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Carrageta DF, Pereira SC, Ferreira R, Monteiro MP, Oliveira PF, Alves MG. Signatures of metabolic diseases on spermatogenesis and testicular metabolism. Nat Rev Urol 2024; 21:477-494. [PMID: 38528255 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-024-00866-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Diets leading to caloric overload are linked to metabolic disorders and reproductive function impairment. Metabolic and hormonal abnormalities stand out as defining features of metabolic disorders, and substantially affect the functionality of the testis. Metabolic disorders induce testicular metabolic dysfunction, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. The disruption of gastrointestinal, pancreatic, adipose tissue and testicular hormonal regulation induced by metabolic disorders can also contribute to a state of compromised fertility. In this Review, we will delve into the effects of high-fat diets and metabolic disorders on testicular metabolism and spermatogenesis, which are crucial elements for male reproductive function. Moreover, metabolic disorders have been shown to influence the epigenome of male gametes and might have a potential role in transmitting phenotype traits across generations. However, the existing evidence strongly underscores the unmet need to understand the mechanisms responsible for transgenerational paternal inheritance of male reproductive function impairment related to metabolic disorders. This knowledge could be useful for developing targeted interventions to prevent, counteract, and most of all break the perpetuation chain of male reproductive dysfunction associated with metabolic disorders across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Carrageta
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, UMIB - Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Pereira
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, UMIB - Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, UMIB - Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago Agra do Crasto, Aveiro, Portugal.
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2
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Yoshida R, Ninomiya Y. Mechanisms and Functions of Sweet Reception in Oral and Extraoral Organs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7398. [PMID: 39000505 PMCID: PMC11242429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral detection of sugars relies on two types of receptor systems. The first is the G-protein-coupled receptor TAS1R2/TAS1R3. When activated, this receptor triggers a downstream signaling cascade involving gustducin, phospholipase Cβ2 (PLCβ2), and transient receptor potential channel M5 (TRPM5). The second type of receptor is the glucose transporter. When glucose enters the cell via this transporter, it is metabolized to produce ATP. This ATP inhibits the opening of KATP channels, leading to cell depolarization. Beside these receptor systems, sweet-sensitive taste cells have mechanisms to regulate their sensitivity to sweet substances based on internal and external states of the body. Sweet taste receptors are not limited to the oral cavity; they are also present in extraoral organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and brain. These extraoral sweet receptors are involved in various functions, including glucose absorption, insulin release, sugar preference, and food intake, contributing to the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Additionally, sweet receptors may have unique roles in certain organs like the trachea and bone. This review summarizes past and recent studies on sweet receptor systems, exploring the molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of sweet (sugar) detection in both oral and extraoral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Yoshida
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuzo Ninomiya
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
- Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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3
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Campbell-Tofte J, Mu H, Winther K, Mølgaard P, Belin N, Josefsen K. Standardization parameters and synergism of source plant materials for the antidiabetic efficacy of the Rauvolfia-Citrus tea. Fitoterapia 2024; 176:106004. [PMID: 38744382 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-based therapies has greatly improved the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D), as they ensure good blood glucose control and promote weight loss. Ingestion of standardized herbal remedies that promote the same endogenous metabolic processes affected by the GLP-1-based treatments could provide cheaper alternatives in low- and middle-income countries, where there is currently an increase in the incidence of T2D. The focus in this study was to determine quality control parameters and the prime factors for the Rauvolfia-Citrus tea (RC-tea), as used in Nigerian traditional medicine to treat T2D. We have previously shown that the RC-tea that is made by boiling leaves of Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel. and fruits of Citrus aurantium L. causes normalization of blood glucose and reduction of ectopic lipid accumulation in genetic diabetic (BKS-db) mice and in humans with T2D. The standardized RC-tea was made by boiling 40 g dried R. vomitoria foliage and 200 g fresh C. aurantium fruits per litre. The resulting golden-brown extract is free of microbial contamination, has pH 5 and contains ca. 230 mg naringin (marker compound for C. aurantium) and 25 mg robinin (marker compound for R. vomitoria) per litre. In addition, the herbal extract has the characteristic HPLC-DAD fingerprint where the marker compounds, naringin and robinin have retention times of approximately 26.3 min and 26.9 min, respectively, when using the outlined column and gradient elution conditions. Comparative evaluations of the antidiabetic effects of the standardized RC-tea and boiling water-extracts made with C. aurantium fruits alone (CA), R. vomitoria foliage alone (RV) and a combination of CA and RV, (CA + RV) in BKS-db mice, indicate that components from R. vomitoria foliage drive the reductions in ectopic lipid accumulation, since CA-treated mice lacked this effect. However, the normalization of blood glucose arises from combination of components from the two source plant materials as administration of either CA or RV resulted in hypoglycaemia. Interestingly, treatment with the CA + RV mixture, generated by mixing individually produced CA and RV plant extracts, resulted in hyperglycaemia, possibly due to drug-drug interactions of the blood glucose-reducing components in either plant extract. Hence, our data show that the best antidiabetic outcome results from the traditional practice of boiling R. vomitoria foliage and C. aurantium fruits together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Campbell-Tofte
- Affiliated to Parker Institute, Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Huiling Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kaj Winther
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Per Mølgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Peptides and Proteins, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Nicolas Belin
- Les Laboratoires Phytodia, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67412 ILLKIRCH CEDEX, France.
| | - Knud Josefsen
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet Department, 3733, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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4
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Higuchi M, Okumura M, Mitsuta S, Shirouchi B. Dietary Cholest-4-en-3-one, a Cholesterol Metabolite of Gut Microbiota, Alleviates Hyperlipidemia, Hepatic Cholesterol Accumulation, and Hyperinsulinemia in Obese, Diabetic db/db Mice. Metabolites 2024; 14:321. [PMID: 38921456 PMCID: PMC11205736 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that dietary cholest-4-en-3-one (4-cholestenone, 4-STN) exerts anti-obesity and lipid-lowering effects in mice. However, its underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In the present study, we evaluated whether 4-STN supplementation would protect obese diabetic db/db mice from obesity-related metabolic disorders. After four weeks of feeding of a 0.25% 4-STN-containing diet, dietary 4-STN was found to have significantly alleviated hyperlipidemia, hepatic cholesterol accumulation, and hyperinsulinemia; however, the effect was not sufficient to improve hepatic triglyceride accumulation or obesity. Further analysis demonstrated that dietary 4-STN significantly increased the content of free fatty acids and neutral steroids in the feces of db/db mice, indicating that the alleviation of hyperlipidemia by 4-STN was due to an increase in lipid excretion. In addition, dietary 4-STN significantly reduced the levels of desmosterol, a cholesterol precursor, in the plasma but not in the liver, suggesting that normalization of cholesterol metabolism by 4-STN is partly attributable to the suppression of cholesterol synthesis in extrahepatic tissues. In addition, dietary 4-STN increased the plasma and hepatic levels of 4-STN metabolites cholestanol (5α-cholestan-3β-ol) and coprostanol (5β-cholestan-3β-ol). Our results show that dietary 4-STN alleviates obesity-related metabolic disorders, such as hyperlipidemia, hepatic cholesterol accumulation, and hyperinsulinemia, in db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Higuchi
- Nutrition Science Course, Division of Human Health Science, Graduate School of Regional Design and Creation, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishi-Sonogi-gun, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
| | - Mai Okumura
- Nutrition Science Course, Division of Human Health Science, Graduate School of Regional Design and Creation, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishi-Sonogi-gun, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
| | - Sarasa Mitsuta
- Nutrition Science Course, Division of Human Health Science, Graduate School of Regional Design and Creation, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishi-Sonogi-gun, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
| | - Bungo Shirouchi
- Nutrition Science Course, Division of Human Health Science, Graduate School of Regional Design and Creation, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishi-Sonogi-gun, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
- Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishi-Sonogi-gun, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
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5
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Skalski HJ, Arendt AR, Harkins SK, MacLachlan M, Corbett CJM, Goy RW, Kapoor A, Hostetter G, Chandler RL. Key Considerations for Studying the Effects of High-Fat Diet on the Nulligravid Mouse Endometrium. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvae104. [PMID: 38854907 PMCID: PMC11156617 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvae104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The obesity epidemic continues to increase, with half of US women predicted to be obese by 2030. Women with obesity are at increased risk for not only cardiovascular and liver disease, but also reproductive disorders. Although mouse models are useful in studying the effects of obesity, there is inconsistency in obesity-induction methods, diet composition, and mouse strains, and studies using female mice are limited. In this study, we sought to compare the effects of a 45% high-fat diet (HFD) versus a 60% HFD on the uterine estrous cycle of nulligravid C57BL/6J mice. For 22 weeks, we placed a total of 20 mice on either a 60% HFD, 45% HFD, or each HFD-matched control diet (CD). Both HFDs produced significant weight gain, with 60% HFD and 45% HFD gaining significant weight after 2 weeks and 15 weeks, respectively. Additionally, both HFDs led to glucose intolerance, fatty liver, and adipocyte hypertrophy. Mice fed 60% HFD displayed hyperphagia in the first 12 weeks of HFD treatment. Moreover, 60% HFD-treated mice had a longer estrous cycle length and an increased percentage of estrus stage samplings compared to CD-treated mice. Estrous cycle stage-controlled 60% HFD-treated mice displayed an increased estrogen-to-progesterone ratio and decreased ovarian corpora lutea compared to CD-treated mice, which may underlie the observed estrous cycle differences. There was no significant difference between diets regarding endometrial morphology or the percent of endometrial CD45+ immune cells. Our results indicate that consideration is needed when selecting a HFD-induced obesity mouse model for research involving female reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary J Skalski
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Amelia R Arendt
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Shannon K Harkins
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Madison MacLachlan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Cody J M Corbett
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Assay Services, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Robinson W Goy
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Assay Services, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Amita Kapoor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Assay Services, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Galen Hostetter
- Pathology and Biorepository Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Ronald L Chandler
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Department for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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6
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Pena-Leon V, Perez-Lois R, Villalon M, Prida E, Muñoz-Moreno D, Fernø J, Quiñones M, Al-Massadi O, Seoane LM. Novel mechanisms involved in leptin sensitization in obesity. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116129. [PMID: 38490517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Leptin is a hormone that is secreted by adipocytes in proportion to adipose tissue size, and that informs the brain about the energy status of the body. Leptin acts through its receptor LepRb, expressed mainly in the hypothalamus, and induces a negative energy balance by potent inhibition of feeding and activation of energy expenditure. These actions have led to huge expectations for the development of therapeutic targets for metabolic complications based on leptin-derived compounds. However, the majority of patients with obesity presents elevated leptin production, suggesting that in this setting leptin is ineffective in the regulation of energy balance. This resistance to the action of leptin in obesity has led to the development of "leptin sensitizers," which have been tested in preclinical studies. Much research has focused on generating combined treatments that act on multiple levels of the gastrointestinal-brain axis. The gastrointestinal-brain axis secretes a variety of different anorexigenic signals, such as uroguanylin, glucagon-like peptide-1, amylin, or cholecystokinin, which can alleviate the resistance to leptin action. Moreover, alternative mechanism such as pharmacokinetics, proteostasis, the role of specific kinases, chaperones, ER stress and neonatal feeding modifications are also implicated in leptin resistance. This review will cover the current knowledge regarding the interaction of leptin with different endocrine factors from the gastrointestinal-brain axis and other novel mechanisms that improve leptin sensitivity in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pena-Leon
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raquel Perez-Lois
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Villalon
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Prida
- Translational Endocrinology group, Endocrinology Section, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (IDIS/CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz-Moreno
- Translational Endocrinology group, Endocrinology Section, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (IDIS/CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5201 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mar Quiñones
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Omar Al-Massadi
- Translational Endocrinology group, Endocrinology Section, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (IDIS/CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luisa M Seoane
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Manglani K, Anika NN, Patel D, Jhaveri S, Avanthika C, Sudan S, Alimohamed Z, Tiwari K. Correlation of Leptin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cureus 2024; 16:e57667. [PMID: 38707092 PMCID: PMC11070180 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The exponential increase in diabetes mellitus (DM) poses serious public health concerns. In this review, we focus on the role of leptin in type 2 DM. The peripheral actions of leptin consist of upregulating proinflammatory cytokines which play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 DM and insulin resistance. Moreover, leptin is known to inhibit insulin secretion and plays a significant role in insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 DM. A literature search was conducted on Medline, Cochrane, Embase, and Google Scholar for relevant articles published until December 2023. The following search strings and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH terms) were used: "Diabetes Mellitus," "Leptin," "NPY," and "Biomarker." This article aims to discuss the physiology of leptin in type 2 DM, its glucoregulatory actions, its relationship with appetite, the impact that various lifestyle modifications can have on leptin levels, and, finally, explore leptin as a potential target for various treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajol Manglani
- Internal Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, USA
| | | | - Dhriti Patel
- Medicine and Surgery, B.J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Sharan Jhaveri
- Medicine and Surgery, Smt. Nathiba Hargovandas Lakhmichand Municipal Medical College, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Chaithanya Avanthika
- Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Elmhurst Hospital Center, New York, USA
- Medicine and Surgery, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubballi, IND
| | - Sourav Sudan
- Internal Medicine, Government Medical College, Rajouri, Rajouri, IND
| | - Zainab Alimohamed
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, USA
| | - Kripa Tiwari
- Internal Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, New York, USA
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Zhou X, Zhu Y, Gao L, Li Y, Li H, Huang C, Liu Y, Hu A, Ying C, Song Y. Binding of RAGE and RIPK1 induces cognitive deficits in chronic hyperglycemia-derived neuroinflammation. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14449. [PMID: 37665158 PMCID: PMC10916433 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Chronic hyperglycemia-induced inflammation of the hippocampus is an important cause of cognitive deficits in diabetic patients. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), which is widely expressed in the hippocampus, is a crucial factor in this inflammation and the associated cognitive deficits. We aimed to reveal the underlying mechanism by which RAGE regulates neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced cognitive impairment. METHODS We used db/db mice as a model for type 2 diabetes to investigate whether receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), which is expressed in microglia in the hippocampal region, is a key protein partner for RAGE. GST pull-down assays and AutoDock Vina simulations were performed to identify the key structural domain in RAGE that binds to RIPK1. Western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), and immunofluorescence (IF) were used to detect the levels of key proteins or interaction between RAGE and RIPK1. Cognitive deficits in the mice were assessed with the Morris water maze (MWM) and new object recognition (NOR) and fear-conditioning tests. RESULTS RAGE binds directly to RIPK1 via the amino acid sequence (AAs) 362-367, thereby upregulating phosphorylation of RIPK1, which results in activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and ultimately leads to cognitive impairments in db/db mice. We mutated RAGE AAs 362-367 to reverse neuroinflammation in the hippocampus and improve cognitive function, suggesting that RAGE AAs 362-367 is a key structural domain that binds directly to RIPK1. These results also indicate that hyperglycemia-induced inflammation in the hippocampus is dependent on direct binding of RAGE and RIPK1. CONCLUSION Direct interaction of RAGE and RIPK1 via AAs 362-367 is an important mechanism for enhanced neuroinflammation in the hyperglycemic environment and is a key node in the development of cognitive deficits in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- Xuzhou Engineering Research Center of Medical Genetics and Transformation, Department of GeneticsXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Yandong Zhu
- The Graduate SchoolXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Lin Gao
- The Graduate SchoolXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Yan Li
- The Graduate SchoolXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Hui Li
- The Graduate SchoolXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Chengyu Huang
- The Graduate SchoolXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Yan Liu
- The Graduate SchoolXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Ankang Hu
- Lab Animal CenterXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Changjiang Ying
- Department of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Yuanjian Song
- Xuzhou Engineering Research Center of Medical Genetics and Transformation, Department of GeneticsXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
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9
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Hu H, Luo S, Lai P, Lai M, Mao L, Zhang S, Jiang Y, Wen J, Zhou W, Liu X, Wang L, Huang M, Hu Y, Zhao X, Xia L, Zhou W, Jiang Y, Zou Z, Liu A, Guo B, Bai X. ANGPTL4 binds to the leptin receptor to regulate ectopic bone formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310685120. [PMID: 38147550 PMCID: PMC10769826 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310685120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin protein was thought to be unique to leptin receptor (LepR), but the phenotypes of mice with mutation in LepR [db/db (diabetes)] and leptin [ob/ob (obese)] are not identical, and the cause remains unclear. Here, we show that db/db, but not ob/ob, mice had defect in tenotomy-induced heterotopic ossification (HO), implicating alternative ligand(s) for LepR might be involved. Ligand screening revealed that ANGPTL4 (angiopoietin-like protein 4), a stress and fasting-induced factor, was elicited from brown adipose tissue after tenotomy, bound to LepR on PRRX1+ mesenchymal cells at the HO site, thus promotes chondrogenesis and HO development. Disruption of LepR in PRRX1+ cells, or lineage ablation of LepR+ cells, or deletion of ANGPTL4 impeded chondrogenesis and HO in mice. Together, these findings identify ANGPTL4 as a ligand for LepR to regulate the formation of acquired HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510630, China
- Department of Trauma and Joint Surgery, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong528300, China
| | - Sheng Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Pinglin Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510630, China
| | - Mingqiang Lai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510900, China
| | - Linlin Mao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Yuanjun Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Jiaxin Wen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Wu Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510630, China
| | - Minjun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510630, China
| | - Yanjun Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Laixin Xia
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Weijie Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15261
| | - Zhipeng Zou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Anling Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Tenth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong523018, China
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510630, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
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10
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Zhu F, Yin ZT, Zhao QS, Sun YX, Jie YC, Smith J, Yang YZ, Burt DW, Hincke M, Zhang ZD, Yuan MD, Kaufman J, Sun CJ, Li JY, Shao LW, Yang N, Hou ZC. A chromosome-level genome assembly for the Silkie chicken resolves complete sequences for key chicken metabolic, reproductive, and immunity genes. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1233. [PMID: 38057566 PMCID: PMC10700341 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of high-quality pan-genomes would help identify important genes that are still hidden/incomplete in bird reference genomes. In an attempt to address these issues, we have assembled a de novo chromosome-level reference genome of the Silkie (Gallus gallus domesticus), which is an important avian model for unique traits, like fibromelanosis, with unclear genetic foundation. This Silkie genome includes the complete genomic sequences of well-known, but unresolved, evolutionarily, endocrinologically, and immunologically important genes, including leptin, ovocleidin-17, and tumor-necrosis factor-α. The gap-less and manually annotated MHC (major histocompatibility complex) region possesses 38 recently identified genes, with differentially regulated genes recovered in response to pathogen challenges. We also provide whole-genome methylation and genetic variation maps, and resolve a complex genetic region that may contribute to fibromelanosis in these animals. Finally, we experimentally show leptin binding to the identified leptin receptor in chicken, confirming an active leptin ligand-receptor system. The Silkie genome assembly not only provides a rich data resource for avian genome studies, but also lays a foundation for further functional validation of resolved genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Tao Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang-Sen Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Xiao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Chen Jie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Yu-Ze Yang
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - David W Burt
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
- The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Maxwell Hincke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, KIH 8M5, Canada
| | - Zi-Ding Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Di Yuan
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jim Kaufman
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Cong-Jiao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Ying Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Wa Shao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhuo-Cheng Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China.
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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11
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Berdowska I, Matusiewicz M, Fecka I. Methylglyoxal in Cardiometabolic Disorders: Routes Leading to Pathology Counterbalanced by Treatment Strategies. Molecules 2023; 28:7742. [PMID: 38067472 PMCID: PMC10708463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MGO) is the major compound belonging to reactive carbonyl species (RCS) responsible for the generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Its upregulation, followed by deleterious effects at the cellular and systemic levels, is associated with metabolic disturbances (hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance/hyperlipidemia/inflammatory processes/carbonyl stress/oxidative stress/hypoxia). Therefore, it is implicated in a variety of disorders, including metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, an interplay between pathways leading to MGO generation and scavenging is addressed in regard to this system's impairment in pathology. The issues associated with mechanistic MGO involvement in pathological processes, as well as the discussion on its possible causative role in cardiometabolic diseases, are enclosed. Finally, the main strategies aimed at MGO and its AGEs downregulation with respect to cardiometabolic disorders treatment are addressed. Potential glycation inhibitors and MGO scavengers are discussed, as well as the mechanisms of their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Berdowska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | | | - Izabela Fecka
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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12
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Tschöp MH, Friedman JM. Seeking satiety: From signals to solutions. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadh4453. [PMID: 37992155 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Remedies for the treatment of obesity date to Hippocrates, when patients with obesity were directed to "reduce food and avoid drinking to fullness" and begin "running during the night." Similar recommendations have been repeated ever since, despite the fact that they are largely ineffective. Recently, highly effective therapeutics were developed that may soon enable physicians to manage body weight in patients with obesity in a manner similar to the way that blood pressure is controlled in patients with hypertension. These medicines have grown out of a revolution in our understanding of the molecular and neural control of appetite and body weight, reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias H Tschöp
- Helmholtz Munich and Technical University Munich, Munich, 85758 Germany
| | - Jeffrey M Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
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13
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Zhang J, Katada K, Mosleh E, Yuhas A, Peng G, Golson ML. The leptin receptor has no role in delta-cell control of beta-cell function in the mouse. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1257671. [PMID: 37850099 PMCID: PMC10577419 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1257671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Leptin inhibits insulin secretion from isolated islets from multiple species, but the cell type that mediates this process remains elusive. Several mouse models have been used to explore this question. Ablation of the leptin receptor (Lepr) throughout the pancreatic epithelium results in altered glucose homeostasis and ex vivo insulin secretion and Ca2+ dynamics. However, Lepr removal from neither alpha nor beta cells mimics this result. Moreover, scRNAseq data has revealed an enrichment of LEPR in human islet delta cells. Methods We confirmed LEPR upregulation in human delta cells by performing RNAseq on fixed, sorted beta and delta cells. We then used a mouse model to test whether delta cells mediate the diminished glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in response to leptin. Results Ablation of Lepr within mouse delta cells did not change glucose homeostasis or insulin secretion, whether mice were fed a chow or high-fat diet. We further show, using a publicly available scRNAseq dataset, that islet cells expressing Lepr lie within endothelial cell clusters. Conclusions In mice, leptin does not influence beta-cell function through delta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, PA, United States
| | - Kay Katada
- School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, PA, United States
| | - Elham Mosleh
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, PA, United States
- School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew Yuhas
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, PA, United States
- School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, PA, United States
| | - Guihong Peng
- Department of Medicine, Divison of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maria L. Golson
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, PA, United States
- School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, PA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Divison of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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14
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Vick LV, Canter RJ, Monjazeb AM, Murphy WJ. Multifaceted effects of obesity on cancer immunotherapies: Bridging preclinical models and clinical data. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 95:88-102. [PMID: 37499846 PMCID: PMC10836337 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, defined by excessive body fat, is a highly complex condition affecting numerous physiological processes, such as metabolism, proliferation, and cellular homeostasis. These multifaceted effects impact cells and tissues throughout the host, including immune cells as well as cancer biology. Because of the multifaceted nature of obesity, common parameters used to define it (such as body mass index in humans) can be problematic, and more nuanced methods are needed to characterize the pleiotropic metabolic effects of obesity. Obesity is well-accepted as an overall negative prognostic factor for cancer incidence, progression, and outcome. This is in part due to the meta-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of obesity. Immunotherapy is increasingly used in cancer therapy, and there are many different types of immunotherapy approaches. The effects of obesity on immunotherapy have only recently been studied with the demonstration of an "obesity paradox", in which some immune therapies have been demonstrated to result in greater efficacy in obese subjects despite the direct adverse effects of obesity and excess body fat acting on the cancer itself. The multifactorial characteristics that influence the effects of obesity (age, sex, lean muscle mass, underlying metabolic conditions and drugs) further confound interpretation of clinical data and necessitate the use of more relevant preclinical models mirroring these variables in the human scenario. Such models will allow for more nuanced mechanistic assessment of how obesity can impact, both positively and negatively, cancer biology, host metabolism, immune regulation, and how these intersecting processes impact the delivery and outcome of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan V Vick
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Canter
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Malignant Hematology, Cellular Therapy and Transplantation, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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15
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Xu X, Hu X, Ma G, Wang T, Wu J, Zhu X, Chen G, Zhao L, Chen J. Detecting fa leptin receptor mutation in Zucker rats with tetra-primer amplification-refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20159. [PMID: 37809507 PMCID: PMC10559934 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the genetic mutation (fa) in the gene encoding for leptin receptor, homozygous Zucker rats (fa-/-) develop excessive adiposity and become an experimental animal model in obesity and metabolic-related diseases research. Based on tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR), we developed a method to quickly genotype Zucker rats with a mutated fa allele from their wildtype littermates. The three genotypes are clearly discriminated on 2.0% agarose gel. Our method can be used as a reliable tool to set up and maintain the breeding colony in animal facilities as well as assign animals to control and treatment groups based on their genotypes for animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Xu
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States
| | - Xinge Hu
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States
| | - Guodong Ma
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States
| | - Tiannan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States
| | - Jayne Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Office of Information Technology, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States
| | - Jiangang Chen
- Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States
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16
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Wang Y, Wan R, Hu C. Leptin/obR signaling exacerbates obesity-related neutrophilic airway inflammation through inflammatory M1 macrophages. Mol Med 2023; 29:100. [PMID: 37488474 PMCID: PMC10367413 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00702-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity-related asthma is a kind of nonallergic asthma with excessive neutrophil infiltration in the airways. However, the underlying mechanisms have been poorly elucidated. Among the adipokines related to obesity, leptin is related to the inflammatory response. However, little is understood about how leptin acts on the leptin receptor (obR) in neutrophilic airway inflammation in obesity-associated asthma. We explored the inflammatory effects of leptin/obR signaling in an obesity-related neutrophilic airway inflammation mouse model. METHODS We established a neutrophilic airway inflammation mouse model using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and OVA challenge (LPS + OVA/OVA) in lean, obese, or db/db (obR deficiency) female mice. Histopathological, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) inflammatory cell, and lung inflammatory cytokine analyses were used to analyze airway inflammation severity. Western blotting, flow cytometry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to evaluate the underlying mechanisms. In vitro bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) and bone marrow-derived neutrophil experiments were performed. RESULTS We found that the serum leptin level was higher in obese than in lean female mice. Compared to LPS/OVA + OVA-treated lean female mice, LPS/OVA + OVA-treated obese female mice had higher peribronchial inflammation levels, neutrophil counts, Th1/Th17-related inflammatory cytokine levels, M1 macrophage polarization levels, and long isoform obR activation, which could be decreased by the obR blockade (Allo-Aca) or obR deficiency, suggesting a critical role of leptin/obR signaling in the pathogenesis of obesity-related neutrophilic airway inflammation in female mice. In in vitro experiments, leptin synergized with LPS/IFN-γ to promote the phosphorylation of the long isoform obR and JNK/STAT3/AKT signaling pathway members to increase M1 macrophage polarization, which was reversed by Allo-Aca. Moreover, leptin/obR-mediated M1 macrophage activity significantly elevated CXCL2 production and neutrophil recruitment by regulating the JNK/STAT3/AKT pathways. In clinical studies, obese patients with asthma had higher serum leptin levels and M1 macrophage polarization levels in induced sputum than non-obese patients with asthma. Serum leptin levels were positively correlated with M1 macrophage polarization levels in patients with asthma. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate leptin/obR signaling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity-related neutrophilic airway inflammation in females by promoting M1 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjun Wan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengping Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Nakagawa T, Hosoi T. Recent progress on action and regulation of anorexigenic adipokine leptin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1172060. [PMID: 37547309 PMCID: PMC10399691 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1172060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organismal energy balance is controlled by inter-tissue communication mediated by the nervous system and hormones, the disruption of which causes metabolic syndrome exemplified by diabetes and obesity. Fat-storing adipose tissue, especially those located in subcutaneous white adipose tissue, secretes leptin in a proportion of fat mass, inhibiting the accumulation of organismal fat by suppressing appetite and promoting energy expenditure. With a prevalence of obesity that exhibits hyperleptinemia, most of the investigation on leptin has been focused on how it works and how it does not, which is expected to be a clue for treating obesity. In contrast, how it is synthesized, transported, and excreted, all of which are relevant to the homeostasis of blood leptin concentration, are not much understood. Of note, acute leptin reduction after hyperleptinemia in the context of obesity exhibited a beneficial effect on obesity and insulin sensitivity, indicating that manipulation of circulating leptin level may provide a therapeutic strategy. Technological advances such as "omics" analysis combined with sophisticated gene-engineered mice studies in the past decade enabled a deeper understanding of leptin's action in more detail. Here, we summarize the updated understanding of the action as well as regulation of leptin and point out the emerging direction of research on leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toru Hosoi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi, Japan
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18
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Becetti I, Bwenyi EL, de Araujo IE, Ard J, Cryan JF, Farooqi IS, Ferrario CR, Gluck ME, Holsen LM, Kenny PJ, Lawson EA, Lowell BB, Schur EA, Stanley TL, Tavakkoli A, Grinspoon SK, Singhal V. The Neurobiology of Eating Behavior in Obesity: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets: A Report from the 23rd Annual Harvard Nutrition Obesity Symposium. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:314-328. [PMID: 37149092 PMCID: PMC10375463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasing at an alarming rate. The effectiveness of currently available strategies for the treatment of obesity (including pharmacologic, surgical, and behavioral interventions) is limited. Understanding the neurobiology of appetite and the important drivers of energy intake (EI) can lead to the development of more effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Appetite regulation is complex and is influenced by genetic, social, and environmental factors. It is intricately regulated by a complex interplay of endocrine, gastrointestinal, and neural systems. Hormonal and neural signals generated in response to the energy state of the organism and the quality of food eaten are communicated by paracrine, endocrine, and gastrointestinal signals to the nervous system. The central nervous system integrates homeostatic and hedonic signals to regulate appetite. Although there has been an enormous amount of research over many decades regarding the regulation of EI and body weight, research is only now yielding potentially effective treatment strategies for obesity. The purpose of this article is to summarize the key findings presented in June 2022 at the 23rd annual Harvard Nutrition Obesity Symposium entitled "The Neurobiology of Eating Behavior in Obesity: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets." Findings presented at the symposium, sponsored by NIH P30 Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard, enhance our current understanding of appetite biology, including innovative techniques used to assess and systematically manipulate critical hedonic processes, which will shape future research and the development of therapeutics for obesity prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Becetti
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Esther L Bwenyi
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ivan E de Araujo
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States; Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Jamy Ard
- Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Bariatric and Weight Management Center, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Center on Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Sciences Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Maya Angelou Center for Healthy Equity, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ismaa Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome-Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie R Ferrario
- Department of Pharmacology, Psychology Department (Biopsychology Area), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Marci E Gluck
- National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Laura M Holsen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States; Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Lawson
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ellen A Schur
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Univeristy of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Univeristy of Washington Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Clinical and Translational Research Services Core, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Takara L Stanley
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ali Tavakkoli
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal (GI) Surgery, Center for Weight Management and Wellness, Advanced Minimally Invasive Fellowship, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Steven K Grinspoon
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vibha Singhal
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Pediatric Endocrinology and Obesity Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Pediatric Program MGH Weight Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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19
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Willmore L, Minerva AR, Engelhard B, Murugan M, McMannon B, Oak N, Thiberge SY, Peña CJ, Witten IB. Overlapping representations of food and social stimuli in VTA dopamine neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.17.541104. [PMID: 37293057 PMCID: PMC10245666 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA DA ) respond to food and social stimuli and contribute to both forms of motivation. However, it is unclear if the same or different VTA DA neurons encode these different stimuli. To address this question, we performed 2-photon calcium imaging in mice presented with food and conspecifics, and found statistically significant overlap in the populations responsive to both stimuli. Both hunger and opposite-sex social experience further increased the proportion of neurons that respond to both stimuli, implying that modifying motivation for one stimulus affects responses to both stimuli. In addition, single-nucleus RNA sequencing revealed significant co-expression of feeding- and social-hormone related genes in individual VTA DA neurons. Taken together, our functional and transcriptional data suggest overlapping VTA DA populations underlie food and social motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Willmore
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Adelaide R. Minerva
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Ben Engelhard
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544 USA
- Department of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, 3525433, Israel
| | - Malavika Murugan
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Brenna McMannon
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Nirja Oak
- Department of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, 3525433, Israel
| | - Stephan Y. Thiberge
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Catherine J. Peña
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Ilana B. Witten
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544 USA
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20
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Review of Basic Research about Ossification of the Spinal Ligaments Focusing on Animal Models. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051958. [PMID: 36902744 PMCID: PMC10003841 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a heterotopic ossification that may cause spinal cord compression. With the recent development of computed tomography (CT) imaging, it is known that patients with OPLL often have complications related to ossification of other spinal ligaments, and OPLL is now considered part of ossification of the spinal ligaments (OSL). OSL is known to be a multifactorial disease with associated genetic and environmental factors, but its pathophysiology has not been clearly elucidated. To elucidate the pathophysiology of OSL and develop novel therapeutic strategies, clinically relevant and validated animal models are needed. In this review, we focus on animal models that have been reported to date and discuss their pathophysiology and clinical relevance. The purpose of this review is to summarize the usefulness and problems of existing animal models and to help further the development of basic research on OSL.
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21
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9-PAHPA long term intake in DIO and db/db mice ameliorates insulin sensitivity but has few effects on obesity and associated metabolic disorders. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 112:109216. [PMID: 36372312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids are endogenous lipids reported to have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Recently, we showed that 9-palmitic acid esters of hydroxypalmitic acid (9-PAHPA) and 9-oleic acid esters of hydroxypalmitic acid increased insulin sensitivity in mice when incorporated to a chow diet or to a high fat and high sucrose diet. However, preventive supplementation with 9-PAHPA and 9-oleic acid esters of hydroxypalmitic acid in high fat and high sucrose diet mice did not impair significant weight gain or the development of hyperglycemia. The aim of this work was therefore to study whether in two animal models of obesity, namely the classical diet-induced obesity (DIO) and the db/db mice, 9-PAHPA may have beneficial effects against obesity and liver and skeletal muscle metabolic dysfunction. In DIO mice, we observed that 9-PAHPA increased body weight and fat mass. In line with this observation, we found that 9-PAHPA supplementation decreased energy expenditure. In liver and in skeletal muscle, mitochondrial activities and oxidative stress parameters were not modified by 9-PAHPA supplementation. In db/db mice, 9-PAHPA had no effect on the dramatic weight gain and hyperglycemia. In addition, 9-PAHPA supplementation did not correct either the hepatomegaly and hepatic steatosis or the severe muscle atrophy recorded compared with db/+ animals. Likewise, supplementation with 9-PAHPA did not impact the different metabolic parameters analyzed, either in the liver or in the skeletal muscles. However, it decreased insulin resistance in DIO and db/db mice. In conclusion, our study indicated that a long-term intake of 9-PAHPA in DIO and db/db mice improved insulin sensitivity but had only few effects on obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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22
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The Effect of Exercise on Serum Resistin and Leptin Values in Rats Fed with a High Fat Diet. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.16899/jcm.1223872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study was performed to investigate the effect of exercise on serum resistin and leptin values in rats fed with a high-fat diet.
Material and Method: 24 Wistar albino male rats were used in the study. They were randomly divided into 4 groups, with 6 rats in each group. The groups were determined as the control group (C), exercise group (E), high-fat diet (HFD) group, and high-fat diet + exercise (HFDE) Group.
Results: When the findings obtained in this study were evaluated statistically, it was determined that the resistin values were similar in the C, E and HFDE groups, and higher in the HFD group compared to the other groups. It was observed that resistin value increased with high-fat diet and decreased with exercise. When evaluated in terms of leptin levels, the C and E groups showed similarity, while the HFD and HFDE groups showed similarity with each other. Although exercise decreased the leptin level, which was highly increased with a high-fat diet, it was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: It has been determined that feeding with a high-fat diet causes an increase in serum resistin and leptin levels, and exercise provides a significant decrease in resistin values, but is not effective in leptin levels.
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23
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Zhu S, Feng X, Feng X, Xie K, Li Y, Chen L, Mo Y, Liang J, Wu X, Sun Z, Shu G, Wang S, Gao P, Zhu X, Zhu C, Jiang Q, Wang L. Diet containing stearic acid increased food intake in mice by reducing serum leptin compared with oleic acid. Food Funct 2023; 14:990-1002. [PMID: 36545693 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In today's society, obesity is becoming increasingly serious, and controlling food intake and maintaining weight balance have become increasingly important. Here, we found that a stearic acid diet can increase food intake without causing obesity in mice compared with an oleic acid diet. Stearic acid increases food intake in mice by reducing serum leptin and increasing NPY neuronal excitability through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. The impaired anorexic effect of leptin is probably due to repressive cholesterol-oxysterol-LXR-α/SREBP-1c-mediated leptin expression in mouse iWAT. At the same time, we found that stearic acid was not only poorly absorbed by itself in the small intestine but also reduced the entire absorption system of the small intestine. In conclusion, we have proven that a stearic acid diet can increase food intake in mice and avoid obesity, but whether a stearic acid diet could cause adverse reactions in the body remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xiaohua Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xiajie Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Kailai Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yongxiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Ave., Room 8070, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Lvshuang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yingfen Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jingwen Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Zhonghua Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Canjun Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
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24
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Lavoie O, Michael NJ, Caron A. A critical update on the leptin-melanocortin system. J Neurochem 2023; 165:467-486. [PMID: 36648204 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of leptin in 1994 was an "eureka moment" in the field of neurometabolism that provided new opportunities to better understand the central control of energy balance and glucose metabolism. Rapidly, a prevalent model in the field emerged that pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons were key in promoting leptin's anorexigenic effects and that the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) was a key region for the regulation of energy homeostasis. While this model inspired many important discoveries, a growing body of literature indicates that this model is now outdated. In this review, we re-evaluate the hypothalamic leptin-melanocortin model in light of recent advances that directly tackle previous assumptions, with a particular focus on the ARC. We discuss how segregated and heterogeneous these neurons are, and examine how the development of modern approaches allowing spatiotemporal, intersectional, and chemogenetic manipulations of melanocortin neurons has allowed a better definition of the complexity of the leptin-melanocortin system. We review the importance of leptin in regulating glucose homeostasis, but not food intake, through direct actions on ARC POMC neurons. We further highlight how non-POMC, GABAergic neurons mediate leptin's direct effects on energy balance and influence POMC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lavoie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Natalie Jane Michael
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Suárez-Mesa R, Ros-Freixedes R, Díaz M, Marsellés J, Pena RN, Reixach J, Estany J. The leptin receptor gene affects piglet behavior and growth. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad296. [PMID: 37659087 PMCID: PMC10516454 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Piglets with low birth weight present low vitality after farrowing, often leading to impaired weight gain during lactation. A recessive missense variant (C > T) for increased appetite and fatness in the porcine leptin receptor gene (rs709596309) causes a negative maternal effect on the weight of piglets at weaning. However, it is not known whether this variant already exerts an effect on the birth weight and vitality of newborn piglets and on their growing capacity during lactation. An experiment was conducted using 668 purebred Duroc piglets (131 CC, 311 CT, and 226 TT) from 74 multiparous sows (9 CC, 43 CT, and 22 TT) and 14 boars (1 CC, 10 CT, and 3 TT). All piglets were individually weighed at birth and tested for vitality, which was assessed on a scale from 1 (low vitality) to 3 (high vitality) based on behavioral observations, including the status of the piglet immediately before the test. Only non-adopted piglets were considered for piglet performance at weaning. Inferences on the effect of the genotype on birth and weaning traits were done on a Bayesian setting based on 2-trait bivariate models including the effects of the piglet and the litter, as well as the genotype of the sow and the piglet, the sex of the piglet, and the parity number. Vitality and the status of the piglet before the test were analyzed using a liability threshold (probit) model. As compared to other genotypes, TT newborn piglets were 28 g heavier, were more vital (the probability of being scored as highly vital was 6.5% higher) and were more often found suckling before the test (the probability of being suckling at test was 6.5% higher). As a result, they grew more during lactation (153 g) and were heavier at weaning (169 g) than littermates of the two other genotypes, thus partly compensating for the limited maternal capacity of TT sows. Our findings provide evidence that appetite-influencing genes, such as the leptin receptor gene, have developmental implications from very early life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Suárez-Mesa
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida – Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roger Ros-Freixedes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida – Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Díaz
- Selección Batallé S.A., 17421 Riudarenes, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Ramona N Pena
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida – Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Reixach
- Selección Batallé S.A., 17421 Riudarenes, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Estany
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida – Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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26
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Kim JE, Seol A, Choi YJ, Lee SJ, Jin YJ, Roh YJ, Song HJ, Hong JT, Hwang DY. Similarities and differences in constipation phenotypes between Lep knockout mice and high fat diet-induced obesity mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276445. [PMID: 36548335 PMCID: PMC9778951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9-mediated leptin (Lep) knockout (KO) mice exhibited prominent phenotypes for constipation, even though they were not compared with other model animals. This study compared the stool excretion, gastrointestinal motility, histological structure, mucin secretion, and enteric nerve function in Lep KO and high fat diet (HFD)-treated mice to determine if there were differences in their phenotypes for constipation. Most obesity phenotypes, including fat weight, adipocyte size, expression of lipolytic proteins (HSL, perilipin, and ATGL), and glucose concentrations, were detected similarly in the Lep KO and HFD-treated mice. They showed a similar decrease in the excretion parameters, including the stool number, weight, and water content, while the same pattern was detected in the gastrointestinal motility and intestinal length. A similar decrease in the mucosal layer thickness, muscle thickness, ability for mucin secretion, and expression of water channel (aquaporin 3 and 8) genes was detected in the mid-colon of the Lep KO and HFD-treated mice, but the alteration rate in some levels was greater in the HFD-treated group than the Lep KO mice. On the other hand, the levels of c-kit, nNOS, NSE, and PGP9.5 expression for the enteric neurons and intestitial cells of Cajal (ICC) were remarkably lower in the mid-colon of the HFD-treated mice than in the Lep KO mice, but the level of most proteins in both groups remained lower than those in the control group. A similar alteration pattern in the expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) and serotonin receptors was detected in the Lep KO and HFD-treated mice. These results suggest that most phenotypes for obesity-induced constipation were similarly detected in the Lep KO and HFD-treated mice, but there was a difference in the regulatory function of the enteric nervous system (ENS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Ayun Seol
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Yun Ju Choi
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - You Jeong Jin
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Roh
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Song
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
- Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animal Resources Center, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
- * E-mail:
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27
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Sayed AI, Mansour YE, Ali MA, Aly O, Khoder ZM, Said AM, Fatahala SS, Abd El-Hameed RH. Novel pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives: design, synthesis, molecular docking, molecular simulations and biological evaluations as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1821-1837. [PMID: 35762086 PMCID: PMC9246196 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2090546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Current medical approaches to control the Covid-19 pandemic are either to directly target the SARS-CoV-2 via innovate a defined drug and a safe vaccine or indirectly target the medical complications of the virus. One of the indirect strategies for fighting this virus has been mainly dependent on using anti-inflammatory drugs to control cytokines storm responsible for severe health complications. We revealed the discovery of novel fused pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives as promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. The newly synthesised compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anti-inflammatory activity using RAW264.7 cells after stimulation with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The results revealed that 3a, 4b, and 8e were the most potent analogues. Molecular docking and simulations of these compounds against COX-2, TLR-2 and TLR-4 respectively was performed. The former results were in line with the biological data and proved that 3a, 4b and 8e have potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira I. Sayed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yara E. Mansour
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omnia Aly
- Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Zainab M. Khoder
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ahmed M. Said
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Athenex Inc., Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Samar S. Fatahala
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania H. Abd El-Hameed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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28
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Regulation of feeding and therapeutic application of bioactive peptides. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Phung HH, Lee CH. Mouse models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and their application to new drug development. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:761-794. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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30
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Amorim MR, Aung O, Mokhlesi B, Polotsky VY. Leptin-mediated neural targets in obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Sleep 2022; 45:zsac153. [PMID: 35778900 PMCID: PMC9453616 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is defined as daytime hypercapnia in obese individuals in the absence of other underlying causes. In the United States, OHS is present in 10%-20% of obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea and is linked to hypoventilation during sleep. OHS leads to high cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality, and there is no effective pharmacotherapy. The depressed hypercapnic ventilatory response plays a key role in OHS. The pathogenesis of OHS has been linked to resistance to an adipocyte-produced hormone, leptin, a major regulator of metabolism and control of breathing. Mechanisms by which leptin modulates the control of breathing are potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies in OHS. Recent advances shed light on the molecular pathways related to the central chemoreceptor function in health and disease. Leptin signaling in the nucleus of the solitary tract, retrotrapezoid nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus, and dorsomedial hypothalamus, and anatomical projections from these nuclei to the respiratory control centers, may contribute to OHS. In this review, we describe current views on leptin-mediated mechanisms that regulate breathing and CO2 homeostasis with a focus on potential therapeutics for the treatment of OHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus R Amorim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - O Aung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Babak Mokhlesi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vsevolod Y Polotsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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31
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Ahn W, Latremouille J, Harris RBS. Leptin receptor-expressing cells in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus contribute to enhanced CCK-induced satiety following central leptin injection. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E267-E280. [PMID: 35830689 PMCID: PMC9448279 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00088.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Others have shown that leptin and cholecystokinin (CCK) act synergistically to suppress food intake. Experiments described here tested whether leptin in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) contributes to the synergy with peripheral CCK in male Sprague Dawley rats. A subthreshold injection of 50-ng leptin into the VMH 1 h before a peripheral injection of 1 µg/kg CCK did not change the response to CCK in rats offered chow or low-fat purified diet, but did exaggerate the reduction in intake of high-fat diet 30 min and 1 h after injection in rats that had been food deprived for 8 h. By contrast, deletion of leptin receptor-expressing cells in the VMH using leptin-conjugated saporin (Lep-Sap) abolished the response to peripheral CCK in chow-fed rats. Lateral ventricle injection of 2-µg leptin combined with peripheral CCK exaggerated the inhibition of chow intake for up to 6 h in control rats treated with Blank-saporin, but not in Lep-Sap rats. Blank-Saporin rats offered low- or high-fat purified diet also demonstrated a dose-response inhibition of intake that reached significance with 1 µg/kg of CCK for both diets. CCK did not inhibit intake of Lep-Sap rats in either low- or high-fat-fed rats. Thus, although basal activation of VMH leptin receptors makes a significant contribution to the synergy with CCK, increased leptin activity in the VMH does not exaggerate the response to CCK in intact rats offered low-fat diets, but does enhance the response in those offered high-fat diet.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Leptin is a feedback signal in the control of energy balance, whereas cholecystokinin (CCK) is a short-term satiety signal that inhibits meal size. The two hormones synergize to promote satiety. We tested whether leptin receptors in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) contribute to the synergy. The results suggest that there is a requirement for a baseline level of activation of leptin receptors in the VMH in order for CCK to promote satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- WonMo Ahn
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - John Latremouille
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ruth B S Harris
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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Speakman JR, Elmquist JK. Obesity: an evolutionary context. LIFE METABOLISM 2022; 1:10-24. [PMID: 36394061 PMCID: PMC9642988 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/loac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
People completely lacking body fat (lipodystrophy/lipoatrophy) and those with severe obesity both show profound metabolic and other health issues. Regulating levels of body fat somewhere between these limits would, therefore, appear to be adaptive. Two different models might be contemplated. More traditional is a set point (SP) where the levels are regulated around a fixed level. Alternatively, dual-intervention point (DIP) is a system that tolerates fairly wide variation but is activated when critically high or low levels are breached. The DIP system seems to fit our experience much better than an SP, and models suggest that it is more likely to have evolved. A DIP system may have evolved because of two contrasting selection pressures. At the lower end, we may have been selected to avoid low levels of fat as a buffer against starvation, to avoid disease-induced anorexia, and to support reproduction. At the upper end, we may have been selected to avoid excess storage because of the elevated risks of predation. This upper limit of control seems to have malfunctioned because some of us deposit large fat stores, with important negative health effects. Why has evolution not protected us against this problem? One possibility is that the protective system slowly fell apart due to random mutations after we dramatically reduced the risk of being predated during our evolutionary history. By chance, it fell apart more in some people than others, and these people are now unable to effectively manage their weight in the face of the modern food glut. To understand the evolutionary context of obesity, it is important to separate the adaptive reason for storing some fat (i.e. the lower intervention point), from the nonadaptive reason for storing lots of fat (a broken upper intervention point). The DIP model has several consequences, showing how we understand the obesity problem and what happens when we attempt to treat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Corresponding author. John R Speakman, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, China. E-mail:
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Joel K. Elmquist, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA. E-mail:
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Nampoothiri S, Nogueiras R, Schwaninger M, Prevot V. Glial cells as integrators of peripheral and central signals in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Nat Metab 2022; 4:813-825. [PMID: 35879459 PMCID: PMC7613794 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Communication between the periphery and the brain is key for maintaining energy homeostasis. To do so, peripheral signals from the circulation reach the brain via the circumventricular organs (CVOs), which are characterized by fenestrated vessels lacking the protective blood-brain barrier (BBB). Glial cells, by virtue of their plasticity and their ideal location at the interface of blood vessels and neurons, participate in the integration and transmission of peripheral information to neuronal networks in the brain for the neuroendocrine control of whole-body metabolism. Metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, can disrupt the brain-to-periphery communication mediated by glial cells, highlighting the relevance of these cell types in the pathophysiology of such complications. An improved understanding of how glial cells integrate and respond to metabolic and humoral signals has become a priority for the discovery of promising therapeutic strategies to treat metabolic disorders. This Review highlights the role of glial cells in the exchange of metabolic signals between the periphery and the brain that are relevant for the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekala Nampoothiri
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigation Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrition, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, Lille, France.
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Metabolic Syndrome: Lessons from Rodent and Drosophila Models. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5850507. [PMID: 35782067 PMCID: PMC9242782 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5850507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are health conditions tightly related to a number of metabolic complications collectively called “metabolic syndrome” (MetS). Clinical diagnosis of MetS includes the presence of the increased waist circumference or so-called abdominal obesity, reduced high density lipoprotein level, elevated blood pressure, and increased blood glucose and triacylglyceride levels. Different approaches, including diet-induced and genetically induced animal models, have been developed to study MetS pathogenesis and underlying mechanisms. Studies of metabolic disturbances in the fruit fly Drosophila and mammalian models along with humans have demonstrated that fruit flies and small mammalian models like rats and mice have many similarities with humans in basic metabolic functions and share many molecular mechanisms which regulate these metabolic processes. In this paper, we describe diet-induced, chemically and genetically induced animal models of the MetS. The advantages and limitations of rodent and Drosophila models of MetS and obesity are also analyzed.
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Nagao K, Inoue N, Tsuge K, Oikawa A, Kayashima T, Yanagita T. Dried and Fermented Powders of Edible Algae ( Neopyropia yezoensis) Attenuate Hepatic Steatosis in Obese Mice. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092640. [PMID: 35565990 PMCID: PMC9099931 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Edible algae Neopyropia yezoensis is used as “Nori”, its dried sheet product, in Japanese cuisine. Its lipid components reportedly improve hepatic steatosis in obese db/db mice. In this study, we prepared “Nori powder (NP)” and “fermented Nori powder (FNP)” to utilize the functional lipids contained in “Nori” and examined their nutraceutical effects in vivo. Male db/db mice were fed a basal AIN-76 diet, a 10% NP-supplemented diet, or a 10% FNP-supplemented diet for 4 weeks. We detected eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) present in both NP and FNP in the serum and liver of db/db mice in a dose-dependent manner. The NP diet reduced hepatic triglyceride accumulation (by 58%) in db/db mice by modulating gene expression, which resulted in the inhibition of lipogenic enzyme activity. Additionally, NP intake significantly suppressed the expression of inflammatory genes in the liver and hepatic injury marker levels in the sera (by 26%) of db/db mice. The FNP diet also led to a marked reduction in hepatic triglyceride accumulation (by 50%) and hepatic injury (by 28%) in db/db mice, and the mechanism of these alleviative actions was similar to that of the NP diet. Although the EPA content of FNP was one-third that of NP, metabolomic analysis revealed that bioactive betaine analogs, such as stachydrine, betaine, and carnitine, were detected only in FNP. In conclusion, we suggest that (1) mechanical processing of “Nori” makes its lipid components readily absorbable by the body to exert their lipid-lowering effects, and (2) fermentation of “Nori” produces anti-inflammatory molecules and lipid-lowering molecules, which together with the lipid components, can exert hepatic steatosis-alleviating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nagao
- Department of Biological Resource Science, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan; (N.I.); (T.Y.)
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-952-28-8781
| | - Nao Inoue
- Department of Biological Resource Science, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan; (N.I.); (T.Y.)
| | - Keisuke Tsuge
- Saga Regional Industry Support Center, Saga 849-0932, Japan;
| | - Akira Oikawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan;
| | - Tomoko Kayashima
- Faculty of Education, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan;
| | - Teruyoshi Yanagita
- Department of Biological Resource Science, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan; (N.I.); (T.Y.)
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36
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Cui X, Gruzdeva A, Kim H, Yapici N. Of flies, mice and neural control of food intake: lessons to learn from both models. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 73:102531. [PMID: 35390643 PMCID: PMC9167741 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In her book, A Room of One's Own, the famous author Virginia Woolf writes "One cannot think well, love well, sleep well if one has not dined well". This is true. All animals need to forage for food and consume specific nutrients to maintain their physiological homeostasis, maximize their fitness and their reproduction. After decades of research in humans and many model organisms, we now know that our brain is one of the key players that control what, when, and how much we eat. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on neural control of food intake behaviors in mice and flies with the view that these two model organisms complement one another in efforts to uncover conserved principles brains use to regulate energy metabolism and food ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Cui
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Anna Gruzdeva
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Haein Kim
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nilay Yapici
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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37
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ABA Mediates Plant Development and Abiotic Stress via Alternative Splicing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073796. [PMID: 35409156 PMCID: PMC8998868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) exists in eukaryotes to increase the complexity and adaptability of systems under biophysiological conditions by increasing transcriptional and protein diversity. As a classic hormone, abscisic acid (ABA) can effectively control plant growth, improve stress resistance, and promote dormancy. At the transcriptional level, ABA helps plants respond to the outside world by regulating transcription factors through signal transduction pathways to regulate gene expression. However, at the post-transcriptional level, the mechanism by which ABA can regulate plant biological processes by mediating alternative splicing is not well understood. Therefore, this paper briefly introduces the mechanism of ABA-induced alternative splicing and the role of ABA mediating AS in plant response to the environment and its own growth.
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38
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Gil CH, Chakraborty D, Vieira CP, Prasain N, Calzi SL, Fortmann SD, Hu P, Banno K, Jamal M, Huang C, Sielski MS, Lin Y, Huang X, Dupont MD, Floyd JL, Prasad R, Longhini ALF, McGill TJ, Chung HM, Murphy MP, Kotton DN, Boulton ME, Yoder MC, Grant MB. Specific mesoderm subset derived from human pluripotent stem cells ameliorates microvascular pathology in type 2 diabetic mice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm5559. [PMID: 35245116 PMCID: PMC8896785 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm5559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were differentiated into a specific mesoderm subset characterized by KDR+CD56+APLNR+ (KNA+) expression. KNA+ cells had high clonal proliferative potential and specification into endothelial colony-forming cell (ECFCs) phenotype. KNA+ cells differentiated into perfused blood vessels when implanted subcutaneously into the flank of nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice and when injected into the vitreous of type 2 diabetic mice (db/db mice). Transcriptomic analysis showed that differentiation of hiPSCs derived from diabetics into KNA+ cells was sufficient to change baseline differences in gene expression caused by the diabetic status and reprogram diabetic cells to a pattern similar to KNA+ cells derived from nondiabetic hiPSCs. Proteomic array studies performed on retinas of db/db mice injected with either control or diabetic donor-derived KNA+ cells showed correction of aberrant signaling in db/db retinas toward normal healthy retina. These data provide "proof of principle" that KNA+ cells restore perfusion and correct vascular dysfunction in db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hyun Gil
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Dibyendu Chakraborty
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Cristiano P. Vieira
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Nutan Prasain
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine (AIRM), Westborough, MA 01581, USA
| | - Sergio Li Calzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Seth D. Fortmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kimihiko Banno
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Physiology II, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Mohamed Jamal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Pulmonary Center, and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Endodontics, Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 00000, UAE
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Micheli S. Sielski
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Xinxin Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 310104, China
| | - Mariana D. Dupont
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jason L. Floyd
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ana Leda F. Longhini
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Trevor J. McGill
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Hyung-Min Chung
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael P. Murphy
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Darrell N. Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Pulmonary Center, and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michael E. Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Mervin C. Yoder
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Liu M, Cardilla A, Ngeow J, Gong X, Xia Y. Studying Kidney Diseases Using Organoid Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:845401. [PMID: 35309912 PMCID: PMC8927804 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.845401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rapidly increasing over the last few decades, owing to the global increase in diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Dialysis greatly compromises the life quality of patients, while demand for transplantable kidney cannot be met, underscoring the need to develop novel therapeutic approaches to stop or reverse CKD progression. Our understanding of kidney disease is primarily derived from studies using animal models and cell culture. While cross-species differences made it challenging to fully translate findings from animal models into clinical practice, primary patient cells quickly lose the original phenotypes during in vitro culture. Over the last decade, remarkable achievements have been made for generating 3-dimensional (3D) miniature organs (organoids) by exposing stem cells to culture conditions that mimic the signaling cues required for the development of a particular organ or tissue. 3D kidney organoids have been successfully generated from different types of source cells, including human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), adult/fetal renal tissues, and kidney cancer biopsy. Alongside gene editing tools, hPSC-derived kidney organoids are being harnessed to model genetic kidney diseases. In comparison, adult kidney-derived tubuloids and kidney cancer-derived tumoroids are still in their infancy. Herein, we first summarize the currently available kidney organoid models. Next, we discuss recent advances in kidney disease modelling using organoid models. Finally, we consider the major challenges that have hindered the application of kidney organoids in disease modelling and drug evaluation and propose prospective solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angelysia Cardilla
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Genetics Service, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ximing Gong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Ximing Gong, ; Yun Xia,
| | - Yun Xia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Ximing Gong, ; Yun Xia,
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40
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Abstract
The role of β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) in adipose tissue to promote lipolysis and the release of fatty acids and nonshivering thermogenesis in brown fat has been studied for so many decades that one would think there is nothing left to discover. With the rediscovery of brown fat in humans and renewed interest in UCP1 and uncoupled mitochondrial respiration, it seems that a review of adipose tissue as an organ, pivotal observations, and the investigators who made them would be instructive to understanding where the field stands now. The discovery of the β3-adrenergic receptor was important for accurately defining the pharmacology of the adipocyte, while the clinical targeting of this receptor for obesity and metabolic disease has had its highs and lows. Many questions still remain about how βARs regulate adipocyte metabolism and the signaling molecules through which they do it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Collins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA;
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41
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Stratton MT, Albracht-Schulte K, Harty PS, Siedler MR, Rodriguez C, Tinsley GM. Physiological responses to acute fasting: implications for intermittent fasting programs. Nutr Rev 2022; 80:439-452. [PMID: 35142356 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a dietary strategy that involves alternating periods of abstention from calorie consumption with periods of ad libitum food intake. There is significant interest in the body of literature describing longitudinal adaptations to IF. Less attention has been given to the acute physiological responses that occur during the fasting durations that are commonly employed by IF practitioners. Thus, the purpose of this review was to examine the physiological responses - including alterations in substrate metabolism, systemic hormones, and autophagy - that occur throughout an acute fast. Literature searches were performed to locate relevant research describing physiological responses to acute fasting and short-term starvation. A single fast demonstrated the ability to alter glucose and lipid metabolism within the initial 24 hours, but variations in protein metabolism appeared to be minimal within this time frame. The ability of an acute fast to elicit significant increases in autophagy is still unknown. The information summarized in this review can be used to help contextualize existing research and better inform development of future IF interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Stratton
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Kembra Albracht-Schulte
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick S Harty
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Madelin R Siedler
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Christian Rodriguez
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Maffei M, Giordano A. Leptin, the brain and energy homeostasis: From an apparently simple to a highly complex neuronal system. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:87-101. [PMID: 33822303 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, produced and secreted by white adipose tissue in tight relationship with adipose mass, informs the brain about the status of the energy stores serving as the main peripheral signal for energy balance regulation through interaction with a multitude of highly interconnected neuronal populations. Most obese patients display resistance to the anorectic effect of the hormone. The present review unravels the multiple levels of complexity that trigger hypothalamic response to leptin with the objective of highlighting those critical hubs that, mainly in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, may undergo obesity-induced alterations and create an obstacle to leptin action. Several mechanisms underlying leptin resistance have been proposed, possibly representing useful targets to empower leptin effects. Among these, a special focus is herein dedicated to detail how leptin gains access into the brain and how neuronal plasticity may interfere with leptin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Maffei
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/A, 60020, Ancona, Italy.
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43
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Erichsen JM, Fadel JR, Reagan LP. Peripheral versus central insulin and leptin resistance: Role in metabolic disorders, cognition, and neuropsychiatric diseases. Neuropharmacology 2022; 203:108877. [PMID: 34762922 PMCID: PMC8642294 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin and leptin are classically regarded as peptide hormones that play key roles in metabolism. In actuality, they serve several functions in both the periphery and central nervous system (CNS). Likewise, insulin and leptin resistance can occur both peripherally and centrally. Metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity share several key features including insulin and leptin resistance. While the peripheral effects of these disorders are well-known (i.e. cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke, dyslipidemia, etc.), the CNS complications of leptin and insulin resistance have come into sharper focus. Both preclinical and clinical findings have indicated that insulin and leptin resistance are associated with cognitive deficits and neuropsychiatric diseases such as depression. Importantly, these studies also suggest that these deficits in neuroplasticity can be reversed by restoration of insulin and leptin sensitivity. In view of these observations, this review will describe, in detail, the peripheral and central functions of insulin and leptin and explain the role of insulin and leptin resistance in various metabolic disorders, cognition, and neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Erichsen
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Jim R Fadel
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Lawrence P Reagan
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA; Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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Jeong B, Kim KK, Lee TH, Kim HR, Park BS, Park JW, Jeong JK, Seong JY, Lee BJ. Spexin Regulates Hypothalamic Leptin Action on Feeding Behavior. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020236. [PMID: 35204737 PMCID: PMC8961618 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a recently identified neuropeptide that is believed to play an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Here, we describe a mediating function of SPX in hypothalamic leptin action. Intracerebroventricular (icv) SPX administration induced a decrease in food intake and body weight gain. SPX was found to be expressed in cells expressing leptin receptor ObRb in the mouse hypothalamus. In line with this finding, icv leptin injection increased SPX mRNA in the ObRb-positive cells of the hypothalamus, which was blocked by treatment with a STAT3 inhibitor. Leptin also increased STAT3 binding to the SPX promoter, as measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. In vivo blockade of hypothalamic SPX biosynthesis with an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS ODN) resulted in a diminished leptin effect on food intake and body weight. AS ODN reversed leptin’s effect on the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA expression and, moreover, decreased leptin-induced STAT3 binding to the POMC promoter sequence. These results suggest that SPX is involved in leptin’s action on POMC gene expression in the hypothalamus and impacts the anorexigenic effects of leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea; (B.J.); (K.-K.K.); (T.-H.L.); (B.-S.P.); (J.-W.P.)
| | - Kwang-Kon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea; (B.J.); (K.-K.K.); (T.-H.L.); (B.-S.P.); (J.-W.P.)
| | - Tae-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea; (B.J.); (K.-K.K.); (T.-H.L.); (B.-S.P.); (J.-W.P.)
| | - Han-Rae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 22037, USA; (H.-R.K.); (J.-K.J.)
| | - Byong-Seo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea; (B.J.); (K.-K.K.); (T.-H.L.); (B.-S.P.); (J.-W.P.)
| | - Jeong-Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea; (B.J.); (K.-K.K.); (T.-H.L.); (B.-S.P.); (J.-W.P.)
| | - Jin-Kwon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 22037, USA; (H.-R.K.); (J.-K.J.)
| | - Jae-Young Seong
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.S.); (B.-J.L.)
| | - Byung-Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea; (B.J.); (K.-K.K.); (T.-H.L.); (B.-S.P.); (J.-W.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.S.); (B.-J.L.)
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Leptin enhances social motivation and reverses chronic unpredictable stress-induced social anhedonia during adolescence. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4948-4958. [PMID: 36138127 PMCID: PMC9763124 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Social anhedonia, a loss of interest and pleasure in social interactions, is a common symptom of major depression as well as other psychiatric disorders. Depression can occur at any age, but typically emerges in adolescence or early adulthood, which represents a sensitive period for social interaction that is vulnerable to stress. In this study, we evaluated social interaction reward using a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm in adolescent male and female mice. Adolescent mice of both sexes exhibited a preference for the social interaction-associated context. Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) impaired the development of CPP for social interaction, mimicking social anhedonia in depressed adolescents. Conversely, administration of leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, enhanced social interaction-induced CPP in non-stressed control mice and reversed social anhedonia in CUS mice. By dissecting the motivational processes of social CPP into social approach and isolation avoidance components, we demonstrated that leptin treatment increased isolation aversion without overt social reward effect. Further mechanistic exploration revealed that leptin stimulated oxytocin gene transcription in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, while oxytocin receptor blockade abolished the leptin-induced enhancement of socially-induced CPP. These results establish that chronic unpredictable stress can be used to study social anhedonia in adolescent mice and provide evidence that leptin modulates social motivation possibly via increasing oxytocin synthesis and oxytocin receptor activation.
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López-Soldado I, Guinovart JJ, Duran J. Hepatic overexpression of protein targeting to glycogen attenuates obesity and improves hyperglycemia in db/db mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:969924. [PMID: 36157460 PMCID: PMC9500150 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.969924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased liver glycogen content has been shown to reduce food intake, attenuate obesity, and improve glucose tolerance in a mouse model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Here we studied the contribution of liver glycogen to the regulation of obesity and glucose metabolism in a model of type 2 diabetes and obesity, namely the db/db mouse. To this end, we crossed db/db mice with animals overexpressing protein targeting to glycogen (PTG) in the liver to generate db/db mice with increased liver glycogen content (db/db-PTG). Hepatic PTG overexpression reduced food intake and fat weight and attenuated obesity and hyperglycemia in db/db mice. Db/db-PTG mice showed similar energy expenditure and physical activity to db/db mice. PTG overexpression reduced liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) protein levels and repressed hepatic glucose production in db/db mice. Moreover, increased liver glycogen elevated hepatic ATP content in these animals. However, lipid metabolism was not modified by PTG overexpression. In conclusion, increased liver glycogen content ameliorates the diabetic and obesity phenotype in db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana López-Soldado
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Iliana López-Soldado,
| | - Joan J. Guinovart
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Duran
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
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Le N, Sayers S, Mata-Pacheco V, Wagner EJ. The PACAP Paradox: Dynamic and Surprisingly Pleiotropic Actions in the Central Regulation of Energy Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:877647. [PMID: 35721722 PMCID: PMC9198406 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.877647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP), a pleiotropic neuropeptide, is widely distributed throughout the body. The abundance of PACAP expression in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and years of accompanying experimental evidence, indicates that PACAP plays crucial roles in diverse biological processes ranging from autonomic regulation to neuroprotection. In addition, PACAP is also abundantly expressed in the hypothalamic areas like the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei (VMN and ARC, respectively), as well as other brain regions such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc), bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) - suggesting that PACAP is capable of regulating energy homeostasis via both the homeostatic and hedonic energy balance circuitries. The evidence gathered over the years has increased our appreciation for its function in controlling energy balance. Therefore, this review aims to further probe how the pleiotropic actions of PACAP in regulating energy homeostasis is influenced by sex and dynamic changes in energy status. We start with a general overview of energy homeostasis, and then introduce the integral components of the homeostatic and hedonic energy balance circuitries. Next, we discuss sex differences inherent to the regulation of energy homeostasis via these two circuitries, as well as the activational effects of sex steroid hormones that bring about these intrinsic disparities between males and females. Finally, we explore the multifaceted role of PACAP in regulating homeostatic and hedonic feeding through its actions in regions like the NAc, BNST, and in particular the ARC, VMN and VTA that occur in sex- and energy status-dependent ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Le
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Sarah Sayers
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Veronica Mata-Pacheco
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Edward J. Wagner
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Edward J. Wagner, ; www.westernu.edu
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Ullah H, Khan AS, Murtaza B, Hichami A, Khan NA. Tongue Leptin Decreases Oro-Sensory Perception of Dietary Fatty Acids. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010197. [PMID: 35011070 PMCID: PMC8746778 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin, an anorectic hormone, regulates food intake, energy expenditure and body weight. We assessed the implication of tongue leptin in the modulation of oro-sensory detection of dietary fatty acids in mice. The RT-PCR analysis showed that mRNA encoding leptin and leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) was expressed in mice taste bud cells (TBC). Confocal microscopic studies showed that the lipid sensor CD36 was co-expressed with leptin in mice TBC. Silencing of leptin or Ob-Rb mRNA in tongue papillae upregulated preference for a long-chain fatty acid (LCFA), i.e., linoleic acid (LA), in a two-bottle paradigm in mice. Furthermore, tongue leptin application decreased the preference for the LCFA. These results suggest that tongue leptin exerts an inhibitory action on fatty acid preference. In isolated mice TBC, leptin decreased LCFA-induced increases in free intracellular calcium concentrations, [Ca2+]i. Leptin and LCFA induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and STAT-3 and there were no additive or opposite effects of the two agents on the degree of phosphorylation. However, leptin, but not the LCFA, induced phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI-3-K)-dependent Akt phosphorylation in TBC. Furthermore, leptin induced hyperpolarization, whereas LCFA induced depolarization in TBC. Our study demonstrates that tongue leptin exerts an inhibitory action on oro-sensory detection of a dietary fatty acid by interfering with Ca2+ signaling and membrane potential in mice TBC.
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The Cholesterol Metabolite Cholest-5-en-3-One Alleviates Hyperglycemia and Hyperinsulinemia in Obese ( db/ db) Mice. Metabolites 2021; 12:metabo12010026. [PMID: 35050148 PMCID: PMC8779233 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary sterols are catabolized into various substances in the intestinal tract. Dietary 3-oxo derivatives of cholesterol and plant sterols (e.g., cholest-4-en-3-one and campest-5-en-3-one) have been shown to have anti-obesity effects. In this study, we tested whether feeding cholest-5-en-3-one (5-cholestenone), a cholesterol metabolite, to db/db mice protects them from obesity-associated metabolic disorders. In db/db mice, dietary 5-cholestenone significantly alleviated hepatomegaly and elevated serum triglyceride levels; however, the effect was not sufficient to improve hepatic steatosis and obesity. On the other hand, hyperglycemia and severe hyperinsulinemia in control db/db mice were markedly attenuated in 5-cholestenone-fed db/db mice. The production of inflammatory cytokines, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), was decreased, suggesting that the suppressive actions of 5-cholestenone were attributable to the alleviation of chronic inflammation in db/db mice. Additionally, 5-cholestenone showed an inhibitory effect on TNFα-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activation in the NFκB luciferase gene reporter assay. These results suggest that obesity-induced abnormal glucose metabolism could be alleviated in 5-cholestenone-fed db/db mice by reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines through suppression of the NFκB signaling pathway.
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The role of the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum in feeding and obesity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110394. [PMID: 34242717 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing global epidemic that stems from the increasing availability of highly-palatable foods and the consequent enhanced calorie consumption. Extensive research has shown that brain regions that are central to reward seeking modulate feeding and evidence linking obesity to pathology in such regions have recently started to accumulate. In this review we focus on the contribution of two major interconnected structures central to reward processing, the nucleus accumbens and the ventral pallidum, to obesity. We first review the known literature linking these structures to feeding behavior, then discuss recent advances connecting pathology in the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum to obesity, and finally examine the similarities and differences between drug addiction and obesity in the context of these two structures. The understanding of how pathology in brain regions involved in reward seeking and consumption may drive obesity and how mechanistically similar obesity and addiction are, is only now starting to be revealed. We hope that future research will advance knowledge in the field and open new avenues to studying and treating obesity.
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