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Zhang S, Wu S, Jia Z, Zhang J, Li Y, Ma X, Fan B, Wang P, Gao Y, Ye Z, Wang W. Exploring the influence of a single-nucleotide mutation in EIN4 on tomato fruit firmness diversity through fruit pericarp microstructure. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2379-2394. [PMID: 38623687 PMCID: PMC11331787 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) stands as one of the most valuable vegetable crops globally, and fruit firmness significantly impacts storage and transportation. To identify genes governing tomato firmness, we scrutinized the firmness of 266 accessions from core collections. Our study pinpointed an ethylene receptor gene, SlEIN4, located on chromosome 4 through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of fruit firmness in the 266 tomato core accessions. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (A → G) of SlEIN4 distinguished lower (AA) and higher (GG) fruit firmness genotypes. Through experiments, we observed that overexpression of SlEIN4AA significantly delayed tomato fruit ripening and dramatically reduced fruit firmness at the red ripe stage compared with the control. Conversely, gene editing of SlEIN4AA with CRISPR/Cas9 notably accelerated fruit ripening and significantly increased fruit firmness at the red ripe stage compared with the control. Further investigations revealed that fruit firmness is associated with alterations in the microstructure of the fruit pericarp. Additionally, SlEIN4AA positively regulates pectinase activity. The transient transformation assay verified that the SNP (A → G) on SlEIN4 caused different genetic effects, as overexpression of SlEIN4GG increased fruit firmness. Moreover, SlEIN4 exerts a negative regulatory role in tomato ripening by impacting ethylene evolution through the abundant expression of ethylene pathway regulatory genes. This study presents the first evidence of the role of ethylene receptor genes in regulating fruit firmness. These significant findings will facilitate the effective utilization of firmness and ripening traits in tomato improvement, offering promising opportunities for enhancing tomato storage and transportation capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Zhang
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Shengqing Wu
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhiqi Jia
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of EducationHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ying Li
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xingyun Ma
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Bingli Fan
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Panqiao Wang
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yanna Gao
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of EducationHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wei Wang
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
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2
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Mohorović P, Geldhof B, Holsteens K, Rinia M, Daems S, Reijnders T, Ceusters J, Van den Ende W, Van de Poel B. Ethylene inhibits photosynthesis via temporally distinct responses in tomato plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:762-784. [PMID: 38146839 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a volatile plant hormone that regulates many developmental processes and responses toward (a)biotic stress. Studies have shown that high levels of ethylene repress vegetative growth in many important crops, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), possibly by inhibiting photosynthesis. We investigated the temporal effects of ethylene on young tomato plants using an automated ethylene gassing system to monitor the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses through time course RNA-seq of a photosynthetically active source leaf. We found that ethylene evokes a dose-dependent inhibition of photosynthesis, which can be characterized by 3 temporally distinct phases. The earliest ethylene responses that marked the first phase and occurred a few hours after the start of the treatment were leaf epinasty and a decline in stomatal conductance, which led to lower light perception and CO2 uptake, respectively, resulting in a rapid decline of soluble sugar levels (glucose, fructose). The second phase of the ethylene effect was marked by low carbohydrate availability, which modulated plant energy metabolism to adapt by using alternative substrates (lipids and proteins) to fuel the TCA cycle. Long-term continuous exposure to ethylene led to the third phase, characterized by starch and chlorophyll breakdown, which further inhibited photosynthesis, leading to premature leaf senescence. To reveal early (3 h) ethylene-dependent regulators of photosynthesis, we performed a ChIP-seq experiment using anti-ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like 1 (EIL1) antibodies and found several candidate transcriptional regulators. Collectively, our study revealed a temporal sequence of events that led to the inhibition of photosynthesis by ethylene and identified potential transcriptional regulators responsible for this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Mohorović
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Batist Geldhof
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristof Holsteens
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marilien Rinia
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Daems
- Research Group for Sustainable Plant Production and Protection, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Timmy Reijnders
- Molecular Biotechnology of Plants and Microorganisms Lab, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Ceusters
- Research Group for Sustainable Plant Production and Protection, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Molecular Biotechnology of Plants and Microorganisms Lab, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Van de Poel
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Czékus Z, Kukri A, Hamow KÁ, Szalai G, Tari I, Ördög A, Poór P. Activation of Local and Systemic Defence Responses by Flg22 Is Dependent on Daytime and Ethylene in Intact Tomato Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158354. [PMID: 34361121 PMCID: PMC8348740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The first line of plant defence responses against pathogens can be induced by the bacterial flg22 and can be dependent on various external and internal factors. Here, we firstly studied the effects of daytime and ethylene (ET) using Never ripe (Nr) mutants in the local and systemic defence responses of intact tomato plants after flg22 treatments. Flg22 was applied in the afternoon and at night and rapid reactions were detected. The production of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide was induced by flg22 locally, while superoxide was induced systemically, in wild type plants in the light period, but all remained lower at night and in Nr leaves. Flg22 elevated, locally, the ET, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) levels in the light period; these levels did not change significantly at night. Expression of Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1), Ethylene response factor 1 (ERF1) and Defensin (DEF) showed also daytime- and ET-dependent changes. Enhanced ERF1 and DEF expression and stomatal closure were also observable in systemic leaves of wild type plants in the light. These data demonstrate that early biotic signalling in flg22-treated leaves and distal ones is an ET-dependent process and it is also determined by the time of day and inhibited in the early night phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.C.); (A.K.); (I.T.); (A.Ö.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Kukri
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.C.); (A.K.); (I.T.); (A.Ö.)
| | - Kamirán Áron Hamow
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (K.Á.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (K.Á.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.C.); (A.K.); (I.T.); (A.Ö.)
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.C.); (A.K.); (I.T.); (A.Ö.)
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.C.); (A.K.); (I.T.); (A.Ö.)
- Correspondence:
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Nascimento VL, Pereira AM, Pereira AS, Silva VF, Costa LC, Bastos CEA, Ribeiro DM, Caldana C, Sulpice R, Nunes-Nesi A, Zsögön A, Araújo WL. Physiological and metabolic bases of increased growth in the tomato ethylene-insensitive mutant Never ripe: extending ethylene signaling functions. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1377-1393. [PMID: 33074436 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The tomato mutant Never ripe (Nr), a loss-of-function for the ethylene receptor SlETR3, shows enhanced growth, associated with increased carbon assimilation and a rewiring of the central metabolism. Compelling evidence has demonstrated the importance of ethylene during tomato fruit development, yet its role on leaf central metabolism and plant growth remains elusive. Here, we performed a detailed characterization of Never ripe (Nr) tomato, a loss-of-function mutant for the ethylene receptor SlETR3, known for its fruits which never ripe. However, besides fruits, the Nr gene is also constitutively expressed in vegetative tissues. Nr mutant showed a growth enhancement during both the vegetative and reproductive stage, without an earlier onset of leaf senescence, with Nr plants exhibiting a higher number of leaves and an increased dry weight of leaves, stems, roots, and fruits. At metabolic level, Nr also plays a significant role with the mutant showing changes in carbon assimilation, carbohydrates turnover, and an exquisite reprogramming of a large number of metabolite levels. Notably, the expression of genes related to ethylene signaling and biosynthesis are not altered in Nr. We assess our results in the context of those previously published for tomato fruits and of current models of ethylene signal transduction, and conclude that ethylene insensitivity mediated by Nr impacts the whole central metabolism at vegetative stage, leading to increased growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor L Nascimento
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Auderlan M Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Aurelio S Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Victor F Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas C Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Carla E A Bastos
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Dimas M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Caldana
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Razifard H, Ramos A, Della Valle AL, Bodary C, Goetz E, Manser EJ, Li X, Zhang L, Visa S, Tieman D, van der Knaap E, Caicedo AL. Genomic Evidence for Complex Domestication History of the Cultivated Tomato in Latin America. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:1118-1132. [PMID: 31912142 PMCID: PMC7086179 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of plant domestication is often protracted, involving underexplored intermediate stages with important implications for the evolutionary trajectories of domestication traits. Previously, tomato domestication history has been thought to involve two major transitions: one from wild Solanum pimpinellifolium L. to a semidomesticated intermediate, S. lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme (SLC) in South America, and a second transition from SLC to fully domesticated S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum in Mesoamerica. In this study, we employ population genomic methods to reconstruct tomato domestication history, focusing on the evolutionary changes occurring in the intermediate stages. Our results suggest that the origin of SLC may predate domestication, and that many traits considered typical of cultivated tomatoes arose in South American SLC, but were lost or diminished once these partially domesticated forms spread northward. These traits were then likely reselected in a convergent fashion in the common cultivated tomato, prior to its expansion around the world. Based on these findings, we reveal complexities in the intermediate stage of tomato domestication and provide insight on trajectories of genes and phenotypes involved in tomato domestication syndrome. Our results also allow us to identify underexplored germplasm that harbors useful alleles for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Razifard
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | - Alexis Ramos
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | | | - Cooper Bodary
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH
| | - Erika Goetz
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH
| | | | - Xiang Li
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Plant Innovation Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Sofia Visa
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH
| | - Denise Tieman
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Plant Innovation Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Ana L Caicedo
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
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6
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Quinet M, Angosto T, Yuste-Lisbona FJ, Blanchard-Gros R, Bigot S, Martinez JP, Lutts S. Tomato Fruit Development and Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1554. [PMID: 31850035 PMCID: PMC6895250 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family and is the second most important fruit or vegetable crop next to potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). It is cultivated for fresh fruit and processed products. Tomatoes contain many health-promoting compounds including vitamins, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. In addition to its economic and nutritional importance, tomatoes have become the model for the study of fleshy fruit development. Tomato is a climacteric fruit and dramatic metabolic changes occur during its fruit development. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of tomato fruit metabolism. We begin by detailing the genetic and hormonal control of fruit development and ripening, after which we document the primary metabolism of tomato fruits, with a special focus on sugar, organic acid, and amino acid metabolism. Links between primary and secondary metabolic pathways are further highlighted by the importance of pigments, flavonoids, and volatiles for tomato fruit quality. Finally, as tomato plants are sensitive to several abiotic stresses, we briefly summarize the effects of adverse environmental conditions on tomato fruit metabolism and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Quinet
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Trinidad Angosto
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Fernando J. Yuste-Lisbona
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Rémi Blanchard-Gros
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Servane Bigot
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Li S, Chen K, Grierson D. A critical evaluation of the role of ethylene and MADS transcription factors in the network controlling fleshy fruit ripening. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1724-1741. [PMID: 30328615 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1724 I. Introduction 1725 II. Ripening genes 1725 III. The importance of ethylene in controlling ripening 1727 IV. The importance of MADS-RIN in controlling ripening 1729 V. Interactions between components of the ripening regulatory network 1734 VI. Conclusions 1736 Acknowledgements 1738 Author contributions 1738 References 1738 SUMMARY: Understanding the regulation of fleshy fruit ripening is biologically important and provides insights and opportunities for controlling fruit quality, enhancing nutritional value for animals and humans, and improving storage and waste reduction. The ripening regulatory network involves master and downstream transcription factors (TFs) and hormones. Tomato is a model for ripening regulation, which requires ethylene and master TFs including NAC-NOR and the MADS-box protein MADS-RIN. Recent functional characterization showed that the classical RIN-MC gene fusion, previously believed to be a loss-of-function mutation, is an active TF with repressor activity. This, and other evidence, has highlighted the possibility that MADS-RIN itself is not important for ripening initiation but is required for full ripening. In this review, we discuss the diversity of components in the control network, their targets, and how they interact to control initiation and progression of ripening. Both hormones and individual TFs affect the status and activity of other network participants, which changes overall network signaling and ripening outcomes. MADS-RIN, NAC-NOR and ethylene play critical roles but there are still unanswered questions about these and other TFs. Further attention should be paid to relationships between ethylene, MADS-RIN and NACs in ripening control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Don Grierson
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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Mukherjee S. Recent advancements in the mechanism of nitric oxide signaling associated with hydrogen sulfide and melatonin crosstalk during ethylene-induced fruit ripening in plants. Nitric Oxide 2019; 82:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Mata CI, Fabre B, Parsons HT, Hertog MLATM, Van Raemdonck G, Baggerman G, Van de Poel B, Lilley KS, Nicolaï BM. Ethylene Receptors, CTRs and EIN2 Target Protein Identification and Quantification Through Parallel Reaction Monitoring During Tomato Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1626. [PMID: 30467512 PMCID: PMC6235968 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene, the plant ripening hormone of climacteric fruit, is perceived by ethylene receptors which is the first step in the complex ethylene signal transduction pathway. Much progress has been made in elucidating the mechanism of this pathway, but there is still a lot to be done in the proteomic quantification of the main proteins involved, particularly during fruit ripening. This work focuses on the mass spectrometry based identification and quantification of the ethylene receptors (ETRs) and the downstream components of the pathway, CTR-like proteins (CTRs) and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2). We used tomato as a model fruit to study changes in protein abundance involved in the ethylene signal transduction during fruit ripening. In order to detect and quantify these low abundant proteins located in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, we developed a workflow comprising sample fractionation and MS analysis using parallel reaction monitoring. This work shows the feasibility of the identification and absolute quantification of all seven ethylene receptors, three out of four CTRs and EIN2 in four ripening stages of tomato. In parallel, gene expression was analyzed through real-time qPCR. Correlation between transcriptomic and proteomic profiles during ripening was only observed for three of the studied proteins, suggesting that the other signaling proteins are likely post-transcriptionally regulated. Based on our quantification results we were able to show that the protein levels of SlETR3 and SlETR4 increased during ripening, probably to control ethylene sensitivity. The other receptors and CTRs showed either stable levels that could sustain, or decreasing levels that could promote fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara I. Mata
- Postharvest Group, Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Fabre
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet T. Parsons
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten L. A. T. M. Hertog
- Postharvest Group, Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Van Raemdonck
- Centre for Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Baggerman
- Centre for Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Bram Van de Poel
- Molecular Plant Hormone Physiology, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathryn S. Lilley
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- Postharvest Group, Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Mubarok S, Hoshikawa K, Okabe Y, Yano R, Tri MD, Ariizumi T, Ezura H. Evidence of the functional role of the ethylene receptor genes SlETR4 and SlETR5 in ethylene signal transduction in tomato. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 294:301-313. [PMID: 30382349 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene receptors are key factors for ethylene signal transduction. In tomato, six ethylene receptor genes (SlETR1-SlETR6) have been identified. Mutations in different ethylene receptor genes result in different phenotypes that are useful for elucidating the roles of each gene. In this study, we screened mutants of two ethylene receptor genes, SLETR4 and SLETR5, from a Micro-Tom mutant library generated by TILLING. We identified two ethylene receptor mutants with altered phenotypes and named them Sletr4-1 and Sletr5-1. Sletr4-1 has a mutation between the transmembrane and GAF domains, while Sletr5-1 has a mutation within the GAF domain. Sletr4-1 showed increased hypocotyl and root lengths, compared to those of wild type plants, under ethylene exposure. Moreover, the fruit shelf life of this mutant was extended, titratable acidity was increased and total soluble solids were decreased, suggesting a reduced ethylene sensitivity. In contrast, in the absence of exogenous ethylene, the hypocotyl and root lengths of Sletr5-1 were shorter than those of the wild type, and the fruit shelf life was shorter, suggesting that these mutants have increased ethylene sensitivity. Gene expression analysis showed that SlNR was up-regulated in the Sletr5-1 mutant line, in contrast to the down-regulation observed in the Sletr4-1 mutant line, while the down-regulation of SlCTR1, SlEIN2, SlEIL1, SlEIL3, and SlERF.E4 was observed in Sletr4-1 mutant allele, suggesting that these two ethylene receptors have functional roles in ethylene signalling and demonstrating, for the first time, a function of the GAF domain of ethylene receptors. These results suggest that the Sletr4-1 and Sletr5-1 mutants are useful for elucidating the complex mechanisms of ethylene signalling through the analysis of ethylene receptors in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syariful Mubarok
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, 45363, Indonesia.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ken Hoshikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.,Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Okabe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.,Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Yano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | | | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.,Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan. .,Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.
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11
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Alos E, Martinez-Fuentes A, Reig C, Mesejo C, Rodrigo MJ, Agustí M, Zacarías L. Ethylene biosynthesis and perception during ripening of loquat fruit (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 210:64-71. [PMID: 28088087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to gain insights into the controversial ripening behavior of loquat fruits, in the present study we have analyzed the expression of three genes related to ethylene biosynthesis (ACS1, ACO1 and ACO2), two ethylene receptors (ERS1a and ERS1b), one signal transduction component (CTR1) and one transcription factor (EIL1) in peel and pulp of loquat fruit during natural ripening and also in fruits treated with ethylene (10μLL-1) and 1-MCP (10μLL-1), an ethylene action inhibitor. In fruits attached to or detached from the tree, a slight increase in ethylene production was detected at the yellow stage, but the respiration rate declined progressively during ripening. Accumulation of transcripts of ethylene biosynthetic genes did not correlate with changes in ethylene production, since the maximum accumulation of ACS1 and ACO1 mRNA was detected in fully coloured fruits. Expression of ethylene receptor and signaling genes followed a different pattern in peel and pulp tissues. After fruit detachment and incubation at 20°C for up to 6days, ACS1 mRNA slightly increased, ACO1 experienced a substantial increment and ACO2 declined. In the peel, these changes were advanced by exogenous ethylene and partially inhibited by 1-MCP. In the pulp, 1-MCP repressed most of the changes in the expression of biosynthetic genes, while ethylene had almost no effects. Expression of ethylene perception and signaling genes was barely affected by ethylene or 1-MCP. Collectively, a differential transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthetic genes operates in peel and pulp, and support the notion of non-climacteric ripening in loquat fruits. Ethylene action, however, appears to be required to sustain or maintain the expression of specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alos
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - A Martinez-Fuentes
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - C Reig
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - C Mesejo
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - M J Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - M Agustí
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - L Zacarías
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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12
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Wang BQ, Liu JH, Gong XQ, Long CA, Li GH. Characterization of the expression of the stress-responsive PpERS1 gene from peach and analysis of its promoter using transgenic tomato. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2016; 33:383-393. [PMID: 31274999 PMCID: PMC6587038 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.16.1102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The PpERS1 gene, which encodes an ethylene receptor and responds to abiotic and biotic stresses, was cloned from peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv Okubao). The genomic DNA sequence of PpERS1 comprises seven exons which are separated by six introns, interestingly alternative splicing of the first intron produced three different PpERS1 transcripts. In addition, a 2.8-kb sequence including the promoter of PpERS1 was isolated and analyzed by placing expressing of the GUS reporter gene under its control. Several putative cis-elements were identified in the promoter of PpERS1, including two ethylene-responsive elements (EREs), five W boxes, and four putative binding sites for MYB-type transcription factors. Deletion analysis indicated the presence of an enhancer element in the PpERS1 promoter. Temporal and spatial expression analysis of the PpERS1 promoter using histochemical GUS staining showed GUS activity in all tissues examined throughout the development of transgenic tomato plants. Exposure to various stresses caused similar changes in expression patterns in peach and transgenic tomato plants. Overall, our results suggested that PpERS1 gene might play important roles in response to multiple stresses via signal transduction mediated by ethylene receptors. The characterization of the PpERS1 promoter contributes to our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of this ethylene receptor in peach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ji-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao-An Long
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guo-Huai Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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13
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Zhu T, Deng X, Zhou X, Zhu L, Zou L, Li P, Zhang D, Lin H. Ethylene and hydrogen peroxide are involved in brassinosteroid-induced salt tolerance in tomato. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35392. [PMID: 27739520 PMCID: PMC5064326 DOI: 10.1038/srep35392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between phytohormone pathways is essential in plant growth, development and stress responses. Brassinosteroids (BRs) and ethylene are both pivotal plant growth regulators, and the interaction between these two phytohormones in the tomato response to salt stress is still unclear. Here, we explored the mechanism by which BRs affect ethylene biosynthesis and signaling in tomato seedlings under salt stress. The activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS), an ethylene synthesis enzyme, and the ethylene signaling pathway were activated in plants pretreated with BRs. Scavenging of ethylene production or silencing of ethylene signaling components inhibited BR-induced salt tolerance and blocked BR-induced activities of several antioxidant enzymes. Previous studies have reported that BRs can induce plant tolerance to a variety of environmental stimuli by triggering the generation of H2O2 as a signaling molecule. We also found that H2O2 might be involved in the crosstalk between BRs and ethylene in the tomato response to salt stress. Simultaneously, BR-induced ethylene production was partially blocked by pretreated with a reactive oxygen species scavenger or synthesis inhibitor. These results strongly demonstrated that ethylene and H2O2 play important roles in BR-dependent induction of plant salt stress tolerance. Furthermore, we also investigated the relationship between BR signaling and ethylene signaling pathways in plant processes responding to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingguang Deng
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lisha Zhu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijuan Zou
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pengxu Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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14
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He Y, Liu X, Ye L, Pan C, Chen L, Zou T, Lu G. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Two-Component System Genes in Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081204. [PMID: 27472316 PMCID: PMC5000602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The two-component system (TCS), which comprises histidine kinases (HKs), phosphotransfers (HPs), and response regulator proteins (RRs), plays pivotal roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. TCS genes have been comprehensively identified and investigated in various crops but poorly characterized in tomato. In this work, a total of 65 TCS genes consisting of 20 HK(L)s, six HPs, and 39 RRs were identified from tomato genome. The classification, gene structures, conserved domains, chromosome distribution, phylogenetic relationship, gene duplication events, and subcellular localization of the TCS gene family were predicted and analyzed in detail. The amino acid sequences of tomato TCS family members, except those of type-B RRs, are highly conserved. The gene duplication events of the TCS family mainly occurred in the RR family. Furthermore, the expansion of RRs was attributed to both segment and tandem duplication. The subcellular localizations of the selected green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins exhibited a diverse subcellular targeting, thereby confirming their predicted divergent functionality. The majority of TCS family members showed distinct organ- or development-specific expression patterns. In addition, most of TCS genes were induced by abiotic stresses and exogenous phytohormones. The full elucidation of TCS elements will be helpful for comprehensive analysis of the molecular biology and physiological role of the TCS superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun He
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Changtian Pan
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Lifei Chen
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Tao Zou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Biotechnology, Agricultural Ministry of China, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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15
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Rantong G, Evans R, Gunawardena AHLAN. Lace plant ethylene receptors, AmERS1a and AmERS1c, regulate ethylene-induced programmed cell death during leaf morphogenesis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 89:215-27. [PMID: 26286451 PMCID: PMC4579252 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The lace plant, Aponogeton madagascariensis, is an aquatic monocot that forms perforations in its leaves as part of normal leaf development. Perforation formation occurs through developmentally regulated programmed cell death (PCD). The molecular basis of PCD regulation in the lace plant is unknown, however ethylene has been shown to play a significant role. In this study, we examined the role of ethylene receptors during perforation formation. We isolated three lace plant ethylene receptors AmERS1a, AmERS1b and AmERS1c. Using quantitative PCR, we examined their transcript levels at seven stages of leaf development. Through laser-capture microscopy, transcript levels were also determined in cells undergoing PCD and cells not undergoing PCD (NPCD cells). AmERS1a transcript levels were significantly lower in window stage leaves (in which perforation formation and PCD are occurring) as compared to all other leaf developmental stages. AmERS1a and AmERS1c (the most abundant among the three receptors) had the highest transcript levels in mature stage leaves, where PCD is not occurring. Their transcript levels decreased significantly during senescence-associated PCD. AmERS1c had significantly higher transcript levels in NPCD compared to PCD cells. Despite being significantly low in window stage leaves, AmERS1a transcripts were not differentially expressed between PCD and NPCD cells. The results suggested that ethylene receptors negatively regulate ethylene-controlled PCD in the lace plant. A combination of ethylene and receptor levels determines cell fate during perforation formation and leaf senescence. A new model for ethylene emission and receptor expression during lace plant perforation formation and senescence is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaolathe Rantong
- Biology Department, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Rodger Evans
- Biology Department, Acadia University, 33 Westwood Avenue, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Arunika H L A N Gunawardena
- Biology Department, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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16
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Liu L, Shao Z, Zhang M, Wang Q. Regulation of carotenoid metabolism in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:28-39. [PMID: 25578270 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids serve diverse functions in vastly different organisms that both produce and consume them. Enhanced carotenoid accumulation is of great importance in the visual and functional properties of fruits and vegetables. Significant progress has been achieved in recent years in our understanding of carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using biochemical and genetics approaches. The carotenoid metabolic network is temporally and spatially controlled, and plants have evolved strategic tactics to regulate carotenoid metabolism in response to various developmental and environmental factors. In this review, we summarize the current status of studies on transcription factors and phytohormones that regulate carotenoid biosynthesis, catabolism, and storage capacity in plastids, as well as the responses of carotenoid metabolism to environmental cues in tomato fruits. Transcription factors function either in cooperation with or independently of phytohormone signaling to regulate carotenoid metabolism, providing novel approaches for metabolic engineering of carotenoid composition and content in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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17
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Jourda C, Cardi C, Mbéguié-A-Mbéguié D, Bocs S, Garsmeur O, D'Hont A, Yahiaoui N. Expansion of banana (Musa acuminata) gene families involved in ethylene biosynthesis and signalling after lineage-specific whole-genome duplications. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:986-1000. [PMID: 24716518 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) are widespread in plants, and three lineage-specific WGDs occurred in the banana (Musa acuminata) genome. Here, we analysed the impact of WGDs on the evolution of banana gene families involved in ethylene biosynthesis and signalling, a key pathway for banana fruit ripening. Banana ethylene pathway genes were identified using comparative genomics approaches and their duplication modes and expression profiles were analysed. Seven out of 10 banana ethylene gene families evolved through WGD and four of them (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS), ethylene-insensitive 3-like (EIL), ethylene-insensitive 3-binding F-box (EBF) and ethylene response factor (ERF)) were preferentially retained. Banana orthologues of AtEIN3 and AtEIL1, two major genes for ethylene signalling in Arabidopsis, were particularly expanded. This expansion was paralleled by that of EBF genes which are responsible for control of EIL protein levels. Gene expression profiles in banana fruits suggested functional redundancy for several MaEBF and MaEIL genes derived from WGD and subfunctionalization for some of them. We propose that EIL and EBF genes were co-retained after WGD in banana to maintain balanced control of EIL protein levels and thus avoid detrimental effects of constitutive ethylene signalling. In the course of evolution, subfunctionalization was favoured to promote finer control of ethylene signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Didier Mbéguié-A-Mbéguié
- CIRAD, UMR QUALISUD, F-97130, Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Guadeloupe, France
- CIRAD, UMR QUALISUD, F-34398, Montpellier, France
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18
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Pesaresi P, Mizzotti C, Colombo M, Masiero S. Genetic regulation and structural changes during tomato fruit development and ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:124. [PMID: 24795731 PMCID: PMC4006027 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruits are an important evolutionary acquisition of angiosperms, which afford protection for seeds and ensure their optimal dispersal in the environment. Fruits can be divided into dry or fleshy. Dry fruits are the more ancient and provide for mechanical seed dispersal. In contrast, fleshy fruits develop soft tissues in which flavor compounds and pigments accumulate during the ripening process. These serve to attract animals that eat them and disseminate the indigestible seeds. Fruit maturation is accompanied by several striking cytological modifications. In particular, plastids undergo significant structural alterations, including the dedifferentiation of chloroplasts into chromoplasts. Chloroplast biogenesis, their remodeling in response to environmental constraints and their conversion into alternative plastid types are known to require communication between plastids and the nucleus in order to coordinate the expression of their respective genomes. In this review, we discuss the role of plastid modifications in the context of fruit maturation and ripening, and consider the possible involvement of organelle-nucleus crosstalk via retrograde (plastid to nucleus) and anterograde (nucleus to plastid) signaling in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pesaresi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Monica Colombo
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige (Trento), Italy
| | - Simona Masiero
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
- *Correspondence: Simona Masiero, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy e-mail:
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Mi-1-mediated resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in tomato may not rely on ethylene but hormone perception through ETR3 participates in limiting nematode infection in a susceptible host. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63281. [PMID: 23717408 PMCID: PMC3662669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are important pests of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and resistance to the three most prevalent species of this genus, including Meloidogyne incognita, is mediated by the Mi-1 gene. Mi-1 encodes a nucleotide binding (NB) leucine-rich repeat (LRR) resistance (R) protein. Ethylene (ET) is required for the resistance mediated by a subset of NB-LRR proteins and its role in Mi-1-mediated nematode resistance has not been characterized. Infection of tomato roots with M. incognita differentially induces ET biosynthetic genes in both compatible and incompatible interactions. Analyzing the expression of members of the ET biosynthetic gene families ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO), in both compatible and incompatible interactions, shows differences in amplitude and temporal expression of both ACS and ACO genes in these two interactions. Since ET can promote both resistance and susceptibility against microbial pathogens in tomato, we investigated the role of ET in Mi-1-mediated resistance to M. incognita using both genetic and pharmacological approaches. Impairing ET biosynthesis or perception using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), the ET-insensitive Never ripe (Nr) mutant, or 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP) treatment, did not attenuate Mi-1-mediated resistance to M. incognita. However, Nr plants compromised in ET perception showed enhanced susceptibility to M. incognita indicating a role for ETR3 in basal resistance to root-knot nematodes.
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Contreras-Vergara CA, Stephens-Camacho NA, Yepiz-Plascencia G, González-Aguilar GA, Arvizu-Flores AA, Sanchez-Sanchez E, Islas-Osuna MA. Cloning and expression of ethylene receptor ERS1 at various developmental and ripening stages of mango fruit. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:4081-92. [PMID: 23079970 DOI: 10.4238/2012.september.10.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene induces characteristic ripening reactions in climacteric fruits through its binding to histidine-kinase (HK) receptors, activating the expression of ripening genes. Ethylene receptors have been found in Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) and some fruits; number and expression patterns differ among species. In mango, only ethylene receptor ETR1 was known. We cloned ERS1 cDNA from mango, and evaluated the expression of Mi-ERS1 and Mi-ETR1 by qPCR in developmental and ripening stages of this fruit. The Mi-ERS1 coding sequence is 1890 bp long and encodes 629 amino acids, similar to ERS1 from other fruits. Also, the amino acid sequence of ERS1 C-terminal HK domain shows the cognate fold after molecular modeling. Mi-ERS1 expression levels increased as mangoes ripened, showing the highest levels at the climacteric stage, while Mi-ETR1 levels did not change during development and ripening. We conclude that the patterns of expression of Mi-ERS1 and Mi-ETR1 differ in mango fruit.
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21
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Liu L, Wei J, Zhang M, Zhang L, Li C, Wang Q. Ethylene independent induction of lycopene biosynthesis in tomato fruits by jasmonates. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5751-61. [PMID: 22945939 PMCID: PMC3467294 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the main characteristics of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening is a massive accumulation of carotenoids (mainly lycopene), which may contribute to the nutrient quality of tomato fruit and its role in chemoprevention. Previous studies have shown that ethylene (ET) plays a central role in promoting fruit ripening. In this study, the role of jasmonic acid (JA) in controlling lycopene accumulation in tomato fruits was analysed by measuring fruit lycopene content and the expression levels of lycopene biosynthetic genes in JA-deficient mutants (spr2 and def1) and a 35S::prosystemin transgenic line (35S::prosys) with increased JA levels and constitutive JA signalling. The lycopene content was significantly decreased in the fruits of spr2 and def1, but was enhanced in 35S::prosys fruits. Simultaneously, the expression of lycopene biosynthetic genes followed a similar trend. Lycopene synthesis in methyl jasmonate (MeJA) vapour-treated fruits showed an inverted U-shaped dose response, which significantly enhanced the fruit lycopene content and restored lycopene accumulation in spr2 and def1 at a concentration of 0.5 µM. The results indicated that JA plays a positive role in lycopene biosynthesis. In addition, the role of ET in JA-induced lycopene accumulation was also examined. Ethylene production in tomato fruits was depressed in spr2 and def1 while it increased in 35S::prosys. However, the exogenous application of MeJA to Never ripe (Nr), the ET-insensitive mutant, significantly promoted lycopene accumulation, as well as the expression of lycopene biosynthetic genes. Based on these results, it is proposed that JA might function independently of ethylene to promote lycopene biosynthesis in tomato fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
- Present address: Institution of Sericulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Hangzhou, 310021,PR China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail:
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Osorio S, Alba R, Nikoloski Z, Kochevenko A, Fernie AR, Giovannoni JJ. Integrative comparative analyses of transcript and metabolite profiles from pepper and tomato ripening and development stages uncovers species-specific patterns of network regulatory behavior. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1713-29. [PMID: 22685169 PMCID: PMC3425208 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.199711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Integrative comparative analyses of transcript and metabolite levels from climacteric and nonclimacteric fruits can be employed to unravel the similarities and differences of the underlying regulatory processes. To this end, we conducted combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and heterologous microarray hybridization assays in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum; climacteric) and pepper (Capsicum chilense; nonclimacteric) fruits across development and ripening. Computational methods from multivariate and network-based analyses successfully revealed the difference between the covariance structures of the integrated data sets. Moreover, our results suggest that both fruits have similar ethylene-mediated signaling components; however, their regulation is different and may reflect altered ethylene sensitivity or regulators other than ethylene in pepper. Genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis were not induced in pepper fruits. Nevertheless, genes downstream of ethylene perception such as cell wall metabolism genes, carotenoid biosynthesis genes, and the never-ripe receptor were clearly induced in pepper as in tomato fruit. While signaling sensitivity or actual signals may differ between climacteric and nonclimacteric fruit, the evidence described here suggests that activation of a common set of ripening genes influences metabolic traits. Also, a coordinate regulation of transcripts and the accumulation of key organic acids, including malate, citrate, dehydroascorbate, and threonate, in pepper fruit were observed. Therefore, the integrated analysis allows us to uncover additional information for the comprehensive understanding of biological events relevant to metabolic regulation during climacteric and nonclimacteric fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., Z.N., A.K., A.R.F.); and
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research and United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Robert W. Holley Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (R.A., J.J.G.)
| | - Andrej Kochevenko
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., Z.N., A.K., A.R.F.); and
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research and United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Robert W. Holley Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (R.A., J.J.G.)
| | | | - James J. Giovannoni
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., Z.N., A.K., A.R.F.); and
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research and United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Robert W. Holley Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (R.A., J.J.G.)
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Agarwal G, Choudhary D, Singh VP, Arora A. Role of ethylene receptors during senescence and ripening in horticultural crops. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:827-46. [PMID: 22751331 PMCID: PMC3583974 DOI: 10.4161/psb.20321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The past two decades have been rewarding in terms of deciphering the ethylene signal transduction and functional validation of the ethylene receptor and downstream genes involved in the cascade. Our knowledge of ethylene receptors and its signal transduction pathway provides us a robust platform where we can think of manipulating and regulating ethylene sensitivity by the use of genetic engineering and making transgenic. This review focuses on ethylene perception, receptor mediated regulation of ethylene biosynthesis, role of ethylene receptors in flower senescence, fruit ripening and other effects induced by ethylene. The expression behavior of the receptor and downstream molecules in climacteric and non climacteric crops is also elaborated upon. Possible strategies and recent advances in altering the ethylene sensitivity of plants using ethylene receptor genes in an attempt to modulate the regulation and sensitivity to ethylene have also been discussed. Not only will these transgenic plants be a boon to post-harvest physiology and crop improvement but, it will also help us in discovering the mechanism of regulation of ethylene sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Virendra P. Singh
- Division of Plant Physiology; Indian Agricultural Research Institute; PUSA Campus; New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Arora
- Division of Plant Physiology; Indian Agricultural Research Institute; PUSA Campus; New Delhi, India
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Pear ACO genes encoding putative 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase homologs are functionally expressed during fruit ripening and involved in response to salicylic acid. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:9509-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Manjunatha G, Gupta KJ, Lokesh V, Mur LAJ, Neelwarne B. Nitric oxide counters ethylene effects on ripening fruits. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:476-83. [PMID: 22499176 PMCID: PMC3419037 DOI: 10.4161/psb.19523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene plays a key role in promoting fruit ripening, so altering its biosynthesis/signaling could be an important means to delay this process. Nitric oxide (NO)-generated signals are now being shown to regulate ethylene pathways. NO signals have been shown to transcriptionally repress the expression of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis enzymes and post-translationally modify methionine adenosyl transferase (MAT) activity through S-nitrosylation to reduce the availably of methyl groups required to produce ethylene. Additionally, NO cross-talks with plant hormones and other signal molecules and act to orchestrate the suppression of ethylene effects by modulating enzymes/proteins that are generally triggered by ethylene signaling at post-climacteric stage. Thus, medication of endogenous NO production is suggested as a strategy to postpone the climacteric stage of many tropical fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girigowda Manjunatha
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department; Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore, India
| | - Kapuganti J. Gupta
- Department of Plant Physiology; University of Rostock; Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence to: Kapuganti J Gupta and Bhagyalakshmi Neelwarne; and
| | - Veeresh Lokesh
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department; Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore, India
| | - Luis AJ Mur
- IBERS; Penglais Campus Aberystwyth; Aberystwyth University; Wales UK
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Neelwarne
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department; Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore, India
- Correspondence to: Kapuganti J Gupta and Bhagyalakshmi Neelwarne; and
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Martel C, Vrebalov J, Tafelmeyer P, Giovannoni JJ. The tomato MADS-box transcription factor RIPENING INHIBITOR interacts with promoters involved in numerous ripening processes in a COLORLESS NONRIPENING-dependent manner. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1568-79. [PMID: 21941001 PMCID: PMC3252172 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.181107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a complex developmental process responsible for the transformation of the seed-containing organ into a tissue attractive to seed dispersers and agricultural consumers. The coordinated regulation of the different biochemical pathways necessary to achieve this change receives considerable research attention. The MADS-box transcription factor RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN) is an essential regulator of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening but the exact mechanism by which it influences the expression of ripening-related genes remains unclear. Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation approach, we provide evidence that RIN interacts with the promoters of genes involved in the major pathways associated with observed and well-studied ripening phenotypes and phenomena, including the transcriptional control network involved in overall ripening regulation, ethylene biosynthesis, ethylene perception, downstream ethylene response, cell wall metabolism, and carotenoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, in the cases of ethylene and carotenoid biosynthesis, RIN interacts with the promoters of genes encoding rate-limiting activities. We also show that RIN recruitment to target loci is dependent on a normally functioning allele at the ripening-specific transcription factor COLORLESS NONRIPENING gene locus, further clarifying the relationship between these two ripening regulators.
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27
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Yan SC, Chen JY, Yu WM, Kuang JF, Chen WX, Li XP, Lu WJ. Expression of genes associated with ethylene-signalling pathway in harvested banana fruit in response to temperature and 1-MCP treatment. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:650-7. [PMID: 21302318 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little attention has been paid to characterising the ethylene-signalling pathway genes in relation to abnormal ripening of harvested banana fruit during storage at high temperature. The aim of the present study was to investigate banana fruit abnormal ripening and the expression of ten genes associated with the ethylene-signalling pathway, namely MaACS1, MaACO1, MaERS1-4 and MaEIL1-4, at high temperature. Changes in these parameters of banana fruit at high temperature in response to 1-MCP pretreatment were also investigated. RESULTS High temperature accelerated the decline in fruit firmness, increased ethylene production and inhibited degreening in banana fruit, resulting in fruit abnormal ripening. In addition, the expression of MaACS1, MaACO1, MaERS2, MaERS3, MaERS4, MaEIL1, MaEIL3 and MaEIL4 was enhanced in banana fruit stored at high temperature. However, application of 1-MCP prior to high temperature storage delayed fruit abnormal ripening and simultaneously suppressed the expression of MaACS1, MaERS2, MaERS3, MaEIL1, MaEIL3 and MaEIL4. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggested that the expression of genes associated with the ethylene-signalling pathway might be involved in banana fruit abnormal ripening at high temperature. Application of 1-MCP suppressed the expression of genes associated with the ethylene-signalling pathway, which may be attributed at least partially to 1-MCP delaying fruit abnormal ripening at high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Cheng Yan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science, College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Jakubowicz M, Gałgańska H, Nowak W, Sadowski J. Exogenously induced expression of ethylene biosynthesis, ethylene perception, phospholipase D, and Rboh-oxidase genes in broccoli seedlings. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:3475-91. [PMID: 20581125 PMCID: PMC2905205 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, copper ions, hydrogen peroxide, and cycloheximide have been recognized as very effective inducers of the transcriptional activity of genes encoding the enzymes of the ethylene biosynthesis pathway. In this report, the transcriptional patterns of genes encoding the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthases (ACSs), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidases (ACOs), ETR1, ETR2, and ERS1 ethylene receptors, phospholipase D (PLD)-alpha1, -alpha2, -gamma1, and -delta, and respiratory burst oxidase homologue (Rboh)-NADPH oxidase-D and -F in response to these inducers in Brassica oleracea etiolated seedlings are shown. ACS1, ACO1, ETR2, PLD-gamma1, and RbohD represent genes whose expression was considerably affected by all of the inducers used. The investigations were performed on the seedlings with (i) ethylene insensitivity and (ii) a reduced level of the PLD-derived phosphatidic acid (PA). The general conclusion is that the expression of ACS1, -3, -4, -5, -7, and -11, ACO1, ETR1, ERS1, and ETR2, PLD-gamma 1, and RbohD and F genes is undoubtedly under the reciprocal cross-talk of the ethylene and PA(PLD) signalling routes; both signals affect it in concerted or opposite ways depending on the gene or the type of stimuli. The results of these studies on broccoli seedlings are in agreement with the hypothesis that PA may directly affect the ethylene signal transduction pathway via an inhibitory effect on CTR1 (constitutive triple response 1) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Jakubowicz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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29
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Mantelin S, Bhattarai KK, Kaloshian I. Ethylene contributes to potato aphid susceptibility in a compatible tomato host. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:444-456. [PMID: 19496947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is conferred by Mi-1. Early during both compatible and incompatible interactions, potato aphid feeding induces the expression of ethylene (ET) biosynthetic genes. Here, we used genetic and pharmacologic approaches to investigate the role of ET signaling in basal defense and Mi-1-mediated resistance to potato aphid in tomato. The effect of potato aphid infestation on ET biosynthesis in susceptible and resistant plants was assessed. Aphid bioassays were performed using plants impaired in ET biosynthesis or perception using virus-induced gene silencing, the Never ripe (Nr) mutant, and 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP) treatment. A burst of ET was observed after aphid feeding in both resistant and susceptible plants, correlated with an increase in the expression of ET biosynthetic genes. However, impairing ET signaling or biosynthesis did not compromise Mi-1-mediated resistance but it did decrease susceptibility to potato aphid in a compatible host. ET may not play a significant role in Mi-1-mediated resistance to potato aphids in tomato but modulates the host basal defense, enhancing its susceptibility to the aphid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mantelin
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Kishor K Bhattarai
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Isgouhi Kaloshian
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Lin Z, Alexander L, Hackett R, Grierson D. LeCTR2, a CTR1-like protein kinase from tomato, plays a role in ethylene signalling, development and defence. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 54:1083-93. [PMID: 18346193 PMCID: PMC2440563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis AtCTR1 is a Raf-like protein kinase that interacts with ETR1 and ERS and negatively regulates ethylene responses. In tomato, several CTR1-like proteins could perform this role. We have characterized LeCTR2, which has similarity to AtCTR1 and also to EDR1, a CTR1-like Arabidopsis protein involved in defence and stress responses. Protein-protein interactions between LeCTR2 and six tomato ethylene receptors indicated that LeCTR2 interacts preferentially with the subfamily I ETR1-type ethylene receptors LeETR1 and LeETR2, but not the NR receptor or the subfamily II receptors LeETR4, LeETR5 and LeETR6. The C-terminus of LeCTR2 possesses serine/threonine kinase activity and is capable of auto-phosphorylation and phosphorylation of myelin basic protein in vitro. Overexpression of the LeCTR2 N-terminus in tomato resulted in altered growth habit, including reduced stature, loss of apical dominance, highly branched inflorescences and fruit trusses, indeterminate shoots in place of determinate flowers, and prolific adventitious shoot development from the rachis or rachillae of the leaves. Expression of the ethylene-responsive genes E4 and chitinase B was upregulated in transgenic plants, but ethylene production and the level of mRNA for the ethylene biosynthetic gene ACO1 was unaffected. The leaves and fruit of transgenic plants also displayed enhanced susceptibility to infection by the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, which was associated with much stronger induction of pathogenesis-related genes such as PR1b1 and chitinase B compared with the wild-type. The results suggest that LeCTR2 plays a role in ethylene signalling, development and defence, probably through its interactions with the ETR1-type ethylene receptors of subfamily I.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Don Grierson
- *For Correspondence. (fax +44 115 951 6334; e-mail )
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31
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Deluc LG, Grimplet J, Wheatley MD, Tillett RL, Quilici DR, Osborne C, Schooley DA, Schlauch KA, Cushman JC, Cramer GR. Transcriptomic and metabolite analyses of Cabernet Sauvignon grape berry development. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:429. [PMID: 18034876 PMCID: PMC2220006 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grape berry development is a dynamic process that involves a complex series of molecular genetic and biochemical changes divided into three major phases. During initial berry growth (Phase I), berry size increases along a sigmoidal growth curve due to cell division and subsequent cell expansion, and organic acids (mainly malate and tartrate), tannins, and hydroxycinnamates accumulate to peak levels. The second major phase (Phase II) is defined as a lag phase in which cell expansion ceases and sugars begin to accumulate. Véraison (the onset of ripening) marks the beginning of the third major phase (Phase III) in which berries undergo a second period of sigmoidal growth due to additional mesocarp cell expansion, accumulation of anthocyanin pigments for berry color, accumulation of volatile compounds for aroma, softening, peak accumulation of sugars (mainly glucose and fructose), and a decline in organic acid accumulation. In order to understand the transcriptional network responsible for controlling berry development, mRNA expression profiling was conducted on berries of V. vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon using the Affymetrix GeneChip Vitis oligonucleotide microarray ver. 1.0 spanning seven stages of berry development from small pea size berries (E-L stages 31 to 33 as defined by the modified E-L system), through véraison (E-L stages 34 and 35), to mature berries (E-L stages 36 and 38). Selected metabolites were profiled in parallel with mRNA expression profiling to understand the effect of transcriptional regulatory processes on specific metabolite production that ultimately influence the organoleptic properties of wine. RESULTS Over the course of berry development whole fruit tissues were found to express an average of 74.5% of probes represented on the Vitis microarray, which has 14,470 Unigenes. Approximately 60% of the expressed transcripts were differentially expressed between at least two out of the seven stages of berry development (28% of transcripts, 4,151 Unigenes, had pronounced (> or =2 fold) differences in mRNA expression) illustrating the dynamic nature of the developmental process. The subset of 4,151 Unigenes was split into twenty well-correlated expression profiles. Expression profile patterns included those with declining or increasing mRNA expression over the course of berry development as well as transient peak or trough patterns across various developmental stages as defined by the modified E-L system. These detailed surveys revealed the expression patterns for genes that play key functional roles in phytohormone biosynthesis and response, calcium sequestration, transport and signaling, cell wall metabolism mediating expansion, ripening, and softening, flavonoid metabolism and transport, organic and amino acid metabolism, hexose sugar and triose phosphate metabolism and transport, starch metabolism, photosynthesis, circadian cycles and pathogen resistance. In particular, mRNA expression patterns of transcription factors, abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, and calcium signaling genes identified candidate factors likely to participate in the progression of key developmental events such as véraison and potential candidate genes associated with such processes as auxin partitioning within berry cells, aroma compound production, and pathway regulation and sequestration of flavonoid compounds. Finally, analysis of sugar metabolism gene expression patterns indicated the existence of an alternative pathway for glucose and triose phosphate production that is invoked from véraison to mature berries. CONCLUSION These results reveal the first high-resolution picture of the transcriptome dynamics that occur during seven stages of grape berry development. This work also establishes an extensive catalog of gene expression patterns for future investigations aimed at the dissection of the transcriptional regulatory hierarchies that govern berry development in a widely grown cultivar of wine grape. More importantly, this analysis identified a set of previously unknown genes potentially involved in critical steps associated with fruit development that can now be subjected to functional testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent G Deluc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0014, USA.
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Dal Cin V, Danesin M, Botton A, Boschetti A, Dorigoni A, Ramina A. Fruit load and elevation affect ethylene biosynthesis and action in apple fruit (Malus domestica L. Borkh) during development, maturation and ripening. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2007; 30:1480-5. [PMID: 17897417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The influence of internal and external factors such as tree fruit load and elevation on ethylene biosynthesis and action was assessed during apple fruit development and ripening. Ethylene biosynthesis, as well as transcript accumulation of the hormone biosynthetic enzymes (MdACS1 and MdACO1), receptors (MdETR1 and MdERS1) and an element of the transduction pathway (MdCTR1), were evaluated in apples borne by trees with high (HL) and low (LL) fruit load. Orchards were located in two localities differing in elevation and season day degree sum. These parameters significantly affected the date of bloom and commercial harvest, and the length of the fruit developmental cycle. Trees from the low elevation (LE) bloomed and the fruit ripened earlier than those from the high elevation (HE), displaying also a shortened fruit developmental cycle. Dynamics of ethylene evolution was apparently not affected by elevation. The onset of ethylene evolution started 130 days after bloom (DAB) at both elevations. During early ripening, fruits from LL trees produced significantly more ethylene than those from HL trees. Expression analysis of MdACS1, MdACO1 and MdERS1 indicated that the transcript accumulation well correlated with ethylene evolution. MdCTR1 was expressed at constant level throughout fruit growth and development up to 130 DAB, thereafter, the transcript accumulation decreased up to commercial harvest, concurrently with the onset of ethylene evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriano Dal Cin
- Department of Environmental Agronomy and Crop Science, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Martínez-Romero D, Bailén G, Serrano M, Guillén F, Valverde JM, Zapata P, Castillo S, Valero D. Tools to Maintain Postharvest Fruit and Vegetable Quality through the Inhibition of Ethylene Action: A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2007; 47:543-60. [PMID: 17653980 DOI: 10.1080/10408390600846390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene is a plant hormone controlling a wide range of physiological processes in plants. During postharvest storage of fruit and vegetables ethylene can induce negative effects including senescence, over-ripening, accelerated quality loss, increased fruit pathogen susceptibility, and physiological disorders, among others. Apart from the endogenous ethylene production by plant tissues, external sources of ethylene (e.g. engine exhausts, pollutants, plant, and fungi metabolism) occur along the food chain, in packages, storage chambers, during transportation, and in domestic refrigerators. Thus, it is a great goal in postharvest to avoid ethylene action. This review focuses on tools which may be used to inhibit ethylene biosynthesis/action or to remove ethylene surrounding commodities in order to avoid its detrimental effects on fruit and vegetable quality. As inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis and action, good results have been found with polyamines and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in terms of maintenance of fruit and vegetable quality and extension of postharvest shelf-life. As ethylene scavengers, the best results can be achieved by adsorbers combined with catalysts, either chemical or biological (biofilters).
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Martínez-Romero
- Department Food Technology, University Miguel Hernández. Ctra. Beniel km. 3.2, Orihuela Alicante, Spain
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Fernández-Otero CI, de la Torre F, Iglesias R, Rodríguez-Gacio MC, Matilla AJ. Stage- and tissue-expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis and signalling of ethylene in reproductive organs of damson plum (Prunus domestica L. subsp. insititia). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2007; 45:199-208. [PMID: 17416534 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, four cDNA clones (Pd-ACS1,AJ890088; Pd-ETR1 and Pd-ERS1, AJ890092, AJ890091; and Pd-CTR1, AJ890089) encoding an ACC-synthase, two putative ethylene (ET) receptors, and a putative MAPKKK, respectively, were isolated and phylogenetically characterized in Prunus domestica L. subsp. insititia. Their expression was studied by real-time PCR during flower (closed, open and senescent) and fruit (early green, late green, maturation and ripening) development of damson plum, which is climateric. While two peaks of ET production were quantified at early green and ripening stages in whole fruits, the seed was not able to produce it during maturation and ripening stages. All studied genes were differentially expressed during flower and fruit development. In general, the level of transcripts of Pd-ACS1 was higher in fruits than in flowers. However, it was noteworthy that: (1) Pd-ACS1 expression was hardly detected in closed flowers and at low levels during early green stage; and fruit development provoked a notable differential expression in seeds, and pericarp; (2) the results of Pd-ACS1 expression during fruit development suggest a preponderant role of this gene from late green stage onward. The stamen was the only floral organ in which expression of both Pd-ETR1 and Pd-ERS1 receptor genes was not significantly altered during development; however, their expression decreased concomitantly with development of pistil (only floral organ to register a net ET production when fertilized) and during first days of ovary development (the highest ET production during all fruit development). Contrary to Pd-ERS1, the level of Pd-ETR1 mRNA was temporally quite similar in the seed. With regard Pd-ETR1, even its expression was very scarce during maturation of mesocarp, was stimulated during ripening. In the epicarp, Pd-ERS1 and Pd-ETR1 were low expressed during pit hardening increasing onward and decreasing during ripening. Pd-CTR1 expression was in the seed>mesocarp>>epicarp. Spatial and temporal levels of Pd-ACS1, Pd-ETR1, Pd-ERS1 and Pd-CTR1 mRNAs described in this work demonstrate that the expression of these genes is not always constitutive and that control of its transcription may play an important role in regulating the development of reproductive organs of damson plum.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Fernández-Otero
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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Castagna A, Ederli L, Pasqualini S, Mensuali-Sodi A, Baldan B, Donnini S, Ranieri A. The tomato ethylene receptor LE-ETR3 (NR) is not involved in mediating ozone sensitivity: causal relationships among ethylene emission, oxidative burst and tissue damage. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 174:342-356. [PMID: 17388897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The causal relationships among ethylene emission, oxidative burst and tissue damage, and the temporal expression patterns of some ethylene biosynthetic and responsive genes, were examined in the Never ripe (Nr) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) mutant and its isogenic wild type (cv. Pearson), to investigate the role played by the ethylene receptor LE-ETR3 (NR) in mediating the plant response to ozone (O(3)). Tomato plants were used in a time-course experiment in which they were exposed to acute O(3) fumigation with 200 nl l(-1) O(3) for 4 h. The pattern of leaf lesions indicated similar sensitivities to O(3) for cv. Pearson and Nr. In both genotypes, O(3) activated a hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-dependent oxidative burst, which was also ethylene-driven in Nr leaves. Ozone induced some ethylene and jasmonate biosynthetic and inducible genes, although with different timings and to different extents in the two genotypes. The overall data indicate that Nr retains partial sensitivity to ethylene, suggesting only a marginal role of the NR receptor in mediating the complex response of tomato plants to O(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Castagna
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Department of Plant Biology and Agro-Environmental and Animal Biotechnology, University of Perugia, I-06121, Italy
| | - Stefania Pasqualini
- Department of Plant Biology and Agro-Environmental and Animal Biotechnology, University of Perugia, I-06121, Italy
| | - Anna Mensuali-Sodi
- Sant'Anna School of University Studies and Doctoral Research, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Baldan
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Donnini
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Annamaria Ranieri
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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Tanase K, Ichimura K. Expression of ethylene receptors Dl-ERS1-3 and Dl-ERS2, and ethylene response during flower senescence in Delphinium. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 163:1159-66. [PMID: 16500725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the relationships of flower senescence, especially sepal abscission, and ethylene receptor gene expression in different flower parts, we isolated two cDNAs encoding ethylene receptors Dl-ERS1-3 and Dl-ERS2 from Delphinium flowers. Deduced polypeptides possessed no response regulator domain, indicating that they belong to a family of ethylene response sensor (ERS) ethylene receptors. Dl-ERS1-3 and Dl-ERS2 exhibited constitutive levels during flower senescence. Exogenous ethylene increased transcript levels in sepals, which are influenced by ethylene but not in gynoecia and receptacles, which produce ethylene. It was suggested that expression of ethylene receptor genes under ethylene exposure was differentially regulated in each organ of the flower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tanase
- National Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and Bio-oriented Research Organization, Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba 305-8519, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Wang ZF, Ying TJ, Zhang Y, Bao BL, Huang XD. Characteristics of transgenic tomatoes antisensed for the ethylene receptor genes LeETR1 [corrected] and LeETR2 [corrected]. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2006; 7:591-5. [PMID: 16773735 PMCID: PMC1500884 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2006.b0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two stable transformed lines containing antisense LeETR1 [corrected] or LeETR2 [corrected] sequences and their hybridized line were investigated to determine the effect of LeETR1 [corrected] and LeETR2 [corrected] specificity in the ethylene receptor family in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) on ethylene signaling. The transgenic line ale1 containing antisense LeETR1 [corrected] displayed shorter length of seedling grown in the dark and adult plant in the light, severe epinastic petiole, and accelerated abscission of petiole explant and senescence of flower explant, compared with its wild type B1. The transgenic line ale2 containing antisense LeETR2 [corrected] also exhibited shorter hypocotyls and slightly accelerated abscission. The phenotypes of cross line dale of LeETR1 [corrected] and LeETR2 [corrected] were close to ale1 in many aspects. These results suggested that LeETR1 [corrected] probably plays a relatively important role in ethylene signaling of tomato growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-feng Wang
- School of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
| | - Tie-jin Ying
- School of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- †E-mail:
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
| | - Bi-li Bao
- School of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xiao-dan Huang
- School of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Muday GK, Brady SR, Argueso C, Deruère J, Kieber JJ, DeLong A. RCN1-regulated phosphatase activity and EIN2 modulate hypocotyl gravitropism by a mechanism that does not require ethylene signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 141:1617-29. [PMID: 16798939 PMCID: PMC1533932 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.083212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The roots curl in naphthylphthalamic acid1 (rcn1) mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has altered auxin transport, gravitropism, and ethylene response, providing an opportunity to analyze the interplay between ethylene and auxin in control of seedling growth. Roots of rcn1 seedlings were previously shown to have altered auxin transport, growth, and gravitropism, while rcn1 hypocotyl elongation exhibited enhanced ethylene response. We have characterized auxin transport and gravitropism phenotypes of rcn1 hypocotyls and have explored the roles of auxin and ethylene in controlling these phenotypes. As in roots, auxin transport is increased in etiolated rcn1 hypocotyls. Hypocotyl gravity response is accelerated, although overall elongation is reduced, in etiolated rcn1 hypocotyls. Etiolated, but not light grown, rcn1 seedlings also overproduce ethylene, and mutations conferring ethylene insensitivity restore normal hypocotyl elongation to rcn1. Auxin transport is unaffected by treatment with the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid in etiolated hypocotyls of wild-type and rcn1 seedlings. Surprisingly, the ethylene insensitive2-1 (ein2-1) and ein2-5 mutations dramatically reduce gravitropic bending in hypocotyls. However, the ethylene resistant1-3 (etr1-3) mutation does not significantly affect hypocotyl gravity response. Furthermore, neither the etr1 nor the ein2 mutation abrogates the accelerated gravitropism observed in rcn1 hypocotyls, indicating that both wild-type gravity response and enhanced gravity response in rcn1 do not require an intact ethylene-signaling pathway. We therefore conclude that the RCN1 protein affects overall hypocotyl elongation via negative regulation of ethylene synthesis in etiolated seedlings, and that RCN1 and EIN2 modulate hypocotyl gravitropism and ethylene responses through independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria K Muday
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA.
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Buer CS, Sukumar P, Muday GK. Ethylene modulates flavonoid accumulation and gravitropic responses in roots of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 140:1384-96. [PMID: 16489132 PMCID: PMC1435817 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.075671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant organs change their growth direction in response to reorientation relative to the gravity vector. We explored the role of ethylene in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root gravitropism. Treatment of wild-type Columbia seedlings with the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) reduced root elongation and gravitropic curvature. The ethylene-insensitive mutants ein2-5 and etr1-3 had wild-type root gravity responses, but lacked the growth and gravity inhibition by ACC found in the wild type. We examined the effect of ACC on tt4(2YY6) seedlings, which have a null mutation in the gene encoding chalcone synthase, the first enzyme in flavonoid synthesis. The tt4(2YY6) mutant makes no flavonoids, has elevated indole-3-acetic acid transport, and exhibits a delayed gravity response. Roots of tt4(2YY6), the backcrossed line tt4-2, and two other tt4 alleles had wild-type sensitivity to growth inhibition by ACC, whereas the root gravitropic curvature of these tt4 alleles was much less inhibited by ACC than wild-type roots, suggesting that ACC may reduce gravitropic curvature by altering flavonoid synthesis. ACC treatment induced flavonoid accumulation in root tips, as judged by a dye that becomes fluorescent upon binding flavonoids in wild type, but not in ein2-5 and etr1-3. ACC also prevented a transient peak in flavonoid synthesis in response to gravity. Together, these experiments suggest that elevated ethylene levels negatively regulate root gravitropism, using EIN2- and ETR1-dependent pathways, and that ACC inhibition of gravity response occurs through altering flavonoid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Buer
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA
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Effect of Maturity at Harvest in Relation to Changes in Antioxidant Properties and Ethylene in ‘Chandler’ Strawberry Fruit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1300/j301v04n03_07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Moon H, Callahan AM. Developmental regulation of peach ACC oxidase promoter--GUS fusions in transgenic tomato fruits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2004; 55:1519-28. [PMID: 15208348 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erh162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A genomic DNA sequence (PpACO1) encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO) from peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. Loring) was isolated. It has four exons interrupted by three introns and 2.9 kb of flanking region 5' of the translational start codon. Previous work with the cDNA demonstrated that accumulation of the peach ACO message correlated with increasing amounts of ethylene synthesized by the fruit as they ripened. To identify regulatory elements in the peach ACC oxidase gene, chimeric fusions between 403, 610, 901, 1319, 2141, and 2919 bp of the 5' flanking region of the PpACO1 sequence and the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) coding sequence were constructed and used to transform tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum [Mill] cv. Pixie). Fruits from the various promoter lines were analysed for GUS expression by histochemical GUS staining, GUS quantitative enzyme activity determination, and measuring the relative amounts of GUS mRNA. Constructs with the smallest promoter of 403 bp had significant GUS expression in fruit, but not in other tissues, indicating the presence of a region that affects tissue-specific expression. An increase in GUS expression was observed with promoters longer than 901 bp, indicating an enhancer region between -1319 and -901. The full-length promoter of 2919 bp directed GUS expression in the green stage of fruit development, and increased GUS expression as fruit matured, indicating a regulatory region between -2919 and -2141 that controls the temporal expression of the gene in fruit. Only the full-length promoter sequence demonstrated responsiveness to ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangsik Moon
- USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA
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Adams-Phillips L, Barry C, Giovannoni J. Signal transduction systems regulating fruit ripening. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2004; 9:331-8. [PMID: 15231278 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a unique aspect of plant development with direct implications for a large component of the food supply and related areas of human health and nutrition. Recent advances in ripening research have given insights into the molecular basis of conserved developmental signals coordinating the ripening process and suggest that sequences related to floral development genes might be logical targets for additional discovery. Recent characterization of hormonal and environmental signal transduction components active in tomato fruit ripening (particularly ethylene and light) show conservation of signaling components yet novel gene family size and expression motifs that might facilitate complete and timely manifestation of ripening phenotypes. Emerging genomics tools and approaches are rapidly providing new clues and candidate genes that are expanding the known regulatory circuitry of ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Adams-Phillips
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Cornell Campus, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Klee HJ. Ethylene signal transduction. Moving beyond Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 135:660-7. [PMID: 15208412 PMCID: PMC514102 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.040998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2004] [Revised: 04/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/12/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harry J Klee
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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Wu CT, Bradford KJ. Class I chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase are differentially regulated by wounding, methyl jasmonate, ethylene, and gibberellin in tomato seeds and leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 133:263-73. [PMID: 12970492 PMCID: PMC196603 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.024687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2003] [Revised: 05/10/2003] [Accepted: 05/29/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Class I chitinase (Chi9) and beta-1,3-glucanase (GluB) genes are expressed in the micropylar endosperm cap of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seeds just before radicle emergence through this tissue to complete germination. In gibberellin (GA)-deficient mutant (gib-1) seeds, expression of Chi9 and GluB mRNA and protein is dependent upon GA. However, as expression occurs relatively late in the germination process, we investigated whether the genes are induced indirectly in response to tissue wounding associated with endosperm cap weakening and radicle protrusion. Wounding and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induced Chi9 expression, whereas ethylene, abscisic acid, sodium salicylate, fusicoccin, or beta-aminobutyric acid were without effect. Chi9 expression occurred only in the micropylar tissues when seeds were exposed to MeJA or were wounded at the chalazal end of the seed. Expression of Chi9, but not GluB, mRNA was reduced in germinating seeds of the jasmonate-deficient defenseless1 tomato mutant and could be restored by MeJA treatment. Chi9 expression during germination may be associated with "wounding" from cell wall hydrolysis and weakening in the endosperm cap leading to radicle protrusion, and jasmonate is involved in the signaling pathway for this response. Among these treatments and chemicals (other than GA), only MeJA and wounding induced a low level of GluB expression in gib-1 seeds. However, MeJA, wounding, and particularly ethylene induced both genes in leaves, whereas GA induced only Chi9 in leaves. Although normally expressed simultaneously during tomato seed germination, Chi9 and GluB genes are regulated distinctly and tissue specifically by hormones and wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ta Wu
- Department of Vegetable Crops, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8631, USA
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Schmelz EA, Alborn HT, Engelberth J, Tumlinson JH. Nitrogen deficiency increases volicitin-induced volatile emission, jasmonic acid accumulation, and ethylene sensitivity in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 133:295-306. [PMID: 12970495 PMCID: PMC196606 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.024174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2003] [Revised: 04/24/2003] [Accepted: 06/02/2003] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivore-induced plant volatile emission and the subsequent attraction of natural enemies is facilitated by fatty acid-amino acid conjugate (FAC) elicitors, such as volicitin [N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine], present in caterpillar oral secretions. Insect-induced jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (E) are believed to mediate the magnitude of this variable response. In maize (Zea mays) seedlings, we examined the interaction of volicitin, JA, and E on the induction of volatile emission at different levels of nitrogen (N) availability that are known to influence E sensitivity. N availability and volicitin-induced sesquiterpene emission are inversely related as maximal responses were elicited in N-deficient plants. Plants with low N availability demonstrated similar volatile responses to volicitin (1 nmol plant(-1)) and JA (100 nmol plant(-1)). In contrast, plants with medium N availability released much lower amounts of volicitin-induced sesquiterpenes compared with JA, suggesting an alteration in volicitin-induced JA levels. As predicted, low N plants exhibited greater sustained increases in wound- and volicitin-induced JA levels compared with medium N plants. N availability also altered volicitin-E interactions. In low N plants, E synergized volicitin-induced sesquiterpene and indole emission 4- to 12-fold, with significant interactions first detected at 10 nL L(-1) E. Medium N plants demonstrated greatly reduced volicitin-E interactions. Volicitin-induced sesquiterpene emission was increased by E and was decreased by pretreatment the E perception inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene without alteration in volicitin-induced JA levels. N availability influences plant responses to insect-derived elicitors through changes in E sensitivity and E-independent JA kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Schmelz
- Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
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