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Teh CBS, Cheah SS, Kulaveerasingam H. Development and validation of an oil palm model for a wide range of planting densities and soil textures in Malaysian growing conditions. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32561. [PMID: 39114080 PMCID: PMC11304027 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
A semi-mechanistic oil palm growth and yield model called Sawit.jl was developed to account for a wide range of planting densities and soil textures under Malaysia's climate conditions. The model comprises components related to meteorology, photosynthesis, energy balance, soil water content, and crop growth. The model simulates instantaneous meteorological properties using daily weather data, calculates simultaneous evaporation from crop and soil with the Shuttleworth-Wallace model, determines soil water content through Darcy's law, and adapts a biochemical C3 model for photosynthesis. The model is also parameterized using updated measurements from the newer tenera oil palm, including temperature-dependent Rubisco kinetics, specific leaf area, and the partitioning of nutrients and dry matter between various tree parts. Sawit.jl was validated using historical field measurement data from seven Malaysian oil palm sites, encompassing palm ages spanning 1-23 years. These seven sites differed in soil type (Inceptisols and Ultisols), planting density (82-299 palms ha-1), soil texture (27-59 % clay and 7-67 % sand), and rainfall (1800-2800 mm yr-1). The model showed overall good accuracy in simulating oil palm parameters (except for trunk weight) across diverse conditions, with model agreement metrics ranging from 6 to 27 % for model absolute errors, -22 to +17 % for model bias, and 0.38 to 0.98 for the Kling-Gupta Efficiency index. The model also predicted the response of oil palm yield to abrupt rainfall changes, such as those during El Niño and La Niña events, while accounting for how soil texture, rainfall, and other meteorological factors influence water deficits and crop photosynthesis. However, model accuracy varied by site, planting density, and oil palm parameter. Model accuracy can be increased by more accurately representing the oil palm microclimate, incorporating fruiting activity, and refining the dry matter partitioning mechanism for the trunk.
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2
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Bao X, Sun X. Effects of diffuse light on the gross ecosystem primary productivity of a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropland in northern China. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14420. [PMID: 38909065 PMCID: PMC11193753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Diffuse light is produced by clouds and aerosols in the atmosphere. Exploring the effects of diffuse light on ecosystem productivity is important for understanding the terrestrial carbon (CO2) cycle. Here, 2 years of gross ecosystem primary productivity (GEP) from a (winter) wheat cropland in China was assessed using eddy covariance technology to explore the effects of diffuse photosynthetic active radiance (PAR) on wheat GEP. Wheat GEP increased significantly and positively along with diffuse PAR. In addition, wheat GEP was significantly affected by total PAR, air temperature, and vapor press deficit in different diffuse PAR fraction (fDIF) change stages. Because significant autocorrelations existed among the controlling factors, a path analysis was used to quantify the effects of diffuse light on GEP. Diffuse PAR was the primary and secondary importance factors affecting GEP with direct path coefficients of 0.54 and 0.48, respectively, in different fDIF change stages. A multilayer canopy model revealed that the middle and lower canopy levels intercepted more light when diffuse PAR increased. This resulted in the photosynthetic enhancement of middle and lower canopy levels, which contributed approximately 65% and 35%, respectively, to the increase in photosynthesis for the entire canopy (~ 30.5%). Overall, our study provided new evidence regarding the importance of diffuse light for CO2 uptake in agroecosystems, which is important for predicting the responses of ecosystem CO2 budgets to future climate-related light changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Bao
- Agricultural School, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China.
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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3
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Neimane-Šroma S, Durand M, Lintunen A, Aalto J, Robson TM. Shedding light on the increased carbon uptake by a boreal forest under diffuse solar radiation across multiple scales. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17275. [PMID: 38624252 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Solar radiation is scattered by cloud cover, aerosols and other particles in the atmosphere, all of which are affected by global changes. Furthermore, the diffuse fraction of solar radiation is increased by more frequent forest fires and likewise would be if climate interventions such as stratospheric aerosol injection were adopted. Forest ecosystem studies predict that an increase in diffuse radiation would result in higher productivity, but ecophysiological data are required to identify the processes responsible within the forest canopy. In our study, the response of a boreal forest to direct, diffuse and heterogeneous solar radiation conditions was examined during the daytime in the growing season to determine how carbon uptake is affected by radiation conditions at different scales. A 10-year data set of ecosystem, shoot and forest floor vegetation carbon and water-flux data was examined. Ecosystem-level carbon assimilation was higher under diffuse radiation conditions in comparison with direct radiation conditions at equivalent total photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). This was driven by both an increase in shoot and forest floor vegetation photosynthetic rate. Most notably, ecosystem-scale productivity was strongly related to the absolute amount of diffuse PAR, since it integrates both changes in total PAR and diffuse fraction. This finding provides a gateway to explore the processes by which absolute diffuse PAR enhances productivity, and the long-term persistence of this effect under scenarios of higher global diffuse radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santa Neimane-Šroma
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maxime Durand
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Lintunen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho Aalto
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Matthew Robson
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- UK National School of Forestry, University of Cumbria, Ambleside, UK
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4
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Mašek J, Tumajer J, Lange J, Vejpustková M, Kašpar J, Šamonil P, Chuman T, Kolář T, Rybníček M, Jeníček M, Vašíčková I, Čada V, Kaczka R, Rydval M, Svoboda M, Nedělčev O, Hais M, Treml V. Shifting climatic responses of tree rings and NDVI along environmental gradients. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168275. [PMID: 37923267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Variations in the growth of aboveground biomass compartments such as tree stem and foliage significantly influence the carbon cycle of forest ecosystems. Yet the patterns of climate-driven responses of stem and foliage and their modulating factors remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the climatic response of Norway spruce (Picea abies) at 138 sites covering wide spatial and site fertility gradients in temperate forests in Central Europe. To characterize the annual growth rate of stem biomass and seasonal canopy vigor, we used tree-ring chronologies and time-series of NDVI derived from Landsat imagery. We calculated correlations of tree-ring width and NDVI with mean growing season temperature and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). We evaluated how these climate responses varied with aridity index, soil category, stand age, and topographical factors. The results show that the climate-growth responses of tree rings shift from positive to negative for SPEI and from negative to positive for temperature from dry (warm) to wet (cold) areas. By contrast, NDVI revealed a negative response to temperature across the entire climatic gradient. The negative response of NDVI to temperature likely results from drought effects in warm areas and supporting effects of cloudy conditions on foliage greenness in wet areas. Contrary to NDVI, climate responses of tree rings differed according to stand age and were unaffected by local topographical features and soil conditions. Our findings demonstrate that the decoupling of stem and foliage climatic responses may result from their different climatic limitation along environmental gradients. These results imply that in temperate forest ecosystems, the canopy vigor may show different trends compared to stem growth under ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Mašek
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Tumajer
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jelena Lange
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Vejpustková
- Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Strnady 136, 252 02 Jíloviště, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Kašpar
- Department of Forest Ecology, The Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Lidická 971/25, 602 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šamonil
- Department of Forest Ecology, The Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Lidická 971/25, 602 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Chuman
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kolář
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Lesnická 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Rybníček
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Lesnická 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Jeníček
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Vašíčková
- Department of Forest Ecology, The Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Lidická 971/25, 602 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Čada
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Science, Czech University of Life Science, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ryszard Kaczka
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Rydval
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Science, Czech University of Life Science, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Science, Czech University of Life Science, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Nedělčev
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hais
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Treml
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
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Tang ACI, Flechard CR, Arriga N, Papale D, Stoy PC, Buchmann N, Cuntz M, Douros J, Fares S, Knohl A, Šigut L, Simioni G, Timmermans R, Grünwald T, Ibrom A, Loubet B, Mammarella I, Belelli Marchesini L, Nilsson M, Peichl M, Rebmann C, Schmidt M, Bernhofer C, Berveiller D, Cremonese E, El-Madany TS, Gharun M, Gianelle D, Hörtnagl L, Roland M, Varlagin A, Fu Z, Heinesch B, Janssens I, Kowalska N, Dušek J, Gerosa G, Mölder M, Tuittila ES, Loustau D. Detection and attribution of an anomaly in terrestrial photosynthesis in Europe during the COVID-19 lockdown. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166149. [PMID: 37567315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake by plant photosynthesis, referred to as gross primary production (GPP) at the ecosystem level, is sensitive to environmental factors, including pollutant exposure, pollutant uptake, and changes in the scattering of solar shortwave irradiance (SWin) - the energy source for photosynthesis. The 2020 spring lockdown due to COVID-19 resulted in improved air quality and atmospheric transparency, providing a unique opportunity to assess the impact of air pollutants on terrestrial ecosystem functioning. However, detecting these effects can be challenging as GPP is influenced by other meteorological drivers and management practices. Based on data collected from 44 European ecosystem-scale CO2 flux monitoring stations, we observed significant changes in spring GPP at 34 sites during 2020 compared to 2015-2019. Among these, 14 sites showed an increase in GPP associated with higher SWin, 10 sites had lower GPP linked to atmospheric and soil dryness, and seven sites were subjected to management practices. The remaining three sites exhibited varying dynamics, with one experiencing colder and rainier weather resulting in lower GPP, and two showing higher GPP associated with earlier spring melts. Analysis using the regional atmospheric chemical transport model (LOTOS-EUROS) indicated that the ozone (O3) concentration remained relatively unchanged at the research sites, making it unlikely that O3 exposure was the dominant factor driving the primary production anomaly. In contrast, SWin increased by 9.4 % at 36 sites, suggesting enhanced GPP possibly due to reduced aerosol optical depth and cloudiness. Our findings indicate that air pollution and cloudiness may weaken the terrestrial carbon sink by up to 16 %. Accurate and continuous ground-based observations are crucial for detecting and attributing subtle changes in terrestrial ecosystem functioning in response to environmental and anthropogenic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Che Ing Tang
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, France; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | | | - Nicola Arriga
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Dario Papale
- University of Tuscia DIBAF, Viterbo, Italy; EuroMediterranean Center on Climate Change, CMCC IAFES, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Paul C Stoy
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cuntz
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Nancy, France
| | - John Douros
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Silvano Fares
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Ladislav Šigut
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Renske Timmermans
- Climate Air and Sustainability Unit, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Grünwald
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), DTU-Sustain, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Loubet
- UMR ECOSYS, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mats Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Corinna Rebmann
- Department of Computational Hydrosystems, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christian Bernhofer
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Daniel Berveiller
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, France
| | - Edoardo Cremonese
- Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley - Climate Change Unit, Saint-Christophe, Italy
| | - Tarek S El-Madany
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Jena, Germany
| | - Mana Gharun
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Geosciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Damiano Gianelle
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marilyn Roland
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zheng Fu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bernard Heinesch
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Ivan Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Natalia Kowalska
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Dušek
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Meelis Mölder
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Denis Loustau
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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6
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Wang X, Wu T, Asim M, Ling A, Sun Y, Shi Y, Yan H. The asymmetric photosynthetic characteristics of the isobilateral sorghum leaves under the illumination of the diffuse light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1218076. [PMID: 37521922 PMCID: PMC10374316 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1218076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The difference between photosynthesis on the two leaf sides (dorsoventral asymmetry) of photosynthesis is important for light-use patterns, but the asymmetry is environment dependent. Its role in photosynthetic regulation has been intensively studied, but little is known about the impacts of direct and diffuse light on the asymmetry. Because of the current changing fraction of diffuse light in sky radiation, this study investigated the dorsoventral asymmetry of photosynthetic traits under direct and diffuse light conditions in an important food and energy crop, Sorghum bicolor L. A unique method was used to investigate the specific gas exchange of each leaf surface. Anatomical and morphological traits were different between the two surfaces of sorghum leaves, which might result in photosynthetic asymmetry. The variations in photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance were significant between the two surfaces in direct and diffuse light, but the degree of dorsoventral asymmetry decreased in diffuse light. The integrated P N and G s of the adaxial illumination were significantly higher than that of abaxial illumination both in direct and diffuse light in sorghum leaves, but the ASI of the integrated P Nwas 2.83 in direct light, while significantly dropped to 1.69 in diffuse light. Significant morphological differences between the two surfaces might cause photosynthetic asymmetry in the sorghum leaves. The variations of specific gas exchange were significant between direct and diffuse light, including in the incident and self-transmitted light. Compared with direct light, diffuse light reduced the stomatal sensitivity, with the degree of decline being greater in the adaxial surface, which caused weak dorsoventral asymmetry in photosynthesis. The specific photosynthetic characteristics in sorghum leaves varied obviously in direct and diffuse light, including in the incident and self-transmitted light, which contributed to the different overall gas exchange. Compared with direct light, the decline of stomatal sensitivity, which showed positive correlation with stomatal density, caused weakened dorsoventral asymmetry in photosynthesis in diffuse light. The findings provide new insights into dorsoventral asymmetry and the impact of diffuse light on photosynthesis in isobilateral leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Research and Development of Center, Liangshan Branch of Sichuan Tobacco Company, Xichang, China
| | - Muhammad Asim
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Aifen Ling
- Research and Development of Center, Liangshan Branch of Sichuan Tobacco Company, Xichang, China
| | - Yanguo Sun
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Huifeng Yan
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
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7
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Gomarasca U, Migliavacca M, Kattge J, Nelson JA, Niinemets Ü, Wirth C, Cescatti A, Bahn M, Nair R, Acosta ATR, Arain MA, Beloiu M, Black TA, Bruun HH, Bucher SF, Buchmann N, Byun C, Carrara A, Conte A, da Silva AC, Duveiller G, Fares S, Ibrom A, Knohl A, Komac B, Limousin JM, Lusk CH, Mahecha MD, Martini D, Minden V, Montagnani L, Mori AS, Onoda Y, Peñuelas J, Perez-Priego O, Poschlod P, Powell TL, Reich PB, Šigut L, van Bodegom PM, Walther S, Wohlfahrt G, Wright IJ, Reichstein M. Leaf-level coordination principles propagate to the ecosystem scale. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3948. [PMID: 37402725 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39572-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fundamental axes of variation in plant traits result from trade-offs between costs and benefits of resource-use strategies at the leaf scale. However, it is unclear whether similar trade-offs propagate to the ecosystem level. Here, we test whether trait correlation patterns predicted by three well-known leaf- and plant-level coordination theories - the leaf economics spectrum, the global spectrum of plant form and function, and the least-cost hypothesis - are also observed between community mean traits and ecosystem processes. We combined ecosystem functional properties from FLUXNET sites, vegetation properties, and community mean plant traits into three corresponding principal component analyses. We find that the leaf economics spectrum (90 sites), the global spectrum of plant form and function (89 sites), and the least-cost hypothesis (82 sites) all propagate at the ecosystem level. However, we also find evidence of additional scale-emergent properties. Evaluating the coordination of ecosystem functional properties may aid the development of more realistic global dynamic vegetation models with critical empirical data, reducing the uncertainty of climate change projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulisse Gomarasca
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | | | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jacob A Nelson
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Chair of Plant and Crop Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christian Wirth
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Michael Bahn
- Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Ökologie, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Nair
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Discipline of Botany, School of Natural Sciences Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alicia T R Acosta
- Dipartimento di Scienze - Università Roma TRE - V.le Marconi 446, 00146, Roma, Italy
| | - M Altaf Arain
- School of Earth, Environment & Society and McMaster Centre for Climate Change, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mirela Beloiu
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T Andrew Black
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hans Henrik Bruun
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Solveig Franziska Bucher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 16, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chaeho Byun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Arnaud Carrara
- Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), Paterna, Spain
| | - Adriano Conte
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Metaponto, 75012, Italy
| | - Ana C da Silva
- Santa Catarina State University, Agroveterinary Center, Forestry Department, Av Luiz de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, 88.520-000, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Gregory Duveiller
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Silvano Fares
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (ISAFOM), Naples, 80055, Italy
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Environmental Engineering and Resource Management, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Komac
- Andorra Research + Innovation; Avinguda Rocafort 21-23, Edifici Molí, 3r pis, AD600, Sant Julià de Lòria, Andorra
| | | | - Christopher H Lusk
- Environmenal Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag, 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Miguel D Mahecha
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Remote Sensing Centre for Earth System Research, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Martini
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Vanessa Minden
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Akira S Mori
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Oscar Perez-Priego
- Department of Forestry Engineering, University of Córdoba, Edif. Leonardo da Vinci, Campus de Rabanales s/n, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Peter Poschlod
- Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Plant Sciences - Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine - University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas L Powell
- The Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, The University of the South, Sewanee, TN, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Institute for Global Change Biology, and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Ladislav Šigut
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter M van Bodegom
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sophia Walther
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Ökologie, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ian J Wright
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2753, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Markus Reichstein
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Cabon A, Anderegg WRL. Large volcanic eruptions elucidate physiological controls of tree growth and photosynthesis. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:257-267. [PMID: 36453236 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Forest productivity projections remain highly uncertain, notably because underpinning physiological controls are delicate to disentangle. Transient perturbation of global climate by large volcanic eruptions provides a unique opportunity to retrospectively isolate underlying processes. Here, we use a multi-proxy dataset of tree-ring records distributed over the Northern Hemisphere to investigate the effect of eruptions on tree growth and photosynthesis and evaluate CMIP6 models. Tree-ring isotope records denoted a widespread 2-4 years increase of photosynthesis following eruptions, likely as a result of diffuse light fertilization. We found evidence that enhanced photosynthesis transiently drove ring width, but the latter further exhibited a decadal anomaly that evidenced independent growth and photosynthesis responses. CMIP6 simulations reproduced overall tree growth decline but did not capture observed photosynthesis anomaly, its decoupling from tree growth or the climate sensitivities of either processes, highlighting key disconnects that deserve further attention to improve forest productivity projections under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Cabon
- Wilkes Center for Climate Science and Policy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- Wilkes Center for Climate Science and Policy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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9
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Bloomfield KJ, Stocker BD, Keenan TF, Prentice IC. Environmental controls on the light use efficiency of terrestrial gross primary production. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1037-1053. [PMID: 36334075 PMCID: PMC10099475 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gross primary production (GPP) by terrestrial ecosystems is a key quantity in the global carbon cycle. The instantaneous controls of leaf-level photosynthesis are well established, but there is still no consensus on the mechanisms by which canopy-level GPP depends on spatial and temporal variation in the environment. The standard model of photosynthesis provides a robust mechanistic representation for C3 species; however, additional assumptions are required to "scale up" from leaf to canopy. As a consequence, competing models make inconsistent predictions about how GPP will respond to continuing environmental change. This problem is addressed here by means of an empirical analysis of the light use efficiency (LUE) of GPP inferred from eddy covariance carbon dioxide flux measurements, in situ measurements of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and remotely sensed estimates of the fraction of PAR (fAPAR) absorbed by the vegetation canopy. Focusing on LUE allows potential drivers of GPP to be separated from its overriding dependence on light. GPP data from over 100 sites, collated over 20 years and located in a range of biomes and climate zones, were extracted from the FLUXNET2015 database and combined with remotely sensed fAPAR data to estimate daily LUE. Daytime air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, diffuse fraction of solar radiation, and soil moisture were shown to be salient predictors of LUE in a generalized linear mixed-effects model. The same model design was fitted to site-based LUE estimates generated by 16 terrestrial ecosystem models. The published models showed wide variation in the shape, the strength, and even the sign of the environmental effects on modeled LUE. These findings highlight important model deficiencies and suggest a need to progress beyond simple "goodness of fit" comparisons of inferred and predicted carbon fluxes toward an approach focused on the functional responses of the underlying dependencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J. Bloomfield
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College LondonAscotUK
| | - Benjamin D. Stocker
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETHZurichSwitzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of GeographyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Trevor F. Keenan
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - I. Colin Prentice
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College LondonAscotUK
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNew South WalesAustralia
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System ScienceTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
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10
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Li F, Hao D, Zhu Q, Yuan K, Braghiere RK, He L, Luo X, Wei S, Riley WJ, Zeng Y, Chen M. Vegetation clumping modulates global photosynthesis through adjusting canopy light environment. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:731-746. [PMID: 36281563 PMCID: PMC10100496 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The spatial dispersion of photoelements within a vegetation canopy, quantified by the clumping index (CI), directly regulates the within-canopy light environment and photosynthesis rate, but is not commonly implemented in terrestrial biosphere models to estimate the ecosystem carbon cycle. A few global CI products have been developed recently with remote sensing measurements, making it possible to examine the global impacts of CI. This study deployed CI in the radiative transfer scheme of the Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5) and used the revised CLM5 to quantitatively evaluate the extent to which CI can affect canopy absorbed radiation and gross primary production (GPP), and for the first time, considering the uncertainty and seasonal variation of CI with multiple remote sensing products. Compared to the results without considering the CI impact, the revised CLM5 estimated that sunlit canopy absorbed up to 9%-15% and 23%-34% less direct and diffuse radiation, respectively, while shaded canopy absorbed 3%-18% more diffuse radiation across different biome types. The CI impacts on canopy light conditions included changes in canopy light absorption, and sunlit-shaded leaf area fraction related to nitrogen distribution and thus the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylase activity (Vcmax ), which together decreased photosynthesis in sunlit canopy by 5.9-7.2 PgC year-1 while enhanced photosynthesis by 6.9-8.2 PgC year-1 in shaded canopy. With higher light use efficiency of shaded leaves, shaded canopy increased photosynthesis compensated and exceeded the lost photosynthesis in sunlit canopy, resulting in 1.0 ± 0.12 PgC year-1 net increase in GPP. The uncertainty of GPP due to the different input CI datasets was much larger than that caused by CI seasonal variations, and was up to 50% of the magnitude of GPP interannual variations in the tropical regions. This study highlights the necessity of considering the impacts of CI and its uncertainty in terrestrial biosphere models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Li
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Dalei Hao
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWashingtonUSA
| | - Qing Zhu
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Climate Sciences DepartmentLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kunxiaojia Yuan
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Climate Sciences DepartmentLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Renato K. Braghiere
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Liming He
- Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth ObservationNatural Resources CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Xiangzhong Luo
- Department of GeographyNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Shanshan Wei
- Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and ProcessingNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - William J. Riley
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Climate Sciences DepartmentLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yelu Zeng
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
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11
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McCalmont J, Kho LK, Teh YA, Chocholek M, Rumpang E, Rowland L, Basri MHA, Hill T. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantation on tropical peatland in South East Asia: Photosynthetic response to soil drainage level for mitigation of soil carbon emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159356. [PMID: 36270353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While existing moratoria in Indonesia and Malaysia should preclude continued large-scale expansion of palm oil production into new areas of South-East Asian tropical peatland, existing plantations in the region remain a globally significant source of atmospheric carbon due to drainage driven decomposition of peatland soils. Previous studies have made clear the direct link between drainage depth and peat carbon decomposition and significant reductions in the emission rate of CO2 can be made by raising water tables nearer to the soil surface. However, the impact of such changes on palm fruit yield is not well understood and will be a critical consideration for plantation managers. Here we take advantage of very high frequency, long-term monitoring of canopy-scale carbon exchange at a mature oil palm plantation in Malaysian Borneo to investigate the relationship between drainage level and photosynthetic uptake and consider the confounding effects of light quality and atmospheric vapour pressure deficit. Canopy modelling from our dataset demonstrated that palms were exerting significantly greater stomatal control at deeper water table depths (WTD) and the optimum WTD for photosynthesis was found to be between 0.3 and 0.4 m below the soil surface. Raising WTD to this level, from the industry typical drainage level of 0.6 m, could increase photosynthetic uptake by 3.6 % and reduce soil surface emission of CO2 by 11 %. Our study site further showed that despite being poorly drained compared to other planting blocks at the same plantation, monthly fruit bunch yield was, on average, 14 % greater. While these results are encouraging, and at least suggest that raising WTD closer to the soil surface to reduce emissions is unlikely to produce significant yield penalties, our results are limited to a single study site and more work is urgently needed to confirm these results at other plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon McCalmont
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Streatham Campus, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK.
| | - Lip Khoon Kho
- Peat Ecosystem and Biodiversity Unit, Biology and Sustainability Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Economic Planning Unit, Sarawak Chief Minister's Dept., 93502 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yit Arn Teh
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Drummond Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Melanie Chocholek
- Dept. Earth and Environmental Science, University of St. Andrews, Irvine Building, North Street, St. Andrews KY16 9AL, UK
| | - Elisa Rumpang
- Peat Ecosystem and Biodiversity Unit, Biology and Sustainability Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lucy Rowland
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Streatham Campus, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Mohd Hadi Akbar Basri
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Streatham Campus, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK; Dept. of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tim Hill
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Streatham Campus, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
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12
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Liu P, Tong X, Zhang J, Meng P, Li J, Zhang J, Zhou Y. Effect of diffuse fraction on gross primary productivity and light use efficiency in a warm-temperate mixed plantation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:966125. [PMID: 36304388 PMCID: PMC9593097 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.966125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse radiation (I f) is one of important variables determining photosynthetic rate and carbon uptake of forest ecosystems. However, the responses of gross primary productivity (GPP) and light use efficiency (LUE) to diffuse fraction (DF) are still poorly understood. We used a 6-year dataset of carbon flux at a warm-temperate mixed plantation site in North China to explore the impacts of DF on GPP and LUE. During 2011-2017, ecosystem apparent quantum yield (α) and photosynthesis at photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of 1800 µmol m-2 s-1 (P 1800) on cloudy days were 63% and 17% higher than on clear days, respectively. Under lower vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and air temperature (T a) conditions, canopy photosynthesis was significantly higher on cloudy skies than on clear skies. On half-hourly scale, increased DF enhanced α and P 1800. Daily GPP peaked at a median DF (=0.5), while daily LUE significantly increased with DF (p<0.01). Both GPP and LUE were mainly controlled directly by DF and PAR. DF had an indirect effect on LUE and GPP mainly through PAR. At high DF levels (>0.5), the increase in LUE did not make GPP enhancement. The direct effect of DF on GPP and LUE under lower T a and VPD was more sensitive than under higher T a and VPD. When DF was incorporated into the Michaelis-Menten model, it performed well in the GPP estimation, and the determination coefficient increased by 32.61% and the root mean square error decreased by 25.74%. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating DF into carbon sequestration estimation in North China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peirong Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Tong
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingru Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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13
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Wang Z, Wang C, Wang X, Wang B, Wu J, Liu L. Aerosol pollution alters the diurnal dynamics of sun and shade leaf photosynthesis through different mechanisms. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2943-2953. [PMID: 35906794 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic aerosols have been shown to perturb CO2 exchange between the vegetation and the atmosphere. However, the climate effects of aerosols through carbon cycle feedback still have significant uncertainties. Taking advantage of the periodic fluctuations of aerosol loading in Beijing, we intensively measured the diurnal course of leaf microclimates and photosynthesis under different aerosol conditions during the growing season in 2014 and 2015. We found that increasing aerosol loadings altered the diurnal course of microclimates and thus sun and shade leaf photosynthesis. Our mechanistic photosynthesis model experiments further showed that aerosol-induced increase in sun leaf photosynthesis occurred around noon and afternoon, mainly by alleviating the depression of photosynthesis caused by high leaf temperature and leaf-air vapour pressure deficit. Meanwhile, aerosols enhanced shade leaf photosynthesis throughout the day by mitigating the light limitation within the canopy, with the highest increase occurring around noon. Overall, our study suggested that aerosol's diffuse fertilization effect, cooling effect and the accompanying low leaf-air vapour pressure deficit collectively drove the changes in the diurnal courses of sun and shade leaf photosynthesis. Our results provided an important benchmark for assessing how anthropogenic aerosols regulate ecosystem C balance under different meteorological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- The Engineering Technology Research Center of Characteristic Medicinal Plants of Fujian, School of Life Sciences, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, Fujian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengzhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Burney J, Persad G, Proctor J, Bendavid E, Burke M, Heft-Neal S. Geographically resolved social cost of anthropogenic emissions accounting for both direct and climate-mediated effects. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn7307. [PMID: 36149961 PMCID: PMC9506714 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn7307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude and distribution of physical and societal impacts from long-lived greenhouse gases are insensitive to the emission source location; the same is not true for major coemitted short-lived pollutants such as aerosols. Here, we combine novel global climate model simulations with established response functions to show that a given aerosol emission from different regions produces divergent air quality and climate changes and associated human system impacts, both locally and globally. The marginal global damages to infant mortality, crop productivity, and economic growth from aerosol emissions and their climate effects differ by more than an order of magnitude depending on source region, with certain regions creating global external climate changes and impacts much larger than those felt locally. The complex distributions of aerosol-driven societal impacts emerge from geographically distinct and region-specific aerosol-climate interactions, estimation of which is enabled by the full Earth System Modeling Framework used here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Burney
- School of Global Policy and Strategy, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Geeta Persad
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Proctor
- Center for the Environment and Data Science Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eran Bendavid
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marshall Burke
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sam Heft-Neal
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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15
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Effects of Aerosols on Gross Primary Production from Ecosystems to the Globe. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14122759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Aerosols affect the gross primary productivity (GPP) of plants by absorbing and scattering solar radiation. However, it is still an open question whether and to what extent the effects of aerosol on the diffuse fraction (Df) can enhance GPP globally. We quantified the aerosol diffuse fertilization effect (DFE) and incorporated it into a light use efficiency (LUE) model, EC-LUE. The new model is driven by aerosol optical depth (AOD) data and is referred to as AOD-LUE. The eddy correlation variance (EC) of the FLUXNET2015 dataset was used to calibrate and validate the model. The results showed that the newly developed AOD-LUE model improved the performance in simulating GPP across all ecosystem types (R2 from 0.6 to 0.68), with the highest performance for mixed forest (average R2 from 0.71 to 0.77) and evergreen broadleaf forest (average R2 from 0.34 to 0.45). The maximum LUE of diffuse photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) (3.61 g C m−2 MJ−1) was larger than that of direct PAR (1.68 g C m−2 MJ−1) through parameter optimization, indicating that the aerosol DFE seriously affects the estimation of GPP, and the separation of diffuse PAR and direct PAR in the GPP model is necessary. In addition, we used AOD-LUE to quantify the impact of aerosol on GPP. Specifically, aerosols impaired GPP in closed shrub (CSH) by 6.45% but enhanced the GPP of grassland (GRA) and deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF) by 3.19% and 2.63%, respectively. Our study stresses the importance of understanding aerosol-radiation interactions and incorporating aerosol effects into regional and global GPP models.
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16
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Hyperspectral Reflectance Characteristics of Rice Canopies under Changes in Diffuse Radiation Fraction. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
To analyze the hyperspectral reflectance characteristics of rice canopies under changes in diffuse radiation fraction, experiments using different cover materials were performed in Nanjing, China, during 2016 and 2017. Each year, two treatments with different reduction ratios of diffuse radiation fraction but with similar shading rates were set in the field experiment: In T1, total solar radiation shading rate was 14.10%, and diffuse radiation fraction was 31.09%; in T2, total solar radiation shading rate was 14.42%, and diffuse radiation fraction was 39.98%, respectively. A non-shading treatment was included as a control (CK). Canopy hyperspectral reflectance, soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD), and leaf area index (LAI) were measured under shading treatments on different days after heading. The red-edge parameters (position, λ0; maximum amplitude, Dλ; area, α0; width, σ) were calculated, as well as the area, depth, and width of three absorption bands. The location of the first absorption band appeared in the range of 553–788 nm, and the second and third absorption bands appeared in the range of 874–1257 nm. The results show that the shading treatment had a significant effect on the rice canopy’s hyperspectral reflectance. Compared with CK, the canopy reflectance of T1 (the diffuse radiation fraction was 31.09%) and T2 (the diffuse radiation fraction was 39.98%) decreased in the visible light range (350–760 nm) and increased in the near-infrared range (800–1350 nm), while the red-edge parameters (λ0, Dλ, α0), SPAD, and LAI increased. On the other hand, under shading treatment, the increase in diffuse radiation fraction also had a significant impact on the hyperspectral spectra of the rice canopy, especially at 14 days after heading. Compared with T1, the green peak (550 nm) of T2 reduced by 16.12%, and the average reflectance at 800–900 nm increased by 10%. Based on correlation analysis, it was found that these hyperspectral reflectance characteristics were mainly due to the increase in SPAD (2.31%) and LAI (7.62%), which also led to the increase in Dλ (8.70%) and α0 (13.89%). Then, the second and third absorption features of T2 were significantly different from that of T1, which suggests that the change in diffuse radiation fraction could affect the process of water vapor absorption by rice.
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17
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Song Q, Van Rie J, Den Boer B, Galle A, Zhao H, Chang T, He Z, Zhu XG. Diurnal and Seasonal Variations of Photosynthetic Energy Conversion Efficiency of Field Grown Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:817654. [PMID: 35283909 PMCID: PMC8914475 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.817654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Improving canopy photosynthetic light use efficiency and energy conversion efficiency (ε c ) is a major option to increase crop yield potential. However, so far, the diurnal and seasonal variations of canopy light use efficiency (LUE) and ε c are largely unknown due to the lack of an efficient method to estimate ε c in a high temporal resolution. Here we quantified the dynamic changes of crop canopy LUE and ε c during a day and a growing season with the canopy gas exchange method. A response curve of whole-plant carbon dioxide (CO2) flux to incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was further used to calculate ε c and LUE at a high temporal resolution. Results show that the LUE of two wheat cultivars with different canopy architectures at five stages varies between 0.01 to about 0.05 mol CO2 mol-1 photon, with the LUE being higher under medium PAR. Throughout the growing season, the ε c varies from 0.5 to 3.7% (11-80% of the maximal ε c for C3 plants) with incident PAR identified as a major factor controlling variation of ε c . The estimated average ε c from tillering to grain filling stages was about 2.17%, i.e., 47.2% of the theoretical maximal. The estimated season-averaged radiation use efficiency (RUE) was 1.5-1.7 g MJ-1, which was similar to the estimated RUE based on biomass harvesting. The large variations of LUE and ε c imply a great opportunity to improve canopy photosynthesis for greater wheat biomass and yield potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Song
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jeroen Van Rie
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center – Innovation Center Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Den Boer
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center – Innovation Center Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Galle
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center – Innovation Center Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Honglong Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiangen Chang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghu He
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Guang Zhu,
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Gui X, Wang L, Su X, Yi X, Chen X, Yao R, Wang S. Environmental factors modulate the diffuse fertilization effect on gross primary productivity across Chinese ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148443. [PMID: 34171807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse radiation allocated by cloud cover and aerosols can promote vegetation photosynthesis, which is known as the diffuse fertilization effect (DFE). As an important uncertain factor regulating the DFE, understanding the role of environmental conditions in the response of terrestrial ecosystems to diffuse radiation is vital for quantitative and intensive studies. By using a light use efficiency model and statistical methods with satellite data and ChinaFLUX observation data, the optimal environmental range of DFE was estimated, the indirect role of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and air temperature (Ta) on DFE was explored, and the relative contribution of diffuse photosynthetically active radiation (PARdif) on gross primary productivity (GPP) was analyzed across Chinese ecosystems under different sky conditions. The results showed that the DFE increased with leaf area index (LAI), but distributed a unimodal curve along with VPD and Ta, both of which had an optimum range that was lower in the forest (or cropland) and higher in the grass (or desert) ecosystem. When considering the co-effect of VPD and Ta, the strongest positive effect of DFE was found at 0-5 h Pa and 20-25 °C. Based on path analysis, PARdif promoted GPP and served as the main controlling factor in forest ecosystems predominantly through a direct pathway from half-hourly to the daily scale, while Ta and VPD occupied the dominant position at single-canopy ecosystem sites. When the aerosol optical depth (AOD) increased, the relative contribution of PARdif increased in multiple-canopy ecosystems and decreased in single-canopy ecosystems; when the sky conditions changed from sunny to cloudy, the relative contribution of PARdif was higher in the forest ecosystem and increased significantly in the grass ecosystem. These findings offer a more comprehensive understanding of the environmental effects of regulating DFE on GPP across ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Gui
- Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lunche Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xin Su
- Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiuping Yi
- Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rui Yao
- Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaoqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Zhang Y, Ciais P, Boucher O, Maignan F, Bastos A, Goll D, Lurton T, Viovy N, Bellouin N, Li L. Disentangling the Impacts of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Terrestrial Carbon Cycle During 1850-2014. EARTH'S FUTURE 2021; 9:e2021EF002035. [PMID: 34435073 PMCID: PMC8365650 DOI: 10.1029/2021ef002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols have a dimming and cooling effect and change hydrological regimes, thus affecting carbon fluxes, which are sensitive to climate. Aerosols also scatter sunlight, which increases the fraction of diffuse radiation, increasing photosynthesis. There remains no clear conclusion whether the impact of aerosols on land carbon fluxes is larger through diffuse radiation change than through changes in other climate variables. In this study, we quantified the overall physical impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on land C fluxes and explored the contribution from each factor using a set of factorial simulations driven by climate and aerosol data from the IPSL-CM6A-LR experiments during 1850-2014. A newly developed land surface model which distinguishes diffuse and direct radiation in canopy radiation transmission, ORCHIDEE_DF, was used. Specifically, a subgrid scheme was developed to distinguish the cloudy and clear sky conditions. We found that anthropogenic aerosol emissions since 1850 cumulatively enhanced the land C sink by 22.6 PgC. Seventy-eight percent of this C sink enhancement is contributed by aerosol-induced increase in the diffuse radiation fraction, much larger than the effect of the aerosol-induced dimming. The cooling of anthropogenic aerosols has different impacts in different latitudes but overall increases the global land C sink. The dominant role of diffuse radiation changes found in this study implies that future aerosol emissions may have a much stronger impacts on the C cycle through changing radiation quality than through changing climate alone. Earth system models need to consider the diffuse radiation fertilization effect to better evaluate the impacts of climate change mitigation scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE)IPSLCEA/CNRS/UVSQGif sur YvetteFrance
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, IPSLSorbonne Université/CNRSParisFrance
- Institut Pierre‐Simon LaplaceSorbonne Université/CNRSParisFrance
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE)IPSLCEA/CNRS/UVSQGif sur YvetteFrance
| | - Olivier Boucher
- Institut Pierre‐Simon LaplaceSorbonne Université/CNRSParisFrance
| | - Fabienne Maignan
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE)IPSLCEA/CNRS/UVSQGif sur YvetteFrance
| | - Ana Bastos
- Max Planck Institute for BiogeochemistryJenaGermany
| | - Daniel Goll
- Université Paris SaclayCEA‐CNRS‐UVSQLSCE/IPSLGif sur YvetteFrance
| | - Thibaut Lurton
- Institut Pierre‐Simon LaplaceSorbonne Université/CNRSParisFrance
| | - Nicolas Viovy
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE)IPSLCEA/CNRS/UVSQGif sur YvetteFrance
| | | | - Laurent Li
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, IPSLSorbonne Université/CNRSParisFrance
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20
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Rayback SA, Belmecheri S, Gagen MH, Lini A, Gregory R, Jenkins C. North American temperate conifer (Tsuga canadensis) reveals a complex physiological response to climatic and anthropogenic stressors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1781-1795. [PMID: 33439504 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 (ca) is expected to promote tree growth and lower water loss via changes in leaf gas exchange. However, uncertainties remain if gas-exchange regulation strategies are homeostatic or dynamical in response to increasing ca, as well as evolving climate and pollution inputs. Using a suite of tree ring-based δ13C-derived physiological parameters (Δ13C, ci, iWUE) and tree growth from a mesic, low elevation stand of canopy-dominant Tsuga canadensis in north-eastern USA, we investigated the influence of rising ca, climate and pollution on, and characterised the dynamical regulation strategy of, leaf gas exchange at multidecadal scales. Isotopic and growth time series revealed an evolving physiological response in which the species shifted its leaf gas-exchange strategy dynamically (constant ci; constant ci/ca; constant ca - ci) in response to rising ca, moisture availability and site conditions over 111 yr. Tree iWUE plateaued after 1975, driven by greater moisture availability and a changing soil biogeochemistry that may have impaired a stomatal response. Results suggested that trees may exhibit more complex physiological responses to the changing environmental conditions over multidecadal periods, and complicating the parameterisation of Earth system models and the estimation of future carbon sink capacity and water balance in midlatitude forests and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly A Rayback
- Department of Geography, University of Vermont, 207 Old Mill Building, 94 University Place, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Soumaya Belmecheri
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Mary H Gagen
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Andrea Lini
- Department of Geology, University of Vermont, 319 Delehanty Hall, 180 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Rachel Gregory
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Catherine Jenkins
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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21
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Determination of Region of Influence Obtained by Aircraft Vertical Profiles Using the Density of Trajectories from the HYSPLIT Model. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11101073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aircraft atmospheric profiling is a valuable technique for determining greenhouse gas fluxes at regional scales (104–106 km2). Here, we describe a new, simple method for estimating the surface influence of air samples that uses backward trajectories based on the Lagrangian model Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT). We determined “regions of influence” on a quarterly basis between 2010 and 2018 for four aircraft vertical profile sites: SAN and ALF in the eastern Amazon, and RBA and TAB or TEF in the western Amazon. We evaluated regions of influence in terms of their relative sensitivity to areas inside and outside the Amazon and their total area inside the Amazon. Regions of influence varied by quarter and less so by year. In the first and fourth quarters, the contribution of the region of influence inside the Amazon was 83–93% for all sites, while in the second and third quarters, it was 57–75%. The interquarter differences are more evident in the eastern than in the western Amazon. Our analysis indicates that atmospheric profiles from the western sites are sensitive to 42–52.2% of the Amazon. In contrast, eastern Amazon sites are sensitive to only 10.9–25.3%. These results may help to spatially resolve the response of greenhouse gas emissions to climate variability over Amazon.
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22
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Emmel C, D'Odorico P, Revill A, Hörtnagl L, Ammann C, Buchmann N, Eugster W. Canopy photosynthesis of six major arable crops is enhanced under diffuse light due to canopy architecture. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5164-5177. [PMID: 32557891 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse radiation generally increases photosynthetic rates if total radiation is kept constant. Different hypotheses have been proposed to explain this enhancement of photosynthesis, but conclusive results over a wide range of diffuse conditions or about the effect of canopy architecture are lacking. Here, we show the response of canopy photosynthesis to different fractions of diffuse light conditions for five major arable crops (pea, potato, wheat, barley, rapeseed) and cover crops characterized by different canopy architecture. We used 13 years of flux and microclimate measurements over a field with a typical 4 year crop rotation scheme in Switzerland. We investigated the effect of diffuse light on photosynthesis over a gradient of diffuse light fractions ranging from 100% diffuse (overcast sky) to 11% diffuse light (clear-sky conditions). Gross primary productivity (GPP) increased with diffuse fraction and thus was greater under diffuse than direct light conditions if the absolute photon flux density per unit surface area was kept constant. Mean leaf tilt angle (MTA) and canopy height were found to be the best predictors of the diffuse versus direct radiation effect on photosynthesis. Climatic factors, such as the drought index and growing degree days (GDD), had a significant influence on initial quantum yield under direct but not diffuse light conditions, which depended primarily on MTA. The maximum photosynthetic rate at 2,000 µmol m-2 s-1 photosynthetically active radiation under direct conditions strongly depended on GDD, MTA, leaf area index (LAI) and the interaction between MTA and LAI, while under diffuse conditions, this parameter depended mostly on MTA and only to a minor extent on canopy height and their interaction. The strongest photosynthesis enhancement under diffuse light was found for wheat, barley and rapeseed, whereas the lowest was for pea. Thus, we suggest that measuring canopy architecture and diffuse radiation will greatly improve GPP estimates of global cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Emmel
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra D'Odorico
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Ecosystem-Ecology Group, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Revill
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christof Ammann
- Agroscope, Federal Research Station, Climate and Agriculture, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Eugster
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Abstract
The terrestrial biosphere-atmosphere interface provides a key chemical, biological, and physical lower boundary for the atmosphere. The presence of vegetation itself modifies the physical boundary, or the biogeophysical aspects of the system, by controlling important climate drivers such as soil moisture, light environment, and temperature. The leaf surface area of the terrestrial biosphere provides additional surface area for emissions, and it can be up to 55% of the total Earth's surface area during the boreal summer. Vegetation also influences the biogeochemical aspects of the system by emitting a broad suite of reactive trace gases such as biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and climate-relevant primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP). Many of these emissions are a function of meteorological and climatological conditions at the surface, including temperature, light environment, soil moisture, and winds. Once emitted, they can be processed in the troposphere through a suite of chemical reactions. BVOC can contribute to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOA), and PBAP can rupture to form smaller particles with climatic relevance. These emissions and subsequent aerosol products can influence atmospheric processes that affect the surface climate, such as the attenuation of radiation, the formation of greenhouse gases such as ozone that can feedback to surface air temperature, and the alteration of clouds and subsequent precipitation. These atmospheric changes can then feedback to the land surface and emissions themselves, creating positive or negative feedback loops that can dampen or amplify the emission response. For the dominant BVOC isoprene, the feedback response to temperature can be positive or negative depending on ambient temperatures that drive isoprene emissions. The feedback response to soil moisture and precipitation can be positive, negative, or uncoupled depending on the moisture content of the soil and the total atmospheric aerosol loading. For light, the isoprene response can be positive or negative depending on the role of diffuse light. Overall, these feedbacks highlight the dynamical response of the biosphere to changing atmospheric conditions across a range of time scales, from minutes for trace gases and aerosols, to months for phenological changes, to years for land cover and land use change. The dynamic aspect of this system requires us to understand, simulate, and predict the complex feedbacks between the biosphere and atmosphere and understand their role in the simulation and understanding of climate and global change. From the observational perspective, these feedbacks are challenging to identify in observations, and predictive modeling tools provide a crucial link for understanding how these feedbacks will change under warming climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Steiner
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2143, United States
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24
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Li C, Jia X, Ma J, Liu P, Yang R, Bai Y, Hayat M, Liu J, Zha T. Linking diffuse radiation and ecosystem productivity of a desert steppe ecosystem. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9043. [PMID: 32411524 PMCID: PMC7207212 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation components have distinct effects on photosynthesis. In the desert steppe ecosystem, the influence of diffuse radiation on carbon fixation has not been thoroughly explored. We examined this diffusion and its effect on ecosystem productivity was examined during the growing season from 2014 to 2015 on the basis of eddy covariance measurements of CO2 exchange in a desert steppe ecosystem in northwest China. Our results indicated that the gross ecosystem production (GEP) and diffuse photosynthetically active radiation (PARdif) peaked when the clearness index (CI) was around 0.5. The maximum canopy photosynthesis (Pmax) under cloudy skies (CI < 0.7) was 23.7% greater than under clear skies (CI ≥ 0.7). When the skies became cloudy in the desert steppe ecosystem, PARdif had a greater effect on GEP. Additionally, lower vapor pressure deficits (VPD ≤ 1 kPa), lower air temperatures (Ta ≤ 20 °C), and non-stressed water conditions (REW ≥ 0.4) were more conducive for enhanced ecosystem photosynthesis under cloudy skies than under clear skies. This may be due to the comprehensive effects of VPD and Ta on stomatal conductance. We concluded that cloudiness can influence diffuse radiation components and that diffuse radiation can increase the ecosystem production of desert steppe ecosystems in northwest China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Jia
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyong Ma
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruizhi Yang
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Bai
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Hayat
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglan Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianshan Zha
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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25
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Baldocchi DD. How eddy covariance flux measurements have contributed to our understanding of Global Change Biology. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:242-260. [PMID: 31461544 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A global network of long-term carbon and water flux measurements has existed since the late 1990s. With its representative sampling of the terrestrial biosphere's climate and ecological spaces, this network is providing background information and direct measurements on how ecosystem metabolism responds to environmental and biological forcings and how they may be changing in a warmer world with more carbon dioxide. In this review, I explore how carbon and water fluxes of the world's ecosystem are responding to a suite of covarying environmental factors, like sunlight, temperature, soil moisture, and carbon dioxide. I also report on how coupled carbon and water fluxes are modulated by biological and ecological factors such as phenology and a suite of structural and functional properties. And, I investigate whether long-term trends in carbon and water fluxes are emerging in various ecological and climate spaces and the degree to which they may be driven by physical and biological forcings. As a growing number of time series extend up to 20 years in duration, we are at the verge of capturing ecosystem scale trends in the breathing of a changing biosphere. Consequently, flux measurements need to continue to report on future conditions and responses and assess the efficacy of natural climate solutions.
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26
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高 牧. Environmental Effect Condition (Air Temperature) of Aerosols on Gross Primary Productivity of Vegetation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.12677/ije.2020.92027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Juráň S, Šigut L, Holub P, Fares S, Klem K, Grace J, Urban O. Ozone flux and ozone deposition in a mountain spruce forest are modulated by sky conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:296-304. [PMID: 30959296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the main driving factors of ozone (O3) deposition we tested the hypothesis that sky conditions (cloudy, partly cloudy, and clear sky) modulate O3 flux in forest ecosystems via stomatal regulation. The hypothesis is based on the fact that complex microclimate conditions under cloudy sky usually stimulate stomatal conductance. O3 fluxes were inferred from a concentration gradient in a mountainous Norway spruce forest in the Czech Republic (Central Europe) for years 2012-2016 and measured directly by eddy-covariance during the summer of 2017. Daily and seasonal O3 depositions were calculated separately for days with cloudy, partly cloudy, and clear sky conditions. The data show unequivocally that more O3 is taken up under cloudy and partially cloudy skies. Moreover, we found significant interactive effects of sky conditions and season on O3 flux. Though there are other mechanisms and pathways involved in the transport of O3 to the plant-soil system, the highest O3 deposition was associated to the highest stomatal conductance during partly cloudy and cloudy sky conditions in all seasons, while lower O3 ecosystem fluxes were observed under clear sky conditions despite the highest O3 concentrations at this time. These findings suggest that forests growing at sites where conditions are predominantly cloudy are expected to deposit higher extent of O3 than less-cloudy forests being thus more threatened by phytotoxic O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Juráň
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Šigut
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Holub
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Silvano Fares
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Rome, Italy
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - John Grace
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; University of Edinburgh, School of GeoSciences, Crew Bldg, Kings Bldgs, Alexander Crum Brown Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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28
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Han J, Zhang L, Li S, Wen X, Li Q, Wang H. Effects of sky conditions on net ecosystem productivity of a subtropical coniferous plantation vary from half-hourly to daily timescales. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:3002-3014. [PMID: 30463150 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic changes of solar radiation have received wide attention in global change studies, but there are controversies about the influence of diffuse radiation on ecosystem carbon sequestration. Using eddy covariance measurements from 2010 to 2012, the effects of sky conditions extracted from adjacent sunny, cloudy, and overcast days on net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of a subtropical coniferous plantation were examined from half-hourly to daily scales. Half-hourly NEP responded to the changing radiation more efficiently on overcast days compared to sunny days, but such response did not differ obviously between cloudy and sunny days. Compared with sunny conditions, apparent quantum yield (α) under overcast (cloudy) conditions changed 282.4% (41.7%) in spring, 140.3% (-4.2%) in summer, 218.5% (38.9%) in autumn, and 146.2% (0.5%) in winter, respectively; annually, α under overcast (cloudy) conditions increased by 225.9% (19.8%) in 2010, 189.8% (6.0%) in 2011, and 159.5% (21.4%) in 2012, respectively. Moreover, the potential NEP at the light intensity of 150 and 750 W m-2 was improved due to increased diffuse fraction. However, both daytime NEP and daily NEP were significantly lower under overcast skies than under sunny and cloudy skies. Compared with sunny days, daily NEP on overcast days decreased by 127.7% in spring, 126.4% in summer, 121.8% in autumn, and 100.6% in winter, respectively; annually, daily NEP decreased by 122.5% in 2010, 141.7% in 2011, and 109.9% in 2012, respectively. Diurnal patterns of daily NEP were quite similar between sunny and cloudy days. Both path analysis and multiple regression showed that solar radiation, especially diffuse radiation, was responsible for the variations of NEP under different skies across seasons, but this effect may be weakened by seasonal droughts. This study implies that the effects of sky conditions on NEP are timescale dependent and should be paid more attention in ecosystem carbon cycle study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Han
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Shenggong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Xuefa Wen
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qingkang Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Wang X, Wu J, Chen M, Xu X, Wang Z, Wang B, Wang C, Piao S, Lin W, Miao G, Deng M, Qiao C, Wang J, Xu S, Liu L. Field evidences for the positive effects of aerosols on tree growth. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4983-4992. [PMID: 29855126 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical and eddy covariance studies demonstrate that aerosol-loading stimulates canopy photosynthesis, but field evidence for the aerosol effect on tree growth is limited. Here, we measured in situ daily stem growth rates of aspen trees under a wide range of aerosol-loading in China. The results showed that daily stem growth rates were positively correlated with aerosol-loading, even at exceptionally high aerosol levels. Using structural equation modeling analysis, we showed that variations in stem growth rates can be largely attributed to two environmental variables covarying with aerosol loading: diffuse fraction of radiation and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Furthermore, we found that these two factors influence stem growth by influencing photosynthesis from different parts of canopy. Using field observations and a mechanistic photosynthesis model, we demonstrate that photosynthetic rates of both sun and shade leaves increased under high aerosol-loading conditions but for different reasons. For sun leaves, the photosynthetic increase was primarily attributed to the concurrent lower VPD; for shade leaves, the positive aerosol effect was tightly connected with increased diffuse light. Overall, our study provides the first field evidence of increased tree growth under high aerosol loading. We highlight the importance of understanding biophysical mechanisms of aerosol-meteorology interactions, and incorporating the different pathways of aerosol effects into earth system models to improve the prediction of large-scale aerosol impacts, and the associated vegetation-mediated climate feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Maryland
| | - Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing, China
| | - Chengzhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Lin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Guofang Miao
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Meifeng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlian Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing, China
| | - Lingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing, China
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30
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Knauer J, El-Madany TS, Zaehle S, Migliavacca M. Bigleaf-An R package for the calculation of physical and physiological ecosystem properties from eddy covariance data. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201114. [PMID: 30106974 PMCID: PMC6091920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the R package bigleaf (version 0.6.5), an open source toolset for the derivation of meteorological, aerodynamic, and physiological ecosystem properties from eddy covariance (EC) flux observations and concurrent meteorological measurements. A 'big-leaf' framework, in which vegetation is represented as a single, uniform layer, is employed to infer bulk ecosystem characteristics top-down from the measured fluxes. Central to the package is the calculation of a bulk surface/canopy conductance (Gs/Gc) and a bulk aerodynamic conductance (Ga), with the latter including formulations for the turbulent and canopy boundary layer components. The derivation of physical land surface characteristics such as surface roughness parameters, wind profile, aerodynamic and radiometric surface temperature, surface vapor pressure deficit (VPD), potential evapotranspiration (ET), imposed and equilibrium ET, as well as vegetation-atmosphere decoupling coefficients, is described. The package further provides calculation routines for physiological ecosytem properties (stomatal slope parameters, stomatal sensitivity to VPD, bulk intercellular CO2 concentration, canopy photosynthetic capacity), energy balance characteristics (closure, biochemical energy), ancillary meteorological variables (psychrometric constant, saturation vapor pressure, air density, etc.), customary unit interconversions and data filtering. The target variables can be calculated with a different degree of complexity, depending on the amount of available site-specific information. The utilities of the package are demonstrated for three single-level (above-canopy) eddy covariance sites representing a temperate grassland, a temperate needle-leaf forest, and a Mediterranean evergreen broadleaf forest. The routines are further tested for a two-level EC site (tree and grass layer) located in a Mediterranean oak savanna. The limitations and the ecophysiological interpretation of the derived ecosystem properties are discussed and practical guidelines are given. The package provides the basis for a consistent, physically sound, and reproducible characterization of biometeorological conditions and ecosystem physiology, and is applicable to EC sites across vegetation types and climatic conditions with minimal ancillary data requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Knauer
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Tarek S. El-Madany
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- Michael-Stifel-Center Jena for Data-Driven and Simulation Science, Jena, Germany
| | - Mirco Migliavacca
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
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31
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Moreira DS, Longo KM, Freitas SR, Yamasoe MA, Mercado LM, Rosário NE, Gloor E, Viana RSM, Miller JB, Gatti LV, Wiedemann KT, Domingues LKG, Correia CCS. Modeling the radiative effects of biomass burning aerosols on carbon fluxes in the Amazon region. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:14785-14810. [PMID: 32647529 PMCID: PMC7346277 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-14785-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Every year, a dense smoke haze covers a large portion of South America originating from fires in the Amazon Basin and central parts of Brazil during the dry biomass burning season between August and October. Over a large portion of South America, the average aerosol optical depth at 550 nm exceeds 1.0 during the fire season, while the background value during the rainy season is below 0.2. Biomass burning aerosol particles increase scattering and absorption of the incident solar radiation. The regional-scale aerosol layer reduces the amount of solar energy reaching the surface, cools the near-surface air, and increases the diffuse radiation fraction over a large disturbed area of the Amazon rainforest. These factors affect the energy and CO2 fluxes at the surface. In this work, we applied a fully integrated atmospheric model to assess the impact of biomass burning aerosols in CO2 fluxes in the Amazon region during 2010. We address the effects of the attenuation of global solar radiation and the enhancement of the diffuse solar radiation flux inside the vegetation canopy. Our results indicate that biomass burning aerosols led to increases of about 27% in the gross primary productivity of Amazonia and 10% in plant respiration as well as a decline in soil respiration of 3%. Consequently, in our model Amazonia became a net carbon sink; net ecosystem exchange during September 2010 dropped from +101 to -104 TgC when the aerosol effects are considered, mainly due to the aerosol diffuse radiation effect. For the forest biome, our results point to a dominance of the diffuse radiation effect on CO2 fluxes, reaching a balance of 50-50% between the diffuse and direct aerosol effects for high aerosol loads. For C3 grasses and savanna (cerrado), as expected, the contribution of the diffuse radiation effect is much lower, tending to zero with the increase in aerosol load. Taking all biomes together, our model shows the Amazon during the dry season, in the presence of high biomass burning aerosol loads, changing from being a source to being a sink of CO2 to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demerval S. Moreira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Meteorologia de Bauru (IPMet), Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla M. Longo
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Saulo R. Freitas
- Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia A. Yamasoe
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas do Institudo de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lina M. Mercado
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Wallingford, UK
| | - Nilton E. Rosário
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Diadema, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Emauel Gloor
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, UK
| | - Rosane S. M. Viana
- Departamento de Matemática, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - John B. Miller
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Luciana V. Gatti
- Centro de Ciências do Sistema Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kenia T. Wiedemann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lucas K. G. Domingues
- Centro de Ciências do Sistema Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio C. S. Correia
- Centro de Ciências do Sistema Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN), São Paulo, Brazil
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32
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Tong X, Zhang J, Meng P, Li J, Zheng N. Light use efficiency of a warm-temperate mixed plantation in north China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2017; 61:1607-1615. [PMID: 28361227 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Light use efficiency (LUE) is one of the important parameters on calculating terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP). Based on 5-year (2006-2010) carbon flux and climatic variable data of a mixed plantation in north China, the seasonal and interannual variation of LUE was investigated and the biophysical controls were examined. Our results show that LUE had a distinct seasonal course, and peaked in the vigorous growing season with a value of 0.92-1.27 g C MJ-1. During the period of 2006-2010, annual mean LUE ranged between 0.54 and 0.62 g C MJ-1, and it was linearly correlated with annual GPP. In the growing season, LUE was significantly linked with the water availability variables (including monthly mean vapor pressure deficit (VPD), precipitation, evaporative fraction (EF), and the ratio of precipitation to evapotranspiration (P/ET)) and canopy conductance (g c). However, EF was a better estimator of LUE compared with other biophysical variables. LUE decreased with an increase of the clearness index (CI), indicating that LUE was higher under cloudy sky conditions than that under sunny sky conditions in the mixed plantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Tong
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ning Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
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33
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Using Stochastic Ray Tracing to Simulate a Dense Time Series of Gross Primary Productivity. REMOTE SENSING 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/rs71215875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Gitelson AA, Peng Y, Arkebauer TJ, Suyker AE. Productivity, absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, and light use efficiency in crops: implications for remote sensing of crop primary production. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 177:100-109. [PMID: 25723474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation productivity metrics such as gross primary production (GPP) at the canopy scale are greatly affected by the efficiency of using absorbed radiation for photosynthesis, or light use efficiency (LUE). Thus, close investigation of the relationships between canopy GPP and photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation is the basis for quantification of LUE. We used multiyear observations over irrigated and rainfed contrasting C3 (soybean) and C4 (maize) crops having different physiology, leaf structure, and canopy architecture to establish the relationships between canopy GPP and radiation absorbed by vegetation and quantify LUE. Although multiple LUE definitions are reported in the literature, we used a definition of efficiency of light use by photosynthetically active "green" vegetation (LUE(green)) based on radiation absorbed by "green" photosynthetically active vegetation on a daily basis. We quantified, irreversible slowly changing seasonal (constitutive) and rapidly day-to-day changing (facultative) LUE(green), as well as sensitivity of LUE(green) to the magnitude of incident radiation and drought events. Large (2-3-fold) variation of daily LUE(green) over the course of a growing season that is governed by crop physiological and phenological status was observed. The day-to-day variations of LUE(green) oscillated with magnitude 10-15% around the seasonal LUE(green) trend and appeared to be closely related to day-to-day variations of magnitude and composition of incident radiation. Our results show the high variability of LUE(green) between C3 and C4 crop species (1.43 g C/MJ vs. 2.24 g C/MJ, respectively), as well as within single crop species (i.e., maize or soybean). This implies that assuming LUE(green) as a constant value in GPP models is not warranted for the crops studied, and brings unpredictable uncertainties of remote GPP estimation, which should be accounted for in LUE models. The uncertainty of GPP estimation due to facultative and constitutive changes in LUE(green) can be considered as a critical component of the total error budget in the context of remotely sensed based estimations of GPP. The quantitative framework of LUE(green) estimation presented here offers a way of characterizing LUE(green) in plants that can be used to assess their phenological and physiological status and vulnerability to drought under current and future climatic conditions and is essential for calibration and validation of globally applied LUE algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly A Gitelson
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0973, USA; Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Israel Institute of Technology (Technion), Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel.
| | - Yi Peng
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0973, USA; School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Timothy J Arkebauer
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0817, USA
| | - Andrew E Suyker
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0973, USA
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35
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Cruse MJ, Kucharik CJ, Norman JM. Using a simple apparatus to measure direct and diffuse photosynthetically active radiation at remote locations. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115633. [PMID: 25668208 PMCID: PMC4323262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant canopy interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) drives carbon dioxide (CO2), water and energy cycling in the soil-plant-atmosphere system. Quantifying intercepted PAR requires accurate measurements of total incident PAR above canopies and direct beam and diffuse PAR components. While some regional data sets include these data, e.g. from Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program sites, they are not often applicable to local research sites because of the variable nature (spatial and temporal) of environmental variables that influence incoming PAR. Currently available instrumentation that measures diffuse and direct beam radiation separately can be cost prohibitive and require frequent adjustments. Alternatively, generalized empirical relationships that relate atmospheric variables and radiation components can be used but require assumptions that increase the potential for error. Our goal here was to construct and test a cheaper, highly portable instrument alternative that could be used at remote field sites to measure total, diffuse and direct beam PAR for extended time periods without supervision. The apparatus tested here uses a fabricated, solar powered rotating shadowband and other commercially available parts to collect continuous hourly PAR data. Measurements of total incident PAR had nearly a one-to-one relationship with total incident radiation measurements taken at the same research site by an unobstructed point quantum sensor. Additionally, measurements of diffuse PAR compared favorably with modeled estimates from previously published data, but displayed significant differences that were attributed to the important influence of rapidly changing local environmental conditions. The cost of the system is about 50% less than comparable commercially available systems that require periodic, but not continual adjustments. Overall, the data produced using this apparatus indicates that this instrumentation has the potential to support ecological research via a relatively inexpensive method to collect continuous measurements of total, direct beam and diffuse PAR in remote locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Cruse
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 550 North Park St., Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christopher J. Kucharik
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 550 North Park St., Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
| | - John M. Norman
- Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1525 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
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Reichstein M, Bahn M, Mahecha MD, Kattge J, Baldocchi DD. Linking plant and ecosystem functional biogeography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:13697-702. [PMID: 25225392 PMCID: PMC4183334 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1216065111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical biogeographical observations suggest that ecosystems are strongly shaped by climatic constraints in terms of their structure and function. On the other hand, vegetation function feeds back on the climate system via biosphere-atmosphere exchange of matter and energy. Ecosystem-level observations of this exchange reveal very large functional biogeographical variation of climate-relevant ecosystem functional properties related to carbon and water cycles. This variation is explained insufficiently by climate control and a classical plant functional type classification approach. For example, correlations between seasonal carbon-use efficiency and climate or environmental variables remain below 0.6, leaving almost 70% of variance unexplained. We suggest that a substantial part of this unexplained variation of ecosystem functional properties is related to variations in plant and microbial traits. Therefore, to progress with global functional biogeography, we should seek to understand the link between organismic traits and flux-derived ecosystem properties at ecosystem observation sites and the spatial variation of vegetation traits given geoecological covariates. This understanding can be fostered by synergistic use of both data-driven and theory-driven ecological as well as biophysical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Reichstein
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Michael Bahn
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; and
| | - Miguel D Mahecha
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dennis D Baldocchi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Williams M, Rastetter EB, Van der Pol L, Shaver GR. Arctic canopy photosynthetic efficiency enhanced under diffuse light, linked to a reduction in the fraction of the canopy in deep shade. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1267-1276. [PMID: 24593320 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how radiation conditions within a tundra canopy were linked to canopy photosynthesis, and how this linkage explained photosynthetic sensitivity to sky conditions, that is total radiation and its diffuse fraction. We measured within canopy radiation at leaf scales and net CO2 exchanges at canopy scales, under varied total irradiance and diffuse fraction, in Alaskan shrub tundra. Normalised mean radiation profiles within canopies showed no significant differences with varied diffuse fractions. However, radiation density distribution was non-normal, being more unimodal under diffuse conditions and distinctly bimodal under direct sunlight. There was a nearly three-fold increase in the proportion of the canopy in deep shade under direct illumination, compared to diffuse conditions. Under diffuse conditions the canopy had higher light-use efficiency (LUE), resulting in up to 17% greater photosynthesis. The enhancement in LUE under diffuse illumination was not related to differences in the mean light profiles, but instead was due to significant shifts in the density distribution of light at leaf scales, in particular a reduced fraction of the canopy in deep shade under diffuse illumination. These results provide unique information for testing radiative transfer schemes in canopy models, and for better understanding canopy structure and trait variation within plant canopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Williams
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK
| | - Edward B Rastetter
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Laura Van der Pol
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Gaius R Shaver
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
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38
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Broadbent EN, Zambrano AMA, Asner GP, Field CB, Rosenheim BE, Kennedy-Bowdoin T, Knapp DE, Burke D, Giardina C, Cordell S. Linking rainforest ecophysiology and microclimate through fusion of airborne LiDAR and hyperspectral imagery. Ecosphere 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/es13-00255.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Fischer M, Trnka M, Kučera J, Fajman M, Žalud Z. Biomass productivity and water use relation in short rotation poplar coppice (Populus nigra x P. maximowiczii) in the conditions of Czech Moravian Highlands. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201159060141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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40
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Fiore AM, Naik V, Spracklen DV, Steiner A, Unger N, Prather M, Bergmann D, Cameron-Smith PJ, Cionni I, Collins WJ, Dalsøren S, Eyring V, Folberth GA, Ginoux P, Horowitz LW, Josse B, Lamarque JF, MacKenzie IA, Nagashima T, O'Connor FM, Righi M, Rumbold ST, Shindell DT, Skeie RB, Sudo K, Szopa S, Takemura T, Zeng G. Global air quality and climate. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6663-83. [PMID: 22868337 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35095e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Emissions of air pollutants and their precursors determine regional air quality and can alter climate. Climate change can perturb the long-range transport, chemical processing, and local meteorology that influence air pollution. We review the implications of projected changes in methane (CH(4)), ozone precursors (O(3)), and aerosols for climate (expressed in terms of the radiative forcing metric or changes in global surface temperature) and hemispheric-to-continental scale air quality. Reducing the O(3) precursor CH(4) would slow near-term warming by decreasing both CH(4) and tropospheric O(3). Uncertainty remains as to the net climate forcing from anthropogenic nitrogen oxide (NO(x)) emissions, which increase tropospheric O(3) (warming) but also increase aerosols and decrease CH(4) (both cooling). Anthropogenic emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and non-CH(4) volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) warm by increasing both O(3) and CH(4). Radiative impacts from secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are poorly understood. Black carbon emission controls, by reducing the absorption of sunlight in the atmosphere and on snow and ice, have the potential to slow near-term warming, but uncertainties in coincident emissions of reflective (cooling) aerosols and poorly constrained cloud indirect effects confound robust estimates of net climate impacts. Reducing sulfate and nitrate aerosols would improve air quality and lessen interference with the hydrologic cycle, but lead to warming. A holistic and balanced view is thus needed to assess how air pollution controls influence climate; a first step towards this goal involves estimating net climate impacts from individual emission sectors. Modeling and observational analyses suggest a warming climate degrades air quality (increasing surface O(3) and particulate matter) in many populated regions, including during pollution episodes. Prior Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios (SRES) allowed unconstrained growth, whereas the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios assume uniformly an aggressive reduction, of air pollutant emissions. New estimates from the current generation of chemistry-climate models with RCP emissions thus project improved air quality over the next century relative to those using the IPCC SRES scenarios. These two sets of projections likely bracket possible futures. We find that uncertainty in emission-driven changes in air quality is generally greater than uncertainty in climate-driven changes. Confidence in air quality projections is limited by the reliability of anthropogenic emission trajectories and the uncertainties in regional climate responses, feedbacks with the terrestrial biosphere, and oxidation pathways affecting O(3) and SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene M Fiore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.
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Bittner S, Legner N, Beese F, Priesack E. Individual tree branch-level simulation of light attenuation and water flow of threeF. sylvaticaL. trees. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Urban O, Klem K, Ač A, Havránková K, Holišová P, Navrátil M, Zitová M, Kozlová K, Pokorný R, Šprtová M, Tomášková I, Špunda V, Grace J. Impact of clear and cloudy sky conditions on the vertical distribution of photosynthetic CO2uptake within a spruce canopy. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Dengel S, Grace J. Carbon dioxide exchange and canopy conductance of two coniferous forests under various sky conditions. Oecologia 2010; 164:797-808. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Monson RK, Prater MR, Hu J, Burns SP, Sparks JP, Sparks KL, Scott-Denton LE. Tree species effects on ecosystem water-use efficiency in a high-elevation, subalpine forest. Oecologia 2009; 162:491-504. [PMID: 19784850 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ecosystem water-use efficiency (eWUE; the ratio of net ecosystem productivity to evapotranspiration rate) is a complex landscape-scale parameter controlled by both physical and biological processes occurring in soil and plants. Leaf WUE (lWUE; the ratio of leaf CO(2) assimilation rate to transpiration rate) is controlled at short time scales principally by leaf stomatal dynamics and this control varies among plant species. Little is known about how leaf-scale variation in lWUE influences landscape-scale variation in eWUE. We analyzed approximately seven thousand 30-min averaged eddy covariance observations distributed across 9 years in order to assess eWUE in two neighboring forest communities. Mean eWUE was 19% lower for the community in which Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir were dominant, compared to the community in which lodgepole pine was dominant. Of that 19% difference, 8% was attributed to residual bias in the analysis that favored periods with slightly drier winds for the spruce-fir community. In an effort to explain the remaining 11% difference, we assessed patterns in lWUE using C isotope ratios. When we focused on bulk tissue from older needles we detected significant differences in lWUE among tree species and between upper and lower canopy needles. However, when these differences were scaled to reflect vertical and horizontal leaf area distributions within the two communities, they provided no power to explain differences in eWUE that we observed in the eddy covariance data. When we focused only on bulk needle tissue of current-year needles for 3 of the 9 years, we also observed differences in lWUE among species and in needles from upper and lower parts of the canopy. When these differences in lWUE were scaled to reflect leaf area distributions within the two communities, we were able to explain 6.3% of the differences in eWUE in 1 year (2006), but there was no power to explain differences in the other 2 years (2003 and 2007). When we examined sugars extracted from needles at 3 different times during the growing season of 2007, we could explain 3.8-6.0% of the differences in eWUE between the two communities, but the difference in eWUE obtained from the eddy covariance record, and averaged over the growing season for this single year, was 32%. Thus, overall, after accounting for species effects on lWUE, we could explain little of the difference in eWUE between the two forest communities observed in the eddy covariance record. It is likely that water and C fluxes from soil, understory plants, and non-needle tissues, account for most of the differences observed in the eddy covariance data. For those cases where we could explain some of the difference in eWUE on the basis of species effects, we partitioned the scaled patterns in lWUE into two components: a component that is independent of canopy leaf area distribution, and therefore only dependent on species-specific differences in needle physiology; and a component that is independent of species differences in needle physiology, and only dependent on species-specific influences on canopy leaf area distribution. Only the component that is dependent on species influences on canopy leaf area distribution, and independent of inherent species differences in needle physiology, had potential to explain differences in eWUE between the two communities. Thus, when tree species effects are important, canopy structure, rather than species-specific needle physiology, has more potential to explain patterns in eWUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell K Monson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Campus Box 334, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Mercado LM, Bellouin N, Sitch S, Boucher O, Huntingford C, Wild M, Cox PM. Impact of changes in diffuse radiation on the global land carbon sink. Nature 2009; 458:1014-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nature07949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 686] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Still CJ, Riley WJ, Biraud SC, Noone DC, Buenning NH, Randerson JT, Torn MS, Welker J, White JWC, Vachon R, Farquhar GD, Berry JA. Influence of clouds and diffuse radiation on ecosystem-atmosphere CO2and CO18O exchanges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jg000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Wohlfahrt G, Hammerle A, Haslwanter A, Bahn M, Tappeiner U, Cernusca A. Disentangling leaf area and environmental effects on the response of the net ecosystem CO 2 exchange to diffuse radiation. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2008; 35:L16805. [PMID: 24347740 PMCID: PMC3858830 DOI: 10.1029/2008gl035090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing discussion about why the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) of some ecosystems is less sensitive to diffuse radiation than others and about the role other environmental factors play in determining the response of NEE to diffuse radiation. Using a six-year data set from a temperate mountain grassland in Austria we show that differences between ecosystems may be reconciled based on their green area index (GAI; square meter green plant area per square meter ground area) - the sensitivity to diffuse radiation increasing with GAI. Our data suggest diffuse radiation to have a negligible influence on NEE below a GAI of 2 m2 m-2. Changes in air/soil temperature and air humidity concurrent with the fraction of diffuse radiation were found to amplify the sensitivity of the investigated temperate mountain grassland ecosystem to diffuse radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Wohlfahrt
- Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Albin Hammerle
- Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alois Haslwanter
- Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Bahn
- Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrike Tappeiner
- Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Cernusca
- Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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