratios depending on location type. Indoor air samples had a median concentration of 2200 ng m(-3) for the sum of D4, D5, and D6. Outdoor sampling locations included downtown Chicago, Cedar Rapids, IA, and West Branch, IA, and had median sum siloxane levels of 280, 73, and 29 ng m(-3) respectively. A diurnal trend is apparent in the samples taken in downtown Chicago. Nighttime samples had a median 2.7 times higher on average than daytime samples, which is due, in part, to the fluctuations of the planetary boundary layer. D5 was the dominant siloxane in both indoor and outdoor air. Ratios of D5 to D4 averaged 91 and 3.2 for indoor and outdoor air respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Yucuis
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR–Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Charles O. Stanier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR–Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Corresponding author. Address: 4105 SC, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. Tel.: +1 319 384 0789; fax: +1 319 335 5660. (K.C. Hornbuckle)
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Marr LC, Moore TO, Klapmeyer ME, Killar MB. Comparison of NO(x) fluxes measured by eddy covariance to emission inventories and land use. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:1800-1808. [PMID: 23316911 DOI: 10.1021/es303150y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Uncertainty in emission inventories remains a critical limitation of air quality modeling and management. Using eddy covariance, we measured surface-atmosphere exchange fluxes of nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) at the neighborhood scale at 13 sites in the Norfolk, Virginia area to estimate emissions, to evaluate official inventories, and to quantify relationships between emissions and land use. Average daytime fluxes ranged from 0.4 μg m(-2) s(-1) at a site near open water to 9.5 μg m(-2) s(-1) at a site dominated by vehicle traffic. NO(x) fluxes were correlated with both road density and medium- plus high-intensity development, confirming that both motor vehicles and sources associated with development are responsible for NO(x) emissions in urban areas. Spatially averaged NO(x) fluxes measured by eddy covariance agreed to within 3% with the National Emission Inventory (NEI) but were 2.8 times higher than those in the corresponding grid cell of an emission inventory developed for air quality modeling. These average fluxes were 4.6, 4.5, and 1.7 μg m(-2) s(-1), respectively. Uncertainty in the inventories appears to be dominated by the nonroad mobile source category. It is especially important to know NO(x) emissions accurately because in certain photochemical regimes, reducing NO(x) emissions can exacerbate secondary pollutant formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsey C Marr
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 411 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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50
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Gilman JB, Lerner BM, Kuster WC, de Gouw JA. Source signature of volatile organic compounds from oil and natural gas operations in northeastern Colorado. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:1297-1305. [PMID: 23316938 DOI: 10.1021/es304119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An extensive set of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was measured at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) in winter 2011 in order to investigate the composition and influence of VOC emissions from oil and natural gas (O&NG) operations in northeastern Colorado. BAO is 30 km north of Denver and is in the southwestern section of Wattenberg Field, one of Colorado's most productive O&NG fields. We compare VOC concentrations at BAO to those of other U.S. cities and summertime measurements at two additional sites in northeastern Colorado, as well as the composition of raw natural gas from Wattenberg Field. These comparisons show that (i) the VOC source signature associated with O&NG operations can be clearly differentiated from urban sources dominated by vehicular exhaust, and (ii) VOCs emitted from O&NG operations are evident at all three measurement sites in northeastern Colorado. At BAO, the reactivity of VOCs with the hydroxyl radical (OH) was dominated by C(2)-C(6) alkanes due to their remarkably large abundances (e.g., mean propane = 27.2 ppbv). Through statistical regression analysis, we estimate that on average 55 ± 18% of the VOC-OH reactivity was attributable to emissions from O&NG operations indicating that these emissions are a significant source of ozone precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Gilman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States.
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