1
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Alhajlah S. Participation of TLRs in cancer immunopathogenesis and drug resistance via interacting with immunological and/or non-immunological signaling pathways as well as lncRNAs. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 140:112764. [PMID: 39079348 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a convoluted role in cancer even though they are crucial to the immune system. By bridging the innate immune system and cancer, TLRs have a very complex impact on the formation of tumors and the effectiveness of anti-cancer treatments. TLR signaling links the innate and adaptive immune systems and initiates direct pathogen eradication. In cancer immunopathogenesis and treatment resistance, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) modify TLR signaling linkages with immunological and non-immunological pathways. We identified lncRNAs that positively and negatively control TLR signaling, impacting immunological response and drug sensitivity. These results highlight the complex interactions between long non-coding RNAs and TLRs that influence the start of cancer and its response to treatment. Targeting specific lncRNAs is a practical way to control TLR signaling and perhaps enhance anti-tumor immunity while overcoming medication resistance. We provide a framework for developing novel immunotherapeutic regimens and customized medicine approaches for cancer treatment. The exact mechanisms by which lncRNAs regulate TLR signaling pathways should be defined by further research, and these findings should be validated in clinical situations. This finding makes future research of lncRNA-based drugs in combination with existing cancer treatments feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Alhajlah
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Haddad MJ, Zuluaga-Arango J, Mathieu H, Barbezier N, Anton PM. Intestinal Epithelial Co-Culture Sensitivity to Pro-Inflammatory Stimuli and Polyphenols Is Medium-Independent. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7360. [PMID: 39000465 PMCID: PMC11242137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The complexification of in vitro models requires the compatibility of cells with the same medium. Since immune cells are the most sensitive to growth conditions, growing intestinal epithelial cells in their usual medium seems to be necessary. This work was aimed at comparing the sensitivity of these epithelial cells to pro-inflammatory stimuli but also to dietary polyphenols in both DMEM and RPMI-1640 media. Co-cultures of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells were grown for 21 days in the two media before their stimulation with a cocktail of TNF-α (20 ng/mL), IL-1β (1 ng/mL), and IFN-γ (10 ng/mL) or with LPS (10 ng/mL) from E. coli (O111:B4). The role of catechins (15 µM), a dietary polyphenol, was evaluated after its incubation with the cells before their stimulation for 6 h. The RPMI-1640 medium did not alter the intensity of the inflammatory response observed with the cytokines. By contrast, LPS failed to stimulate the co-culture in inserts regardless of the medium used. Lastly, catechins were unable to prevent the pro-inflammatory response observed with the cytokines in the two media. The preservation of the response of this model of intestinal epithelium in RPMI-1640 medium is promising when considering its complexification to evaluate the complex cellular crosstalk leading to intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Haddad
- Transformations et Agroressources, ULR 7519, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, 60000 Beauvais, France
- HCS Pharma, 59120 Loos, France
| | - Juanita Zuluaga-Arango
- Transformations et Agroressources, ULR 7519, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, 60000 Beauvais, France
| | - Hugo Mathieu
- Transformations et Agroressources, ULR 7519, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, 60000 Beauvais, France
| | - Nicolas Barbezier
- Transformations et Agroressources, ULR 7519, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, 60000 Beauvais, France
| | - Pauline M Anton
- Transformations et Agroressources, ULR 7519, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, 60000 Beauvais, France
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3
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She MP, Hsieh YT, Lin LY, Tu CH, Wu MS, Hsin LW, Yu LCH. Differential roles of serotonin receptor subtypes in regulation of neurotrophin receptor expression and intestinal hypernociception. Histol Histopathol 2024; 39:903-919. [PMID: 38108436 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aberrant serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) metabolism and neurite outgrowth were associated with abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We previously demonstrated that 5-HT receptor subtype 7 (5-HT₇) was involved in visceral hypersensitivity of IBS-like mouse models. The aim was to compare the analgesic effects of a novel 5-HT₇ antagonist to reference standards in mouse models and investigate the mechanisms of 5-HT₇-dependent neuroplasticity. METHODS Two mouse models, including Giardia post-infection combined with water avoidance stress (GW) and post-resolution of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis (PT) were used. Mice were orally administered CYY1005 (CYY, a novel 5-HT₇ antagonist), alosetron (ALN, a 5-HT₃ antagonist), and loperamide (LPM, an opioid receptor agonist) prior to measurement of visceromotor responses (VMR). Levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin receptors (NTRs) were assessed. RESULTS Peroral CYY was more potent than ALN or LPM in reducing VMR values in GW and PT mice. Increased mucosal 5-HT₇-expressing nerve fibers were associated with elevated Gap43 levels in the mouse colon. We observed higher colonic Ntrk2 and Ngfr expression in GW mice, and increased Bdnf expression in PT mice compared with control mice. Human SH-SY5Y cells stimulated with mouse colonic supernatant or exogenous serotonin exhibited longer nerve fibers, which CYY dose-dependently inhibited. Serotonin increased Ntrk1 and Ngfr expression via 5-HT₇ but not 5-HT₃ or 5-HT₄, while Ntrk2 upregulation was dependent on all three 5-HT receptor subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Stronger analgesic effects by peroral CYY were observed compared with reference standards in two IBS-like mouse models. The 5-HT₇-dependent NTR upregulation and neurite elongation may be involved in intestinal hypernociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ping She
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yu-Ting Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Li-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Chia-Hung Tu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Ling-Wei Hsin
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
- Center for Innovative Therapeutics Discovery, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC.
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4
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Luo Y, Zhang G, Hu C, Huang L, Wang D, Chen Z, Wang Y. The Role of Natural Products from Herbal Medicine in TLR4 Signaling for Colorectal Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2024; 29:2727. [PMID: 38930793 PMCID: PMC11206024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway constitutes an intricate network of protein interactions primarily involved in inflammation and cancer. This pathway triggers intracellular signaling cascades, modulating transcription factors that regulate gene expression related to immunity and malignancy. Previous studies showed that colon cancer patients with low TLR4 expression exhibit extended survival times and the TLR4 signaling pathway holds a significant role in CRC pathogenesis. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have garnered substantial attention as an alternative therapeutic modality for CRC, primarily due to their multifaceted composition and ability to target multiple pathways. Emerging evidence indicates that specific TCM products, such as andrographolide, rosmarinic acid, baicalin, etc., have the potential to impede CRC development through the TLR4 signaling pathway. Here, we review the role and biochemical processes of the TLR4 signaling pathway in CRC, and natural products from TCMs affecting the TLR4 pathway. This review sheds light on potential treatment strategies utilizing natural TLR4 inhibitors for CRC, which contributes to the advancement of research and accelerates their clinical integration into CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Guochen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Chao Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China;
| | - Lijun Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Zhejie Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yumei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (D.W.)
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5
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Bianchi MG, Chiu M, Taurino G, Bergamaschi E, Turroni F, Mancabelli L, Longhi G, Ventura M, Bussolati O. Amorphous silica nanoparticles and the human gut microbiota: a relationship with multiple implications. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:45. [PMID: 38291460 PMCID: PMC10826219 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Amorphous silica nanoparticles (ASNP) are among the nanomaterials that are produced in large quantities. ASNP have been present for a long time in several fast-moving consumer products, several of which imply exposure of the gastrointestinal tract, such as toothpastes, food additives, drug excipients, and carriers. Consolidated use and experimental evidence have consistently pointed to the very low acute toxicity and limited absorption of ASNP. However, slow absorption implies prolonged exposure of the intestinal epithelium to ASNP, with documented effects on intestinal permeability and immune gut homeostasis. These effects could explain the hepatic toxicity observed after oral administration of ASNP in animals. More recently, the role of microbiota in these and other ASNP effects has attracted increasing interest in parallel with the recognition of the role of microbiota in a variety of conditions. Although evidence for nanomaterial effects on microbiota is particularly abundant for materials endowed with bactericidal activities, a growing body of recent experimental data indicates that ASNPs also modify microbiota. The implications of these effects are recounted in this contribution, along with a discussion of the more important open issues and recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano G Bianchi
- Lab. of General Pathology, Dept. of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Research Centre "Microbiome Research Hub", University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Martina Chiu
- Lab. of General Pathology, Dept. of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Taurino
- Lab. of General Pathology, Dept. of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre "Microbiome Research Hub", University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Bergamaschi
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Paediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Turroni
- Interdepartmental Research Centre "Microbiome Research Hub", University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mancabelli
- Interdepartmental Research Centre "Microbiome Research Hub", University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Longhi
- Interdepartmental Research Centre "Microbiome Research Hub", University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Ventura
- Interdepartmental Research Centre "Microbiome Research Hub", University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ovidio Bussolati
- Lab. of General Pathology, Dept. of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre "Microbiome Research Hub", University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Wan T, Wang Y, He K, Zhu S. Microbial sensing in the intestine. Protein Cell 2023; 14:824-860. [PMID: 37191444 PMCID: PMC10636641 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in host health and disease, particularly through their interactions with the immune system. Intestinal homeostasis is dependent on the symbiotic relationships between the host and the diverse gut microbiota, which is influenced by the highly co-evolved immune-microbiota interactions. The first step of the interaction between the host and the gut microbiota is the sensing of the gut microbes by the host immune system. In this review, we describe the cells of the host immune system and the proteins that sense the components and metabolites of the gut microbes. We further highlight the essential roles of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the nuclear receptors expressed in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the intestine-resident immune cells. We also discuss the mechanisms by which the disruption of microbial sensing because of genetic or environmental factors causes human diseases such as the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wan
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yalong Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Kaixin He
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Department of Digestive Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230601, China
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7
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Chiu PF, Chang CK, Huang PS, Lin YY, Lin CS, Yang HY, Hsu LC, Yu LCH, Liang PH. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Glucose Transporter Inhibitor-SN38 Conjugates for Targeting Colorectal Cancer. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37413981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Irinotecan (1), a prodrug of SN38 (2) approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treating colorectal cancer, lacks specificity and causes many side effects. To increase the selectivity and therapeutic efficacy of this drug, we designed and synthesized conjugates of SN38 and glucose transporter inhibitors (phlorizin (5) or phloretin (6)), which could be hydrolyzed by glutathione or cathepsin to release SN38 in the tumor microenvironment, as a proof of concept. These conjugates (8, 9, and 10) displayed better antitumor efficacy with lower systemic exposure to SN38 in an orthotopic colorectal cancer mouse model compared with irinotecan at the same dosage. Further, no major adverse effects of the conjugates were observed during treatment. Biodistribution studies showed that conjugate 10 could induce higher concentrations of free SN38 in tumor tissues than irinotecan at the same dosage. Thus, the developed conjugates exhibit potential for treating colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Fang Chiu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kai Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Shuo Huang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - You-Yu Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shun Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Ching Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 128, Taiwan
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8
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Sun PP, Li D, Su M, Ren Q, Guo WP, Wang JL, Du LY, Xie GC. Cell membrane-bound toll-like receptor-1/2/4/6 monomers and -2 heterodimer inhibit enterovirus 71 replication by activating the antiviral innate response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1187035. [PMID: 37207203 PMCID: PMC10189127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1187035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Host immune activation is critical for enterovirus 71 (EV71) clearance and immunopathogenesis. However, the mechanism of innate immune activation, especially of cell membrane-bound toll-like receptors (TLRs), against EV71 remains unknown. We previously demonstrated that TLR2 and its heterodimer inhibit EV71 replication. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of TLR1/2/4/6 monomers and TLR2 heterodimer (TLR2/TLR1, TLR2/TLR6, and TLR2/TLR4) on EV71 replication and innate immune activation. We found that the overexpression of human- or mouse-derived TLR1/2/4/6 monomers and TLR2 heterodimer significantly inhibited EV71 replication and induced the production of interleukin (IL)-8 via activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Furthermore,human-mouse chimeric TLR2 heterodimer inhibited EV71 replication and activated innate immunity. Dominant-negative TIR-less (DN)-TLR1/2/4/6 did not exert any inhibitory effects, whereas DN-TLR2 heterodimer inhibited EV71 replication. Prokaryotic expression of purified recombinant EV71 capsid proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4) or overexpression of EV71 capsid proteins induced the production of IL-6 and IL-8 via activation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. Notably, two types of EV71 capsid proteins served as pathogen-associated molecular patterns for TLR monomers (TLR2 and TLR4) and TLR2 heterodimer (TLR2/TLR1, TLR2/TLR6, and TLR2/TLR4) and activated innate immunity. Collectively, our results revealed that membrane TLRs inhibited EV71 replication via activation of the antiviral innate response, providing insights into the EV71 innate immune activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Meng Su
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Qing Ren
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Wen-Ping Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Jiang-Li Wang
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Chengde Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Luan-Ying Du
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Guang-Cheng Xie
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
- *Correspondence: Guang-Cheng Xie,
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9
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Chang WY, Yang YT, She MP, Tu CH, Lee TC, Wu MS, Sun CH, Hsin LW, Yu LCH. 5-HT 7 receptor-dependent intestinal neurite outgrowth contributes to visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome. J Transl Med 2022; 102:1023-1037. [PMID: 36775417 PMCID: PMC9420680 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-022-00800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by visceral hypersensitivity (VH) associated with abnormal serotonin/5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) metabolism and neurotrophin-dependent mucosal neurite outgrowth. The underlying mechanisms of VH remain poorly understood. We investigated the role of 5-HT7 receptor in mucosal innervation and intestinal hyperalgesia. A high density of mucosal nerve fibres stained for 5-HT7 was observed in colonoscopic biopsy specimens from IBS patients compared with those from healthy controls. Staining of 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors was observed mainly in colonic epithelia with comparable levels between IBS and controls. Visceromotor responses to colorectal distension were evaluated in two mouse models, one postinfectious with Giardia and subjected to water avoidance stress (GW) and the other postinflammatory with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis (PT). Increased VH was associated with higher mucosal density of 5-HT7-expressing nerve fibres and elevated neurotrophin and neurotrophin receptor levels in the GW and PT mice. The increased VH was inhibited by intraperitoneal injection of SB-269970 (a selective 5-HT7 antagonist). Peroral multiple doses of CYY1005 (a novel 5-HT7 ligand) decreased VH and reduced mucosal density of 5-HT7-expressing nerve fibres in mouse colon. Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells incubated with bacteria-free mouse colonic supernatant, 5-HT, nerve growth factor, or brain-derived neurotrophic factor exhibited nerve fibre elongation, which was inhibited by 5-HT7 antagonists. Gene silencing of HTR7 also reduced the nerve fibre length. Activation of 5-HT7 upregulated NGF and BDNF gene expression, while stimulation with neurotrophins increased the levels of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 and 5-HT7 in neurons. A positive-feedback loop was observed between serotonin and neurotrophin pathways via 5-HT7 activation to aggravate fibre elongation, whereby 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 had no roles. In conclusion, 5-HT7-dependent mucosal neurite outgrowth contributed to VH. A novel 5-HT7 antagonist could be used as peroral analgesics for IBS-related pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Chang
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yi-Ting Yang
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Meng-Ping She
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Chia-Hung Tu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Tsung-Chun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Chin-Hung Sun
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Ling-Wei Hsin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University School of Pharmacy, Taipei, Taiwan ROC.
- Center for Innovative Therapeutics Discovery, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan ROC.
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC.
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10
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Zhou Y, Feng Y, Cen R, Hou X, Yu H, Sun J, Zhou L, Ji Q, Zhao L, Wang Y, Li Q. San-Wu-Huang-Qin decoction attenuates tumorigenesis and mucosal barrier impairment in the AOM/DSS model by targeting gut microbiome. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 98:153966. [PMID: 35158238 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A classic herbal formula San-Wu-Huang-Qin (SWHQ) decoction has been widely used in clinical practices to prevent and treat colorectal cancer (CRC) for years, but its anti-tumorigenic properties and the underlying mechanisms remain undetermined. PURPOSE The present study used a CRC mouse model to clarify whether and how SWHQ suppresses tumorigenesis. METHODS Different doses of SWHQ were gavaged to the AOM/DSS model mice to examine its anti-tumor efficacy in comparison with the positive control drug Aspirin. The underlying microbiota-driven anti-tumor action of SWHQ was proven with bacterial manipulations by fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) in vivo and anaerobic culturing in vitro. RESULTS SWHQ decoction dose-dependently reduced colonic tumor numbers/loads of AOM/DSS models and suppressed their disease activity index scores. SWHQ also recovered epithelial MUC2 secretion and colonic tight junction protein (ZO-1 and claudin1) expression in the mouse model. Such inhibitory impact on tumorigenesis and mucosal barrier impairment was found to be associated with modulation of gut dysbiosis, particularly for suppressing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) producers. The FMT experiment confirmed the substantial contribution of SWHQ-reshaped microbiota to anti-tumor function and mucosal barrier protection. Moreover, LPS-activated TLR4/NF-κB signaling and its downstream pro-inflammatory factors were significantly suppressed in the colon of SWHQ-treated models and SWHQ-reshaped microbiota recipients. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the SWHQ effectively inhibited tumorigenesis and protect mucosal barrier in CRC at least partially by targeting gut microbiota. This study provides scientific basis for the clinical usage of SWHQ in CRC intervention and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelu Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuanyuan Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rong Cen
- Endoscopy center of Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinxin Hou
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Laboratory Department of Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lihong Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qing Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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11
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Olovo CV, Huang X, Zheng X, Xu M. Faecal microbial biomarkers in early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:10783-10797. [PMID: 34750964 PMCID: PMC8642680 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is ranked as the second most common cause of cancer deaths and the third most common cancer globally. It has been described as a 'silent disease' which is often easily treatable if detected early-before progression to carcinoma. Colonoscopy, which is the gold standard for diagnosis is not only expensive but is also an invasive diagnostic procedure, thus, effective and non-invasive diagnostic methods are urgently needed. Unfortunately, the current methods are not sensitive and specific enough in detecting adenomas and early colorectal neoplasia, hampering treatment and consequently, survival rates. Studies have shown that imbalances in such a relationship which renders the gut microbiota in a dysbiotic state are implicated in the development of adenomas ultimately resulting in CRC. The differences found in the makeup and diversity of the gut microbiota of healthy individuals relative to CRC patients have in recent times gained attention as potential biomarkers in early non-invasive diagnosis of CRC, with promising sensitivity, specificity and even cost-effectiveness. This review summarizes recent studies in the application of these microbiota biomarkers in early CRC diagnosis, limitations encountered in the area of the faecal microbiota studies as biomarkers for CRC, and future research exploits that address these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinasa Valerie Olovo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of MedicineJiangsu UniversityZhenjiangChina
- Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of NigeriaNsukkaNigeria
| | - Xinxiang Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of MedicineJiangsu UniversityZhenjiangChina
| | - Xueming Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of MedicineJiangsu UniversityZhenjiangChina
| | - Min Xu
- Department of GastroenterologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiangChina
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12
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Guo J, Liao M, Wang J. TLR4 signaling in the development of colitis-associated cancer and its possible interplay with microRNA-155. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:90. [PMID: 34479599 PMCID: PMC8414775 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) has closely been associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. However, the exact mechanisms underlying colitis-associated cancer (CAC) development remain unclear. As a classic pattern-recognition receptor, Toll like receptor (TLR)4 is a canonical receptor for lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria (including two CAC-associated pathogens Fusobacterium nucleatum and Salmonella), and functions as a key bridge molecule linking oncogenic infection to colonic inflammatory and malignant processes. Accumulating studies verified the overexpression of TLR4 in colitis and CAC, and the over-expressed TLR4 might promote colitis-associated tumorigenesis via facilitating cell proliferation, protecting malignant cells against apoptosis, accelerating invasion and metastasis, as well as contributing to the creation of tumor-favouring cellular microenvironment. In recent years, considerable attention has been focused on the regulation of TLR4 signaling in the context of colitis-associated tumorigenesis. MicroRNA (miR)-155 and TLR4 exhibited a similar dynamic expression change during CAC development and shared similar CAC-promoting properties. The available data demonstrated an interplay between TLR4 and miR-155 in the context of different disorders or cell lines. miR-155 could augment TLR4 signaling through targeting negative regulators SOCS1 and SHIP1; and TLR4 activation would induce miR-155 expression via transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. This possible TLR4-miR-155 positive feedback loop might result in the synergistic accelerating effect of TLR4 and miR-155 on CAC development.![]() Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guo
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,New Medicine Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengfan Liao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,New Medicine Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. .,New Medicine Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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13
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Yu LCH, Wei SC, Li YH, Lin PY, Chang XY, Weng JP, Shue YW, Lai LC, Wang JT, Jeng YM, Ni YH. Invasive Pathobionts Contribute to Colon Cancer Initiation by Counterbalancing Epithelial Antimicrobial Responses. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:57-79. [PMID: 34418587 PMCID: PMC8600093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Microbiota dysbiosis and mucosa-associated bacteria are involved in colorectal cancer progression. We hypothesize that an interaction between virulent pathobionts and epithelial defense promotes tumorigenesis. METHODS Chemical-induced CRC mouse model was treated with antibiotics at various phases. Colonic tissues and fecal samples were collected in a time-serial mode and analyzed by gene microarray and 16S rRNA sequencing. Intraepithelial bacteria were isolated using a gentamicin resistance assay, and challenged in epithelial cultures. RESULTS Our study showed that antibiotic treatment at midphase but not early or late phase reduced mouse tumor burden, suggesting a time-specific host-microbe interplay. A unique antimicrobial transcriptome profile showing an inverse relationship between autophagy and oxidative stress genes was correlated with a transient surge in microbial diversity and virulence emergence in mouse stool during cancer initiation. Gavage with fimA/fimH/htrA-expressing invasive Escherichia coli isolated from colonocytes increased tumor burden in recipient mice, whereas inoculation of bacteria deleted of htrA or triple genes did not. The invasive E.coli suppressed epithelial autophagy activity through reduction of microtubule-associated protein 1 light-chain 3 transcripts and caused dual oxidase 2-dependent free radical overproduction and tumor cell hyperproliferation. A novel alternating spheroid culture model was developed for sequential bacterial challenge to address the long-term changes in host-microbe interaction for chronic tumor growth. Epithelial cells with single bacterial encounter showed a reduction in transcript levels of autophagy genes while those sequentially challenged with invasive E.coli showed heightened autophagy gene expression to eliminate intracellular microbes, implicating that bacteria-dependent cell hyperproliferation could be terminated at late phases. Finally, the presence of bacterial htrA and altered antimicrobial gene expression were observed in human colorectal cancer specimens. CONCLUSIONS Invasive pathobionts contribute to cancer initiation during a key time frame by counterbalancing autophagy and oxidative stress in the colonic epithelium. Monitoring gut microbiota and antimicrobial patterns may help identify the window of opportunity for intervention with bacterium-targeted precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shu-Chen Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Hsuan Li
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Po-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yu Chang
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jui-Ping Weng
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yin-Wen Shue
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China,Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Liang-Chuan Lai
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jin-Town Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China,Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yung-Ming Jeng
- Department of Pathology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Hsuan Ni
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Yen-Hsuan Ni, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. fax: (886) 2-23938871.
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14
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Chen YH, Shin JY, Wei HM, Lin CC, Yu LCH, Liao WT, Chen DC, Chu CL. Prevention of dextran sulfate sodium-induced mouse colitis by the fungal protein Ling Zhi-8 via promoting the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. Food Funct 2021; 12:1639-1650. [PMID: 33481975 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02604b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fungal immunomodulatory protein Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8) isolated from Ganoderma lucidum (GL) regulates immune cells and inhibits tumor growth; however, the role of LZ-8 in protecting intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is unknown. In this study, we aim to investigate the functional effect of LZ-8 on IECs. LZ-8 effectively rescued the pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced loss of tight junctions (TJs) by enhancing transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), reducing permeability, and maintaining the distribution of TJ proteins, in Caco-2 cells. Mechanistically, LZ-8 blocked the upregulation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and NF-kB activation by TLR2-mediated suppression of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 expression. Furthermore, LZ-8 pre-treatment reduced the pathological scores of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. These results indicated that LZ-8 protected the barrier function of IECs against inflammation. Thus, LZ-8 may potentially be a novel candidate for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jenn-Yeu Shin
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiu-Mei Wei
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsin University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Linda C H Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Liao
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Dz-Chi Chen
- Yeastern Biotech Co. Ltd, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Chu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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15
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Huang YJ, Lee TC, Pai YC, Lin BR, Turner JR, Yu LCH. A novel tumor suppressor role of myosin light chain kinase splice variants through downregulation of the TEAD4/CD44 axis. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:961-974. [PMID: 34000008 PMCID: PMC8283729 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) regulates actinomyosin contraction. Two splice variants of long MLCK are expressed in epithelial cells and divergently regulate gut barrier functions; reduced MLCK levels in human colorectal cancers (CRC) with unclarified significance have been reported. CRC are solid tumors clonally sustained by stem cells highly expressing CD44 and CD133. The aim was to investigate the role of MLCK splice variants in CRC tumorigenesis. We found lower MLCK1/2 and higher CD44 expression in human CRC, but no change in CD133 or LGR5. Large-scale bioinformatics showed an inverse relationship between MYLK and CD44 in human sample gene datasets. A 3-fold increased tumor burden was observed in MLCK(-/-) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice in a chemical-induced CRC model. Primary tumorspheres derived from the MLCK(-/-) mice displayed larger sizes and higher CD44 transcript levels than those from the WT mice. Bioinformatics revealed binding of TEAD4 (a transcriptional enhancer factor family member in the Hippo pathway) to CD44 promoter, which was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. Individually expressing MLCK1 and MLCK2 variants in the MLCK-knockout (KO) Caco-2 cells inhibited the nuclear localization of TEAD4 cofactors, VGLL3 and YAP1, respectively, and both variants reduced the CD44 transcription. Accelerated cell cycle transit was observed in the MLCK-KO cells, whereby expression of MLCK1/2 variants counterbalanced the cell hyperproliferation. In conclusion, MLCK1/2 variants are novel tumor suppressors by downregulating the TEAD4/CD44 axis via reducing nuclear translocation of distinct transcriptional coactivators. The reduction of epithelial MLCKs, especially isoform 2, may drive cancer stemness and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Tsung-Chun Lee
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yu-Chen Pai
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Been-Ren Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Brigham's Women Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
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16
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Chang CK, Chiu PF, Yang HY, Juang YP, Lai YH, Lin TS, Hsu LC, Yu LCH, Liang PH. Targeting Colorectal Cancer with Conjugates of a Glucose Transporter Inhibitor and 5-Fluorouracil. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4450-4461. [PMID: 33819035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of glucose transporters (GLUTs) in colorectal cancer cells is associated with 5-fluorouracil (1, 5-FU) resistance and poor clinical outcomes. We designed and synthesized a novel GLUT-targeting drug conjugate, triggered by glutathione in the tumor microenvironment, that releases 5-FU and GLUTs inhibitor (phlorizin (2) and phloretin (3)). Using an orthotopic colorectal cancer mice model, we showed that the conjugate exhibited better antitumor efficacy than 5-FU, with much lower exposure of 5-FU during treatment and without significant side effects. Our study establishes a GLUT-targeting theranostic incorporating a disulfide linker between the targeting module and cytotoxic payload as a potential antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Kai Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Fang Chiu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Pu Juang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsun Lai
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Sheng Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Ching Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.,The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 128, Taiwan
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17
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Pai YC, Weng LT, Wei SC, Wu LL, Shih DQ, Targan SR, Turner JR, Yu LCH. Gut microbial transcytosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-like 1A-dependent activation of a myosin light chain kinase splice variant contributes to IBD. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 15:jjaa165. [PMID: 32770194 PMCID: PMC7904084 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by abnormal host-microbe interactions. Proinflammatory cytokine IFNγ and a novel TNF superfamily member, TL1A, have been implicated in epithelial barrier dysfunction. The divergent regulatory mechanisms of transcellular versus paracellular hyperpermeability remain poorly understood. Intestinal epithelia express two splice variants of long myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), of which the full-length MLCK1 differ from the shorter isoform MLCK2 by a Src kinase phosphorylation site. The aim was to investigate the roles of MLCK splice variants in gut barrier defects under proinflammatory stress. Upregulated expression of TL1A, IFNγ, and two MLCK variants was observed in human IBD biopsy specimens. The presence of intraepithelial bacteria preceded tight junction (TJ) damage in dextran sodium sulfate-treated and TL1A-transgenic mouse models. Lack of barrier defects was observed in long MLCK(-/-) mice. TL1A induced MLCK-dependent terminal web (TW) contraction, brush border fanning, and transepithelial bacterial internalization. The bacterial taxa identified in the inflamed colonocytes included Escherichia, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus,and Lactobacillus. Recombinant TL1A and IFNγ at low doses induced PI3K/Akt/MLCK2-dependent bacterial endocytosis, whereas high-dose IFNγ caused TJ opening via the iNOS/Src/MLCK1 axis. Bacterial internalization was recapitulated in MLCK-knockout cells individually expressing MLCK2 but not MLCK1. Immunostaining showed different subcellular sites of phosphorylated MLC localized to the TJ and TW in the MLCK1- and MLCK2-expressing cells, respectively. In conclusion, proinflammatory cytokines induced bacterial influx through transcellular and paracellular routes via divergent pathways orchestrated by distinct MLCK isoforms. Bacterial transcytosis induced by TL1A may be an alternative route causing symptom flares in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Pai
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Weng
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David Q Shih
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stephen R Targan
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Brigham’s Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Vandana UK, Barlaskar NH, Gulzar ABM, Laskar IH, Kumar D, Paul P, Pandey P, Mazumder PB. Linking gut microbiota with the human diseases. Bioinformation 2020; 16:196-208. [PMID: 32405173 PMCID: PMC7196170 DOI: 10.6026/97320630016196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut is rich in microbes. Therefore, it is of interest to document data to link known human diseases with the gut microbiota. Various factors like hormones, metabolites and dietary habitats are responsible for shaping the microbiota of the gut. Imbalance in the gut microbiota is responsible for the pathogenesis of various disease types including rheumatoid arthritis, different types of cancer, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. We report a review of known data for the correction of dysbiosis (imbalance in microbe population) towards improved human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Diwakar Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Prosenjit Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
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19
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Huang CY, Yu LCH. Distinct patterns of interleukin-12/23 and tumor necrosis factor α synthesis by activated macrophages are modulated by glucose and colon cancer metabolites. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2020; 63:7-14. [PMID: 32056981 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_75_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a major risk factor for colitis-associated colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Macrophages play a key role in altering the tumor microenvironment by producing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Our previous studies showed that glucose metabolism conferred death resistance for tumor progression and exerted anti-inflammatory effects in ischemic gut mucosa. However, the effect of glucose and cancer metabolites in modulating macrophage cytokine profiles remains poorly defined. We used an in vitro system to mimic intestinal microenvironment and to investigate the roles of glucose and cancer metabolites in the cross-talk between carcinoma cells and macrophages. Human monocyte-derived THP-1 macrophages were stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence of conditioned media (CM) collected from human CRC Caco-2 cells incubated in either glucose-free or glucose-containing media. Our results demonstrated that glucose modulated the macrophage cytokine production, including decreased LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor [TNF]α and interleukin [IL]-6) and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine (i.e., IL-10), at resting state. Moreover, glucose-containing CM reduced the macrophage secretion of TNFα and IL-8 but elevated the IL-12 and IL-23 levels, showing an opposite pattern of distinct pro-inflammatory cytokines modulated by cancer glucose metabolites. In contrast, LPS-induced production of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (a macrophage-derived chemoattractant for granulocytes) was not altered by glucose or CM, indicating that resident macrophages may play a more dominant role than infiltrating granulocytes for responding to cancer metabolites. In conclusion, glucose metabolites from CRC triggered distinct changes in the cytokine profiles in macrophages. The downregulation of death-inducing TNFα and upregulation of Th1/17-polarizing IL-12/IL-23 axis in macrophages caused by exposure to cancer-derived glucose metabolites may contribute to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ying Huang
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei; Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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LPS Inhibits Fatty Acid Absorption in Enterocytes through TNF-α Secreted by Macrophages. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121626. [PMID: 31842409 PMCID: PMC6953048 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea, such as steatorrhea, could result from fat absorption disorders, which could be caused by many factors, including Escherichia coli infection. However, it is not clear how E. coli affects fatty acid absorption in animals. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as one of the main pathogenic components of E. coli, is the main cause of the virulence of E. coli. Therefore, we used LPS to explore the underlying mechanism of E. coli that causes the inhibition of fatty acid absorption in the intestine. In this study, we found that LPS caused apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in mice. Further, caspase-3 activation caused the inhibition of fatty acid absorption in the intestinal porcine enterocyte cell line (IPEC-J2). However, direct treatment of LPS did not induce any significant change in fatty acid absorption in IPEC-J2. We then prepared conditioned medium of LPS-treated porcine macrophage cell line (3D4/2) for incubating IPEC-J2, as LPS initiates inflammation by activating immune cells. The conditioned medium decreased fatty acid absorption and caspase-3 activation in IPEC-J2. While inhibiting the activation of caspase-3 in IPEC-J2, conditioned medium no longer caused serious deficiency of fatty acid absorption. As IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in conditioned medium increase significantly, IPEC-J2 was treated with IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, respectively. Only TNF-α induced caspase-3 activation in IPEC-J2. Reducing the secretion of TNF-α in 3D4/2, there was no obvious activation of caspase-3 in IPEC-J2, and fatty acid absorption recovered effectively. Based on the above results, we hold the opinion that LPS does not suppress fatty acid absorption directly in the intestine, but may work on macrophages that secrete cytokines, such as TNF-α, inducing caspase-3 activation and finally leading to the inhibition of fatty acid absorption in intestine.
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21
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Huang CY, Huang CY, Pai YC, Lin BR, Lee TC, Liang PH, Yu LCH. Glucose Metabolites Exert Opposing Roles in Tumor Chemoresistance. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1282. [PMID: 31824857 PMCID: PMC6881467 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogrammed glucose metabolism and increased glycolysis have been implicated in tumor chemoresistance. The aim was to investigate the distinct roles of the glucose metabolites pyruvate and ATP in chemoresistance mechanisms, including cell death and proliferation. Our data showed higher glucose transporters in colorectal cancer (CRC) from non-responsive patients than those responsive to chemotherapy. Human CRC cell lines exposed to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) displayed elevated cell viability and larger tumors in xenograft mouse models if cultured in high-glucose medium. Glucose conferred resistance to 5-FU-induced necroptosis via pyruvate scavenging of mitochondrial free radicals, whereas ATP replenishment had no effect on cell death. Glucose attenuated the 5-FU-induced G0/G1 shift but not the S phase arrest. Opposing effects were observed by glucose metabolites; ATP increased while pyruvate decreased the G0/G1 shift. Lastly, 5-FU-induced tumor spheroid destruction was prevented by glucose and pyruvate, but not by ATP. Our finding argues against ATP as the main effector for glucose-mediated chemoresistance and supports a key role of glycolytic pyruvate as an antioxidant for dual modes of action: necroptosis reduction and a cell cycle shift to a quiescent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Huang
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Pai
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Been-Ren Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Chen Y, Tsai YH, Tseng BJ, Tseng SH. Influence of Growth Hormone and Glutamine on Intestinal Stem Cells: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1941. [PMID: 31426533 PMCID: PMC6724402 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and glutamine (Gln) stimulate the growth of the intestinal mucosa. GH activates the proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs), enhances the formation of crypt organoids, increases ISC stemness markers in the intestinal organoids, and drives the differentiation of ISCs into Paneth cells and enterocytes. Gln enhances the proliferation of ISCs and increases crypt organoid formation; however, it mainly acts on the post-proliferation activity of ISCs to maintain the stability of crypt organoids and the intestinal mucosa, as well as to stimulate the differentiation of ISCs into goblet cells and possibly Paneth cells and enteroendocrine cells. Since GH and Gln have differential effects on ISCs. Their use in combination may have synergistic effects on ISCs. In this review, we summarize the evidence of the actions of GH and/or Gln on crypt cells and ISCs in the literature. Overall, most studies demonstrated that GH and Gln in combination exerted synergistic effects to activate the proliferation of crypt cells and ISCs and enhance crypt organoid formation and mucosal growth. This treatment influenced the proliferation of ISCs to a similar degree as GH treatment alone and the differentiation of ISCs to a similar degree as Gln treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao, New Taipei 220, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao, New Taipei 220, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Jiun Tseng
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao, New Taipei 220, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hong Tseng
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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Wu Z, Zhang Z, Lei Z, Lei P. CD14: Biology and role in the pathogenesis of disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 48:24-31. [PMID: 31296363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that enhances innate immune responses. CD14 was first identified as a marker of monocytes to signal intracellular responses upon bacterial encounters. Given the absence of an intracellular tail, CD14 was doubted to have the signaling capacities. Later CD14 was confirmed as the TLR co-receptor for the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. However, CD14 has been revealed as a multi-talented receptor. In last decade, CD14 was identified to activate NFAT to regulate the life cycle of myeloid cells in a TLR4-independent manner and to transport inflammatory lipids to induce phagocyte hyperactivation. And its influences on multiple related diseases have been further considered. In this review, we summarize advancements in the basic biology of the CD14 including its structure, binding ligands, signaling pathways, and its roles in the pathogenesis of inflammation, atherosclerosis, tumor and metabolic diseases. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the CD14 in related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghao Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhenxiong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Zehua Lei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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24
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Teng H, Wang D, Lu J, Zhou Y, Pang Y, Li Q. Novel insights into the evolution of the caveolin superfamily and mechanisms of antiapoptotic effects and cell proliferation in lamprey. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:118-128. [PMID: 30742851 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 is the main structural and functional component of caveolin, and it is involved in the regulation of cholesterol transport, endocytosis, and signal transduction. Moreover, changes in caveolin-1 play an important role in tumorigenesis and inflammatory processes. Previous studies have demonstrated that human caveolin-1 is mainly located in the cell membrane and exhibits cell type- and stage-dependent functional differences during cancer development and inflammatory responses. However, the role of Lamprey-caveolin-like (L-caveolin-like) in lamprey remained unknown. Here, we demonstrated that L-caveolin-like performs anti-inflammation and oncogenic functions and the function of caveolin-1 diverged during vertebrate evolution. Moreover, the results reveal the mechanism underlying the antiapoptotic effects of L-caveolin-like. An L-caveolin-like gene from Lampetra japonica (L. japonica) was identified and characterized. L-Caveolin-like was primarily distributed in the leukocytes, intestines and supraneural bodies (Sp-bodies) immune organs as indicated by Q-PCR and immunohistochemistry assays. The mRNA and protein expression levels of L-caveolin exhibited consistent increases in expression at 2 and 72 h in adult tissues after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in leukocytes stimulated by Vibrio anguillarum (V. anguillarum), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Poly I:C. Furthermore, the overexpression of pEGFP-N1-L-caveolin-like was associated with a distinct localization in mitochondria, with decreased cytochrome C (Cyt C) and mitochondrial Cyt C oxidase subunit I (CO I) expression. In addition, increased cellular ATP levels suggested that this protein prevented mitochondrial damage. The overexpression of pEGFP-N1-L-caveolin-like led to the altered expression of factors related to apoptosis, such as decreased Caspase-9, Caspase-3, p53, and Bax expression and increased Bcl-2 expression. In addition, the overexpression of pEGFP-N1-L-caveolin-like promoted cell proliferation associated with upregulated EGF, bFGF, and PDGFB expression. Together, these findings indicated that the L-caveolin-like protein from L. japonica induced the activation of antiapoptotic effects via the mitochondrial Cyt C-mediated Caspase-3 signaling pathway. Our analysis further suggests that L-caveolin-like is an oncogene protein product and anti-inflammatory molecule from lamprey that evolved early in vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Teng
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.
| | - Dayu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.
| | - Jiali Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.
| | - Yue Pang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.
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25
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Wu LL, Peng WH, Wu HL, Miaw SC, Yeh SH, Yang HC, Liao PH, Lin JS, Chen YR, Hong YT, Wang HY, Chen PJ, Chen DS. Lymphocyte Antigen 6 Complex, Locus C + Monocytes and Kupffer Cells Orchestrate Liver Immune Responses Against Hepatitis B Virus in Mice. Hepatology 2019; 69:2364-2380. [PMID: 30661248 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To understand the mechanism(s) of age-dependent outcomes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in humans, we previously established an age-related HBV mouse model in which 6-week-old (N6W) C3H/HeN mice exhibited virus tolerance whereas 12-week-old (N12W) counterparts presented virus clearance. By investigating the hepatic myeloid cell dynamics in mice of these two ages, we aim to identify factors associated with HBV clearance. C3H/HeN mice were transfected with an HBV plasmid by hydrodynamic injection. Serum HBV markers were monitored weekly. Hepatic leucocyte populations and their cytokine/chemokine productions were examined at baseline, day 3 (D3), day 7 (D7), and day 14 after injection. C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) antagonist and clodronate (CLD) were respectively administered to N12W and N6W mice to study the roles of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus C (Ly6C)+ monocytes and Kupffer cells (KCs) in viral clearance. N12W mice had a significantly higher number of TNF-α-secreting Ly6C+ monocytes and fewer IL-10-secreting KCs at D3 in the liver than their younger N6W counterparts after HBV transfection. In addition, the elevated number of interferon-γ+ TNF-α+ CD8+ T cells at D7 was only seen in the older cohort. The enhanced Ly6C+ monocyte induction in N12W mice resulted from elevated C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) secretion by hepatocytes. CCR2 antagonist administration hampered Ly6C+ monocyte recruitment and degree of KC reduction and delayed HBV clearance in N12W animals. Depletion of KCs by CLD liposomes enhanced Ly6C+ monocyte recruitment and accelerated HBV clearance in N6W mice. Conclusions: Ly6C+ monocytes and KCs may, respectively, represent the resistance and tolerance arms of host defenses. These two cell types play an essential role in determining HBV clearance/tolerance. Manipulation of these cells is a promising avenue for immunotherapy of HBV-related liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ling Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hao Peng
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100 Taiwan.,School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University (Yanchao Campus), Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Lin Wu
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Shi-Chuen Miaw
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Hwei Yeh
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Yang
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Liao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Jing-Shan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Yan-Rong Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tien Hong
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Hurng-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100 Taiwan.,Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100 Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100 Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100 Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100 Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Ding-Shinn Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100 Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100 Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100 Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
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26
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Chen Y, Li C, Tsai YH, Tseng SH. Intestinal Crypt Organoid: Isolation of Intestinal Stem Cells, In Vitro Culture, and Optical Observation. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1576:215-228. [PMID: 28337708 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2017_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The isolation and culture of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) was first demonstrated in the very recent decade with the identification of ISC marker Lgr5. The growth of ISCs into crypt organoids provides an in vitro model for studying the mucosal physiology, intestinal cancer tumorigenesis, and intestinal regeneration. Here, we describe two different isolation protocols and demonstrate a fixation method that aids in the confocal observation of the organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao, New Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao, New Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Hong Tseng
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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27
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Yu LCH. Microbiota dysbiosis and barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancers: exploring a common ground hypothesis. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:79. [PMID: 30413188 PMCID: PMC6234774 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disease which arises as a result of the interaction of genetic, environmental, barrier and microbial factors leading to chronic inflammation in the intestine. Patients with IBD had a higher risk of developing colorectal carcinoma (CRC), of which the subset was classified as colitis-associated cancers. Genetic polymorphism of innate immune receptors had long been considered a major risk factor for IBD, and the mutations were also recently observed in CRC. Altered microbial composition (termed microbiota dybiosis) and dysfunctional gut barrier manifested by epithelial hyperpermeability and high amount of mucosa-associated bacteria were observed in IBD and CRC patients. The findings suggested that aberrant immune responses to penetrating commensal microbes may play key roles in fueling disease progression. Accumulative evidence demonstrated that mucosa-associated bacteria harbored colitogenic and protumoral properties in experimental models, supporting an active role of bacteria as pathobionts (commensal-derived opportunistic pathogens). Nevertheless, the host factors involved in bacterial dysbiosis and conversion mechanisms from lumen-dwelling commensals to mucosal pathobionts remain unclear. Based on the observation of gut leakiness in patients and the evidence of epithelial hyperpermeability prior to the onset of mucosal histopathology in colitic animals, it was postulated that the epithelial barrier dysfunction associated with mucosal enrichment of specific bacterial strains may predispose the shift to disease-associated microbiota. The speculation of leaky gut as an initiating factor for microbiota dysbiosis that eventually led to pathological consequences was proposed as the "common ground hypothesis", which will be highlighted in this review. Overall, the understanding of the core interplay between gut microbiota and epithelial barriers at early subclinical phases will shed light to novel therapeutic strategies to manage chronic inflammatory disorders and colitis-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Suite 1020, #1 Jen-Ai Rd. Sec. 1, Taipei, 100, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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28
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Chen Y, Yang XQ, Tseng BY, Tsai YH, Tseng SH, Lee CH, Yao CL. Deferoxamine preconditioning activated hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in intestinal stem cells. J Pediatr Surg 2018; 53:2349-2356. [PMID: 29475626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important regulators of innate immunity, and TLR4 pathway can regulate the survival, migration, and differentiation of stem cells, including intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Deferoxamine (DFO), a hypoxia-mimic compound, can activate the proliferation of ISCs. In this study, we investigated the response of TLR4 signaling to DFO-induced hypoxia in cultured ISCs in vitro. METHODS After DFO treatment, the crypt organoid number was counted, and the expression levels of Lgr5, Hsp70, HMGB1, HIF-1α, TLR4, MyD88, TRIF, and TRAM in ISCs were examined using QPCR and Western blotting. The chemical inhibitors of different signaling molecules were then used to determine their role in DFO-induced change in ISCs. RESULTS The expression levels of Lgr5, HIF-1α, TLR4, MyD88, and TRIF in ISCs increased after DFO treatment, with peak expression of these molecules 6h after DFO treatment. In addition, DFO-induced gene expression of Lgr5 and HIF-1α was partially reversed by pretreatment with the inhibitor of TLR4 or MyD88, but not TRIF inhibitor. Inhibition of HIF-1α also resulted in partial downregulation of DFO-induced elevation of Lgr5 and TLR4. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that DFO treatment activated HIF-1α and the TLR4-MyD88 signaling pathway, which might mediate the activation of ISCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao, New Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Xiang-Qin Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Yuan Tseng
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao, New Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Materials and Textiles, Oriental Institute of Technology, Pan-Chiao, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hong Tseng
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of General Surgery, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ling Yao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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29
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Chang YY, Yu LCH, Yu IS, Jhuang YL, Huang WJ, Yang CY, Jeng YM. Deletion of cadherin-17 enhances intestinal permeability and susceptibility to intestinal tumour formation. J Pathol 2018; 246:289-299. [PMID: 30047135 DOI: 10.1002/path.5138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cadherin-17 is an adhesion molecule expressed specifically in intestinal epithelial cells. It is frequently underexpressed in human colorectal cancer. The physiological function of cadherin-17 and its role in tumourigenesis have not yet been determined. We used the transcription activator-like effector nuclease technique to generate a Cdh17 knockout (KO) mouse model. Intestinal tissues were analysed with histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural methods. Colitis was induced by oral administration of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS), and, to study effects on intestinal tumourigenesis, mice were given azoxymethane (AOM) and DSS to induce colitis-associated cancer. Cdh17 KO mice were viable and fertile. The histology of their small and large intestines was similar to that of wild-type mice. The junctional architecture of the intestinal epithelium was preserved. The loss of cadherin-17 resulted in increased permeability and susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. The AOM/DSS model demonstrated that Cdh17 KO enhanced tumour formation and progression in the intestine. Increased nuclear translocation of Yap1, but not of β-catenin, was identified in the tumours of Cdh17 KO mice. In conclusion, cadherin-17 plays a crucial role in intestinal homeostasis by limiting the permeability of the intestinal epithelium. Cadherin-17 is also a tumour suppressor for intestinal epithelia. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Shing Yu
- Laboratory Animal Centre, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Jhuang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Oral Hygiene, Hsin-Sheng College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yao Yang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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30
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Lee T, Huang Y, Lu Y, Yeh Y, Yu LC. Hypoxia-induced intestinal barrier changes in balloon-assisted enteroscopy. J Physiol 2018; 596:3411-3424. [PMID: 29178568 PMCID: PMC6068115 DOI: 10.1113/jp275277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Balloon-assisted enteroscopy (BAE) is an emerging standard procedure by utilizing distensible balloons to facilitate deep endoscopy in the small and large intestine. Sporadic cases of bacteraemia were found after BAE. Balloon distension by BAE caused gut tissue hypoxia. The impact of balloon distension-induced hypoxia on intestinal barriers remains unclear. Murine models of BAE by colonic balloon distension showed that short- and long-term hypoxia evoked opposite effects on epithelial tight junctions (TJs). Short-term hypoxia fortified TJ integrity, whereas long-term hypoxia caused damage to barrier function. Our data showed for the first time the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways of epithelial barrier fortification and TJ reorganization by short-term hypoxia for the maintenance of gut homeostasis. The findings suggest avoiding prolonged balloon distension during BAE to reduce the risk of hypoxia-induced gut barrier dysfunction. ABSTRACT Balloon-assisted enteroscopy (BAE) is an emerging standard procedure that uses distensible balloons to facilitate deep endoscopy. Intestines are known to harbour an abundant microflora. Whether balloon distension causes perturbation of blood flow and gut barrier dysfunction, and elicits risk of bacterial translocation remains unknown. Our aims were to (1) conduct a prospective study to gather microbiological and molecular evidence of bacterial translocation by BAE in patients, (2) establish a murine model of colonic balloon distension to investigate tissue hypoxia and intestinal barrier, and (3) assess the effect of short- and long-term hypoxia on epithelial permeability using cell lines. Thirteen patients were enrolled for BAE procedures, and blood samples were obtained before and after BAE for paired comparison. Four of the 13 patients (30.8%) had positive bacterial DNA in blood after BAE. Post-BAE endotoxaemia was higher than the pre-BAE level. Nevertheless, no clinical symptom of sepsis or fever was reported. To mimic clinical BAE, mice were subjected to colonic balloon distension. Local tissue hypoxia was observed during balloon inflation, and reoxygenation after deflation. A trend of increased gut permeability was seen after long-term distension, whereas a significant reduction of permeability was observed by short-term distension in the proximal colon. Human colonic epithelial Caco-2 cells exposed to hypoxia for 5-20 min exhibited increased tight junctional assembly, while those exposed to longer hypoxia displayed barrier disruption. In conclusion, sporadic cases of bacteraemia were found after BAE, without septic symptoms. Short-term hypoxia by balloon distension yielded a protective effect whereas long-term hypoxia caused damage to the gut barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung‐Chun Lee
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwanROC
- Department of Internal MedicineNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwanROC
| | - Yi‐Chen Huang
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwanROC
| | - Yen‐Zhen Lu
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwanROC
| | - Yu‐Chang Yeh
- Department of AnesthesiologyNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwanROC
| | - Linda Chia‐Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwanROC
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31
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Yu LCH, Wei SC, Ni YH. Impact of microbiota in colorectal carcinogenesis: lessons from experimental models. Intest Res 2018; 16:346-357. [PMID: 30090033 PMCID: PMC6077307 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2018.16.3.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A role of gut microbiota in colorectal cancer (CRC) growth was first suggested in germ-free rats almost 50 years ago, and the existence of disease-associated bacteria (termed pathobionts) had becoming increasingly evident from experimental data of fecal transplantation, and microbial gavage or monoassociation. Altered bacterial compositions in fecal and mucosal specimens were observed in CRC patients compared to healthy subjects. Microbial fluctuations were found at various cancer stages; an increase of bacterial diversity was noted in the adenoma specimens, while a reduction of bacterial richness was documented in CRC samples. The bacterial species enriched in the human cancerous tissues included Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis. The causal relationship of gut bacteria in tumorigenesis was established by introducing particular bacterial strains in in situ mouse CRC models. Detailed experimental protocols of bacterial gavage and the advantages and caveats of different experimental models are summarized in this review. The microbial genotoxins, enterotoxins, and virulence factors implicated in the mechanisms of bacteria-driven tumorigenesis are described. In conclusion, intestinal microbiota is involved in colon tumorigenesis. Bacteria-targeting intervention would be the next challenge for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsuan Ni
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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32
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Zhao X, Zhang C, Le Z, Zeng S, Pan C, Shi J, Wang J, Zhao X. Telomerase reverse transcriptase interference synergistically promotes tumor necrosis factor‑related apoptosis‑inducing ligand‑induced oral squamous cell carcinoma apoptosis and suppresses proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1283-1294. [PMID: 29901096 PMCID: PMC6089774 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is known to induce cell apoptosis in many types of cancer cells. However, some malignant cells still exhibit anti-apoptosis features induced by TRAIL; thus the underlying mechanisms that regulate sensitivity and resistance of tumor cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis remain unclear. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is overexpressed in most types of human tumors and is mostly inactive in somatic cells. The present study aimed to investigate the endogenous effects and mechanisms of hTERT inhibition and TRAIL overexpression on TRAIL-induced apoptosis of human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. The effects of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated TRAIL and hTERT gene silencing by RNA interference were investigated on the proliferation and apoptosis of human OSCC cells in vitro and in vivo. The present results suggest that knockdown of hTERT expression accelerated TRAIL-resistant OSCC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and impaired OSCC cell proliferation. In addition, this process is accompanied by the upregulation of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9, and downregulation of B cell lymphoma-2. Additionally, the possible mechanisms underlying the association between TRAIL expression and hTERT silencing were explored. The results demonstrated that TRAIL expression levels were elevated when the hTERT gene was silenced, and notable anti-tumor effects were observed when TRAIL upregulation and hTERT gene silencing were carried out simultaneously. The present findings provide experimental evidence for the combined use of TRAIL and hTERT as a possible gene therapy strategy in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Cuicui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510140, P.R. China
| | - Zhiliang Le
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510635, P.R. China
| | - Suyun Zeng
- Department of Periodontology, Hefei Stomatological Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Chaobin Pan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jianjie Shi
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Jianguang Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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Liu X, Flinders C, Mumenthaler SM, Hummon AB. MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging for Evaluation of Therapeutics in Colorectal Tumor Organoids. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:516-526. [PMID: 29209911 PMCID: PMC5839975 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Patient-derived colorectal tumor organoids (CTOs) closely recapitulate the complex morphological, phenotypic, and genetic features observed in in vivo tumors. Therefore, evaluation of drug distribution and metabolism in this model system can provide valuable information to predict the clinical outcome of a therapeutic response in individual patients. In this report, we applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) to examine the spatial distribution of the drug irinotecan and its metabolites in CTOs from two patients. Irinotecan is a prodrug and is often prescribed as part of therapeutic regimes for patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Irinotecan shows a time-dependent and concentration-dependent permeability and metabolism in the CTOs. More interestingly, the active metabolite SN-38 does not co-localize well with the parent drug irinotecan and the inactive metabolite SN-38G. The phenotypic effect of irinotecan metabolism was also confirmed by a viability study showing significantly reduced proliferation in the drug treated CTOs. MALDI-MSI can be used to investigate various pharmaceutical compounds in CTOs derived from different patients. By analyzing multiple CTOs from a patient, this method could be used to predict patient-specific drug responses and help to improve personalized dosing regimens. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, 140 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Colin Flinders
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 240, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Shannon M Mumenthaler
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 240, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Amanda B Hummon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, 140 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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Hao B, Chen Z, Bi B, Yu M, Yao S, Feng Y, Yu Y, Pan L, Di D, Luo G, Zhang X. Role of TLR4 as a prognostic factor for survival in various cancers: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13088-13099. [PMID: 29560134 PMCID: PMC5849198 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence showed that high expression of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) was significantly associated with the outcome of patients with solid cancers. However, other studies failed to draw a similar conclusion. Thus, a systematic meta-analysis was performed to assess the prognostic value of TLR4 in solid tumors. RESULTS Data from 15 studies and 1294 patients were enrolled. Among the 15 studies, 14 studies demonstrated the association between overall survival(OS) and TLR4 expression, and 7 studies described the relationship between disease-free survival(DFS) and TLR4 expression. High expression of TLR4 was significantly associated with poor OS (pooled hazard ratio (HR) = 2.05; 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.49, 2,49), P < 0.001). The results of meta regression analysis indicated that the subgroups of ethnic (PD = 0.924), tumor type (PD = 0.669), HR obtained method (PD = 0.945), analysis type (PD = 0.898), and cut-off value(PD = 0.835) were not the resource of heterogeneity. Moreover, patients with elevated TLR4 had a significantly worse DFS (pooled HR = 1.79; 95% CI (1.11, 2.88), P < 0.05). MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library (last update by April 18, 2017) to identify literatures evaluating the value of TLR4 in cancer patients. Combined hazard ratios (HRs) for OS and DFS were assessed using fixed-effects models and random effects models respectively. CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis suggests that elevated expression of TLR4 is associated with poor OS and shorter DFS of patients with solid tumors. The results indicate that TLR4, as a novel prognostic biomarker in solid tumors, could potentially help to improve treatment decision-making of solid tumors in clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Baochen Bi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Miaomei Yu
- Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Yao
- Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Yuehua Feng
- Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Lili Pan
- Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Di
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Guanghua Luo
- Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
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Meng C, Bai C, Brown TD, Hood LE, Tian Q. Human Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2018. [PMID: 29474889 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2017.06.002.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Human gut microbiota play an essential role in both healthy and diseased states of humans. In the past decade, the interactions between microorganisms and tumors have attracted much attention in the efforts to understand various features of the complex microbial communities, as well as the possible mechanisms through which the microbiota are involved in cancer prevention, carcinogenesis, and anti-cancer therapy. A large number of studies have indicated that microbial dysbiosis contributes to cancer susceptibility via multiple pathways. Further studies have suggested that the microbiota and their associated metabolites are not only closely related to carcinogenesis by inducing inflammation and immune dysregulation, which lead to genetic instability, but also interfere with the pharmacodynamics of anticancer agents. In this article, we mainly reviewed the influence of gut microbiota on cancers in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (including esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers) and the regulation of microbiota by diet, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, or the Traditional Chinese Medicine. We also proposed some new strategies in the prevention and treatment of GI cancers that could be explored in the future. We hope that this review could provide a comprehensive overview of the studies on the interactions between the gut microbiota and GI cancers, which are likely to yield translational opportunities to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality by improving prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changting Meng
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chunmei Bai
- Department of Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | | | - Leroy E Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Qiang Tian
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; P4 Medicine Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Meng C, Bai C, Brown TD, Hood LE, Tian Q. Human Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2018; 16:33-49. [PMID: 29474889 PMCID: PMC6000254 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human gut microbiota play an essential role in both healthy and diseased states of humans. In the past decade, the interactions between microorganisms and tumors have attracted much attention in the efforts to understand various features of the complex microbial communities, as well as the possible mechanisms through which the microbiota are involved in cancer prevention, carcinogenesis, and anti-cancer therapy. A large number of studies have indicated that microbial dysbiosis contributes to cancer susceptibility via multiple pathways. Further studies have suggested that the microbiota and their associated metabolites are not only closely related to carcinogenesis by inducing inflammation and immune dysregulation, which lead to genetic instability, but also interfere with the pharmacodynamics of anticancer agents. In this article, we mainly reviewed the influence of gut microbiota on cancers in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (including esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers) and the regulation of microbiota by diet, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, or the Traditional Chinese Medicine. We also proposed some new strategies in the prevention and treatment of GI cancers that could be explored in the future. We hope that this review could provide a comprehensive overview of the studies on the interactions between the gut microbiota and GI cancers, which are likely to yield translational opportunities to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality by improving prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changting Meng
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chunmei Bai
- Department of Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | | | - Leroy E Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Qiang Tian
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; P4 Medicine Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Chen Y, Tseng SH, Yao CL, Li C, Tsai YH. Distinct Effects of Growth Hormone and Glutamine on Activation of Intestinal Stem Cells. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 42:642-651. [PMID: 28510488 DOI: 10.1177/0148607117709435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For patients with short bowel syndrome under parenteral nutrition support, growth hormone (GH) and glutamine (GLN) have been found to help the growth of intestinal mucosa. In this research, we studied the effects of GH and GLN on intestinal stem cells (ISCs). METHODS The in vitro and in vivo effects of GH and/or GLN on ISCs were evaluated by observing the ability of ISCs to form organoids in a Matrigel culture system. The expression levels of stemness and differentiation markers in ISCs and organoids were assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence assay, and immunohistochemistry staining. RESULTS In vitro administration of GH activated the stemness of ISCs, whereas GLN enhanced the expression of chromogranin A and Muc2, which are differentiation markers in enteroendocrine and goblet cells, respectively. Administration of GH or GLN in mice showed that GH, but not GLN, upregulated the proliferative activity of ISCs with increased formation of crypt organoids. In addition, GH increased the expression of Lgr5 and GLN enhanced expression of Muc2 in the crypt fractions of the intestines in mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that GH mainly enhances proliferative activities, whereas GLN promotes the differentiation potential of ISCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hong Tseng
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ling Yao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan-Chiao, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Materials and Textiles, Oriental Institute of Technology, Pan-Chiao, New Taipei, Taiwan
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Chavarría-Velázquez CO, Torres-Martínez AC, Montaño LF, Rendón-Huerta EP. TLR2 activation induced by H. pylori LPS promotes the differential expression of claudin-4, -6, -7 and -9 via either STAT3 and ERK1/2 in AGS cells. Immunobiology 2017; 223:38-48. [PMID: 29031421 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gastric carcinogenesis has been associated to H. pylori virulence factors that induce a chronic inflammation process. Lipopolysaccharides play a role in chronic inflammatory responses via TLR2- and TLR4-dependent signaling pathways. Similarly, cellular invasiveness, metastatic potential and prognosis are usually associated to claudin-4, -6, -7 and -9 expression in gastric carcinogenesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if H. pylori LPS exerts an influence on carcinogenesis-related claudin expression and if it was directly regulated through the TLR2 pathway. Human antrum gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells exposed or not to H. pylori LPS were used. Polyclonal anti-claudin-4, -6, -7 and -9, anti-TLR2, anti-pERK1/2 as well as rabbit monoclonal anti-pNFκB p65 and mouse monoclonal anti-CdX2 were used. ERK1/2 inhibitor UO126 and STAT3 inhibitor Stattic were also used. Western blot, immunofluorescence and confocal experiments were performed in whole cells as well as total protein, nuclear and cell membrane fractions. The results showed that H. pylori LPS increased the expression of TLR2 in a time dependent bi-phasic manner (<12 and >12h exposure). Immunofluorescence using AGS monolayers corroborated the double phase TLR2 expression mainly on the cell membrane but a detectable signal was also determined in the cytoplasm of the cells. Activation of NFkB was downstream and depended on TLR2 expression as a statistically significant increase in pNFkB, that followed a pattern highly similar to the TLR2 expression was observed on the cell membrane fraction. The increase in TLR2 expression was accompanied by dramatically increased claudin-4 expression in cultures exposed from 30m to 8h to LPS. Increased expression of claudin-6, -7 and -9 also increases in >12h LPS exposure times. The increase in claudins expression was also dependent on NFkB activation. The results also showed an increase in pSTAT3 that followed a bi-phasic pattern that began 30min after stimulation and was compatible with the increase in TLR2 expression. The expression of the claudin-4 related CDX2 transcription factor did not followed the biphasic pattern. The results also showed that claudin-4 expression was STAT3 dependent whereas claudin-6, 7 and 9 expressions was ERK1/2 dependent. Our results suggest that H. pylori LPS induces TLR2 expression in the AGS cells, and that the longer the exposure to LPS, the greater the expression of TLR2 in the cell membrane. Consequently the expression of claudin-4, -6, -7 and -9 also increases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana C Torres-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Depto. Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Luis F Montaño
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Depto. Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Erika P Rendón-Huerta
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Depto. Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico.
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Walsh AJ, Cook RS, Skala MC. Functional Optical Imaging of Primary Human Tumor Organoids: Development of a Personalized Drug Screen. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:1367-1372. [PMID: 28588148 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.192534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary tumor organoids are a robust model of individual human cancers and present a unique platform for patient-specific drug testing. Optical imaging is uniquely suited to assess organoid function and behavior because of its subcellular resolution, penetration depth through the entire organoid, and functional endpoints. Specifically, optical metabolic imaging (OMI) is highly sensitive to drug response in organoids, and OMI in tumor organoids correlates with primary tumor drug response. Therefore, an OMI organoid drug screen could enable accurate testing of drug response for individualized cancer treatment. The objective of this perspective is to introduce OMI and tumor organoids to a general audience in order to foster the adoption of these techniques in diverse clinical and laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Walsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rebecca S Cook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Melissa C Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; and .,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin
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Effects of Dexmedetomidine on Intestinal Microcirculation and Intestinal Epithelial Barrier in Endotoxemic Rats. Anesthesiology 2017; 125:355-67. [PMID: 27111533 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dexmedetomidine reduces cytokine production in septic patients and reduces inflammation and mortality in experimental models of endotoxemia and sepsis. This study investigated whether dexmedetomidine attenuates endothelial dysfunction, intestinal microcirculatory dysfunction, and intestinal epithelial barrier disruption in endotoxemic rats. METHODS Ninety-two male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following four groups: (1) Sham; (2) lipopolysaccharide, received IV lipopolysaccharide 15 and 10 mg/kg at 0 and 120 min; (3) dexmedetomidine, received IV dexmedetomidine for 240 min; and (4) lipopolysaccharide + dexmedetomidine, received both lipopolysaccharide and dexmedetomidine. Sidestream dark-field videomicroscope, tissue oxygen monitor, and full-field laser perfusion image were used to investigate the microcirculation of the terminal ileum. Serum endocan level was measured. The Ussing chamber permeability assay, lumen-to-blood gadodiamide passage by magnetic resonance imaging, and bacterial translocation were conducted to determine epithelial barrier function. Mucosal apoptotic levels and tight junctional integrity were also examined. RESULTS The density of perfused small vessels in mucosa, serosal muscular layer, and Peyer patch in the lipopolysaccharide + dexmedetomidine group was higher than that of the lipopolysaccharide group. Serum endocan level was lower in the lipopolysaccharide + dexmedetomidine group than in the lipopolysaccharide group. Mucosal ratio of cleaved to full-length occludin and spleen bacterial counts were significantly lower in the lipopolysaccharide + dexmedetomidine group than in the lipopolysaccharide group. CONCLUSION The study finding suggests that dexmedetomidine protects against intestinal epithelial barrier disruption in endotoxemic rats by attenuating intestinal microcirculatory dysfunction and reducing mucosal cell death and tight junctional damage. (Anesthesiology 2016; 125:355-67).
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Bhutia YD, Ogura J, Sivaprakasam S, Ganapathy V. Gut Microbiome and Colon Cancer: Role of Bacterial Metabolites and Their Molecular Targets in the Host. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2017; 13:111-118. [PMID: 30337849 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-017-0362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review The relationship between colonic bacteria and the host is symbiotic, but how communication between the two partners occurs is just beginning to be understood at the molecular level. Here, we highlight specific products of bacterial metabolism that are present in the colonic lumen and their molecular targets in the host that facilitate this communication. Recent findings Colonic epithelial cells and mucosal immune cells express several cell-surface receptors and nuclear receptors that are activated by specific bacterial metabolites, which impact multiple signaling pathways and expression of many genes. In addition, some bacterial metabolites also possess the ability to cause epigenetic changes in these cells via inhibition of selective enzymes involved in the maintenance of histone acetylation and DNA methylation patterns. Summary Colonic bacteria communicate with their host with selective metabolites that interact with host molecular targets. This chemical communication underlies a broad range of the biology and function of colonic epithelial cells and mucosal immune cells, which protect against inflammation and carcinogenesis in the colon under normal physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzom D Bhutia
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA, Tel.: 806-743-1282
| | - Jiro Ogura
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA, Tel.: 806-743-4101
| | - Sathish Sivaprakasam
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA, Tel.: 806-743-4117
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Huang C, Kuo W, Huang C, Lee T, Chen C, Peng W, Lu K, Yang C, Yu LC. Distinct cytoprotective roles of pyruvate and ATP by glucose metabolism on epithelial necroptosis and crypt proliferation in ischaemic gut. J Physiol 2017; 595:505-521. [PMID: 27121603 PMCID: PMC5233659 DOI: 10.1113/jp272208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Intestinal ischaemia causes epithelial death and crypt dysfunction, leading to barrier defects and gut bacteria-derived septic complications. Enteral glucose protects against ischaemic injury; however, the roles played by glucose metabolites such as pyruvate and ATP on epithelial death and crypt dysfunction remain elusive. A novel form of necrotic death that involves the assembly and phosphorylation of receptor interacting protein kinase 1/3 complex was found in ischaemic enterocytes. Pyruvate suppressed epithelial cell death in an ATP-independent manner and failed to maintain crypt function. Conversely, replenishment of ATP partly restored crypt proliferation but had no effect on epithelial necroptosis in ischaemic gut. Our data argue against the traditional view of ATP as the main cytoprotective factor by glucose metabolism, and indicate a novel anti-necroptotic role of glycolytic pyruvate under ischaemic stress. ABSTRACT Mesenteric ischaemia/reperfusion induces epithelial death in both forms of apoptosis and necrosis, leading to villus denudation and gut barrier damage. It remains unclear whether programmed cell necrosis [i.e. receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIP)-dependent necroptosis] is involved in ischaemic injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that enteral glucose uptake by sodium-glucose transporter 1 ameliorated ischaemia/reperfusion-induced epithelial injury, partly via anti-apoptotic signalling and maintenance of crypt proliferation. Glucose metabolism is generally assumed to be cytoprotective; however, the roles played by glucose metabolites (e.g. pyruvate and ATP) on epithelial cell death and crypt dysfunction remain elusive. The present study aimed to investigate the cytoprotective effects exerted by distinct glycolytic metabolites in ischaemic gut. Wistar rats subjected to mesenteric ischaemia were enterally instilled glucose, pyruvate or liposomal ATP. The results showed that intestinal ischaemia caused RIP1-dependent epithelial necroptosis and villus destruction accompanied by a reduction in crypt proliferation. Enteral glucose uptake decreased epithelial cell death and increased crypt proliferation, and ameliorated mucosal histological damage. Instillation of cell-permeable pyruvate suppressed epithelial cell death in an ATP-independent manner and improved the villus morphology but failed to maintain crypt function. Conversely, the administration of liposomal ATP partly restored crypt proliferation but did not reduce epithelial necroptosis and histopathological injury. Lastly, glucose and pyruvate attenuated mucosal-to-serosal macromolecular flux and prevented enteric bacterial translocation upon blood reperfusion. In conclusion, glucose metabolites protect against ischaemic injury through distinct modes and sites, including inhibition of epithelial necroptosis by pyruvate and the promotion of crypt proliferation by ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching‐Ying Huang
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Wei‐Ting Kuo
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chung‐Yen Huang
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tsung‐Chun Lee
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Internal MedicineNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chin‐Tin Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Wei‐Hao Peng
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell BiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kuo‐Shyan Lu
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell BiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chung‐Yi Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, E‐Da HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of Medical ImagingNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Linda Chia‐Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
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Pereira JFS, Awatade NT, Loureiro CA, Matos P, Amaral MD, Jordan P. The third dimension: new developments in cell culture models for colorectal research. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3971-89. [PMID: 27147463 PMCID: PMC11108567 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular models are important tools in various research areas related to colorectal biology and associated diseases. Herein, we review the most widely used cell lines and the different techniques to grow them, either as cell monolayer, polarized two-dimensional epithelia on membrane filters, or as three-dimensional spheres in scaffold-free or matrix-supported culture conditions. Moreover, recent developments, such as gut-on-chip devices or the ex vivo growth of biopsy-derived organoids, are also discussed. We provide an overview on the potential applications but also on the limitations for each of these techniques, while evaluating their contribution to provide more reliable cellular models for research, diagnostic testing, or pharmacological validation related to colon physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F S Pereira
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nikhil T Awatade
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia A Loureiro
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matos
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida D Amaral
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Jordan
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Hsu LT, Hung KY, Wu HW, Liu WW, She MP, Lee TC, Sun CH, Yu WH, Buret AG, Yu LCH. Gut-derived cholecystokinin contributes to visceral hypersensitivity via nerve growth factor-dependent neurite outgrowth. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:1594-603. [PMID: 26773283 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Irritable bowel syndrome is characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits and may occur following stressful events or infectious gastroenteritis such as giardiasis. Recent findings revealed a link between cholecystokinin (CCK), neurotrophin synthesis, and intestinal hyperalgesia. The aim was to investigate the role of CCK in visceral hypersensitivity using mouse models challenged with a bout of infection with Giardia lamblia or psychological stress, either alone or in combination. METHODS Abdominal pain was evaluated by visceromoter response to colorectal distension. Nerve fibers in intestinal tissues were stained using immunohistochemistry (PGP9.5). Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells incubated with bacterial-free mouse gut supernatant or recombinant CCK-8S were assessed for neurite outgrowth and nerve growth factor (NGF) production. RESULTS Intestinal hypersensitivity was induced by either stress or Giardia infection, and a trend of increased pain was seen following dual stimuli. Increased CCK levels and PGP9.5 immunoreactivity were found in colonic mucosa of mice following stress and/or infection. Inhibitors to the CCK-A receptor (L-364718) or CCK-B receptor (L-365260) blocked visceral hypersensitivity caused by stress, but not when induced by giardiasis. Nerve fiber elongation and NGF synthesis were observed in SH-SY5Y cells after incubation with colonic supernatants from mice given the dual stimuli, or after treatment with CCK-8S. Increased nerve fiber length by colonic supernatant and CCK-8S was attenuated by L-365260 or neutralizing anti-NGF. CONCLUSIONS This new model successfully recapitulates intestinal hypernociception induced by stress or Giardia. Colonic CCK contributes to visceral hypersensitivity caused by stress, but not by Giardia, partly via NGF-dependent neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Ting Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yang Hung
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Wei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ping She
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chun Lee
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hung Sun
- Graduate Institute of Parasitology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsuan Yu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andre G Buret
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Kuo WT, Lee TC, Yu LCH. Eritoran Suppresses Colon Cancer by Altering a Functional Balance in Toll-like Receptors That Bind Lipopolysaccharide. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4684-95. [PMID: 27328732 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinogenesis is affected by overexpression of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptors CD14 and TLR4, which antagonize each other by affecting epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis. Eritoran is an investigational drug for sepsis treatment that resembles the lipid A moiety of LPS and therefore acts as a TLR4 inhibitor. In the present study, we explored the potential therapeutic uses and mechanisms of action of eritoran in reducing colon cancer progression. Eritoran administration via intracolonic, intragastric, or intravenous routes significantly reduced tumor burden in a chemically induced mouse model of colorectal carcinoma. Decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis were observed in mouse tumor cells after eritoran treatment. In vitro cultures of mouse primary tumor spheroids and human cancer cell lines displayed increased cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression following LPS challenge. This effect was inhibited by eritoran and by silencing CD14 or TLR4. In contrast, apoptosis induced by eritoran was eliminated by silencing CD14 or protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ) but not TLR4. Lastly, LPS and eritoran caused hyperphosphorylation of PKCζ in a CD14-dependent and TLR4-independent manner. Blocking PKCζ activation by a Src kinase inhibitor and a PKCζ-pseudosubstrate prevented eritoran-induced apoptosis. In summary, our work offers a preclinical proof of concept for the exploration of eritoran as a clinical treatment, with a mechanistic rationale to reposition this drug to improve the management of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res; 76(16); 4684-95. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chun Lee
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Huang CY, Yu LCH. Pathophysiological mechanisms of death resistance in colorectal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:11777-11792. [PMID: 26557002 PMCID: PMC4631976 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancers develop adaptive mechanisms to survive under extreme conditions and display hallmarks of unlimited proliferation and resistance to cell death. The deregulation of cell death is a key factor that contributes to chemoresistance in tumors. In a physiological context, balance between cell proliferation and death, and protection against cell damage are fundamental processes for maintaining gut epithelial homeostasis. The mechanisms underlying anti-death cytoprotection and tumor resistance often bear common pathways, and although distinguishing them would be a challenge, it would also provide an opportunity to develop advanced anti-cancer therapeutics. This review will outline cell death pathways (i.e., apoptosis, necrosis, and necroptosis), and discuss cytoprotective strategies in normal intestinal epithelium and death resistance mechanisms of colon tumor. In colorectal cancers, the intracellular mechanisms of death resistance include the direct alteration of apoptotic and necroptotic machinery and the upstream events modulating death effectors such as tumor suppressor gene inactivation and pro-survival signaling pathways. The autocrine, paracrine and exogenous factors within a tumor microenvironment can also instigate resistance against apoptotic and necroptotic cell death in colon cancers through changes in receptor signaling or transporter uptake. The roles of cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2, growth factors, glucose, and bacterial lipopolysaccharides in colorectal cancer will be highlighted. Targeting anti-death pathways in the colon cancer tissue might be a promising approach outside of anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis strategies for developing novel drugs to treat refractory tumors.
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Kuo WT, Lee TC, Yu LCH. Janus-faced bacterial regulation of epithelial cell death and survival: Association with colon carcinogenesis. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1029064. [PMID: 27308544 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1029064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling have been associated with colon cancer development. Our recent findings demonstrated that LPS receptor subunits expressed on colonocytes have antagonistic roles in cell death and tumorigenesis: epithelial toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) confers resistance to the apoptosis induced by its co-receptor CD14 and contributes to epithelial transition to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine
| | - Tsung-Chun Lee
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; National Taiwan University Hospital; Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine
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