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Cheung JC, Sorgi-Wilson KM, Ciesinski NK, McCloskey MS. Examining the relationship between subtypes of rumination and non-suicidal self-injury: A meta-analytic review. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2024; 54:528-555. [PMID: 38411021 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a highly prevalent maladaptive behavior, often used to cope with intense negative affect. Rumination is an emotion regulation strategy that leads to fixation on and exacerbation of (typically) negative affective states. However, studies examining the relationship between rumination and NSSI have yielded mixed results, showing high degrees of heterogeneity. METHODS The present study conducted meta-analyses (k = 50) of the association between overall rumination and NSSI, and independent meta-analyses for each of four subtypes of rumination (general, depressive, brooding, reflection rumination). Potential moderators that may influence the magnitude of these relationships were also examined. RESULTS A small-to-moderate positive association between rumination and NSSI was found independent of rumination subtype. Moderating effects included NSSI outcome measure and study design for overall rumination and general rumination, respectively. Race was found to moderate the relationships between both brooding and depressive rumination and NSSI, though in inverse directions. An analysis of effect heterogeneity across studies suggested that undetected moderators may be present. CONCLUSION Results of this study support the relationships between rumination subtypes and NSSI and identify factors that may impact these relationships. Continued research is needed to understand this association, particularly in more varied subtypes of rumination and cognitive-affective moderators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey C Cheung
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Nicole K Ciesinski
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael S McCloskey
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Quinn KG, Harris M, Sherrod D, Hunt BR, Jacobs J, Valencia J, Walsh JL. The COVID-19, racism, and violence syndemic: Evidence from a qualitative study with Black residents of Chicago. SSM. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN HEALTH 2023; 3:100218. [PMID: 36628065 PMCID: PMC9817424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic emerged in the United States in the shadows of a vast history of structural racism and community and police violence that disproportionately affect Black communities. Collectively, they have created a syndemic, wherein COVID-19, racism, and violence are mutually reinforcing to produce adverse health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to understand the COVID-19, racism, and violence syndemic and examine how structural racism and violence contributed to the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on Black communities. In early 2021, we conducted phenomenological qualitative interviews with 50 Black residents of Chicago. Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. We identified four primary themes in our analyses: 1) the intersection of racism and violence in Chicago; 2) longstanding inequities were laid bare by COVID-19; 3) the pervasiveness of racism and violence contributes to poor mental health; 4) and COVID-19, racism and violence emerged as a syndemic. Our findings underscore the importance of addressing social and structural factors in remediating the health and social consequences brought about by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Quinn
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Melissa Harris
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Institute of Health and Equity, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Darielle Sherrod
- Sinai Health System, Sinai Urban Health Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bijou R Hunt
- Sinai Health System, Sinai Infectious Disease Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Jacobs
- Sinai Health System, Sinai Urban Health Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jesus Valencia
- Sinai Health System, Sinai Urban Health Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Walsh
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Wang K, Schick MR, Quinn DL, Weiss NH. The Role of Emotion Dysregulation in the Association Between Substance Use Stigma and Depressive Symptoms Among Trauma-Exposed, Substance-Using Individuals. STIGMA AND HEALTH 2023; 8:243-251. [PMID: 37577451 PMCID: PMC10419118 DOI: 10.1037/sah0000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the well-documented association between experiences of substance use stigma and adverse mental health outcomes, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this association. Utilizing a community sample of substance-using adults who have experienced at least one traumatic event in their lifetime, the current study examined the role of dysregulation stemming from both negative and positive emotions in the relation between substance use stigma and depressive symptoms. Community participants (N = 320, 46.9% women) completed self-report measures of substance-use-related stigma experiences, negative and positive emotion dysregulation, and depressive symptoms. Results showed that, adjusting for gender and substance use severity, substance use stigma was positively associated with emotion dysregulation, which in turn related to depressive symptoms. Substance use stigma was also found to be indirectly associated with depressive symptoms through emotion dysregulation, suggesting that emotion dysregulation accounted for the significant association between substance use stigma and depressive symptoms. These findings provide initial support for the role of emotion dysregulation as a mechanism through which stigma operates to undermine the mental health of substance-using, trauma-exposed individuals. Results underscore the potential utility of targeting emotion dysregulation in intervention efforts that are designed to facilitate stigma coping among individuals who use alcohol and/or drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Wang
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health
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Roach EL, Haft SL, Huang J, Zhou Q. Systematic Review: The Association Between Race-Related Stress and Trauma and Emotion Dysregulation in Youth of Color. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 62:190-207. [PMID: 35500785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on the relations between race-related stress and trauma (RST) and emotion dysregulation, synthesize empirical research examining these associations in youth of color, and discuss clinical implications. METHOD We searched PubMed, ProQuest PsycInfo, and Web of Science for relevant articles on June 24, 2021. Eligible studies were empirical studies in peer-reviewed journals or from gray literature. They included a sample of participants (5-24 years of age) from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds and at least 1 measure of RST and emotion dysregulation. We evaluated target studies using the Quality Assessment for Diverse Studies and extracted information on associations between RST and emotion dysregulation, as well as mediators and moderators. RESULTS Ultimately, 29 studies (78,173 participants) met inclusion criteria. A total of 28 studies were correlational, 16 were cross-sectional, and 12 were longitudinal. Greater RST was linked to greater emotion dysregulation in 78% of observed associations. Remaining associations were not significant. Relationships were mediated by types of coping, biological factors, and identity factors. RST was also related to several wellbeing outcomes through its relations with emotion dysregulation. CONCLUSION Results consistently demonstrated that greater exposure to RST is related to greater emotion dysregulation and decreased wellbeing in youth of color. These findings suggest that clinicians should incorporate the role of RST in case conceptualizations and treatment plans for this population. Future research should use multidimensional measures of RST and include experimental studies to examine the causal relationship between RST and emotion dysregulation.
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Hoggard LS, Volpe VV, Hatton VL, Jones SJ, Tikhonov AA, Davis SE. "Now I just need something sweet": Racism, emotional eating, and health among African Americans. Soc Sci Med 2023; 316:114947. [PMID: 35410763 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Environmental Affordances Model theorizes that systemic racism disproportionately exposes African Americans in the United States to chronic everyday stressors (e.g., individual racism) while simultaneously shaping the availability of coping resources (e.g., fast food outlets) and engagement in self-regulatory strategies (e.g., emotional eating). Greater engagement in self-regulatory strategies is theorized to preserve mental health while contributing to medical morbidities and mortality. OBJECTIVE However, few studies have tested the Environmental Affordances Model, limiting our understanding of how the proposed pathways operate in the lives of African Americans. METHODS In the present study, the associations between systemic racism (institutional racism, cultural racism, neighborhood disadvantage), chronic everyday stressors (exposure to individual racism), emotional eating, and mental (anxiety symptomatology) and physical (self-rated overall physical health) health are assessed in a sample of 751 African Americans aged 18 to 88. RESULTS The path analysis reveals that institutional and cultural racism are both positively associated with individual racism. Neighborhood disadvantage is inversely associated with individual racism. Individual racism is significantly associated with greater anxiety symptomatology but is unrelated to self-rated overall physical health. Institutional and cultural racism are associated with emotional eating although individual racism and neighborhood disadvantage are not. Moreover, engagement in emotional eating exacerbates, rather than mitigates, the impacts of individual racism on anxiety symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that institutional and cultural racism contribute to individual racism experiences and emotional eating whereas emotional eating exacerbates associations among individual racism and anxiety symptomatology.
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Volpert-Esmond HI, Landor AM, Bartholow BD. Immediate and delayed effects of everyday racial discrimination on mental health among Black college students: A mixed-methods approach. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221131029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Experiences of racial discrimination significantly contribute to both mental and physical health outcomes. In this mixed-methods study, we examine both the immediate and delayed effect of discrimination experienced in daily life. Black students at a predominantly White university reported instances of racial discrimination, affect, anxiety, and depression several times per day over 4 weeks ( N = 114); this was followed by qualitative focus groups ( N = 25). Reporting an instance of discrimination corresponded with an acute decline in psychological wellbeing (higher negative affect, anxiety, and depression), consistent with previous work. However, this effect did not carry forward to later assessments during the same day or the following day as expected. Instead, positive affect temporarily increased in the hours following experiences of discrimination. Qualitative focus groups revealed social support, emotional reflection and processing, and feelings of taking action as important factors contributing to this bump in positive affect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoinette M. Landor
- Department of Human Development and Family sciences, University of Missouri, USA
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Bernard DL, Halliday CA, Are F, Banks DE, Danielson CK. Rumination as a Mediator of the Association Between Racial Discrimination and Depression Among Black Youth. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2022; 9:1937-1945. [PMID: 34410607 PMCID: PMC8857306 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial discrimination constitutes a significant risk factor for depressive symptoms among Black youth. Rumination, a maladaptive self-regulatory stress response, is a notable pathway by which racial discrimination contributes to depressive symptoms among racial/ethnic minority adults. Yet, examinations of the mechanistic nature of rumination in the context of racial discrimination among racial/ethnic minority youth remain limited. The present study investigated rumination as a mediator of the association between racial discrimination and depressive symptoms among Black youth. METHODS Data for the current study were drawn from baseline questionnaire responses of community recruited Black pre-and-early adolescents (N = 158, 53% female, Mage = 11.50) in the southeast USA participating in an ongoing longitudinal study examining the effects of interpersonal stressors on youth mental health outcomes. RESULTS After adjusting for age and gender, mediation analyses revealed a significant indirect effect of racial discrimination on depressive symptoms through rumination, estimate = 0.29, 95% confidence interval [0.12, 0.47]. Racial discrimination was positively associated with rumination (b = .74, SE = .23, p = .001), and rumination, in turn, was positively associated with depressive symptoms (b = .40, SE = .06, p < .001). CONCLUSION Consistent with previous research, we found racial discrimination to be directly and indirectly associated with depressive symptoms among Black youth. Findings provide evidence of the cognitive burden of discriminatory experiences and suggest that rumination represents a potential pathway that can be targeted at early developmental stages to reduce the deleterious impact of racism-related stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donte L Bernard
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Colleen A Halliday
- Center for Global and Community Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Funlola Are
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center At Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Devin E Banks
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63131, USA
| | - Carla Kmett Danielson
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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Brownlow BN. How Racism "Gets Under the Skin": An Examination of the Physical- and Mental-Health Costs of Culturally Compelled Coping. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 18:576-596. [PMID: 36179058 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221113762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Historically and contemporarily, Black Americans have been compelled to use effortful coping styles characterized by high behavioral and emotional restraint in the face of systematic racism. Lynch and colleagues have previously conceptualized a class of regulatory strategies-overcontrolled coping-characterized by emotional suppression, hypervigilance for threat, and high distress tolerance, which bear close analogy to coping styles frequently used among individuals facing chronic racial stress. However, given the inherent culture of racism in the United States, engaging in highly controlled coping strategies is often necessitated and adaptive, at least in the short term. Thus, for Black Americans this class of coping strategies is conceptualized as culturally compelled coping rather than overcontrolled coping. In the current article, I offer a critical examination of the literature and introduce a novel theoretical model-culturally compelled coping-that culturally translates selected components of Lynch's model. Cultural translation refers to considering how the meaning, function, and consequences of using overcontrolled coping strategies changes when considering how Black Americans exist and cope within a culture of systematic racism. Importantly, this model may offer broad implications for future research and treatment by contextualizing emotion regulation as a central mechanism, partially answering how racism "gets under the skin" and affects the health of Black Americans.
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Antebi-Gruszka N, Friedman AA, Balsam KF. Multiple forms of discrimination, mental distress, and well-being among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer individuals: The role of brooding. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2022.2089425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Antebi-Gruszka
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Heartspace Therapy (Private Practice), New York, New York, USA
| | - Ariel A. Friedman
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Kimberly F. Balsam
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California, USA
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10
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Almeida OFX, Sousa N. Leveraging Neuroscience to Fight Stigma Around Mental Health. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:812184. [PMID: 35295248 PMCID: PMC8919064 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.812184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Labels serve as identifiers and convenient descriptors of inanimate and animate objects. In humans, given labels can easily become part of an individual’s self-perceived identity. Negative labels ascribed to a person can result in internalized stigma, a state that will shape the subject’s biography. This can ultimately impact the person’s mental and physical health since perceived and/or anticipated stigma discourages the use of social and health services. Per definition, stigma involves labeling of persons with physical, mental, or social characteristics that do not match the observer’s arbitrarily conditioned and calibrated sense of norms (public stigma); such labeling may eventually become embedded in rules, regulations, and laws (structural stigma). Internalized stigma projects onto a person’s emotions and actions. Public (enacted) stigma results from stereotyping (collectively agreed-upon notions about a group of persons that are used to categorize these people) and devaluation, which subsequently leads to social distancing, discrimination, and blatant abuse of human rights. Much of what we know about stigma results from research in the psychosocial sciences and, more recently, from social neuroscience. The stigma around mental health has generated much attention in the field of psychiatry where, to date, most research has focussed on epidemiology and anti-stigma interventions. This essay intends to stimulate thought, debate, and research within the behavioral neuroscience community and, therefore, to inform evidence-based design and implementation of neuroscience-based approaches by other professionals working towards the elimination of the stigma attached to mental illness. The article starts by considering the concept of stigma and the psychological processes that give rise to the phenomenon; it also considers how projected and perceived stigma are multiplied. Finally, after a brief review of the few existing neuroscientific explorations of stigma, gaps in our knowledge of the neurobiological basis of stigma are identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osborne F. X. Almeida
- School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Osborne F. X. Almeida
| | - Nuno Sousa
- School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Woody ML, Bell EC, Cruz NA, Wears A, Anderson RE, Price RB. Racial Stress and Trauma and the Development of Adolescent Depression: A Review of the Role of Vigilance Evoked by Racism-Related Threat. CHRONIC STRESS 2022; 6:24705470221118574. [PMID: 35966451 PMCID: PMC9373112 DOI: 10.1177/24705470221118574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
There are known disparities in the burden of illness and access/quality of care
for African, Latino/a, Asian, and Native American (ALANA) patients diagnosed
with depressive disorders, which may occur because of health inequities. Racial
stress and trauma (RST), or the significant fear and distress that can be
imparted from exposure to racism, is one such inequity linked to the development
of depression. The current review summarizes past research examining the
association between racism, RST, and depression, as well as avenues in which RST
becomes biologically embedded in ALANA individuals. We describe multimodal
research that supports vigilance as a potential mediator of the association
between RST and depression and consider the nuanced role that vigilance plays
during experiences with racism. Finally, we describe methodological advances in
the assessment of vigilance evoked by RST and the clinical implications that may
be generated by future improvements. In each of these areas, we present examples
of how ongoing and future research can be leveraged to provide support for
psychosocial programs that facilitate autonomous community healing and
resilience, increase calls for public policy changes, and support clinical
interventions that lessen the burden of racism on ALANA communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L. Woody
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Nicolas A. Cruz
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anna Wears
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Riana E. Anderson
- Health Behavior and Health Education Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca B. Price
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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12
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Ramos G, Aguilera A, Montoya A, Lau A, Wen CY, Cruz Torres V, Chavira D. App-Based Mindfulness Meditation for People of Color Who Experience Race-Related Stress: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 11:e35196. [PMID: 35436228 PMCID: PMC9052031 DOI: 10.2196/35196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People of color (POC) who experience race-related stress are at risk of developing mental health problems, including high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Mindfulness meditation may be especially well suited to help POC cope, given its emphasis on gaining awareness and acceptance of emotions associated with discriminatory treatment. However, mindfulness meditation rarely reaches POC, and digital approaches could reduce this treatment gap by addressing traditional barriers to care. Objective This study will test the effectiveness of a self-directed app-based mindfulness meditation program among POC who experience elevated levels of race-related stress. Implementation outcomes such as treatment acceptability, adherence, and satisfaction will be examined. Methods Participants (n=80) will be recruited online by posting recruitment materials on social media and sending emails to relevant groups. In-person recruitment will consist of posting flyers in communities with significant POC representation. Eligible participants will be block randomized to either the intervention group (n=40) that will complete a self-directed 4-week mindfulness meditation program or a wait-list control condition (n=40) that will receive access to the app after study completion. All participants will complete measures at baseline, midtreatment, and posttreatment. Primary outcomes include changes in stress, anxiety, and depression, and secondary outcomes constitute changes in mindfulness, self-compassion, rumination, emotion suppression, and experiential avoidance. Exploratory analyses will examine whether changes in the secondary outcomes mediate changes in primary outcomes. Finally, treatment acceptability, adherence, and satisfaction will be examined descriptively. Results Recruitment began in October 2021. Data will be analyzed using multilevel modeling, a statistical methodology that accounts for the dependence among repeated observations. Considering attrition issues in self-directed digital interventions and their potential effects on statistical significance and treatment effect sizes, we will examine data using both intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses. Conclusions To our knowledge, this will be the first study to provide data on the effectiveness of a self-directed app-based mindfulness meditation program for POC recruited based on elevated race-related stress, a high-risk population. Similarly, meaningful clinical targets for POC affected by stressors related to race will be examined. Findings will provide important information regarding whether this type of intervention is an acceptable treatment among these marginalized groups. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05027113; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05027113 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/35196
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ramos
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Adrian Aguilera
- School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Amanda Montoya
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anna Lau
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chu Yin Wen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Denise Chavira
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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13
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Smith E, Pössel P. Exploring the Relation between Adolescents' Number of Perceived Reasons for Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 50:549-560. [PMID: 34633601 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Methodological impediments have presented challenges in identifying which individuals are at the highest risk of experiencing discrimination and its detrimental corollaries. In the current study, we examined whether adolescents' number of perceived reasons for everyday discriminations (i.e., number of identities and/or characteristics adolescents identify as the reasons(s) they are discriminated against) is associated with frequency of perceived everyday discriminations (PED) and depressive symptoms. Further, we evaluated indirect associations between number of perceived reasons for PEDs and depressive symptoms through frequency of PED, brooding, and reflection. The sample for this cross-sectional study consisted of 328 9th grade students between the ages of 13 and 16 (M = 14.19, SD = 0.56). Around 60% of the sample identified as male, and a majority of the adolescents identified their race as either Black (46%) or White (35%). Adolescents provided data on perceived reasons for PEDs, frequency of PED, brooding, reflection, and depressive symptoms using self-report measures. Adolescents' number of perceived reasons for PEDs was associated with frequency of PED and depressive symptoms. There were also multiple indirect associations between adolescents' number of perceived reasons for PEDs and depressive symptoms through frequency of PED, brooding, and reflection. Our results indicate that accounting for adolescents' number of perceived reasons for PEDs may be useful to both researchers and clinicians in identifying which individuals are at the greatest risk of experiencing PED and associated outcomes. Additional implications and future directions for research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Smith
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Patrick Pössel
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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14
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Chae DH, Yip T, Martz CD, Chung K, Richeson JA, Hajat A, Curtis DS, Rogers LO, LaVeist TA. Vicarious Racism and Vigilance During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Mental Health Implications Among Asian and Black Americans. Public Health Rep 2021; 136:508-517. [PMID: 34034574 PMCID: PMC8203039 DOI: 10.1177/00333549211018675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Experiences of vicarious racism-hearing about racism directed toward one's racial group or racist acts committed against other racial group members-and vigilance about racial discrimination have been salient during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined vicarious racism and vigilance in relation to symptoms of depression and anxiety among Asian and Black Americans. METHODS We used data from a cross-sectional study of 604 Asian American and 844 Black American adults aged ≥18 in the United States recruited from 5 US cities from May 21 through July 15, 2020. Multivariable linear regression models examined levels of depression and anxiety by self-reported vicarious racism and vigilance. RESULTS Controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, among both Asian and Black Americans, greater self-reported vicarious racism was associated with more symptoms of depression (Asian: β = 1.92 [95% CI, 0.97-2.87]; Black: β = 1.72 [95% CI, 0.95-2.49]) and anxiety (Asian: β = 2.40 [95% CI, 1.48-3.32]; Black: β = 1.98 [95% CI, 1.17-2.78]). Vigilance was also positively related to symptoms of depression (Asian: β = 1.54 [95% CI, 0.58-2.50]; Black: β = 0.90 [95% CI, 0.12-1.67]) and anxiety (Asian: β = 1.98 [95% CI, 1.05-2.91]; Black: β = 1.64 [95% CI, 0.82-2.45]). CONCLUSIONS Mental health problems are a pressing concern during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results from our study suggest that heightened racist sentiment, harassment, and violence against Asian and Black Americans contribute to increased risk of depression and anxiety via vicarious racism and vigilance. Public health efforts during this period should address endemic racism as well as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Chae
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Tiffany Yip
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Connor D. Martz
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Kara Chung
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Richeson
- Department of Psychology, Institution for Social and Policy Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anjum Hajat
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David S. Curtis
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Leoandra Onnie Rogers
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Thomas A. LaVeist
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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15
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Pichardo CM, Molina KM, Rosas CE, Uriostegui M, Sanchez-Johnsen L. Racial Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms among Latina/o College Students: The Role of Racism-Related Vigilance and Sleep. RACE AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS 2021; 13:86-101. [PMID: 34306242 PMCID: PMC8300542 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-020-09304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Latinx college students are at high risk of suffering from depressive symptoms. A factor posited to influence depressive symptoms among Latinx college students is racial/ethnic discrimination. However, the mechanisms which link racial/ethnic discrimination to depressive symptoms are not well understood. This study examined the mediating role of racism-related vigilance and sleep-related factors (i.e., sleep quality, sleep efficiency) on the relationship between perceived intergroup racial/ethnic discrimination and depressive symptoms. METHODS Participants were 194 Latinx college students enrolled at a Midwestern university designated as a Hispanic-Serving Institution. Path analysis was conducted to investigate whether racism-related vigilance and sleep-related factors (i.e. sleep quality, sleep efficiency) are potential pathways in the relationship between intergroup racial/ethnic discrimination and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Path analysis revealed that racism-related vigilance and sleep quality sequentially mediated the effect of perceived intergroup racial/ethnic discrimination on depressive symptoms. Sleep efficiency did not mediate the relationship between racial/ethnic discrimination and depressive symptoms. DISCUSSION This study is among the first to document that intergroup racial/ethnic discrimination is negatively related to mental health through both cognitive and behavioral mechanisms. This research has important implications for understanding how discrimination may influence mental health outcomes among Latinx college students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos E. Rosas
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | | | - Lisa Sanchez-Johnsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Surgery, and Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago
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16
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Farber R, Wedell E, Herchenroeder L, Dickter CL, Pearson MR, Bravo AJ. Microaggressions and Psychological Health Among College Students: A Moderated Mediation Model of Rumination and Social Structure Beliefs. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 8:245-255. [PMID: 32514783 PMCID: PMC7722011 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-020-00778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Racial microaggressions are common experiences for students of color on college campuses. Given prior research connecting microaggressions to negative mental health outcomes, it is important to better understand the social context and process through which microaggressions are associated with poorer mental health. In addition, we put forth a psycho-sociological approach to microaggressions, integrating an attention to both individual psychology and broader social structure. Specifically, the present study investigated whether the indirect association of school/workplace microaggressions and internalizing symptoms (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) through problem-focused thoughts (a subset of ruminative thinking) differed as a function of horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism among a racially diverse sample of non-White college students (n = 549) from two universities in the USA. As hypothesized, problem-focused thoughts mediated the associations between school/workplace microaggressions and all three negative mental health symptoms. Furthermore, the indirect effect of school/workplace microaggressions on psychological health through problem-focused thoughts was stronger in students with high levels of vertical individualism (i.e., autonomous but recognize/accept inequality among individuals), compared to students with low or average levels. Our findings suggest that students of color who endorse vertical individualism are at a relatively greater risk of negative mental health outcomes related to school/workplace microaggressions via problem-focused thoughts. Future research is needed to examine additional factors that may buffer or strengthen the pathways between microaggressions and negative mental health in students of color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reya Farber
- Department of Sociology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Emma Wedell
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Luke Herchenroeder
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Cheryl L Dickter
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Matthew R Pearson
- Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Adrian J Bravo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA.
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17
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He F, Dong H, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Bixler EO, Liao J, Liao D. Racial/ethnic disparity in habitual sleep is modified by caloric intake in adolescents. Sleep Med 2020; 76:65-71. [PMID: 33120130 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES We investigated the moderation of caloric intake on the association between race/ethnicity and habitual sleep in adolescents. METHODS We analyzed the data obtained from 324 adolescents who completed the follow-up examination of the Penn State Child Cohort study. We collected actigraphy-measured sleep duration on 7 consecutive nights and computed their mean and standard deviation as habitual sleep duration (HSD) and habitual sleep variability (HSV), respectively. We also measured participants' daily intakes of total calorie, total fat, carbohydrates, and protein, through the Youth/Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire. Adjusted mean HSD and HSV among non-Hispanic whites and racial/ethnic minorities were compared by using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), while controlling for age, sex, BMI percentile, total caloric intake, and socioeconomic status. The significance of the interaction between race/ethnicity and caloric intake was further tested in ANCOVA models. RESULTS The study sample consisted of 79.3% non-Hispanic whites, 13.0% African American, 4.6% Hispanics, 2.2% Asian, and 0.9% American Indian. Adolescents who are racial/ethnic minorities showed shorter HSD (mean (SE): 6.80 (0.10) vs. 7.07 (0.05) hours/night, p = 0.02) and higher HSV (mean (SE): 1.31 (0.07) vs. 1.15 (0.04) hours/night, p = 0.04) than non-Hispanic whites. Racial/ethnic differences in HSV were significantly more pronounced among adolescents with high caloric intake (p interaction = 0.01), especially from carbohydrates (p interaction = 0.03) and fat (p interaction = 0.05). CONCLUSION Adolescents who are racial/ethnic minorities slept objectively shorter and with greater night-to-night variability than non-Hispanic whites. The racial/ethnic disparity in habitual sleep variability was more pronounced among adolescents with high caloric intake, particularly from carbohydrates and fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan He
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 90 Hope Dr. Suite 2200, A210, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Huamei Dong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 90 Hope Dr. Suite 2200, A210, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Julio Fernandez-Mendoza
- Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Edward O Bixler
- Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Jiangang Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 90 Hope Dr. Suite 2200, A210, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Duanping Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 90 Hope Dr. Suite 2200, A210, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Brownlow BN, Sosoo EE, Long RN, Hoggard LS, Burford TI, Hill LK. Sex Differences in the Impact of Racial Discrimination on Mental Health Among Black Americans. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21:112. [PMID: 31686220 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-019-1098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Greater racial discrimination is associated with poorer mental health among Black Americans; yet, there remains an incomplete understanding of sex differences in exposure to racial discrimination, and further, of how sex differences in coping with racial discrimination may heighten or diminish risk for poorer mental health. RECENT FINDINGS Black men may experience greater exposure to both structural and communal forms of racial discrimination, whereas Black women may face both a wider range of potential sources, as well as encounter greater variability in the subjective experience of racial discrimination. For both Black women and men, racial discrimination may be similarly associated with maladaptive coping strategies (i.e., emotional eating, rumination) that also are linked to poorer mental health; however, emerging findings suggest that mindfulness may partially buffer these deleterious effects. Overall, the recent literature reveals mixed findings with respect to sex differences in the experience and negative mental health impact of racial discrimination. Despite this heterogeneity, evidence documents sex differences in the settings, type, and qualitative experience of racial discrimination among Black Americans. Additionally, growing evidence indicating that racial discrimination is associated with physiological markers of stress reactivity and psychopathology risk further bolsters its characterization as a unique form of chronic stress among Black Americans and other minority groups in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana N Brownlow
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Effua E Sosoo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Risa N Long
- Department of Family Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lori S Hoggard
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Tanisha I Burford
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - LaBarron K Hill
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3119, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Center for Biobehavioral Health Disparities Research, Duke University-Social Science Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3119, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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19
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Wang Y, Yip T. Sleep Facilitates Coping: Moderated Mediation of Daily Sleep, Ethnic/Racial Discrimination, Stress Responses, and Adolescent Well‐Being. Child Dev 2019; 91:e833-e852. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Borders A, Wiley S. Rumination about discrimination mediates the unique association between anger and collective action intentions. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430219875214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
People are more willing to engage in collective action when they feel anger about collective disadvantage (van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears, 2008). However, anger is often a fleeting emotion, whereas collective action is deliberate and sustained. Moreover, people cannot always engage in collective action on demand. We propose that rumination, or repetitive thoughts about negative emotions and experiences, may constitute a mechanism by which anger about collective disadvantage is sustained, and through it the motivation to engage in collective action. In three separate samples (128 students of color, 155 women, and 150 sexual minorities), we measured group-based anger about discrimination, group efficacy, group identification, rumination about discrimination, and collective action intentions. In all samples, rumination mediated the unique association between group-based anger and collective action intentions, controlling for group efficacy and group identification. Further, in an experimental study with 117 undergraduate women, we found that rumination, compared to distraction, sustained anger about collective disadvantage over a short period of time, and this sustained level of anger mediated the relationship between rumination and collective action intentions. These results lend support to conceptualizing collective action as a form of coping with collective disadvantage, and highlight the potential role of emotion regulation strategies like rumination in understanding intergroup relations.
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21
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Polanco-Roman L, Anglin DM, Miranda R, Jeglic EL. Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Suicidal Ideation in Emerging Adults: The Role of Traumatic Stress and Depressive Symptoms Varies by Gender not Race/Ethnicity. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 48:2023-2037. [PMID: 31541372 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01097-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Drawing from Race-Based Traumatic Stress theory, the present study examined whether traumatic stress and depressive symptoms differentially help explain the relation between racial/ethnic discrimination and suicidal ideation across gender and racial/ethnic groups. A racially/ethnically diverse group of emerging adults (N = 1344; Mage = 19.88, SD = 2.25; 72% female; 46% Hispanic) completed a battery of self-report measures. A cross-sectional design was employed with a series of hierarchical linear regression models and bootstrapping procedures to examine the direct and indirect relation between racial/ethnic discrimination and suicidal ideation through traumatic stress and depressive symptoms across gender and race/ethnicity. The findings suggest an indirect relation through depressive symptoms, but not traumatic stress, and a serial indirect relation through traumatic stress to depressive symptoms in young women and young men, the latter of which was stronger in young women. The indirect relations did not vary by racial/ethnic group. Cumulative experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination may impact suicide-related risk via increases in psychiatric symptomology (i.e., traumatic stress and depressive symptoms), particularly in young women. Racial/ethnic discrimination experiences should be accounted for as a potential source of psychological distress in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of suicidal thoughts and behavior, especially among young women endorsing traumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Further research is warranted to better understand the gender difference in the relation between racial/ethnic discrimination and suicide-related risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Polanco-Roman
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051, Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Deidre M Anglin
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Regina Miranda
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Hunter College, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Jeglic
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,John Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW In the present paper, we overview emerging research examining the autonomic nervous system (ANS), especially the parasympathetic nervous system as indexed by heart rate variability (HRV), and the impact of psychosocial factors on hypertension-related disease in African Americans. RECENT FINDINGS A growing corpus of studies has shown that (1) usual patterns of compensatory sympathetic-parasympathetic regulation differ between African Americans and European Americans; (2) despite their enhanced cardiovascular disease risk profile, African Americans tend to exhibit higher HRV relative to European Americans; and (3) racial discrimination and other forms of psychosocial stress are associated with diminished HRV among African Americans. Significant disparities in hypertension-related disease exist such that African Americans have greater risk. The underlying factors associated with this increased risk are, to date, not fully understood. The present review provides evidence for a unique pattern of ANS regulation in African Americans and shows that psychosocial factors such as racial discrimination may contribute to this paradoxical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaBarron K Hill
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Biobehavioral Health Disparities Research, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 175 Psychology Building, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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23
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Active coping moderates associations among race-related stress, rumination, and depressive symptoms in emerging adult African American women. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 30:1817-1835. [PMID: 30451137 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418001268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cross-sectional and longitudinal research has shown that race-related stress is associated with increased depressive symptoms among racial/ethnic minorities. Rumination has long been considered a maladaptive self-regulatory response to race-related stress, and growing evidence suggests that it may be an important link in the relation between race-related stress and depression. More adaptive forms of self-regulation, such as active coping, may counteract the negative impact of rumination. We examined the influence of rumination on the relation between race-related stress and depressive symptoms in a sample (N = 69) of young adult (mean age = 20 ± 1.5 years) African American women. We also considered the possible moderating effects of John Henryism, a form of persistent and determined goal striving, and vagally mediated heart rate variability, a purported biomarker of coping. Anticipatory race-related stress was indirectly associated with depressive symptoms through rumination: estimate = 0.07, 95% confidence interval [0.01, 0.16]. Both John Henryism and vagally mediated heart rate variability moderated the relationship between race-related stress and rumination; however, only John Henryism reliably influenced the indirect association between race-related stress and depression through rumination. We discuss these findings in the context of growing research examining the interplay between cultural and biological factors in the risk for poorer mental health.
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24
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Le Grange JJP, Botha KFH. The behavioural self-regulation strategies of Indian South African university students: An exploratory study. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2019.1567993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J. P. Le Grange
- School of Psychosocial Health / Community Psychosocial Research (COMPRES), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Karel F. H. Botha
- School of Psychosocial Health / Community Psychosocial Research (COMPRES), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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25
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Burton CL, Wang K, Pachankis JE. Does getting stigma under the skin make it thinner? Emotion regulation as a stress-contingent mediator of stigma and mental health. Clin Psychol Sci 2018; 6:590-600. [PMID: 30221083 PMCID: PMC6133258 DOI: 10.1177/2167702618755321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Emotion regulation deficits may link stigma to poor mental health, yet existing studies rely on self-reported stigma and do not consider contextual factors. In the present research, we examined associations among cultural stigma (i.e., objective devaluation of others' status), emotion regulation deficits, and poor mental health. In Study 1, we created an index of cultural stigma by asking members of the general public and stigma experts to indicate desired social distance towards 93 stigmatized attributes. In Study 2, emotion regulation deficits mediated the association between cultural stigma and adverse mental health outcomes, including depressive symptoms and alcohol use problems, among individuals endorsing diverse stigmatized identities. The indirect effect of cultural stigma, via emotion regulation, on these outcomes was stronger among those reporting more life stress. These findings highlight the adverse impact of cultural stigma on mental health and its role in potentiating stigmatized individuals' susceptibility to general life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katie Wang
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health
| | - John E Pachankis
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health
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26
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Fuller-Rowell TE, Curtis DS, El-Sheikh M, Duke AM, Ryff CD, Zgierska AE. Racial discrimination mediates race differences in sleep problems: A longitudinal analysis. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 23:165-173. [PMID: 27429065 PMCID: PMC5243865 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine changes in sleep problems over a 1.5-year period among Black or African American (AA) and White or European American (EA) college students and to consider the role of racial discrimination as a mediator of race differences in sleep problems over time. METHOD Students attending a large, predominantly White university (N = 133, 41% AA, 57% female, mean age = 18.8, SD = .90) reported on habitual sleep characteristics and experiences of racial discrimination at baseline and follow-up assessments. A latent variable for sleep problems was assessed from reports of sleep latency, duration, efficiency, and quality. Longitudinal models were used to examine race differences in sleep problems over time and the mediating role of perceived discrimination. Covariates included age, gender, parent education, parent income, body mass index, self-rated physical health, and depressive symptoms. Each of the individual sleep measures was also examined separately, and sensitivity analyses were conducted using alternative formulations of the sleep problems measure. RESULTS AAs had greater increases in sleep problems than EAs. Perceived discrimination was also associated with increases in sleep problems over time and mediated racial disparities in sleep. This pattern of findings was similar when each of the sleep indicators was considered separately and held with alternative sleep problems measures. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the importance of racial disparities in sleep across the college years and suggest that experiences of discrimination contribute to group disparities. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David S. Curtis
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University, AL
| | - Mona El-Sheikh
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University, AL
| | - Adrienne M. Duke
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University, AL
| | - Carol D. Ryff
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, WI
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27
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Lewis RJ, Mason TB, Winstead BA, Gaskins M, Irons LB. Pathways to Hazardous Drinking Among Racially and Socioeconomically Diverse Lesbian Women: Sexual Minority Stress, Rumination, Social Isolation, and Drinking to Cope. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2016; 40:564-581. [PMID: 28138208 DOI: 10.1177/0361684316662603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lesbian women engage in more hazardous drinking than heterosexual women yet we know relatively little about what explains this disparity. In the present study, race, socioeconomic status, minority stress, general psychological processes and distress were examined as pathways to hazardous drinking among young (18-35 years) Black and non-Hispanic White lesbian women. We used the psychological mediation framework adaptation of minority stress theory and the reserve capacity model as theoretical underpinnings of the conceptual model in the current study. Self-identified lesbian participants (N= 867) completed a one-time online survey that assessed race, socioeconomic status, perceived sexual minority discrimination, proximal minority stress (concealment, internalized homophobia, lack of connection to lesbian community), rumination, social isolation, psychological distress, drinking to cope, and hazardous drinking. Cross-sectional results demonstrated that being Black was associated with hazardous drinking via sequential mediators of rumination, psychological distress, and drinking to cope. Socioeconomic status was associated with hazardous drinking via sequential mediators of sexual minority discrimination, proximal minority stress, rumination, social isolation, psychological distress, and drinking to cope. Understanding these pathways can aid researchers and clinicians studying and working with lesbians who are at risk for hazardous drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Lewis
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University and Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology
| | | | - Barbara A Winstead
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University and Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology
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28
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Shaikh M, Ellett L, Dutt A, Day F, Laing J, Kroll J, Petrella S, McGuire P, Valmaggia LR. Perceived ethnic discrimination and persecutory paranoia in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2016; 241:309-14. [PMID: 27232552 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite a consensus that psychosocial adversity plays a role in the onset of psychosis, the nature of this role in relation to persecutory paranoia remains unclear. This study examined the complex relationship between perceived ethnic discrimination and paranoid ideation in individuals at Ultra High Risk (UHR) for psychosis using a virtual reality paradigm to objectively measure paranoia. Data from 64 UHR participants and 43 healthy volunteers were analysed to investigate the relationship between perceived ethnic discrimination and persecutory ideation in a virtual reality environment. Perceived ethnic discrimination was higher in young adults at UHR in comparison to healthy controls. A positive correlation was observed between perceived ethnic discrimination and paranoid persecutory ideation in the whole sample. Perceived ethnic discrimination was not a significant predictor of paranoid persecutory ideation in the VR environment. Elevated levels of perceived ethnic discrimination are present in individuals at UHR and are consistent with current biopsychosocial models in which psychosocial adversity plays a key role in the development of psychosis and attenuated symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Shaikh
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; North East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Lyn Ellett
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anirban Dutt
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fern Day
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Laing
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmine Kroll
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Petrella
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip McGuire
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia R Valmaggia
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Angry rumination moderates the association between perceived ethnic discrimination and risky behaviors. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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30
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Cheref S, Lane R, Polanco-Roman L, Gadol E, Miranda R. Suicidal ideation among racial/ethnic minorities: moderating effects of rumination and depressive symptoms. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 21:31-40. [PMID: 25111544 PMCID: PMC4828660 DOI: 10.1037/a0037139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Among emerging adults and college students, racial and ethnic minorities experience greater risk for suicidal ideation and behavior than their White counterparts. Research has identified numerous cognitive risk factors for suicidal ideation. However, they have not been well studied among racial and ethnic minorities. The present study examined the association between these factors (brooding rumination, reflective rumination, hopelessness, and depressive symptoms) and suicidal ideation among 690 Black, Latino, and biracial college students. Among all groups, hopelessness was positively associated with suicidal ideation. Brooding was negatively associated with suicidal ideation, after adjusting for reflection and hopelessness, although only at low levels of depressive symptoms. Black race/ethnicity and Latino race/ethnicity, compared with biracial race/ethnicity, each separately interacted with reflection to predict lower levels of suicidal ideation at moderate to high levels of reflection. Furthermore, Latino race/ethnicity, compared with biracial race/ethnicity, interacted with both reflection and depressive symptoms, such that reflection was negatively associated with suicidal ideation among Latino individuals reporting depressive symptoms above the 39th percentile. Biracial race/ethnicity, compared with monoracial race/ethnicity, also interacted with reflection and depressive symptoms, with reflection associated with greater amounts of suicidal ideation at depressive symptom levels above the 39th percentile. Our findings suggest reflective rumination differentially affects racial and ethnic groups and should be considered in conjunction with depressive symptoms among Latino and biracial individuals in suicide risk assessment and treatment.
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