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Bowes MM, Casares-Marfil D, Sawalha AH. Intestinal permeability correlates with disease activity and DNA methylation changes in lupus patients. Clin Immunol 2024; 262:110173. [PMID: 38460891 PMCID: PMC11009052 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can involve various organ systems. Several studies have suggested that increased intestinal permeability may play a role in the pathogenesis of lupus. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between intestinal permeability, disease activity, and epigenetic changes in lupus patients. METHODS A total of 25 female lupus patients were included in this study. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores were used as indicator of disease activity. Plasma zonulin levels were measured, using an ELISA, as a marker of intestinal permeability. Genome-wide DNA methylation patterns were assessed in neutrophils for 19 of the lupus patients using the Infinium MethylationEPIC array. Linear regression and Pearson's correlation were used to evaluate the correlation between zonulin concentrations and SLEDAI scores. The relationship between DNA methylation levels and zonulin concentrations was assessed using beta regression, linear regression, and Pearson's correlation, adjusting for age and race. RESULTS Intestinal permeability positively correlated with disease activity in lupus patients (p-value = 7.60 × 10-3, r = 0.53). DNA methylation levels in 926 CpG sites significantly correlated with intestinal permeability. The highest correlation was identified in LRIG1 (cg14159396, FDR-adjusted p-value = 1.35 × 10-12, adjusted r2 = 0.92), which plays a role in intestinal homeostasis. Gene Ontologies related to cell-cell adhesion were enriched among the genes that were hypomethylated with increased intestinal permeability in lupus. CONCLUSION Our data suggest a correlation between increased intestinal permeability and disease activity in lupus patients. Further, increased intestinal permeability might be associated with epigenetic changes that could play a role in the pathogenesis of lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mckenna M Bowes
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Desiré Casares-Marfil
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Amr H Sawalha
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Lupus Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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2
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Khanbabei A, Segura L, Petrossian C, Lemus A, Cano I, Frazier C, Halajyan A, Ca D, Loza-Coll M. Experimental validation and characterization of putative targets of Escargot and STAT, two master regulators of the intestinal stem cells in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Biol 2024; 505:148-163. [PMID: 37952851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Many organs contain adult stem cells (ASCs) to replace cells due to damage, disease, or normal tissue turnover. ASCs can divide asymmetrically, giving rise to a new copy of themselves (self-renewal) and a sister that commits to a specific cell type (differentiation). Decades of research have led to the identification of pleiotropic genes whose loss or gain of function affect diverse aspects of normal ASC biology. Genome-wide screens of these so-called genetic "master regulator" (MR) genes, have pointed to hundreds of putative targets that could serve as their downstream effectors. Here, we experimentally validate and characterize the regulation of several putative targets of Escargot (Esg) and the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (Stat92E, a.k.a. STAT), two known MRs in Drosophila intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Our results indicate that regardless of bioinformatic predictions, most experimentally validated targets show a profile of gene expression that is consistent with co-regulation by both Esg and STAT, fitting a rather limited set of co-regulatory modalities. A bioinformatic analysis of proximal regulatory sequences in specific subsets of co-regulated targets identified additional transcription factors that might cooperate with Esg and STAT in modulating their transcription. Lastly, in vivo manipulations of validated targets rarely phenocopied the effects of manipulating Esg and STAT, suggesting the existence of complex genetic interactions among downstream targets of these two MR genes during ISC homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Khanbabei
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge (CSUN), USA
| | - Lina Segura
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge (CSUN), USA
| | - Cynthia Petrossian
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge (CSUN), USA
| | - Aaron Lemus
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge (CSUN), USA
| | - Ithan Cano
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge (CSUN), USA
| | - Courtney Frazier
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge (CSUN), USA
| | - Armen Halajyan
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge (CSUN), USA
| | - Donnie Ca
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge (CSUN), USA
| | - Mariano Loza-Coll
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge (CSUN), USA.
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Dinarello A, Betto RM, Diamante L, Tesoriere A, Ghirardo R, Cioccarelli C, Meneghetti G, Peron M, Laquatra C, Tiso N, Martello G, Argenton F. STAT3 and HIF1α cooperatively mediate the transcriptional and physiological responses to hypoxia. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:226. [PMID: 37407568 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01507-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT3 and HIF1α are two fundamental transcription factors involved in many merging processes, like angiogenesis, metabolism, and cell differentiation. Notably, under pathological conditions, the two factors have been shown to interact genetically, but both the molecular mechanisms underlying such interactions and their relevance under physiological conditions remain unclear. In mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) we manage to determine the specific subset of hypoxia-induced genes that need STAT3 to be properly transcribed and, among them, fundamental genes like Vegfa, Hk1, Hk2, Pfkp and Hilpda are worth mentioning. Unexpectedly, we also demonstrated that the absence of STAT3 does not affect the expression of Hif1α mRNA nor the stabilization of HIF1α protein, but the STAT3-driven regulation of the hypoxia-dependent subset of gene could rely on the physical interaction between STAT3 and HIF1α. To further elucidate the physiological roles of this STAT3 non-canonical nuclear activity, we used a CRISPR/Cas9 zebrafish stat3 knock-out line. Notably, hypoxia-related fluorescence of the hypoxia zebrafish reporter line (HRE:mCherry) cannot be induced when Stat3 is not active and, while Stat3 Y705 phosphorylation seems to have a pivotal role in this process, S727 does not affect the Stat3-dependent hypoxia response. Hypoxia is fundamental for vascularization, angiogenesis and immune cells mobilization; all processes that, surprisingly, cannot be induced by low oxygen levels when Stat3 is genetically ablated. All in all, here we report the specific STAT3/HIF1α-dependent subset of genes in vitro and, for the first time with an in vivo model, we determined some of the physiological roles of STAT3-hypoxia crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Linda Diamante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Claudio Laquatra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Natascia Tiso
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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4
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Peron M, Dinarello A, Meneghetti G, Martorano L, Betto RM, Facchinello N, Tesoriere A, Tiso N, Martello G, Argenton F. Y705 and S727 are required for the mitochondrial import and transcriptional activities of STAT3, and for regulation of stem cell proliferation. Development 2021; 148:272054. [PMID: 34473253 PMCID: PMC8451946 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The STAT3 transcription factor, acting both in the nucleus and mitochondria, maintains embryonic stem cell pluripotency and promotes their proliferation. In this work, using zebrafish, we determined in vivo that mitochondrial STAT3 regulates mtDNA transcription in embryonic and larval stem cell niches and that this activity affects their proliferation rates. As a result, we demonstrated that import of STAT3 inside mitochondria requires Y705 phosphorylation by Jak, whereas its mitochondrial transcriptional activity, as well as its effect on proliferation, depends on the MAPK target S727. These data were confirmed using mouse embryonic stem cells: although the Y705-mutated STAT3 cannot enter mitochondria, the S727 mutation does not affect import into the organelle and is responsible for STAT3-dependent mitochondrial transcription. Surprisingly, STAT3-dependent increase of mitochondrial transcription appears to be independent from STAT3 binding to STAT3-responsive elements. Finally, loss-of-function experiments, with chemical inhibition of the JAK/STAT3 pathway or genetic ablation of stat3 gene, demonstrated that STAT3 is also required for cell proliferation in the intestine of zebrafish. Summary: Mitochondrial import of STAT3 requires Y705 phosphorylation by Jak, whereas STAT3 mitochondrial transcriptional activity and its effect on proliferation depend on the MAPK target S727.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Peron
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Martorano
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo M Betto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Natascia Tiso
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
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Frank MH, Wilson BJ, Gold JS, Frank NY. Clinical Implications of Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells in the Age of Single-Cell Omics and Targeted Therapies. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:1947-1960. [PMID: 33617889 PMCID: PMC8215897 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) concept emerged from the recognition of inherent tumor heterogeneity and suggests that within a given tumor, in analogy to normal tissues, there exists a cellular hierarchy composed of a minority of more primitive cells with enhanced longevity (ie, CSCs) that give rise to shorter-lived, more differentiated cells (ie, cancer bulk populations), which on their own are not capable of tumor perpetuation. CSCs can be responsible for cancer therapeutic resistance to conventional, targeted, and immunotherapeutic treatment modalities, and for cancer progression through CSC-intrinsic molecular mechanisms. The existence of CSCs in colorectal cancer (CRC) was first established through demonstration of enhanced clonogenicity and tumor-forming capacity of this cell subset in human-to-mouse tumor xenotransplantation experiments and subsequently confirmed through lineage-tracing studies in mice. Surface markers for CRC CSC identification and their prospective isolation are now established. Therefore, the application of single-cell omics technologies to CSC characterization, including whole-genome sequencing, RNA sequencing, and epigenetic analyses, opens unprecedented opportunities to discover novel targetable molecular pathways and hence to develop novel strategies for CRC eradication. We review recent advances in this field and discuss the potential implications of next-generation CSC analyses for currently approved and experimental targeted CRC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus H. Frank
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;,Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts;,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brian J. Wilson
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jason S. Gold
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts;,Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Natasha Y. Frank
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts;,Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts;,Division of Genetics, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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6
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Escalona RM, Bilandzic M, Western P, Kadife E, Kannourakis G, Findlay JK, Ahmed N. TIMP-2 regulates proliferation, invasion and STAT3-mediated cancer stem cell-dependent chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:960. [PMID: 33023532 PMCID: PMC7542139 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metzincin family of metalloproteinases and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are essential proteins required for biological processes during cancer progression. This study aimed to determine the role of TIMP-2 in ovarian cancer progression and chemoresistance by reducing TIMP-2 expression in vitro in Fallopian tube secretory epithelial (FT282) and ovarian cancer (JHOS2 and OVCAR4) cell lines. METHODS FT282, JHOS2 and OVCAR4 cells were transiently transfected with either single or pooled TIMP-2 siRNAs. The expression of different genes after TIMP-2 knock down (T2-KD) or in response to chemotherapy was determined at the mRNA level by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) and at the protein level by immunofluorescence. Sensitivity of the cell lines in response to chemotherapy after TIMP-2 knock down was investigated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays. Cell invasion in response to TIMP-2 knockdown was determined by xCELLigence. RESULTS Sixty to 90 % knock down of TIMP-2 expression was confirmed in FT282, OVCAR4 and JHOS2 cell lines at the mRNA and protein levels. TIMP-2 knock down did not change the mRNA expression of TIMP-1 or TIMP-3. However, a significant downregulation of MMP-2 in T2-KD cells occurred at both the protein and activation levels, compared to Control (Cont; scrambled siRNA) and Parental cells (P, transfection reagent only). In contrast, membrane bound MT1-MMP protein levels were significantly upregulated in T2-KD compared to Cont and P cells. T2-KD cells exhibited enhanced proliferation and increased sensitivity to cisplatin and paclitaxel treatments. Enhanced invasion was observed in the T2-KD-JOSH2 and OVCAR4 cells but not in T2-KD-FT282 cells. Treatment with cisplatin or paclitaxel significantly elevated the expression of TIMP-2 in Cont cells but not in T2-KD cells, consistent with significantly elevated expression of chemoresistance and CSC markers and activation of STAT3. Furthermore, a potent inhibitor of STAT3 activation, Momelotinib, suppressed chemotherapy-induced activation of P-STAT3 in OVCAR4 cells with concomitant reductions in the expression of chemoresistance genes and CSC markers. CONCLUSIONS The above results suggest that TIMP-2 may have a novel role in ovarian cancer proliferation, invasion and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Escalona
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3050, Australia.,Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and the Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, 3353, Australia
| | - Maree Bilandzic
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and the Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Patrick Western
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and the Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Elif Kadife
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, 3353, Australia
| | - George Kannourakis
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, 3353, Australia.,Federation University Australia, Vic, Ballarat, 3010, Australia
| | - Jock K Findlay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3050, Australia.,Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and the Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Nuzhat Ahmed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3050, Australia. .,Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and the Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, 3353, Australia. .,Federation University Australia, Vic, Ballarat, 3010, Australia.
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7
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Peron M, Dinarello A, Meneghetti G, Martorano L, Facchinello N, Vettori A, Licciardello G, Tiso N, Argenton F. The stem-like Stat3-responsive cells of zebrafish intestine are Wnt/β-catenin dependent. Development 2020; 147:dev.188987. [PMID: 32467235 PMCID: PMC7328161 DOI: 10.1242/dev.188987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Stat3 is required for proliferation and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells; we have prepared and characterized fluorescent Stat3-reporter zebrafish based on repeats of minimal responsive elements. These transgenic lines mimic in vivo Stat3 expression patterns and are responsive to exogenous Stat3; notably, fluorescence is inhibited by both stat3 knockout and IL6/Jak/STAT inhibitors. At larval stages, Stat3 reporter activity correlates with proliferating regions of the brain, haematopoietic tissue and intestine. In the adult gut, the reporter is active in sparse proliferating cells, located at the base of intestinal folds, expressing the stemness marker sox9b and having the morphology of mammalian crypt base columnar cells; noteworthy, zebrafish stat3 mutants show defects in intestinal folding. Stat3 reporter activity in the gut is abolished with mutation of T cell factor 4 (Tcf7l2), the intestinal mediator of Wnt/β-catenin-dependent transcription. The Wnt/β-catenin dependence of Stat3 activity in the gut is confirmed by abrupt expansion of Stat3-positive cells in intestinal adenomas of apc heterozygotes. Our findings indicate that Jak/Stat3 signalling is needed for intestinal stem cell maintenance and possibly crucial in controlling Wnt/β-catenin-dependent colorectal cancer cell proliferation. Summary: Using a fluorescent reporter for Stat3 activity, we have identified the stem cells of zebrafish intestine and characterized their Wnt requirements and responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Peron
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Dinarello
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Giacomo Meneghetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Martorano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Facchinello
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Vettori
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Licciardello
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Natascia Tiso
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Argenton
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy
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Montenegro-Miranda PS, van der Meer JH, Jones C, Meisner S, Vermeulen JL, Koster J, Wildenberg ME, Heijmans J, Boudreau F, Ribeiro A, van den Brink GR, Muncan V. A Novel Organoid Model of Damage and Repair Identifies HNF4α as a Critical Regulator of Intestinal Epithelial Regeneration. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:209-223. [PMID: 32145468 PMCID: PMC7301200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Recent evidence has suggested that the intact intestinal epithelial barrier protects our body from a range of immune-mediated diseases. The epithelial layer has an impressive ability to reconstitute and repair upon damage and this process of repair increasingly is seen as a therapeutic target. In vitro models to study this process in primary intestinal cells are lacking. METHODS We established and characterized an in vitro model of intestinal damage and repair by applying γ-radiation on small-intestinal organoids. We then used this model to identify novel regulators of intestinal regeneration. RESULTS We identified hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) as a pivotal upstream regulator of the intestinal regenerative response. Organoids lacking Hnf4a were not able to propagate in vitro. Importantly, intestinal Hnf4a knock-out mice showed impaired regeneration after whole-body irradiation, confirming intestinal organoids as a valuable alternative to in vivo studies. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we established and validated an in vitro damage-repair model and identified HNF4α as a crucial regulator of intestinal regeneration. Transcript profiling: GSE141515 and GSE141518.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S. Montenegro-Miranda
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan H.M. van der Meer
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Jones
- Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie Cellulaire/Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée sur le Cancer, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Sander Meisner
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline L.M. Vermeulen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon E. Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jarom Heijmans
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francois Boudreau
- Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie Cellulaire/Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée sur le Cancer, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Agnes Ribeiro
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Gijs R. van den Brink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Vanesa Muncan, PhD, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. fax: (31) 20-566-9190.
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9
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Liko D, Mitchell L, Campbell KJ, Ridgway RA, Jones C, Dudek K, King A, Bryson S, Stevenson D, Blyth K, Strathdee D, Morton JP, Bird TG, Knight JRP, Willis AE, Sansom OJ. Brf1 loss and not overexpression disrupts tissues homeostasis in the intestine, liver and pancreas. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:2535-2550. [PMID: 30858608 PMCID: PMC6861133 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase III (Pol-III) transcribes tRNAs and other small RNAs essential for protein synthesis and cell growth. Pol-III is deregulated during carcinogenesis; however, its role in vivo has not been studied. To address this issue, we manipulated levels of Brf1, a Pol-III transcription factor that is essential for recruitment of Pol-III holoenzyme at tRNA genes in vivo. Knockout of Brf1 led to embryonic lethality at blastocyst stage. In contrast, heterozygous Brf1 mice were viable, fertile and of a normal size. Conditional deletion of Brf1 in gastrointestinal epithelial tissues, intestine, liver and pancreas, was incompatible with organ homeostasis. Deletion of Brf1 in adult intestine and liver induced apoptosis. However, Brf1 heterozygosity neither had gross effects in these epithelia nor did it modify tumorigenesis in the intestine or pancreas. Overexpression of BRF1 rescued the phenotypes of Brf1 deletion in intestine and liver but was unable to initiate tumorigenesis. Thus, Brf1 and Pol-III activity are absolutely essential for normal homeostasis during development and in adult epithelia. However, Brf1 overexpression or heterozygosity are unable to modify tumorigenesis, suggesting a permissive, but not driving role for Brf1 in the development of epithelial cancers of the pancreas and gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dritan Liko
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Louise Mitchell
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kirsteen J Campbell
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Rachel A Ridgway
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Carolyn Jones
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Kate Dudek
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Ayala King
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Sheila Bryson
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - David Stevenson
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Thomas G Bird
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - John R P Knight
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
| | - Anne E Willis
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
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10
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Liu HW, Lee PM, Bamodu OA, Su YK, Fong IH, Yeh CT, Chien MH, Kan IH, Lin CM. Enhanced Hsa-miR-181d/p-STAT3 and Hsa-miR-181d/p-STAT5A Ratios Mediate the Anticancer Effect of Garcinol in STAT3/5A-Addicted Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121888. [PMID: 31783691 PMCID: PMC6966688 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma (GBM), a malignant grade IV tumor, is the most malignant brain tumor due to its hyper-proliferative and apoptosis-evading characteristics. The signal transducer and activators of transcription (STAT) family genes, including STAT3 and STAT5A, have been indicated to play important roles in GBM progression. Increasing number of reports suggest that garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone and major bioactive component of Garcinia indica contains potent anti-cancer activities. Material and Methods: The present study investigated the anti-GBM effects of garcinol, focusing on the STAT3/STAT5A activation, using a combination of bioinformatics, in vitro, and ex vivo assays. Results: Our bioinformatics analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)–GBM cohort (n = 173) showed that STAT3 and STAT5A are preferentially elevated in primary and recurrent GBM, compared to non-tumor brain tissues, and is significantly correlated with reduced overall survival. In support, our immunohistochemical staining of a GBM cohort (n = 45) showed an estimated 5.3-fold (p < 0.001) elevation in STAT3 and STAT5A protein expression in primary and recurrent GBM versus the non-tumor group. In vitro, garcinol treatment significantly suppressed the proliferative, invasive, and migratory potential of U87MG or GBM8401 cells, dose-dependently. In addition, garcinol anticancer effect significantly attenuated the GBM stem cell-like phenotypes, as reflected by diminished ability of U87MG or GBM8401 to form colonies and tumorspheres and suppressed expression of OCT4 and SOX2. Furthermore, analysis on GBM transcriptome revealed an inverse correlation between the level of STAT3/5A and hsa-miR-181d. Garcinol-mediated anti-GBM effects were associated with an increased hsa-miR-181d/STAT3 and hsa-miR-181d/5A ratio. The results were further verified in vivo using U87MG mouse xenograft model where administration of garcinol significantly inhibited tumor growth. Conclusions: We present evidence of anti-GBM efficacy of garcinol mediated by enhancing the hsa-miR-181d/STAT3 and hsa-miR-181d/5A ratios in GBM cells. Our findings suggest a potential new therapeutic agent for combating aggressive GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Wei Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan; (H.-W.L.); (Y.-K.S.); (C.-T.Y.); (M.-H.C.)
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan;
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Peter Mingjui Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, College of Medicine, California North State University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA;
| | - Oluwaseun Adebayo Bamodu
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University—Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Medical University—Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Su
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan; (H.-W.L.); (Y.-K.S.); (C.-T.Y.); (M.-H.C.)
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan;
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Iat-Hang Fong
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan;
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Tai Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan; (H.-W.L.); (Y.-K.S.); (C.-T.Y.); (M.-H.C.)
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University—Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Medical University—Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu City 30015, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan; (H.-W.L.); (Y.-K.S.); (C.-T.Y.); (M.-H.C.)
| | - I-Hung Kan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan; (H.-W.L.); (Y.-K.S.); (C.-T.Y.); (M.-H.C.)
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan;
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (I.-H.K.); (C.-M.L.); Tel.: +886-2-2490088 (ext. 8881) (I.-H.K.)
| | - Chien-Min Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan; (H.-W.L.); (Y.-K.S.); (C.-T.Y.); (M.-H.C.)
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan;
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (I.-H.K.); (C.-M.L.); Tel.: +886-2-2490088 (ext. 8881) (I.-H.K.)
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11
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Blockade of STAT3 Causes Severe In Vitro and In Vivo Maturation Defects in Intestinal Organoids Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8070976. [PMID: 31277507 PMCID: PMC6678857 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal organoids (hIOs), which resemble the human intestine structurally and physiologically, have emerged as a new modality for the study of the molecular and cellular biology of the intestine in vitro. We recently developed an in vitro maturation technique for generating functional hIOs from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Here, we investigated the function of STAT3 for inducing in vitro maturation of hIOs. This was accompanied by the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3, whereas treatment with pharmacological inhibitors of STAT3 suppressed the phosphorylation of STAT3 and the expression of intestinal maturation markers. We generated and characterized STAT3 knockout (KO) human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. We found that STAT3 KO does not affect the differentiation of hESCs into hIOs but rather affects the in vitro maturation of hIOs. STAT3 KO hIOs displayed immature morphologies with decreased size and reduced budding in hIOs even after in vitro maturation. STAT3 KO hIOs showed markedly different profiles from hIOs matured in vitro and human small intestine. Additionally, STAT3 KO hIOs failed to maintain upon in vivo transplantation. This study reveals a core signaling pathway consisting of STAT3 controlling the in vitro maturation of hIOs derived from hPSCs.
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12
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Deficiency in intestinal epithelial Reg4 ameliorates intestinal inflammation and alters the colonic bacterial composition. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:919-929. [PMID: 30953001 PMCID: PMC7744279 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The regenerating islet-derived family member 4 (Reg4) in the gastrointestinal tract is up-regulated during intestinal inflammation. However, the physiological function of Reg4 in the inflammation is largely unknown. In the current study, the functional roles and involved mechanisms of intestinal epithelial Reg4 in intestinal inflammation were studied in healthy and inflamed states using human intestinal specimens, an intestinal conditional Reg4 knockout mouse (Reg4ΔIEC) model and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. We showed that the elevated serum Reg4 in pediatric intestinal failure (IF) patients were positively correlated with the serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In inflamed intestine of IF patients, the crypt base Reg4 protein was increased and highly expressed towards the luminal face. The Reg4 was indicated as a novel target of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) that enhanced Reg4 expression during the intestinal inflammation. In vivo, the DSS-induced colitis was significantly ameliorated in Reg4ΔIEC mice. Reg4ΔIEC mice altered the colonic bacterial composition and reduced the bacteria adhere to the colonic epithelium. In vitro, Reg4 was showed to promote the growth of colonic organoids, and that this occurs through a mechanism involving activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). In conclusion, our findings demonstrated intestinal-epithelial Reg4 deficiency protects against experimental colitis and mucosal injury via a mechanism involving alteration of bacterial homeostasis and STAT3 activation.
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13
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Tumour microenvironment and metabolic plasticity in cancer and cancer stem cells: Perspectives on metabolic and immune regulatory signatures in chemoresistant ovarian cancer stem cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:265-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Oshima H, Kok SY, Nakayama M, Murakami K, Voon DCC, Kimura T, Oshima M. Stat3 is indispensable for damage-induced crypt regeneration but not for Wnt-driven intestinal tumorigenesis. FASEB J 2018; 33:1873-1886. [PMID: 30156908 PMCID: PMC6338624 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801176r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) has been shown to play a role in intestinal regeneration and colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis. However, the role of Stat3 in the Wnt-driven sporadic intestinal tumorigenesis remains poorly understood. We examined the roles of Stat3 in intestinal regeneration and tumorigenesis by organoid culture experiments using Stat3∆IEC mouse–derived intestinal epithelial cells in which Stat3 was disrupted. The regeneration of intestinal mucosa and organoid formation were significantly suppressed by Stat3 disruption, which was compensated by Wnt activation. Furthermore, once organoids were recovered, Stat3 was no longer required for organoid growth. These results indicate that Stat3 and Wnt signaling cooperatively protect epithelial cells at the early phase of intestinal regeneration. In contrast, intestinal tumorigenesis was not suppressed by Stat3 disruption in adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc)Δ716 and Apc∆716 Tgfbr2∆IEC mice, thus indicating that Stat3 is not required for Wnt activation–driven intestinal tumorigenesis. Mechanistically, Itga5 and Itga6 were down-regulated by Stat3 disruption, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation was also suppressed. Notably, FAK inhibitor suppressed the organoid formation of wild-type epithelial cells. These results indicate that Stat3 is indispensable for the survival of epithelial cells through the activation of integrin signaling and the downstream FAK pathway; however, it is not required for the Wnt signaling-activated normal or tumor epithelial cells.—Oshima, H., Kok, S.-Y., Nakayama, M., Murakami, K., Voon, D. C.-C., Kimura, T., Oshima, M. Stat3 is indispensable for damage-induced crypt regeneration but not for Wnt-driven intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Sau-Yee Kok
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nakayama
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Dominic Chih-Cheng Voon
- Cancer Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (InFiniti), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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15
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Cryptotanshinone suppresses key onco-proliferative and drug-resistant pathways of chronic myeloid leukemia by targeting STAT5 and STAT3 phosphorylation. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:999-1009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Khosravi N, Caetano MS, Cumpian AM, Unver N, De la Garza Ramos C, Noble O, Daliri S, Hernandez BJ, Gutierrez BA, Evans SE, Hanash S, Alekseev AM, Yang Y, Chang SH, Nurieva R, Kadara H, Chen J, Ostrin EJ, Moghaddam SJ. IL22 Promotes Kras-Mutant Lung Cancer by Induction of a Protumor Immune Response and Protection of Stemness Properties. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:788-797. [PMID: 29764837 PMCID: PMC6030457 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Somatic KRAS mutations are the most common oncogenic variants in lung cancer and are associated with poor prognosis. Using a Kras-induced lung cancer mouse model, CC-LR, we previously showed a role for inflammation in lung tumorigenesis through activation of the NF-κB pathway, along with induction of interleukin 6 (IL6) and an IL17-producing CD4+ T-helper cell response. IL22 is an effector molecule secreted by CD4+ and γδ T cells that we previously found to be expressed in CC-LR mice. IL22 mostly signals through the STAT3 pathway and is thought to act exclusively on nonhematopoietic cells with basal IL22 receptor (IL22R) expression on epithelial cells. Here, we found that higher expression of IL22R1 in patients with KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma was an independent indicator of poor recurrence-free survival. We then showed that genetic ablation of Il22 in CC-LR mice (CC-LR/IL22KO mice) caused a significant reduction in tumor number and size. This was accompanied by significantly lower tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and STAT3 activation. Il22 ablation was also associated with significant reduction in lung-infiltrating inflammatory cells and expression of protumor inflammatory cytokines. Conversely, this was accompanied with increased antitumor Th1 and cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses, while suppressing the protumor immunosuppressive T regulatory cell response. In CC-LR/IL22KO mice, we found significantly reduced expression of core stemness genes and the number of prototypical SPC+CCSP+ stem cells. Thus, we conclude that IL22 promotes Kras-mutant lung tumorigenesis by driving a protumor inflammatory microenvironment with proliferative, angiogenic, and stemness contextual cues in epithelial/tumor cells. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(7); 788-97. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Khosravi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mauricio S Caetano
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amber M Cumpian
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nese Unver
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Oscar Noble
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Soudabeh Daliri
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Belinda J Hernandez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Berenice A Gutierrez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott E Evans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Samir Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrei M Alekseev
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, China
| | - Seon Hee Chang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Humam Kadara
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Edwin J Ostrin
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Seyed Javad Moghaddam
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
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17
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Fan JR, Lee HT, Lee W, Lin CH, Hsu CY, Hsieh CH, Shyu WC. Potential role of CBX7 in regulating pluripotency of adult human pluripotent-like olfactory stem cells in stroke model. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:502. [PMID: 29717132 PMCID: PMC5931587 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The adult olfactory mucosa, a highly regenerative tissue with unique life-long neurogenesis ability, is thought to harbor a naïve yet tightly controlled stem cell population. It will provide unique benefits in various stem cell-based therapies, such as stroke treatment. Here, we identified a subpopulation of adult pluripotent-like olfactory stem cells (APOSCs), which were modulated by an epigenetic repressor of CBX7. APOSCs form a floating sphere, express pluripotency markers Nanog, Oct-4, Sox-2, and SSEA-4 and show alkaline phosphatase activity. In addition, APOSCs display self-renewal and a pluripotent potential to differentiate into all three germ layers. Moreover, APOSCs coexpress pluripotency markers with CBX7. Within their natural niche, APOSCs from CBX7+/+ mice responded promptly to either spontaneous or injury-induced tissue regeneration. However, APOSCs from CBX7−/− mice manifested an impaired self-renewal and differentiation potential. Similarly, in vitro-cultivated CBX7−/− APOSCs underwent premature senescence, whereas CBX7+/+ APOSCs still actively divided, indicating that CBX7 is required for the self-renewal of APOSCs. Intracerebral implantation of APOSCs improved the stroke-mediated neurological dysfunction in rodents. These findings indicate that CBX7 plays a critical role in the regenerative properties of APOSCs and indicate the safety and feasibility of implantation of autologous APOSCs in stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Fan
- Translational Medicine Research Center, and Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40440, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Tung Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 40421, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei Lee
- Translational Medicine Research Center, and Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40440, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Huan Lin
- Translational Medicine Research Center, and Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40440, Taiwan
| | - Chun Y Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40440, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40440, Taiwan.
| | - Woei-Cherng Shyu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, and Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40440, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40440, Taiwan. .,Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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18
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Chan E, Luwor R, Burns C, Kannourakis G, Findlay JK, Ahmed N. Momelotinib decreased cancer stem cell associated tumor burden and prolonged disease-free remission period in a mouse model of human ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16599-16618. [PMID: 29682172 PMCID: PMC5908273 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a good initial response to front-line chemotherapy, majority of the ovarian cancer patients relapse with consecutive phases of recurrences; and nearly 60% die within 5 years due to the development of a chemoresistant disease. This study investigated whether inhibition of the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway by momelotinib is sufficient in suppressing tumor burden and prolonging the disease-free survival period in a mouse model of ovarian cancer. We demonstrate that paclitaxel treatment enhanced JAK2/STAT3 activation which resulted in the enrichment of cancer stem cell (CSC)-like phenotype in the surviving ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in in vivo mouse xenografts. Combined treatment with paclitaxel and momelotinib inhibited paclitaxel-induced JAK2/STAT3 activation and CSC-like development in mice xenografts, and consequently reduced the tumor burden significantly greater than that achieved by paclitaxel-treatment alone. However, robust recurrent tumor growth with enhanced JAK2/STAT3 activation and CSC-like phenotype was observed in all mice groups after termination of treatments, but was delayed significantly in the paclitaxel and momelotinib treated group compared to other treatment groups. Daily oral gavage of momelotinib after termination of paclitaxel treatment showed sustained inhibition of tumor growth and a prolonged disease-free survival period in 50% of the mice. The other 50% of mice that developed tumors with ongoing momelotinib treatment also showed significantly increased survival benefit and a smaller tumor burden. These preliminary findings may have a profound clinical impact in developing an effective momelotinib-based ‘maintenance-therapy’ in ovarian cancer patients' post-chemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rodney Luwor
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher Burns
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria 3052, Parkville, Australia
| | - George Kannourakis
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Victoria 3353, Ballarat, Australia.,Federation University Australia, Victoria 3010, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Jock K Findlay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Melbourne, Australia.,The Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Victoria 3168, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nuzhat Ahmed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Melbourne, Australia.,Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Victoria 3353, Ballarat, Australia.,Federation University Australia, Victoria 3010, Ballarat, Australia.,The Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Victoria 3168, Clayton, Australia
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19
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JAK/STAT-1 Signaling Is Required for Reserve Intestinal Stem Cell Activation during Intestinal Regeneration Following Acute Inflammation. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 10:17-26. [PMID: 29276155 PMCID: PMC5768934 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium serves as an essential barrier to the outside world and is maintained by functionally distinct populations of rapidly cycling intestinal stem cells (CBC ISCs) and slowly cycling, reserve ISCs (r-ISCs). Because disruptions in the epithelial barrier can result from pathological activation of the immune system, we sought to investigate the impact of inflammation on ISC behavior during the regenerative response. In a murine model of αCD3 antibody-induced small-intestinal inflammation, r-ISCs proved highly resistant to injury, while CBC ISCs underwent apoptosis. Moreover, r-ISCs were induced to proliferate and functionally contribute to intestinal regeneration. Further analysis revealed that the inflammatory cytokines interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha led to r-ISC activation in enteroid culture, which could be blocked by the JAK/STAT inhibitor, tofacitinib. These results highlight an important role for r-ISCs in response to acute intestinal inflammation and show that JAK/STAT-1 signaling is required for the r-ISC regenerative response.
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20
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Liu X, Wei W, Li X, Shen P, Ju D, Wang Z, Zhang R, Yang F, Chen C, Cao K, Zhu G, Chen H, Chen L, Sui J, Zhang E, Wu K, Wang F, Zhao L, Xi R. BMI1 and MEL18 Promote Colitis-Associated Cancer in Mice via REG3B and STAT3. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1607-1620. [PMID: 28780076 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Polycomb group proteins are epigenetic factors that silence gene expression; they are dysregulated in cancer cells and contribute to carcinogenesis by unclear mechanisms. We investigated whether BMI1 proto-oncogene, polycomb ring finger (BMI1), and polycomb group ring finger 2 (PCGF2, also called MEL18) are involved in the initiation and progression of colitis-associated cancer (CAC) in mice. METHODS We generated mice containing floxed alleles of Bmi1 and/or Mel18 and/or Reg3b using the villin-Cre promoter (called Bmi1ΔIEC, Mel18ΔIEC, DKO, and TKO mice). We also disrupted Bmi1 and/or Mel18 specifically in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) using the villin-CreERT2-inducible promoter. CAC was induced in cre-negative littermate mice (control) and mice with conditional disruption of Bmi1 and/or Mel18 by intraperitoneal injection of azoxymethane (AOM) followed by addition of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to drinking water. Colon tissues were collected from mice and analyzed by histology and immunoblots; IECs were isolated and used in cDNA microarray analyses. RESULTS Following administration of AOM and DSS, DKO mice developed significantly fewer polyps than control, Bmi1ΔIEC, Mel18ΔIEC, Reg3bΔIEC, or TKO mice. Adenomas in the colons of DKO mice were low-grade dysplasias, whereas adenomas in control, Bmi1ΔIEC, Mel18ΔIEC, Reg3bΔIEC, or TKO mice were high-grade dysplasias with aggressive invasion of the muscularis mucosa. Disruption of Bmi1 and Mel18 (DKO mice) during late stages of carcinogenesis significantly reduced the numbers of large adenomas and the load of total adenomas, reduced proliferation, and increased apoptosis in colon tissues. IECs isolated from DKO mice after AOM and DSS administration had increased expression of Reg3b compared with control, Bmi1ΔIEC, or Mel18ΔIEC mice. Expression of REG3B was sufficient to inhibit cytokine-induced activation of STAT3 in IECs. The human REG3β protein, the functional counterpart of mouse REG3B, inhibited STAT3 activity in human 293T cells, and its expression level in colorectal tumors correlated inversely with pSTAT3 level and survival times of patients. CONCLUSIONS BMI1 and MEL18 contribute to the development of CAC in mice by promoting proliferation and reducing apoptosis via suppressing expression of Reg3b. REG3B negatively regulates cytokine-induced activation of STAT3 in colon epithelial cells. This pathway might be targeted in patients with colitis to reduce carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xicheng Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wendi Wei
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengcheng Shen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dapeng Ju
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rukui Zhang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fu Yang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Cao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoli Zhu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Sui
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Erquan Zhang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fengchao Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Zhao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongwen Xi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China; Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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21
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Phesse TJ, Durban VM, Sansom OJ. Defining key concepts of intestinal and epithelial cancer biology through the use of mouse models. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:953-965. [PMID: 28981588 PMCID: PMC5862284 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, huge advances have been made in modelling human diseases such as cancer using genetically modified mice. Accurate in vivo models are essential to examine the complex interaction between cancer cells, surrounding stromal cells, tumour-associated inflammatory cells, fibroblast and blood vessels, and to recapitulate all the steps involved in metastasis. Elucidating these interactions in vitro has inherent limitations, and thus animal models are a powerful tool to enable researchers to gain insight into the complex interactions between signalling pathways and different cells types. This review will focus on how advances in in vivo models have shed light on many aspects of cancer biology including the identification of oncogenes, tumour suppressors and stem cells, epigenetics, cell death and context dependent cell signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby J Phesse
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Victoria Marsh Durban
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, CF24 4HQ, UK
- ReNeuron, Pencoed Business Park, Pencoed, Bridgend, CF35 5HY, UK and
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
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22
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Flanagan DJ, Barker N, Nowell C, Clevers H, Ernst M, Phesse TJ, Vincan E. Loss of the Wnt receptor frizzled 7 in the mouse gastric epithelium is deleterious and triggers rapid repopulation in vivo. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:971-980. [PMID: 28600348 PMCID: PMC5560064 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastric epithelium consists of tubular glandular units, each containing several differentiated cell types, and populations of stem cells, which enable the stomach to secrete the acid, mucus and various digestive enzymes required for its function. Very little is known about which cell signalling pathways are required for homeostasis of the gastric epithelium. Many diseases, such as cancer, arise as a result of deregulation of signalling pathways that regulate homeostasis of the diseased organ. Therefore, it is important to understand the biology of how normal conditions are maintained in a tissue to help inform the mechanisms driving disease in that same tissue, and to identify potential points of therapeutic intervention. Wnt signalling regulates several cell functions, including proliferation, differentiation and migration, and plays a crucial role during homeostasis of several tissues, including the intestinal epithelium. Wnt3a is required in the culture medium of gastric organoids, suggesting it is also important for the homeostasis of the gastric epithelium, but this has not been investigated in vivo. Here, we show that the Wnt receptor frizzled 7 (Fzd7), which is required for the homeostasis of the intestine, is expressed in the gastric epithelium and is required for gastric organoid growth. Gastric-specific loss of Fzd7 in the adult gastric epithelium of mice is deleterious and triggers rapid epithelial repopulation, which we believe is the first observation of this novel function for this tissue. Taken together, these data provide functional evidence of a crucial role for Wnt signalling, via the Fzd7 receptor, during homeostasis of the gastric epithelium. Editors’ choice: Wnt signalling regulates homeostasis of the gastric epithelium via the Fzd7 receptor, which could be a target for therapeutic intervention in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Flanagan
- University of Melbourne and Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Nick Barker
- Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore.,MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Cameron Nowell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Australia and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Toby J Phesse
- University of Melbourne and Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia .,European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- University of Melbourne and Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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23
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Jeffery V, Goldson AJ, Dainty JR, Chieppa M, Sobolewski A. IL-6 Signaling Regulates Small Intestinal Crypt Homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:304-311. [PMID: 28550196 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gut homeostasis is a tightly regulated process requiring finely tuned complex interactions between different cell types, growth factors, or cytokines and their receptors. Previous work has implicated a role for IL-6 and mucosal immune cells in intestinal regeneration following injury and in promoting inflammation and cancer. We hypothesized that IL-6 signaling could also modulate crypt homeostasis. Using mouse in vitro crypt organoid and in vivo models, this study first demonstrated that exogenous IL-6 promoted crypt organoid proliferation and increased stem cell numbers through pSTAT3 activation in Paneth cells. Immunolabeling studies showed that the IL-6 receptor was restricted to the basal membrane of Paneth cells both in vitro and in vivo and that the crypt epithelium also expressed IL-6. Either a blocking Ab to the IL-6 receptor or a neutralizing Ab to IL-6 significantly reduced in vitro basal crypt organoid proliferation and budding, and in vivo significantly reduced the number of nuclei and the number of Lgr5EGFP-positive stem cells per crypt compared with IgG-treated mice, with the number of Paneth cells per crypt also significantly reduced. Functional studies demonstrated that IL-6-induced in vitro crypt organoid proliferation and crypt budding was abrogated by the Wnt inhibitor IWP2. This work demonstrates that autocrine IL-6 signaling in the gut epithelium regulates crypt homeostasis through the Paneth cells and the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Jeffery
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.,School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Goldson
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Program, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Jack R Dainty
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Marcello Chieppa
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "Saverio de Bellis," Institute of Research, Castellana Grotte 70013, Italy
| | - Anastasia Sobolewski
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; .,School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.,Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Program, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
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24
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Wieck MM, Schlieve CR, Thornton ME, Fowler KL, Isani M, Grant CN, Hilton AE, Hou X, Grubbs BH, Frey MR, Grikscheit TC. Prolonged Absence of Mechanoluminal Stimulation in Human Intestine Alters the Transcriptome and Intestinal Stem Cell Niche. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:367-388.e1. [PMID: 28462379 PMCID: PMC5403975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS For patients with short-bowel syndrome, intestinal adaptation is required to achieve enteral independence. Although adaptation has been studied extensively in animal models, little is known about this process in human intestine. We hypothesized that analysis of matched specimens with and without luminal flow could identify new potential therapeutic pathways. METHODS Fifteen paired human ileum samples were collected from children aged 2-20 months during ileostomy-reversal surgery after short-segment intestinal resection and diversion. The segment exposed to enteral feeding was denoted as fed, and the diverted segment was labeled as unfed. Morphometrics and cell differentiation were compared histologically. RNA Sequencing and Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis identified over-represented and under-represented pathways. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot evaluated proteins of interest. Paired data were compared with 1-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum tests with a P value less than .05 considered significant. RESULTS Unfed ileum contained shorter villi, shallower crypts, and fewer Paneth cells. Genes up-regulated by the absence of mechanoluminal stimulation were involved in digestion, metabolism, and transport. Messenger RNA expression of LGR5 was significantly higher in unfed intestine, accompanied by increased levels of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 protein, and CCND1 and C-MYC messenger RNA. However, decreased proliferation and fewer LGR5+, OLFM4+, and SOX9+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs) were observed in unfed ileum. CONCLUSIONS Even with sufficient systemic caloric intake, human ileum responds to the chronic absence of mechanoluminal stimulation by up-regulating brush-border enzymes, transporters, structural genes, and ISC genes LGR5 and ASCL2. These data suggest that unfed intestine is primed to replenish the ISC population upon re-introduction of enteral feeding. Therefore, the elucidation of pathways involved in these processes may provide therapeutic targets for patients with intestinal failure. RNA sequencing data are available at Gene Expression Omnibus series GSE82147.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna M. Wieck
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christopher R. Schlieve
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matthew E. Thornton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kathryn L. Fowler
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mubina Isani
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christa N. Grant
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ashley E. Hilton
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xiaogang Hou
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brendan H. Grubbs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark R. Frey
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tracy C. Grikscheit
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Tracy C. Grikscheit, MD, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 W Sunset Boulevard, MS#100, Los Angeles, California 90027. fax: (323) 361-1546.The Saban Research InstituteChildren’s Hospital Los Angeles4650 W Sunset BoulevardMS#100Los AngelesCalifornia 90027
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25
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Zhu H, Xiao F, Wang G, Wei X, Jiang L, Chen Y, Zhu L, Wang H, Diao Y, Wang H, Ip N, Cheung T, Wu Z. STAT3 Regulates Self-Renewal of Adult Muscle Satellite Cells during Injury-Induced Muscle Regeneration. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2102-2115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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26
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Bizzarro V, Belvedere R, Milone MR, Pucci B, Lombardi R, Bruzzese F, Popolo A, Parente L, Budillon A, Petrella A. Annexin A1 is involved in the acquisition and maintenance of a stem cell-like/aggressive phenotype in prostate cancer cells with acquired resistance to zoledronic acid. Oncotarget 2016; 6:25076-92. [PMID: 26312765 PMCID: PMC4694816 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have characterized the role of annexin A1 (ANXA1) in the acquisition and maintenance of stem-like/aggressive features in prostate cancer (PCa) cells comparing zoledronic acid (ZA)-resistant DU145R80 with their parental DU145 cells. ANXA1 is over-expressed in DU145R80 cells and its down-regulation abolishes their resistance to ZA. Moreover, ANXA1 induces DU145 and DU145R80 invasiveness acting through formyl peptide receptors (FPRs). Also, ANXA1 knockdown is able to inhibit epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and to reduce focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and metalloproteases (MMP)-2/9 expression in PCa cells. DU145R80 show a cancer stem cell (CSC)-like signature with a high expression of CSC markers including CD44, CD133, NANOG, Snail, Oct4 and ALDH7A1 and CSC-related genes as STAT3. Interestingly, ANXA1 knockdown induces these cells to revert from a putative prostate CSC to a more differentiated phenotype resembling DU145 PCa cell signature. Similar results are obtained concerning some drug resistance-related genes such as ATP Binding Cassette G2 (ABCG2) and Lung Resistant Protein (LRP). Our study provides new insights on the role of ANXA1 protein in PCa onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Rita Milone
- Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Pucci
- Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Lombardi
- Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Bruzzese
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Ada Popolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Luca Parente
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale - IRCCS, Naples, Italy.,Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
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27
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Ullah N, Liaqat S, Fatima S, Zehra F, Anwer M, Sadiq M. Stem cells and cancer: A review. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)61057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Lindemans CA, Calafiore M, Mertelsmann AM, O'Connor MH, Dudakov JA, Jenq RR, Velardi E, Young LF, Smith OM, Lawrence G, Ivanov JA, Fu YY, Takashima S, Hua G, Martin ML, O'Rourke KP, Lo YH, Mokry M, Romera-Hernandez M, Cupedo T, Dow L, Nieuwenhuis EE, Shroyer NF, Liu C, Kolesnick R, van den Brink MRM, Hanash AM. Interleukin-22 promotes intestinal-stem-cell-mediated epithelial regeneration. Nature 2015; 528:560-564. [PMID: 26649819 PMCID: PMC4720437 DOI: 10.1038/nature16460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 752] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial regeneration is critical for barrier maintenance and organ function after intestinal injury. The intestinal stem cell (ISC) niche provides Wnt, Notch and epidermal growth factor (EGF) signals supporting Lgr5(+) crypt base columnar ISCs for normal epithelial maintenance. However, little is known about the regulation of the ISC compartment after tissue damage. Using ex vivo organoid cultures, here we show that innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), potent producers of interleukin-22 (IL-22) after intestinal injury, increase the growth of mouse small intestine organoids in an IL-22-dependent fashion. Recombinant IL-22 directly targeted ISCs, augmenting the growth of both mouse and human intestinal organoids, increasing proliferation and promoting ISC expansion. IL-22 induced STAT3 phosphorylation in Lgr5(+) ISCs, and STAT3 was crucial for both organoid formation and IL-22-mediated regeneration. Treatment with IL-22 in vivo after mouse allogeneic bone marrow transplantation enhanced the recovery of ISCs, increased epithelial regeneration and reduced intestinal pathology and mortality from graft-versus-host disease. ATOH1-deficient organoid culture demonstrated that IL-22 induced epithelial regeneration independently of the Paneth cell niche. Our findings reveal a fundamental mechanism by which the immune system is able to support the intestinal epithelium, activating ISCs to promote regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Lindemans
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Calafiore
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anna M Mertelsmann
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Margaret H O'Connor
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jarrod A Dudakov
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Robert R Jenq
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Enrico Velardi
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lauren F Young
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Odette M Smith
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Gillian Lawrence
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Juliet A Ivanov
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ya-Yuan Fu
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Shuichiro Takashima
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Guoqiang Hua
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Maria L Martin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kevin P O'Rourke
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yuan-Hung Lo
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Michal Mokry
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tom Cupedo
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lukas Dow
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Edward E Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Noah F Shroyer
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Richard Kolesnick
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Alan M Hanash
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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29
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Aparicio-Domingo P, Romera-Hernandez M, Karrich JJ, Cornelissen F, Papazian N, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, Butler JA, Boon L, Coles MC, Samsom JN, Cupedo T. Type 3 innate lymphoid cells maintain intestinal epithelial stem cells after tissue damage. J Exp Med 2015; 212:1783-91. [PMID: 26392223 PMCID: PMC4612094 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier allows bacterial translocation and predisposes to destructive inflammation. To ensure proper barrier composition, crypt-residing stem cells continuously proliferate and replenish all intestinal epithelial cells within days. As a consequence of this high mitotic activity, mucosal surfaces are frequently targeted by anticancer therapies, leading to dose-limiting side effects. The cellular mechanisms that control tissue protection and mucosal healing in response to intestinal damage remain poorly understood. Type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) are regulators of homeostasis and tissue responses to infection at mucosal surfaces. We now demonstrate that ILC3s are required for epithelial activation and proliferation in response to small intestinal tissue damage induced by the chemotherapeutic agent methotrexate. Multiple subsets of ILC3s are activated after intestinal tissue damage, and in the absence of ILC3s, epithelial activation is lost, correlating with increased pathology and severe damage to the intestinal crypts. Using ILC3-deficient Lgr5 reporter mice, we show that maintenance of intestinal stem cells after damage is severely impaired in the absence of ILC3s or the ILC3 signature cytokine IL-22. These data unveil a novel function of ILC3s in limiting tissue damage by preserving tissue-specific stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Aparicio-Domingo
- Department of Hematology and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Monica Romera-Hernandez
- Department of Hematology and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Julien J Karrich
- Department of Hematology and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ferry Cornelissen
- Department of Hematology and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Natalie Papazian
- Department of Hematology and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dicky J Lindenbergh-Kortleve
- Department of Hematology and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - James A Butler
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, England, UK
| | | | - Mark C Coles
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, England, UK
| | - Janneke N Samsom
- Department of Hematology and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom Cupedo
- Department of Hematology and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Leppkes M, Neurath MF, Herrmann M, Becker C. Immune deficiency vs. immune excess in inflammatory bowel diseases-STAT3 as a rheo-STAT of intestinal homeostasis. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:57-66. [PMID: 26232455 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5mr0515-221r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have provided many genetic alterations, conferring susceptibility to multifactorial polygenic diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases. Yet, how specific genetic alterations functionally affect intestinal inflammation often remains elusive. It is noteworthy that a large overlap of genes involved in immune deficiencies with those conferring inflammatory bowel disease risk has been noted. This has provided new arguments for the debate on whether inflammatory bowel disease arises from either an excess or a deficiency in the immune system. In this review, we highlight the functional effect of an inflammatory bowel disease-risk allele, which cannot be deduced from genome-wide association studies data alone. As exemplified by the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), we show that a single gene can have a plethora of effects in various cell types of the gut. These effects may individually contribute to the restoration of intestinal homeostasis on the one hand or pave the way for excessive immunopathology on the other, as an inflammatory "rheo-STAT".
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Leppkes
- *Medical Clinic 1 and Medical Clinic 3, University Clinic, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- *Medical Clinic 1 and Medical Clinic 3, University Clinic, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- *Medical Clinic 1 and Medical Clinic 3, University Clinic, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- *Medical Clinic 1 and Medical Clinic 3, University Clinic, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
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Wu H, Wu Y, Ai Z, Yang L, Gao Y, Du J, Guo Z, Zhang Y. Vitamin C enhances Nanog expression via activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Stem Cells 2014; 32:166-76. [PMID: 23963652 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C (Vc), also known as ascorbic acid, is involved in many important metabolic and physiological reactions in the body. Here, we report that Vc enhances the expression of Nanog and inhibits retinoic acid-induced differentiation of embryonic stem cells. We investigated Vc regulation of Nanog through Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway using cell signaling pathway profiling systems, and further confirmed by specific pathway inhibition. Using overexpression and knockdown strategies, we demonstrated that STAT2 is a new positive regulator of Nanog and is activated by phosphorylation following Vc treatment. In addition, site mutation analysis identified that STAT2 physically occupies the Nanog promoter, which was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Taken together, our data suggest a role for Vc in Nanog regulation networks and reveal a novel role for STAT2 in regulating Nanog expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Krishnamurthy S, Warner KA, Dong Z, Imai A, Nör C, Ward BB, Helman JI, Taichman RS, Bellile EL, McCauley LK, Polverini PJ, Prince ME, Wicha MS, Nör JE. Endothelial interleukin-6 defines the tumorigenic potential of primary human cancer stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 32:2845-57. [PMID: 25078284 PMCID: PMC4198458 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) contain a small subpopulation of stem cells endowed with unique capacity to generate tumors. These cancer stem cells (CSC) are localized in perivascular niches and rely on crosstalk with endothelial cells for survival and self-renewal, but the mechanisms involved are unknown. Here, we report that stromal interleukin (IL)-6 defines the tumorigenic capacity of CSC sorted from primary human HNSCC and transplanted into mice. In search for the cellular source of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), we observed a direct correlation between IL-6 levels in tumor-associated endothelial cells and the tumorigenicity of CSC. In vitro, endothelial cell-IL-6 enhanced orosphere formation, p-STAT3 activation, survival, and self-renewal of human CSC. Notably, a humanized anti-IL-6R antibody (tocilizumab) inhibited primary human CSC-mediated tumor initiation. Collectively, these data demonstrate that endothelial cell-secreted IL-6 defines the tumorigenic potential of CSC, and suggest that HNSCC patients might benefit from therapeutic inhibition of IL-6/IL-6R signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Krishnamurthy
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Kristy A. Warner
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Zhihong Dong
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Atsushi Imai
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Carolina Nör
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Brent B. Ward
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan School of Dentistry
| | - Joseph I. Helman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan School of Dentistry
| | - Russell S. Taichman
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry
| | - Emily L. Bellile
- Biostatistic Unit, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Laurie K. McCauley
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine
| | - Peter J. Polverini
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine
| | - Mark E. Prince
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan School of Medicine
| | - Max S. Wicha
- Department of Internal Medicine/Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine
| | - Jacques E. Nör
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan School of Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering
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Ahmed N, Abubaker K, Findlay JK. Ovarian cancer stem cells: Molecular concepts and relevance as therapeutic targets. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 39:110-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Phesse TJ, Buchert M, Stuart E, Flanagan DJ, Faux M, Afshar-Sterle S, Walker F, Zhang HH, Nowell CJ, Jorissen R, Tan CW, Hirokawa Y, Eissmann MF, Poh AR, Malaterre J, Pearson HB, Kirsch DG, Provero P, Poli V, Ramsay RG, Sieber O, Burgess AW, Huszar D, Vincan E, Ernst M. Partial inhibition of gp130-Jak-Stat3 signaling prevents Wnt-β-catenin-mediated intestinal tumor growth and regeneration. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra92. [PMID: 25270258 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Most colon cancers arise from somatic mutations in the tumor suppressor gene APC (adenomatous polyposis coli), and these mutations cause constitutive activation of the Wnt-to-β-catenin pathway in the intestinal epithelium. Because Wnt-β-catenin signaling is required for homeostasis and regeneration of the adult intestinal epithelium, therapeutic targeting of this pathway is challenging. We found that genetic activation of the cytokine-stimulated pathway mediated by the receptor gp130, the associated Jak (Janus kinase) kinases, and the transcription factor Stat3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) was required for intestinal regeneration in response to irradiation-induced damage in wild-type mice and for tumorigenesis in Apc-mutant mice. Systemic pharmacological or partial genetic inhibition of gp130-Jak-Stat3 signaling suppressed intestinal regeneration, the growth of tumors in Apc-mutant mice, and the growth of colon cancer xenografts. The growth of Apc-mutant tumors depended on gp130-Jak-Stat3 signaling for induction of the polycomb repressor Bmi-1, and the associated repression of genes encoding the cell cycle inhibitors p16 and p21. However, suppression of gp130-Jak-Stat3 signaling did not affect Wnt-β-catenin signaling or homeostasis in the intestine. Thus, these data not only suggest a molecular mechanism for how the gp130-Jak-Stat3 pathway can promote cancer but also provide a rationale for therapeutic inhibition of Jak in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby J Phesse
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Michael Buchert
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Emma Stuart
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Dustin J Flanagan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratories, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia. School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Maree Faux
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Shoukat Afshar-Sterle
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Francesca Walker
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Hui-Hua Zhang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Robert Jorissen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Chin Wee Tan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yumiko Hirokawa
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Moritz F Eissmann
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ashleigh R Poh
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jordane Malaterre
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Helen B Pearson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David G Kirsch
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Paolo Provero
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Poli
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Robert G Ramsay
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Oliver Sieber
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Antony W Burgess
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratories, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia. School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Abstract
Cytokines can provide survival and proliferation signals to cancer cells, thus promoting tumor progression. In this issue of Immunity, Kryczek et al. (2014) reveal that interleukin-22 can also promote "stemness" in human colorectal cancer via transcription factor STAT3-mediated epigenetic regulation of stem cell genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina K Koltsova
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111-2497, USA
| | - Sergei I Grivennikov
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111-2497, USA.
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Kryczek I, Lin Y, Nagarsheth N, Peng D, Zhao L, Zhao E, Vatan L, Szeliga W, Dou Y, Owens S, Zgodzinski W, Majewski M, Wallner G, Fang J, Huang E, Zou W. IL-22(+)CD4(+) T cells promote colorectal cancer stemness via STAT3 transcription factor activation and induction of the methyltransferase DOT1L. Immunity 2014; 40:772-784. [PMID: 24816405 PMCID: PMC4032366 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how the immune system impacts human colorectal cancer invasiveness and stemness. Here we detected interleukin-22 (IL-22) in patient colorectal cancer tissues that was produced predominantly by CD4(+) T cells. In a mouse model, migration of these cells into the colon cancer microenvironment required the chemokine receptor CCR6 and its ligand CCL20. IL-22 acted on cancer cells to promote activation of the transcription factor STAT3 and expression of the histone 3 lysine 79 (H3K79) methytransferase DOT1L. The DOT1L complex induced the core stem cell genes NANOG, SOX2, and Pou5F1, resulting in increased cancer stemness and tumorigenic potential. Furthermore, high DOT1L expression and H3K79me2 in colorectal cancer tissues was a predictor of poor patient survival. Thus, IL-22(+) cells promote colon cancer stemness via regulation of stemness genes that negatively affects patient outcome. Efforts to target this network might be a strategy in treating colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kryczek
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yanwei Lin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Nisha Nagarsheth
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Graduate Programs in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dongjun Peng
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ende Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Linda Vatan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wojciech Szeliga
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yali Dou
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Scott Owens
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Witold Zgodzinski
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Medical University in Lublin, Lublin 20-081, Poland
| | - Marek Majewski
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Medical University in Lublin, Lublin 20-081, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wallner
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Medical University in Lublin, Lublin 20-081, Poland
| | - Jingyuan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Emina Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Graduate Programs in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Tumor Biology, Univxexrsity of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Abubaker K, Luwor RB, Zhu H, McNally O, Quinn MA, Burns CJ, Thompson EW, Findlay JK, Ahmed N. Inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in ovarian cancer results in the loss of cancer stem cell-like characteristics and a reduced tumor burden. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:317. [PMID: 24886434 PMCID: PMC4025194 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current treatment of ovarian cancer patients with chemotherapy leaves behind a residual tumor which results in recurrent ovarian cancer within a short time frame. We have previously demonstrated that a single short-term treatment of ovarian cancer cells with chemotherapy in vitro resulted in a cancer stem cell (CSC)-like enriched residual population which generated significantly greater tumor burden compared to the tumor burden generated by control untreated cells. In this report we looked at the mechanisms of the enrichment of CSC-like residual cells in response to paclitaxel treatment. Methods The mechanism of survival of paclitaxel-treated residual cells at a growth inhibitory concentration of 50% (GI50) was determined on isolated tumor cells from the ascites of recurrent ovarian cancer patients and HEY ovarian cancer cell line by in vitro assays and in a mouse xenograft model. Results Treatment of isolated tumor cells from the ascites of ovarian cancer patients and HEY ovarian cancer cell line with paclitaxel resulted in a CSC-like residual population which coincided with the activation of Janus activated kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway in paclitaxel surviving cells. Both paclitaxel-induced JAK2/STAT3 activation and CSC-like characteristics were inhibited by a low dose JAK2-specific small molecule inhibitor CYT387 (1 μM) in vitro. Subsequent, in vivo transplantation of paclitaxel and CYT387-treated HEY cells in mice resulted in a significantly reduced tumor burden compared to that seen with paclitaxel only-treated transplanted cells. In vitro analysis of tumor xenografts at protein and mRNA levels demonstrated a loss of CSC-like markers and CA125 expression in paclitaxel and CYT387-treated cell-derived xenografts, compared to paclitaxel only-treated cell-derived xenografts. These results were consistent with significantly reduced activation of JAK2 and STAT3 in paclitaxel and CYT387-treated cell-derived xenografts compared to paclitaxel only-treated cell derived xenografts. Conclusions This proof of principle study demonstrates that inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway by the addition of CYT387 suppresses the ‘stemness’ profile in chemotherapy-treated residual cells in vitro, which is replicated in vivo, leading to a reduced tumor burden. These findings have important implications for ovarian cancer patients who are treated with taxane and/or platinum-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nuzhat Ahmed
- Women's Cancer Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, 20 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Abubaker K, Luwor RB, Escalona R, McNally O, Quinn MA, Thompson EW, Findlay JK, Ahmed N. Targeted Disruption of the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway in Combination with Systemic Administration of Paclitaxel Inhibits the Priming of Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells Leading to a Reduced Tumor Burden. Front Oncol 2014; 4:75. [PMID: 24782986 PMCID: PMC3988380 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance associated with recurrent disease is the major cause of poor survival of ovarian cancer patients. We have recently demonstrated activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway and the enhancement of a cancer stem cell (CSC)-like phenotype in ovarian cancer cells treated in vitro with chemotherapeutic agents. To elucidate further these mechanisms in vivo, we used a two-tiered paclitaxel treatment approach in nude mice inoculated with ovarian cancer cells. In the first approach, we demonstrate that a single intraperitoneal administration of paclitaxel in mice 7 days after subcutaneous transplantation of the HEY ovarian cancer cell line resulted in a significant increase in the expression of CA125, Oct4, and CD117 in mice xenografts compared to control mice xenografts which did not receive paclitaxel. In the second approach, mice were administered once weekly with paclitaxel and/or a daily dose of the JAK2-specific inhibitor, CYT387, over 4 weeks. Mice receiving paclitaxel only demonstrated a significant decrease in tumor volume compared to control mice. At the molecular level, mouse tumors remaining after paclitaxel administration showed a significant increase in the expression of Oct4 and CD117 coinciding with a significant activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway compared to control tumors. The addition of CYT387 with paclitaxel resulted in the suppression of JAK2/STAT3 activation and abrogation of Oct4 and CD117 expression in mouse xenografts. This coincided with significantly smaller tumors in mice administered CYT387 in addition to paclitaxel, compared to the control group and the group of mice receiving paclitaxel only. These data suggest that the systemic administration of paclitaxel enhances Oct4- and CD117-associated CSC-like marker expression in surviving cancer cells in vivo, which can be suppressed by the addition of the JAK2-specific inhibitor CYT387, leading to a significantly smaller tumor burden. These novel findings have the potential for the development of CSC-targeted therapy to improve the treatment outcomes of ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Abubaker
- Women's Cancer Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital , Parkville, VIC , Australia ; Department of Surgery, St Vincent Hospital, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Rodney B Luwor
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Ruth Escalona
- Women's Cancer Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital , Parkville, VIC , Australia
| | - Orla McNally
- Women's Cancer Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital , Parkville, VIC , Australia ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Michael A Quinn
- Women's Cancer Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital , Parkville, VIC , Australia ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent Hospital, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; St Vincent's Institute , Fitzroy, VIC , Australia
| | - Jock K Findlay
- Women's Cancer Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital , Parkville, VIC , Australia ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research , Clayton, VIC , Australia
| | - Nuzhat Ahmed
- Women's Cancer Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital , Parkville, VIC , Australia ; Department of Surgery, St Vincent Hospital, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research , Clayton, VIC , Australia
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40
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Taniguchi K, Karin M. IL-6 and related cytokines as the critical lynchpins between inflammation and cancer. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:54-74. [PMID: 24552665 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses play pivotal roles in cancer development, including tumor initiation, promotion, progression, and metastasis. Cytokines are now recognized as important mediators linking inflammation and cancer, and are therefore potential therapeutic and preventive targets as well as prognostic factors. The interleukin (IL)-6 family of cytokines, especially IL-6 and IL-11, is highly up-regulated in many cancers and considered as one of the most important cytokine families during tumorigenesis and metastasis. This review discusses molecular mechanisms linking the IL-6 cytokine family to solid malignancies and their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Khomenko T, Deng X, Ahluwalia A, Tarnawski A, Patel KN, Sandor Z, Szabo S. STAT3 and importins are novel mediators of early molecular and cellular responses in experimental duodenal ulceration. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:297-306. [PMID: 24385009 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that directly upregulates VEGF, Ref-1, p21, and anti-apoptotic genes such as Bcl-xL. In this study, we hypothesized that STAT3 signaling is activated and provides a critical protective role that is required for enterocyte survival during the early phases of cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers. METHODS We studied the effect of inhibition of STAT3 activity on cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers in rats and egr-1 knockout mice using STAT3/DNA binding assay, immunohistochemistry, immunoblot, and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR analyses. RESULTS We found that G-quartet oligodeoxynucleotides T40214, a specific inhibitor of STAT3/DNA binding, aggravated cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers in rats 2.8-fold (p < 0.05). In the pre-ulcerogenic stage, cysteamine induced STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation, its translocation to nuclei, an increased expression and nuclear translocation of importin α and β in the rat duodenal mucosa. Cysteamine enhanced the binding of STAT3 to its DNA consensus sequences at 6, 12, and 24 h after cysteamine by 1.5-, 1.8-, and 3.5-fold, respectively, and activated the expression of STAT3 target genes such as VEGF, Bcl-xL, Ref-1, and STAT3-induced feedback inhibitor, a suppressor of cytokine signaling 3. We also demonstrated that egr-1 knockout mice, which are more susceptible to cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers, had lower levels of STAT3 expression, its phosphorylation, expression of importin α or β, and STAT3/DNA binding than wild-type mice in response to cysteamine. CONCLUSIONS Thus, STAT3 represents an important new molecular mechanism in experimental duodenal ulceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Khomenko
- VA Medical Center, (05/113) 5901 East 7th Street, Long Beach, CA, 90822-5201, USA
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Ernst M, Thiem S, Nguyen PM, Eissmann M, Putoczki TL. Epithelial gp130/Stat3 functions: an intestinal signaling node in health and disease. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:29-37. [PMID: 24434062 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A contiguous intestinal epithelial barrier safeguards against aberrant activation of the immune system and therefore requires molecular mechanisms that ensure effective wound-healing responses. During this processes cytokine-producing myeloid cells serve as rheostats that link the degree of wounding and local inflammation to the epithelial repair response. Likewise, intestinal inflammation is an important factor by which the microenvironment promotes tumorigenesis and the progression of established cancers by facilitating neoplastic cell survival and proliferation. Among the cytokines and chemokines orchestrating this process, those comprising the interleukin (IL) IL6, IL10/IL22 and IL17/IL23 families play a prominent role by virtue of converging on the latent Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (Stat)-3. Accordingly, aberrant and persistent Stat3 activation is a frequent observation in cancers of the gastrointestinal tract where it promotes "cancer hallmark capabilities" in the malignant epithelium and suppresses the anti-tumor response of innate and adaptive immune cells. Here, we discuss recent insights arising from situations where persistent activation of the gp130/Stat3 signaling cascades result from excessive abundance of IL6 family cytokines. In particular, we highlight novel and unique roles for IL11 in promoting intestinal wound-healing and, in its corrupted form, enabling and facilitating growth of inflammation-associated and sporadic gastrointestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ernst
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Stefan Thiem
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul M Nguyen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Moritz Eissmann
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Romeo F, Costanzo F, Agostini M. Embryonic stem cells and inducible pluripotent stem cells: two faces of the same coin? Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 4:878-86. [PMID: 23248145 PMCID: PMC3615155 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocysts and are characterized by the ability to renew themselves (self-renewal) and the capability to generate all the cells within the human body. In contrast, inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are generated by transfection of four transcription factors in somatic cells. Like embryonic stem cells, they are able to self-renew and differentiate. Because of these features, both ESCs and iPSCs, are under intense clinical investigation for cell-based therapy. In this review, we revisit stem cell biology and add a new layer of complexity. In particular, we will highlight some of the complexities of the system, but also where there may be therapeutic potential for modulation of intrinsic stem cells and where particular caution may be needed in terms of cell transplantation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Romeo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Gracia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Staniszewska AD, Pensa S, Caffarel MM, Anderson LH, Poli V, Watson CJ. Stat3 is required to maintain the full differentiation potential of mammary stem cells and the proliferative potential of mammary luminal progenitors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52608. [PMID: 23285109 PMCID: PMC3527594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stat3 has a defined role in mammary gland where it is a critical mediator of cell death during post-lactational regression. On the other hand, Stat3 is required for the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells and is sufficient for the induction of a naïve pluripotent state in epiblast stem cells. Mammary stem cells (MaSCs) have a high capacity for self-renewal and can grow robustly in transplantation experiments in vivo. However, a role for Stat3 in MaSCs has not been investigated. Here we show that depletion of Stat3 from basal cells results in reduced primary transplantation efficiency and diminishes the potential to generate ductal, but not alveolar, outgrowths. In addition, Stat3 is required for maximal proliferation of luminal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Pensa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria M. Caffarel
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa H. Anderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Poli
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Christine J. Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Kansal S, Negi AK, Agnihotri N. n-3 PUFAs as Modulators of Stem Cells in Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-012-0145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gierut JJ, Mathur PS, Bie W, Han J, Tyner AL. Targeting protein tyrosine kinase 6 enhances apoptosis of colon cancer cells following DNA damage. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:2311-20. [PMID: 22989419 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) is an intracellular tyrosine kinase that has distinct functions in normal epithelia and cancer. It is expressed primarily in nondividing epithelial cells in the normal intestine, where it promotes differentiation. However, after DNA damage, PTK6 is induced in proliferating progenitor cells, where it contributes to apoptosis. We examined links between PTK6 and the tumor suppressor p53 in the isogenic p53(+/+) and p53(-/-) HCT116 colon tumor cell lines. We found that p53 promotes expression of PTK6 in HCT116 cells, and short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of PTK6 leads to reduced induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. Knockdown of PTK6 enhances apoptosis in HCT116 cells with wild-type p53, following treatment of cells with γ-radiation, doxorubicin, or 5-fluorouracil. No differences in the activation of AKT, ERK1/2, or ERK5, known PTK6-regulated prosurvival signaling proteins, were detected. However, activity of STAT3, a PTK6 substrate, was impaired in cells with knockdown of PTK6 following DNA damage. In contrast to its role in the normal epithelium following DNA damage, PTK6 promotes survival of cancer cells with wild-type p53 by promoting p21 expression and STAT3 activation. Targeting PTK6 in combination with use of chemotherapeutic drugs or radiation may enhance death of colon tumor cells with wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Gierut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, M/C 669, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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Ernst M, Putoczki TL. Stat3: Linking inflammation to (gastrointestinal) tumourigenesis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:711-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ernst
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Melbourne Parkville Branch; Melbourne; Victoria; Australia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Melbourne Parkville Branch; Melbourne; Victoria; Australia
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Davidson LA, Goldsby JS, Callaway ES, Shah MS, Barker N, Chapkin RS. Alteration of colonic stem cell gene signatures during the regenerative response to injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1600-7. [PMID: 22750333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since aberrant wound healing and chronic inflammation can promote malignant transformation, we determined whether dietary bioactive fish oil (FO)-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) modulate stem cell kinetics in a colitis-wounding model. Lgr5-LacZ and Lgr5-EGFP-IRES-creER(T2) mice were fed diets enriched with n-3 PUFA vs n-6 PUFA (control) and exposed to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 5days in order to induce crypt damage and colitis throughout the colon. Stem cell number, cell proliferation, apoptosis, expression of stem cell (Lgr5, Sox9, Bmi1, Hopx, mTert, Ascl2, and DCAMKL-1) and inflammation (STAT3) markers were quantified. DSS treatment resulted in the ablation of Lgr5(+) stem cells in the distal colon, concurrent with the loss of distal crypt structure and proliferating cells. Lgr5, Ascl2 and Hopx mRNA expression levels were decreased in damaged colonic mucosa. Lgr5(+) stem cells reappeared at day 5 of DSS recovery, with normal levels attained by day 6 of recovery. There was no effect of diet on the recovery of stem cells. FO fed animals exhibited higher levels of phospho-STAT3 at all time points, consistent with a higher wounding by DSS in FO feeding. n-3 PUFA-fed mice exhibited a reduction in stem cell associated factors, Ascl2, Axin2 and EphB3. These results indicate that rapidly cycling Lgr5(+) stem cells residing at position 1 in the colon epithelium are highly susceptible to DSS-induced damage and that dietary cues can impact stem cell regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A Davidson
- Center for Environmental & Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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