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McGraw A, Hillmer G, Choi J, Narayan K, Mehedincu SM, Marquez D, Tibebe H, DeCicco-Skinner KL, Izumi T. Evaluating HIV-1 Infectivity and Virion Maturation across Varied Producer Cells with a Novel FRET-Based Detection and Quantification Assay. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6396. [PMID: 38928103 PMCID: PMC11204348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The maturation of HIV-1 virions is a crucial process in viral replication. Although T-cells are a primary source of virus production, much of our understanding of virion maturation comes from studies using the HEK293T human embryonic kidney cell line. Notably, there is a lack of comparative analyses between T-cells and HEK293T cells in terms of virion maturation efficiency in existing literature. We previously developed an advanced virion visualization system based on the FRET principle, enabling the effective distinction between immature and mature virions via fluorescence microscopy. In this study, we utilized pseudotyped, single-round infectious viruses tagged with FRET labels (HIV-1 Gag-iFRET∆Env) derived from Jurkat (a human T-lymphocyte cell line) and HEK293T cells to evaluate their virion maturation rates. HEK293T-derived virions demonstrated a maturity rate of 81.79%, consistent with other studies and our previous findings. However, virions originating from Jurkat cells demonstrated a significantly reduced maturation rate of 68.67% (p < 0.0001). Correspondingly, viruses produced from Jurkat cells exhibited significantly reduced infectivity compared to those derived from HEK293T cells, with the relative infectivity measured at 65.3%. This finding is consistent with the observed relative maturation rate of viruses produced by Jurkat cells. These findings suggest that initiation of virion maturation directly correlates with viral infectivity. Our observation highlights the dynamic nature of virus-host interactions and their implications for virion production and infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan McGraw
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; (A.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (K.N.); (S.M.M.); (D.M.); (H.T.); (K.L.D.-S.)
| | - Grace Hillmer
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; (A.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (K.N.); (S.M.M.); (D.M.); (H.T.); (K.L.D.-S.)
| | - Jeongpill Choi
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; (A.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (K.N.); (S.M.M.); (D.M.); (H.T.); (K.L.D.-S.)
| | - Kedhar Narayan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; (A.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (K.N.); (S.M.M.); (D.M.); (H.T.); (K.L.D.-S.)
| | - Stefania M. Mehedincu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; (A.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (K.N.); (S.M.M.); (D.M.); (H.T.); (K.L.D.-S.)
| | - Dacia Marquez
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; (A.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (K.N.); (S.M.M.); (D.M.); (H.T.); (K.L.D.-S.)
| | - Hasset Tibebe
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; (A.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (K.N.); (S.M.M.); (D.M.); (H.T.); (K.L.D.-S.)
| | - Kathleen L. DeCicco-Skinner
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; (A.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (K.N.); (S.M.M.); (D.M.); (H.T.); (K.L.D.-S.)
| | - Taisuke Izumi
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA; (A.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (K.N.); (S.M.M.); (D.M.); (H.T.); (K.L.D.-S.)
- District of Columbia Center for AIDS Research, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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McGraw A, Hillmer G, Choi J, Narayan K, Marquez D, Tibebe H, Izumi T. Evaluating HIV-1 Infectivity and Virion Maturation Across Varied Producer Cells with a Novel FRET-Based Detection and Quantification Assay. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.25.573317. [PMID: 38234844 PMCID: PMC10793453 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.25.573317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The maturation of HIV-1 virions is a crucial process in viral replication. Although T cells are a primary source of virus production, much of our understanding of virion maturation comes from studies using the HEK293T human embryonic kidney cell line. Notably, there is a lack of comparative analyses between T cells and HEK293T cells in terms of virion maturation efficiency in existing literature. We previously developed an advanced virion visualization system based on the FRET principle, enabling the effective distinction between immature and mature virions via fluorescence microscopy. In this study, we utilized pseudotyped, single-round infectious viruses tagged with FRET labels (HIV-1 Gag-iFRETΔEnv) derived from Jurkat (a human T lymphocyte cell line) and HEK293T cells to evaluate their virion maturation rates. HEK293T-derived virions demonstrated a maturity rate of 81.79%, consistent with other studies and our previous findings. However, virions originating from Jurkat cells demonstrated a significantly reduced maturation rate of 68.67% (p < 0.0001). Correspondingly, viruses produced from Jurkat cells exhibited significantly reduced infectivity compared to those derived from HEK293T cells, with the relative infectivity measured at 65.3%. This finding is consistent with the observed relative maturation rate of viruses produced by Jurkat cells. These findings suggest that initiation of virion maturation directly correlates with viral infectivity. Our observation highlights the dynamic nature of virus-host interactions and their implications for virion production and infectivity.
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3
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Ananth S, Ambiel I, Schifferdecker S, Müller TG, Wratil PR, Mejias-Perez E, Kräusslich HG, Müller B, Keppler OT, Fackler OT. Spatial resolution of HIV-1 post-entry steps in resting CD4 T cells. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113941. [PMID: 38478523 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Resting CD4 T cells resist productive HIV-1 infection. The HIV-2/simian immunodeficiency virus protein viral accessory protein X (Vpx) renders these cells permissive to infection, presumably by alleviating blocks at cytoplasmic reverse transcription and subsequent nuclear import of reverse-transcription/pre-integration complexes (RTC/PICs). Here, spatial analyses using quantitative virus imaging techniques reveal that HIV-1 capsids containing RTC/PICs are readily imported into the nucleus, recruit the host dependency factor CPSF6, and translocate to nuclear speckles in resting CD4 T cells. Reverse transcription, however, remains incomplete, impeding proviral integration and viral gene expression. Vpx or pharmacological inhibition of the deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) activity of the restriction factor SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) increases levels of nuclear reverse-transcribed cDNA and facilitates HIV-1 integration. Nuclear import and intranuclear transport of viral complexes therefore do not pose important blocks to HIV-1 in resting CD4 T cells, and the limitation to reverse transcription by SAMHD1's dNTPase activity constitutes the main pre-integration block to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Ananth
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ina Ambiel
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Schifferdecker
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten G Müller
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul R Wratil
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernesto Mejias-Perez
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Müller
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Keppler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site München, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver T Fackler
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Yaseen MM, Abuharfeil NM, Darmani H. The Role of p53 in HIV Infection. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2023; 20:419-427. [PMID: 38010468 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to elucidate the multifaceted role of the tumor suppressor protein p53 in the context of HIV infection. We explore how p53, a pivotal regulator of cellular processes, interacts with various facets of the HIV life cycle. Understanding these interactions could provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic interventions and the broader implications of p53 in viral infections. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research has unveiled a complex interplay between p53 and HIV. Several reports have highlighted the involvement of p53 in restricting the replication of HIV within both immune and nonimmune cells. Various mechanisms have been suggested to unveil how p53 enforces this restriction on HIV replication. However, HIV has developed strategies to manipulate p53, benefiting its replication and evading host defenses. In summary, p53 plays a multifaceted role in HIV infection, impacting viral replication and disease progression. Recent findings underscore the importance of understanding the intricate interactions between p53 and HIV for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. Manipulating p53 pathways may offer potential avenues to suppress viral replication and ameliorate immune dysfunction, ultimately contributing to the management of HIV/AIDS. Further research is warranted to fully exploit the therapeutic potential of p53 in the context of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Homa Darmani
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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5
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Wietgrefe SW, Anderson J, Duan L, Southern PJ, Zuck P, Wu G, Howell BJ, Reilly C, Kroon E, Chottanapund S, Buranapraditkun S, Sacdalan C, Tulmethakaan N, Colby DJ, Chomchey N, Prueksakaew P, Pinyakorn S, Trichavaroj R, Mitchell JL, Trautmann L, Hsu D, Vasan S, Manasnayakorn S, de Souza M, Tovanabutra S, Schuetz A, Robb ML, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Schacker TW, Haase AT. Initial productive and latent HIV infections originate in vivo by infection of resting T cells. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e171501. [PMID: 37733443 PMCID: PMC10645380 DOI: 10.1172/jci171501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Productively infected cells are generally thought to arise from HIV infection of activated CD4+ T cells, and these infected activated cells are thought to be a recurring source of latently infected cells when a portion of the population transitions to a resting state. We discovered and report here that productively and latently infected cells can instead originate from direct infection of resting CD4+ T cell populations in lymphoid tissues in Fiebig I, the earliest stage of detectable HIV infection. We found that direct infection of resting CD4+ T cells was correlated with the availability of susceptible target cells in lymphoid tissues largely restricted to resting CD4+ T cells in which expression of pTEFb enabled productive infection, and we documented persistence of HIV-producing resting T cells during antiretroviral therapy (ART). Thus, we provide evidence of a mechanism by which direct infection of resting T cells in lymphoid tissues to generate productively and latently infected cells creates a mechanism by which the productively infected cells can replenish both populations and maintain two sources of virus from which HIV infection can rebound, even if ART is instituted at the earliest stage of detectable infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jodi Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lijie Duan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | | | - Paul Zuck
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bonnie J. Howell
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Cavan Reilly
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eugène Kroon
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
- SEARCH Research Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Supranee Buranapraditkun
- Department of Medicine and
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center)
| | - Carlo Sacdalan
- SEARCH Research Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Donn J. Colby
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Suteeraporn Pinyakorn
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Julie L. Mitchell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Denise Hsu
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sopark Manasnayakorn
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mark de Souza
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
- SEARCH Research Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexandra Schuetz
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health & Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Timothy W. Schacker
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Dahal S, Clayton K, Cabral T, Cheng R, Jahanshahi S, Ahmed C, Koirala A, Villasmil Ocando A, Malty R, Been T, Hernandez J, Mangos M, Shen D, Babu M, Calarco J, Chabot B, Attisano L, Houry WA, Cochrane A. On a path toward a broad-spectrum anti-viral: inhibition of HIV-1 and coronavirus replication by SR kinase inhibitor harmine. J Virol 2023; 97:e0039623. [PMID: 37706687 PMCID: PMC10617549 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00396-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This study highlights the crucial role RNA processing plays in regulating viral gene expression and replication. By targeting SR kinases, we identified harmine as a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 as well as coronavirus (HCoV-229E and multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants) replication. Harmine inhibits HIV-1 protein expression and reduces accumulation of HIV-1 RNAs in both cell lines and primary CD4+ T cells. Harmine also suppresses coronavirus replication post-viral entry by preferentially reducing coronavirus sub-genomic RNA accumulation. By focusing on host factors rather than viral targets, our study offers a novel approach to combating viral infections that is effective against a range of unrelated viruses. Moreover, at doses required to inhibit virus replication, harmine had limited toxicity and minimal effect on the host transcriptome. These findings support the viability of targeting host cellular processes as a means of developing broad-spectrum anti-virals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Dahal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kiera Clayton
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tyler Cabral
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ran Cheng
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shahrzad Jahanshahi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Choudhary Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amrit Koirala
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Comprehensive Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Ramy Malty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Terek Been
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Javier Hernandez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Mangos
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Shen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John Calarco
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benoit Chabot
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Liliana Attisano
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walid A. Houry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan Cochrane
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lewis CA, Margolis DM, Browne EP. New Concepts in Therapeutic Manipulation of HIV-1 Transcription and Latency: Latency Reversal versus Latency Prevention. Viruses 2023; 15:1677. [PMID: 37632019 PMCID: PMC10459382 DOI: 10.3390/v15081677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically improved the prognosis for people living with HIV-1, but a cure remains elusive. The largest barrier to a cure is the presence of a long-lived latent reservoir that persists within a heterogenous mix of cell types and anatomical compartments. Efforts to eradicate the latent reservoir have primarily focused on latency reversal strategies. However, new work has demonstrated that the majority of the long-lived latent reservoir is established near the time of ART initiation, suggesting that it may be possible to pair an intervention with ART initiation to prevent the formation of a sizable fraction of the latent reservoir. Subsequent treatment with latency reversal agents, in combination with immune clearance agents, may then be a more tractable strategy for fully clearing the latent reservoir in people newly initiating ART. Here, we summarize molecular mechanisms of latency establishment and maintenance, ongoing efforts to develop effective latency reversal agents, and newer efforts to design latency prevention agents. An improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in both the establishment and maintenance of latency will aid in the development of new latency prevention and reversal approaches to ultimately eradicate the latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Lewis
- University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David M. Margolis
- University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Edward P. Browne
- University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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8
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Caputo V, Libera M, Sisti S, Giuliani B, Diotti RA, Criscuolo E. The initial interplay between HIV and mucosal innate immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1104423. [PMID: 36798134 PMCID: PMC9927018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1104423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is still one of the major global health issues, and despite significant efforts that have been put into studying the pathogenesis of HIV infection, several aspects need to be clarified, including how innate immunity acts in different anatomical compartments. Given the nature of HIV as a sexually transmitted disease, one of the aspects that demands particular attention is the mucosal innate immune response. Given this scenario, we focused our attention on the interplay between HIV and mucosal innate response: the different mucosae act as a physical barrier, whose integrity can be compromised by the infection, and the virus-cell interaction induces the innate immune response. In addition, we explored the role of the mucosal microbiota in facilitating or preventing HIV infection and highlighted how its changes could influence the development of several opportunistic infections. Although recent progress, a proper characterization of mucosal innate immune response and microbiota is still missing, and further studies are needed to understand how they can be helpful for the formulation of an effective vaccine.
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9
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Biological Aging in People Living with HIV on Successful Antiretroviral Therapy: Do They Age Faster? Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2023; 20:42-50. [PMID: 36695947 PMCID: PMC10102129 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the absence of a prophylactic/therapeutic vaccine or cure, the most amazing achievement in the battle against HIV was the discovery of effective, well-tolerated combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The primary research question remains whether PLWH on prolonged successful therapy has accelerated, premature, or accentuated biological aging. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the immunometabolic profile in PLWH, potentially associated with biological aging, and a better understanding of the mechanisms and temporal dynamics of biological aging in PLWH. RECENT FINDINGS Biological aging, defined by the epigenetic alterations analyzed by the DNA methylation pattern, has been reported in PLWH with cART that points towards epigenetic age acceleration. The hastened development of specific clinical geriatric syndromes like cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, cancers, liver diseases, neurocognitive diseases, persistent low-grade inflammation, and a shift toward glutamate metabolism in PLWH may potentiate a metabolic profile at-risk for accelerated aging.
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Yan J, Nie DH, Bai CS, Rehman A, Yang A, Mou XL, Zhang YQ, Xu YQ, Xiang QQ, Ren YT, Xu JL, Wang MR, Feng Y, Chen XP, Xiong Y, Hu HT, Xiong HR, Hou W. Fentanyl enhances HIV infection in vitro. Virology 2022; 577:43-50. [PMID: 36279602 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has a high tendency among illicit drug abusers. Recently, it is reported that abuse of fentanyl, a potent synthetic μ receptor-stimulating opioid, is an independent risk factor for HIV-1 infection. However, the mechanism of action in augmenting HIV-1 infection still remains elusive. In this study, we found that fentanyl enhanced infection of HIV-1 in MT2 cells, primary macrophages and Jurkat C11 cells. Fentanyl up-regulated CXCR4 and CCR5 receptor expression, which facilitated the entry of virion into host cells. In addition, it down-regulated interferon-β (IFN-β) and interferon-stimulated genes (APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G and MxB) expression in MT2 cells. Our findings identify an essential role of fentanyl in the positive regulation of HIV-1 infection via the upregulation of co-receptors (CXCR4/CCR5) and downregulation of IFN-β and ISGs, and it may have an important role in HIV-1 immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology/ Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dong-Hang Nie
- Blood Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Cheng-Si Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology/ Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Abdul Rehman
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology/ Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - An Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology/ Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Li Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology/ Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology/ Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ying-Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology/ Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qing-Qing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology/ Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yu-Ting Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology/ Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia-le Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology/ Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mei-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology/ Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology/ Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology/ Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology/ Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hai-Tao Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Hai-Rong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology/ Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Wei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology/ Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences/Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China; Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, South Keyuan Road, Scien&Tech Garden, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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11
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Sleman S, Najmuldeen H, Hao H, Jalal P, Saeed N, Othman D, Qian Z. Human cytomegalovirus UL24 and UL43 products participate in SAMHD1 subcellular localization. Virusdisease 2022; 33:383-396. [PMID: 36447815 PMCID: PMC9701276 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This report has analyzed the potential role of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL24 and UL43 products in modulating the subcellular location of a host restriction factor, SAMHD1, in cells of human fibroblast origin. Recent studies have reported that the regulation of SAMHD1 is mediated by the HCMV UL97 product inside the nucleus, and by the CDK pathway when it is located in the cytoplasm of the infected cells but the viral gene products that may involve in cytosolic relocalization remain unknown yet. In the present report, we demonstrate that the HCMV UL24 product interacts with the SAMHD1 protein during infection based on mass spectrometry (MS) data and immunoprecipitation assay. The expression or depletion of the viral UL24 gene product did not affect the subcellular localization of SAMHD1 but when it coexpressed with the viral UL43 gene product, another member of the HCMV US22 family, induced the SAMHD1 cytosolic relocalization. Interestingly, the double deletion of viral UL24 and UL43 gene products impaired the cytosolic translocation and the SAMHD1 was accumulated in the nucleus of the infected cells, especially at the late stage post-infection. Our results provide evidence that the viral UL24 and UL43 gene products play a role in the SAMHD1 subcellular localization during HCMV infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-022-00799-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirwan Sleman
- College of Vet Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
- Unit of Herpesvirus and Molecular Virology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hastyar Najmuldeen
- Medical Laboratory Analysis, College of Health Science, Cihan University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Hongyun Hao
- Unit of Herpesvirus and Molecular Virology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Paywast Jalal
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Nahla Saeed
- College of Vet Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Dyary Othman
- College of Vet Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Zhikang Qian
- Unit of Herpesvirus and Molecular Virology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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12
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Chan YT, Cheong HC, Tang TF, Rajasuriar R, Cheng KK, Looi CY, Wong WF, Kamarulzaman A. Immune Checkpoint Molecules and Glucose Metabolism in HIV-Induced T Cell Exhaustion. Biomedicines 2022; 10:0. [PMID: 36359329 PMCID: PMC9687279 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive decline of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients due to infection-triggered cell exhaustion and cell death is significantly correlated with disease severity and progression into the life-threatening acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) stage. T cell exhaustion is a condition of cell dysfunction despite antigen engagement, characterized by augmented surface expression of immune checkpoint molecules such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), which suppress T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and negatively impact the proliferative and effector activities of T cells. T cell function is tightly modulated by cellular glucose metabolism, which produces adequate energy to support a robust reaction when battling pathogen infection. The transition of the T cells from an active to an exhausted state following pathogen persistence involves a drastic change in metabolic activity. This review highlights the interplay between immune checkpoint molecules and glucose metabolism that contributes to T cell exhaustion in the context of chronic HIV infection, which could deliver an insight into the rational design of a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Teng Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Heng Choon Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Ting Fang Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Reena Rajasuriar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (R.R.); (A.K.)
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Kian-Kai Cheng
- Innovation Centre in Agritechnology (ICA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Pagoh 84600, Malaysia;
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Bioscience, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (R.R.); (A.K.)
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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13
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Han M, Woottum M, Mascarau R, Vahlas Z, Verollet C, Benichou S. Mechanisms of HIV-1 cell-to-cell transfer to myeloid cells. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1261-1271. [PMID: 35355323 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0322-737r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to CD4+ T lymphocytes, cells of the myeloid lineage such as macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and osteoclasts (OCs) are emerging as important target cells for HIV-1, as they likely participate in all steps of pathogenesis, including sexual transmission and early virus dissemination in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues where they can constitute persistent virus reservoirs. At least in vitro, these myeloid cells are poorly infected by cell-free viral particles. In contrast, intercellular virus transmission through direct cell-to-cell contacts may be a predominant mode of virus propagation in vivo leading to productive infection of these myeloid target cells. HIV-1 cell-to-cell transfer between CD4+ T cells mainly through the formation of the virologic synapse, or from infected macrophages or dendritic cells to CD4+ T cell targets, have been extensively described in vitro. Recent reports demonstrate that myeloid cells can be also productively infected through virus homotypic or heterotypic cell-to-cell transfer between macrophages or from virus-donor-infected CD4+ T cells, respectively. These modes of infection of myeloid target cells lead to very efficient spreading in these poorly susceptible cell types. Thus, the goal of this review is to give an overview of the different mechanisms reported in the literature for cell-to-cell transfer and spreading of HIV-1 in myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Han
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculty of Health, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculty of Health, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Mascarau
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP), CNRS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zoï Vahlas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP), CNRS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christel Verollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP), CNRS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Serge Benichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculty of Health, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
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14
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Morris SE, Strehlau R, Shiau S, Abrams EJ, Tiemessen CT, Kuhn L, Yates AJ. Healthy dynamics of CD4 T cells may drive HIV resurgence in perinatally-infected infants on antiretroviral therapy. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010751. [PMID: 35969641 PMCID: PMC9410541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019 there were 490,000 children under five living with HIV. Understanding the dynamics of HIV suppression and rebound in this age group is crucial to optimizing treatment strategies and increasing the likelihood of infants achieving and sustaining viral suppression. Here we studied data from a cohort of 122 perinatally-infected infants who initiated antiretroviral treatment (ART) early after birth and were followed for up to four years. These data included longitudinal measurements of viral load (VL) and CD4 T cell numbers, together with information regarding treatment adherence. We previously showed that the dynamics of HIV decline in 53 of these infants who suppressed VL within one year were similar to those in adults. However, in extending our analysis to all 122 infants, we find that a deterministic model of HIV infection in adults cannot explain the full diversity in infant trajectories. We therefore adapt this model to include imperfect ART adherence and natural CD4 T cell decline and reconstitution processes in infants. We find that individual variation in both processes must be included to obtain the best fits. We also find that infants with faster rates of CD4 reconstitution on ART were more likely to experience resurgences in VL. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of combining mathematical modeling with clinical data to disentangle the role of natural immune processes and viral dynamics during HIV infection. For infants infected with HIV at or near birth, early and continued treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) can lead to sustained suppression of virus and a healthy immune system. However many treated infants experience viral rebound and associated depletion of CD4 T cells. Mathematical models can successfully capture the dynamics of HIV infection in treated adults, but many of the assumptions encoded in these models do not apply early in life. Here we study data from a cohort of HIV-positive infants exhibiting diverse trajectories in response to ART. We show that wide-ranging outcomes can be explained by a modified, but still remarkably simple, model that includes both the natural dynamics of their developing immune systems and variation in treatment adherence. Strikingly, we show that infants with strong rates of recovery of CD4 T cells while on ART may be most at risk of virus resurgence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead E. Morris
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Renate Strehlau
- Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephanie Shiau
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Elaine J. Abrams
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Caroline T. Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Martínez-Román P, Crespo-Bermejo C, Valle-Millares D, Lara-Aguilar V, Arca-Lafuente S, Martín-Carbonero L, Ryan P, de los Santos I, López-Huertas MR, Palladino C, Muñoz-Muñoz M, Fernández-Rodríguez A, Coiras M, Briz V. Dynamics of HIV Reservoir and HIV-1 Viral Splicing in HCV-Exposed Individuals after Elimination with DAAs or Spontaneous Clearance. J Clin Med 2022; 11:3579. [PMID: 35806864 PMCID: PMC9267476 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoir size is very stable under antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals exposed to the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) (chronically coinfected and spontaneous clarifiers) show an increase in HIV reservoir size and in spliced viral RNA, which could indicate that the viral protein regulator Tat is being more actively synthesized and, thus, could lead to a higher yield of new HIV. However, it is still unknown whether the effect of HCV elimination with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) could modify the HIV reservoir and splicing. Methods: This longitudinal study (48 weeks’ follow-up after sustained virological response) involves 22 HIV+-monoinfected individuals, 17 HIV+/HCV- spontaneous clarifiers, and 24 HIV+/HCV+ chronically infected subjects who eliminated HCV with DAAs (all of them aviremic, viral load < 50). Viral-spliced RNA transcripts and proviral DNA copies were quantified by qPCR. Paired samples were analyzed using a mixed generalized linear model. Results: A decrease in HIV proviral DNA was observed in HIV+/HCV- subjects, but no significant differences were found for the other study groups. An increased production of multiple spliced transcripts was found in HIV+ and HIV+/HCV+ individuals. Conclusions: We conclude that elimination of HCV by DAAs was unable to revert the consequences derived from chronic HCV infection for the reservoir size and viral splicing, which could indicate an increased risk of rapid HIV-reservoir reactivation. Moreover, spontaneous clarifiers showed a significant decrease in the HIV reservoir, likely due to an enhanced immune response in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martínez-Román
- Laboratory of Reference and Research on Viral Hepatitis, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.M.-R.); (C.C.-B.); (D.V.-M.); (V.L.-A.); (S.A.-L.)
| | - Celia Crespo-Bermejo
- Laboratory of Reference and Research on Viral Hepatitis, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.M.-R.); (C.C.-B.); (D.V.-M.); (V.L.-A.); (S.A.-L.)
| | - Daniel Valle-Millares
- Laboratory of Reference and Research on Viral Hepatitis, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.M.-R.); (C.C.-B.); (D.V.-M.); (V.L.-A.); (S.A.-L.)
| | - Violeta Lara-Aguilar
- Laboratory of Reference and Research on Viral Hepatitis, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.M.-R.); (C.C.-B.); (D.V.-M.); (V.L.-A.); (S.A.-L.)
| | - Sonia Arca-Lafuente
- Laboratory of Reference and Research on Viral Hepatitis, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.M.-R.); (C.C.-B.); (D.V.-M.); (V.L.-A.); (S.A.-L.)
| | - Luz Martín-Carbonero
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital de la Paz (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Pablo Ryan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infanta Leonor Hospital, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ignacio de los Santos
- Servicio de Medicina Interna-Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Rosa López-Huertas
- Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.L.-H.); (M.C.)
| | - Claudia Palladino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - María Muñoz-Muñoz
- Department of Animal Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Amanda Fernández-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Reference and Research on Viral Hepatitis, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.M.-R.); (C.C.-B.); (D.V.-M.); (V.L.-A.); (S.A.-L.)
| | - Mayte Coiras
- Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.L.-H.); (M.C.)
| | - Verónica Briz
- Laboratory of Reference and Research on Viral Hepatitis, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (P.M.-R.); (C.C.-B.); (D.V.-M.); (V.L.-A.); (S.A.-L.)
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16
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Jadhav S, Yenorkar N, Bondre R, Karemore M, Bali N. Nanomedicines encountering HIV dementia: A guiding star for neurotherapeutics. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Renault C, Veyrenche N, Mennechet F, Bedin AS, Routy JP, Van de Perre P, Reynes J, Tuaillon E. Th17 CD4+ T-Cell as a Preferential Target for HIV Reservoirs. Front Immunol 2022; 13:822576. [PMID: 35197986 PMCID: PMC8858966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.822576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Among CD4+ T-cells, T helper 17 (Th17) cells play a sentinel role in the defense against bacterial/fungal pathogens at mucosal barriers. However, Th17 cells are also highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection and are rapidly depleted from gut mucosal sites, causing an imbalance of the Th17/Treg ratio and impairing cytokines production. Consequently, damage to the gut mucosal barrier leads to an enhanced microbial translocation and systemic inflammation, a hallmark of HIV-1 disease progression. Th17 cells’ expression of mucosal homing receptors (CCR6 and α4β7), as well as HIV receptors and co-receptors (CD4, α4β7, CCR5, and CXCR4), contributes to susceptibility to HIV infection. The up-regulation of numerous intracellular factors facilitating HIV production, alongside the downregulation of factors inhibiting HIV, helps to explain the frequency of HIV DNA within Th17 cells. Th17 cells harbor long-lived viral reservoirs in people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Moreover, cell longevity and the proliferation of a fraction of Th17 CD4 T cells allow HIV reservoirs to be maintained in ART patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Renault
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Veyrenche
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
- Virology Laboratory, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Mennechet
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Bedin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Research Institute and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
- Virology Laboratory, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Reynes
- Virology Laboratory, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- IRD UMI 233, INSERM U1175, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Infectious Diseases Department, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
- Virology Laboratory, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Edouard Tuaillon,
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18
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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19
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Albanese M, Ruhle A, Mittermaier J, Mejías-Pérez E, Gapp M, Linder A, Schmacke NA, Hofmann K, Hennrich AA, Levy DN, Humpe A, Conzelmann KK, Hornung V, Fackler OT, Keppler OT. Rapid, efficient and activation-neutral gene editing of polyclonal primary human resting CD4 + T cells allows complex functional analyses. Nat Methods 2022; 19:81-89. [PMID: 34949807 PMCID: PMC8748193 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are central mediators of adaptive and innate immune responses and constitute a major reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vivo. Detailed investigations of resting human CD4+ T cells have been precluded by the absence of efficient approaches for genetic manipulation limiting our understanding of HIV replication and restricting efforts to find a cure. Here we report a method for rapid, efficient, activation-neutral gene editing of resting, polyclonal human CD4+ T cells using optimized cell cultivation and nucleofection conditions of Cas9-guide RNA ribonucleoprotein complexes. Up to six genes, including HIV dependency and restriction factors, were knocked out individually or simultaneously and functionally characterized. Moreover, we demonstrate the knock in of double-stranded DNA donor templates into different endogenous loci, enabling the study of the physiological interplay of cellular and viral components at single-cell resolution. Together, this technique allows improved molecular and functional characterizations of HIV biology and general immune functions in resting CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Albanese
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany.
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany.
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, INGM, "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.
| | - Adrian Ruhle
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer Mittermaier
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernesto Mejías-Pérez
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Madeleine Gapp
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Linder
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Niklas A Schmacke
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Hofmann
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandru A Hennrich
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - David N Levy
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andreas Humpe
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics, and Hemostaseology, Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Klaus Conzelmann
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver T Fackler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Keppler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany.
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
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20
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Lajoie J, Kowatsch MM, Mwangi LW, Boily-Larouche G, Oyugi J, Chen Y, Kimani M, Ho EA, Kimani J, Fowke KR. Low-Dose Acetylsalicylic Acid Reduces T Cell Immune Activation: Potential Implications for HIV Prevention. Front Immunol 2021; 12:778455. [PMID: 34868050 PMCID: PMC8637415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.778455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is a well-known and safe anti-inflammatory. At low-dose, it is prescribed to prevent secondary cardiovascular events in those with pre-existing conditions and to prevent preeclampsia. Little is known about how low-dose ASA affects the immune response. In this study, we followed women to assess how ASA use modifies T cells immune phenotypes in the blood and at the genital tract. Methods HIV uninfected women from Kenya were enrolled in this study and followed for one month to assess baseline responses including systemic/mucosal baseline immune activation. Participants then received 81mg of ASA daily for 6 weeks to assess changes to T cell immune activation (systemic and mucosal) relative to baseline levels. Results The concentration of ASA measured in the blood was 58% higher than the level measured at the female genital tract. In the blood, the level of ASA was inversely correlated with the following: the proportion of Th17 expressing HLA-DR (p=0.04), the proportion of effector CD4+ T cells expressing CCR5 (p=0.03) and the proportion of CD8+Tc17 expressing CCR5 (p=0.04). At the genital tract, ASA use correlated with a decreased of activated CD4+T cells [CD4+CCR5+CD161+ (p=0.02) and CD4+CCR5+CD95+ (p=0.001)]. Conclusion This study shows that ASA use impacts the immune response in both the systemic and genital tract compartments. This could have major implications for the prevention of infectious diseases such as HIV, in which the virus targets activated T cells to establish an infection. This could inform guidelines on ASA use in women. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02079077.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lajoie
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Monika M Kowatsch
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lucy W Mwangi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Geneviève Boily-Larouche
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Julius Oyugi
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,University of Nairobi Institute for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yufei Chen
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Makobu Kimani
- Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emmanuel A Ho
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Laboratory for Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,University of Nairobi Institute for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Keith R Fowke
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Community Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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21
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Cerboni S, Marques-Ladeira S, Manel N. Virus-stimulated Dendritic Cells Elicit a T Antiviral Transcriptional Signature in Human CD4+ Lymphocytes. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167389. [PMID: 34883114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the functional differentiation of CD4+ T cells in response to pathogens. In CD4+ T cells, HIV-1 replicates efficiently, while HIV-2, a related virus of reduced pathogenicity, is better controlled. How the DC response to HIV-1 vs HIV-2 contributes to programming an antiviral state in CD4+ T cells is not known. Here, we identify a transcriptional signature associated with progressive resistance to HIV infection in CD4+ T cells. We developed a model of naïve CD4+ T cell priming by DCs stimulated with a panel of seven viruses or synthetic ligands for the viral nucleic acid sensors cGAS and TLRs. DCs produced a cytokine response to HIV-2 infection more similar to the response to cGAS ligands than TLR ligands. In response to these signals, naive CD4+ T cells acquired a gradual antiviral resistance to subsequent HIV infection. The antiviral state was concomitant with the induction of the TH1 cytokine IFNγ and the type I interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) MX1, while the TFH cytokine IL-21 was not increased. By performing a transcriptional network analysis in T cells, we identified five distinct gene modules with characteristic ISG, TH1, TFH, IFN-I and proliferative signatures. Finally, we leverage this module to assemble a T antiviral signature of 404 genes that correlate with the antiviral state in T cells. Altogether, the study illuminates the programming of the antiviral state in T cells. The T antiviral gene signature in human CD4+ lymphocytes constitutes a resource for genetic screens and genomics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cerboni
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | | | - Nicolas Manel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France.
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22
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Rajabzadeh A, Hamidieh AA, Rahbarizadeh F. Spinoculation and retronectin highly enhance the gene transduction efficiency of Mucin-1-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) in human primary T cells. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:57. [PMID: 34814824 PMCID: PMC8609792 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Producing an appropriate number of engineered cells is considered as one of the influential factors in the successful treatments with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. To this aim, the transduction rate of the viral vectors can play a significant role. In addition, improving transduction rates can affect the success rate of this treatment due to hard-transduced T lymphocytes. Results In this study, activated T cells were transduced using different transduction methods such as spinoculation, retronectin, polybrene, spinoculation + retronectin, and spinoculation + polybrene after selecting the most efficient transfection method to produce recombinant viral particles containing MUC1 CAR. PEI and lipofectamine with the amount of 73.72 and 72.53%, respectively, showed the highest transfection rates with respect to calcium phosphate (14.13%) for producing lentiviral particles. However, the cytotoxicity of transfection methods was not significantly different. Based on the results, spinoculation + retronectin leads to the highest transduction rates of T cells (63.19 ± 4.45%) relative to spinoculation + polybrene (34.6 ± 4.44%), polybrene (10.23 ± 0.79%), retronectin (10.37 ± 1.85%), and spinoculation (21.11 ± 1.55%). Further, the polybrene (40.02%) and spinoculation + polybrene (48.83% ± 4.83) increased cytotoxicity significantly compared to other groups. Conclusion Improving transduction conditions such as using spinoculation with retronectin can ameliorate the production of CAR-T cells by increasing the rate of transduction, as well as the success rate of treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12860-021-00397-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rajabzadeh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Hamidieh
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. .,Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Prestimulation of CD2 confers resistance to HIV-1 latent infection in blood resting CD4 T cells. iScience 2021; 24:103305. [PMID: 34765923 PMCID: PMC8571718 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infects blood CD4 T cells through the use of CD4 and CXCR4 or CCR5 receptors, which can be targeted through blocking viral binding to CD4/CXCR4/CCR5 or virus-cell fusion. Here we describe a novel mechanism by which HIV-1 nuclear entry can also be blocked through targeting a non-entry receptor, CD2. Cluster of differentiation 2 (CD2) is an adhesion molecule highly expressed on human blood CD4, particularly, memory CD4 T cells. We found that CD2 ligation with its cell-free ligand LFA-3 or anti-CD2 antibodies rendered blood resting CD4 T cells highly resistant to HIV-1 infection. We further demonstrate that mechanistically, CD2 binding initiates competitive signaling leading to cofilin activation and localized actin polymerization around CD2, which spatially inhibits HIV-1-initiated local actin polymerization needed for viral nuclear migration. Our study identifies CD2 as a novel target to block HIV-1 infection of blood resting T cells. CD2 is highly expressed on human blood CD4 T cells, particularly memory T cells Prestimulation of CD2 rendered resting T cells highly resistant to HIV infection CD2 signaling activates cofilin and actin polymerization blocking HIV nuclear entry CD2 may serve as a novel target to inhibit HIV-1 infection of blood resting T cells
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24
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The Potential Role of FREM1 and Its Isoform TILRR in HIV-1 Acquisition through Mediating Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157825. [PMID: 34360591 PMCID: PMC8346017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
FREM1 (Fras-related extracellular matrix 1) and its splice variant TILRR (Toll-like interleukin-1 receptor regulator) have been identified as integral components of innate immune systems. The potential involvement of FREM1 in HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus 1) acquisition was suggested by a genome-wide SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) analysis of HIV-1 resistant and susceptible sex workers enrolled in the Pumwani sex worker cohort (PSWC) in Nairobi, Kenya. The studies showed that the minor allele of a FREM1 SNP rs1552896 is highly enriched in the HIV-1 resistant female sex workers. Subsequent studies showed that FREM1 mRNA is highly expressed in tissues relevant to mucosal HIV-1 infection, including cervical epithelial tissues, and TILRR is a major modulator of many genes in the NF-κB signal transduction pathway. In this article, we review the role of FREM1 and TILRR in modulating inflammatory responses and inflammation, and how their influence on inflammatory responses of cervicovaginal tissue could enhance the risk of vaginal HIV-1 acquisition.
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25
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Th17 T cells and immature dendritic cells are the preferential initial targets after rectal challenge with an SIV-based replication-defective dual-reporter vector. J Virol 2021; 95:e0070721. [PMID: 34287053 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00707-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the earliest events of HIV sexual transmission is critical to develop and optimize HIV prevention strategies. To gain insights into the earliest steps of HIV rectal transmission, including cellular targets, rhesus macaques were intra-rectally challenged with a single-round SIV-based dual reporter that expresses luciferase and iRFP670 upon productive transduction. The vector was pseudotyped with the HIV-1 envelope JRFL. Regions of tissue containing foci of luminescent, transduced cells were identified macroscopically using an in vivo imaging system, and individual transduced cells expressing fluorescent protein were identified and phenotyped microscopically. This system revealed that anal and rectal tissues are both susceptible to transduction 48 hours after the rectal challenge. Detailed phenotypic analysis revealed that on average, 62% of transduced cells are CCR6+ T cells-the vast majority of which express RORγT, a Th17 lineage-specific transcription factor. The second most common target cells were immature dendritic cells at 20%. These two cell types were transduced at the rates that are four to five times higher than their relative abundances indicate. Our work demonstrates that Th17 T and immature dendritic cells are preferential initial targets of HIV/SIV rectal transmission. IMPORTANCE Men and women who participate in unprotected receptive anal intercourse are at high risk for acquiring HIV. While in vitro data have developed a framework for understanding HIV cell tropism, the initial target cells in the rectal mucosa have not been identified. In this study, we identify these early host cells by using an innovative rhesus macaque rectal challenge model and methodology, which we previously developed. Thus, by shedding light on these early HIV/SIV transmission events, this study provides a specific cellular target for future prevention strategies.
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26
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Modular Lentiviral Vectors for Highly Efficient Transgene Expression in Resting Immune Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061170. [PMID: 34207354 PMCID: PMC8235771 DOI: 10.3390/v13061170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene/cell therapies are promising strategies for the many presently incurable diseases. A key step in this process is the efficient delivery of genes and gene-editing enzymes to many cell types that may be resistant to lentiviral vector transduction. Herein we describe tuning of a lentiviral gene therapy platform to focus on genetic modifications of resting CD4+ T cells. The motivation for this was to find solutions for HIV gene therapy efforts. Through selection of the optimal viral envelope and further modification to its expression, lentiviral fusogenic delivery into resting CD4+ T cells exceeded 80%, yet Sterile Alpha Motif and HD domain 1 (SAMHD1) dependent and independent intracellular restriction factors within resting T cells then dominate delivery and integration of lentiviral cargo. Overcoming SAMHD1-imposed restrictions, only observed up to 6-fold increase in transduction, with maximal gene delivery and expression of 35%. To test if the biologically limiting steps of lentiviral delivery are reverse transcription and integration, we re-engineered lentiviral vectors to simply express biologically active mRNA to direct transgene expression in the cytoplasm. In this setting, we observed gene expression in up to 65% of resting CD4+ T cells using unconcentrated MS2 lentivirus-like particles (MS2-LVLPs). Taken together, our findings support a gene therapy platform that could be readily used in resting T cell gene editing.
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27
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Combining T-cell-specific activation and in vivo gene delivery through CD3-targeted lentiviral vectors. Blood Adv 2021; 4:5702-5715. [PMID: 33216892 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic modification of T lymphocytes is a key issue in research and therapy. Conventional lentiviral vectors (LVs) are neither selective for T cells nor do they modify resting or minimally stimulated cells, which is crucial for applications, such as efficient in vivo modification of T lymphocytes. Here, we introduce novel CD3-targeted LVs (CD3-LVs) capable of genetically modifying human T lymphocytes without prior activation. For CD3 attachment, agonistic CD3-specific single-chain variable fragments were chosen. Activation, proliferation, and expansion mediated by CD3-LVs were less rapid compared with conventional antibody-mediated activation owing to lack of T-cell receptor costimulation. CD3-LVs delivered genes not only selectively into T cells but also under nonactivating conditions, clearly outperforming the benchmark vector vesicular stomatitis-LV glycoproteins under these conditions. Remarkably, CD3-LVs were properly active in gene delivery even when added to whole human blood in absence of any further stimuli. Upon administration of CD3-LV into NSG mice transplanted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, efficient and exclusive transduction of CD3+ T cells in all analyzed organs was achieved. Finally, the most promising CD3-LV successfully delivered a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) into T lymphocytes in vivo in humanized NSG mice. Generation of CAR T cells was accompanied by elimination of human CD19+ cells from blood. Taken together, the data strongly support implementation of T-cell-activating properties within T-cell-targeted vector particles. These particles may be ideally suited for T-cell-specific in vivo gene delivery.
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28
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Tecle E, Chhan CB, Franklin L, Underwood RS, Hanna-Rose W, Troemel ER. The purine nucleoside phosphorylase pnp-1 regulates epithelial cell resistance to infection in C. elegans. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009350. [PMID: 33878133 PMCID: PMC8087013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells are subject to attack by a diverse array of microbes, including intracellular as well as extracellular pathogens. While defense in epithelial cells can be triggered by pattern recognition receptor-mediated detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns, there is much to be learned about how they sense infection via perturbations of host physiology, which often occur during infection. A recently described host defense response in the nematode C. elegans called the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR) can be triggered by infection with diverse natural intracellular pathogens, as well as by perturbations to protein homeostasis. From a forward genetic screen, we identified the C. elegans ortholog of purine nucleoside phosphorylase pnp-1 as a negative regulator of IPR gene expression, as well as a negative regulator of genes induced by extracellular pathogens. Accordingly, pnp-1 mutants have resistance to both intracellular and extracellular pathogens. Metabolomics analysis indicates that C. elegans pnp-1 likely has enzymatic activity similar to its human ortholog, serving to convert purine nucleosides into free bases. Classic genetic studies have shown how mutations in human purine nucleoside phosphorylase cause immunodeficiency due to T-cell dysfunction. Here we show that C. elegans pnp-1 acts in intestinal epithelial cells to regulate defense. Altogether, these results indicate that perturbations in purine metabolism are likely monitored as a cue to promote defense against epithelial infection in the nematode C. elegans. All life requires purine nucleotides. However, obligate intracellular pathogens are incapable of generating their own purine nucleotides and thus have evolved strategies to steal these nucleotides from host cells in order to support their growth and replication. Using the small roundworm C. elegans, we show that infection with natural obligate intracellular pathogens is impaired by loss of pnp-1, the C. elegans ortholog of the vertebrate purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), which is an enzyme involved in salvaging purines. Loss of pnp-1 leads to altered levels of purine nucleotide precursors and increased expression of Intracellular Pathogen Response genes, which are induced by viral and fungal intracellular pathogens of C. elegans. In addition, we find that loss of pnp-1 increases resistance to extracellular pathogen infection and increases expression of genes involved in extracellular pathogen defense. Interestingly, studies from 1975 found that mutations in human PNP impair T-cell immunity, whereas our findings here indicate C. elegans pnp-1 regulates intestinal epithelial immunity. Overall, our work indicates that host purine homeostasis regulates resistance to both intracellular and extracellular pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eillen Tecle
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Crystal B. Chhan
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Latisha Franklin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ryan S. Underwood
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wendy Hanna-Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emily R. Troemel
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Cromarty R, Sigal A, Liebenberg LJ, Mckinnon LR, Abdool Karim SS, Passmore JAS, Archary D. Betamethasone induces potent immunosuppression and reduces HIV infection in a PBMC in vitro model. J Investig Med 2020; 69:28-40. [PMID: 33004468 PMCID: PMC7803916 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2020-001424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Genital inflammation is an established risk factor for increased HIV acquisition risk. Certain HIV-exposed seronegative populations, who are naturally resistant to HIV infection, have an immune quiescent phenotype defined by reduced immune activation and inflammatory cytokines at the genital tract. Therefore, the aim of this study was to create an immune quiescent environment using immunomodulatory drugs to mitigate HIV infection. Using an in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) model, we found that inflammation was induced using phytohemagglutinin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (TLR4) and R848 (TLR7/8). After treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen (IBF) and betamethasone (BMS), PBMCs were exposed to HIV NL4-3 AD8. Multiplexed ELISA was used to measure 28 cytokines to assess inflammation. Flow cytometry was used to measure immune activation (CD38, HLA-DR and CCR5) and HIV infection (p24 production) of CD4+ T cells. BMS potently suppressed inflammation (soluble cytokines, p<0.05) and immune activation (CD4+ T cells, p<0.05). BMS significantly reduced HIV infection of CD4+ T cells only in the LPS (0.98%) and unstimulated (1.7%) conditions (p<0.02). In contrast, IBF had minimal anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive but no anti-HIV effects. BMS demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory effects, regardless of stimulation condition. Despite uniform immunosuppression, BMS differentially affected HIV infection according to the stimulation conditions, highlighting the complex nature of these interactions. Together, these data underscore the importance of interrogating inflammatory signaling pathways to identify novel drug targets to mitigate HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Cromarty
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, CAPRISA, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Alexander Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lenine Julie Liebenberg
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, CAPRISA, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Lyle Robert Mckinnon
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, CAPRISA, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Salim Safurdeen Abdool Karim
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, CAPRISA, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jo-Ann Shelly Passmore
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, CAPRISA, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Derseree Archary
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, CAPRISA, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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30
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Elevation of cervical C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 levels is associated with HIV-1 acquisition in pregnant and postpartum women. AIDS 2020; 34:1725-1733. [PMID: 32701583 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between cervical cytokine/chemokine concentrations and HIV-1 acquisition in peripartum Kenyan women. DESIGN Nested case-control study. METHODS Women participating in a prospective study of peripartum HIV acquisition in Kenya (the Mama Salama Study), were tested for HIV-1 at 1-3 month intervals during pregnancy and through 9 months postpartum. Cases positive for HIV-1 RNA during follow-up (N = 14), were matched 3 : 1 with HIV-negative controls (N = 42) based on age, marital status, partner HIV-1 status, transactional sex, and timing of cervical swab collection. Concentrations of five cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ, and TNFα) and four chemokines (IL-8, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 α, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 β) were measured from cervical swabs collected at the visit prior to HIV-1 diagnosis (cases) or matched gestational/postpartum time (controls). Cytokine/chemokine concentrations were compared between cases and controls using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Principal component analysis was used to create a summary score for closely correlated cytokines/chemokines. Associations with HIV-1 acquisition were analyzed using conditional logistic regression. Path analysis was used to evaluate hypothesized relationships between CXCL10, vaginal washing, Nugent score, and HIV-1 acquisition. RESULTS Conditional logistic regression analysis demonstrated an association between increased concentrations of CXCL10 and HIV-1 acquisition (odds ratio = 1.74, 95% confidence interval 1.04, 2.93; P = 0.034). Path analysis confirmed a positive independent association between higher concentrations of CXCL10 and HIV-1 acquisition (path coefficient = 0.37, 95% confidence interval 0.15, 0.59; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION HIV-1 acquisition was associated with increased cervical concentrations of CXCL10 in pregnant and postpartum women.
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Klocperk A, Bloomfield M, Parackova Z, Zentsova I, Vrabcova P, Balko J, Meseznikov G, Casas Mendez LF, Grandcourtova A, Sipek J, Tulach M, Zamecnik J, Vymazal T, Sediva A. Complex Immunometabolic Profiling Reveals the Activation of Cellular Immunity and Biliary Lesions in Patients with Severe COVID-19. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3000. [PMID: 32957548 PMCID: PMC7565504 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9093000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the key laboratory features displayed by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) inpatients that are associated with mild, moderate, severe, and fatal courses of the disease, and through a longitudinal follow-up, to understand the dynamics of the COVID-19 pathophysiology. All severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-positive patients admitted to the University Hospital in Motol between March and June 2020 were included in this study. A severe course of COVID-19 was associated with an elevation of proinflammatory markers; an efflux of immature granulocytes into peripheral blood; the activation of CD8 T cells, which infiltrated the lungs; transient liver disease. In particular, the elevation of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and histological signs of cholestasis were highly specific for patients with a severe form of the disease. In contrast, patients with a fatal course of COVID-19 failed to upregulate markers of inflammation, showed discoordination of the immune response, and progressed toward acute kidney failure. COVID-19 is a disease with a multi-organ affinity that is characterized by the activation of innate and cellular adaptive immunity. Biliary lesions with an elevation of GGT and the organ infiltration of interleukin 6 (IL-6)-producing cells are the defining characteristics for patients with the fulminant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Klocperk
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital in Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (Z.P.); (I.Z.); (P.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Marketa Bloomfield
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital in Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (Z.P.); (I.Z.); (P.V.); (A.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer’s Hospital, 140 59 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Parackova
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital in Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (Z.P.); (I.Z.); (P.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Irena Zentsova
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital in Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (Z.P.); (I.Z.); (P.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Petra Vrabcova
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital in Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (Z.P.); (I.Z.); (P.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Jan Balko
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital in Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (J.Z.)
| | - Grigorij Meseznikov
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital in Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (G.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Luis Fernando Casas Mendez
- Department of Pneumology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital in Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.F.C.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Alzbeta Grandcourtova
- Department of Pneumology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital in Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.F.C.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Jan Sipek
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital in Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (T.V.)
| | - Martin Tulach
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital in Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (G.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Josef Zamecnik
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital in Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (J.Z.)
| | - Tomas Vymazal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital in Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (T.V.)
| | - Anna Sediva
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital in Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (Z.P.); (I.Z.); (P.V.); (A.S.)
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32
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Abstract
Antiretroviral therapies efficiently block HIV-1 replication but need to be maintained for life. Moreover, chronic inflammation is a hallmark of HIV-1 infection that persists despite treatment. There is, therefore, an urgent need to better understand the mechanisms driving HIV-1 pathogenesis and to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention. In the past few years, the decisive role of cellular metabolism in the fate and activity of immune cells has been uncovered, as well as its impact on the outcome of infectious diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that immunometabolism has a key role in HIV-1 pathogenesis. The metabolic pathways of CD4+ T cells and macrophages determine their susceptibility to infection, the persistence of infected cells and the establishment of latency. Immunometabolism also shapes immune responses against HIV-1, and cell metabolic products are key drivers of inflammation during infection. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge of the links between HIV-1 infection and immunometabolism, and we discuss the potential opportunities and challenges for therapeutic interventions.
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33
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Cattaneo A, Cattane N, Scassellati C, D'Aprile I, Riva MA, Pariante CM. Convergent Functional Genomics approach to prioritize molecular targets of risk in early life stress-related psychiatric disorders. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 8:100120. [PMID: 34589878 PMCID: PMC8474593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an overwhelming evidence proving that mental disorders are not the product of a single risk factor - i.e. genetic variants or environmental factors, including exposure to maternal perinatal mental health problems or childhood adverse events - rather the product of a trajectory of cumulative and multifactorial insults occurring during development, such as exposures during the foetal life to adverse mental condition in the mother, or exposures to adverse traumatic events during childhood or adolescence. In this review, we aim to highlight the potential utility of a Convergent Functional Genomics (CFG) approach to clarify the complex brain-relevant molecular mechanisms and alterations induced by early life stress (ELS). We describe different studies based on CFG in psychiatry and neuroscience, and we show how this 'hypothesis-free' tool can prioritize a stringent number of genes modulated by ELS, that can be tested as potential candidates for Gene x Environment (GxE) interaction studies. We discuss the results obtained by using a CFG approach identifying FoxO1 as a gene where genetic variability can mediate the effect of an adverse environment on the development of depression. Moreover, we also demonstrate that FoxO1 has a functional relevance in stress-induced reduction of neurogenesis, and can be a potential target for the prevention or treatment of stress-related psychiatric disorders. Overall, we suggest that CFG approach could include trans-species and tissues data integration and we also propose the application of CFG to examine in depth and to prioritize top candidate genes that are affected by ELS across lifespan and generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Cattaneo
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia
| | - Nadia Cattane
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia
| | - Catia Scassellati
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia
| | - Ilari D'Aprile
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia
| | - Marco Andrea Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Carmine Maria Pariante
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom
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34
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Pernicious Anemia and Vitiligo in an HIV Patient: An Unfamiliar Case Presentation. Case Rep Gastrointest Med 2020; 2020:7942453. [PMID: 32551143 PMCID: PMC7277020 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7942453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pernicious anemia (PA) is a rarely considered cause of anemia in HIV-infected population and is seldom on the list of differential diagnoses. However, PA can have serious consequences if misdiagnosed or left untreated. We present the case of a 38-year-old HIV-positive man who was diagnosed with PA, which was preceded by a one-year history of vitiligo. Our case is a reminder for clinicians to have a high index of suspicion for an autoimmune process as a potential cause of anemia in HIV-infected individuals.
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35
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Monel B, McKeon A, Lamothe-Molina P, Jani P, Boucau J, Pacheco Y, Jones RB, Le Gall S, Walker BD. HIV Controllers Exhibit Effective CD8 + T Cell Recognition of HIV-1-Infected Non-activated CD4 + T Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 27:142-153.e4. [PMID: 30943397 PMCID: PMC6449512 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Even with sustained antiretroviral therapy, resting CD4+ T cells remain a persistent reservoir of HIV infection, representing a critical barrier to curing HIV. Here, we demonstrate that CD8+ T cells recognize infected, non-activated CD4+ T cells in the absence of de novo protein production, as measured by immune synapse formation, degranulation, cytokine production, and killing of infected cells. Immune recognition is induced by HLA-I presentation of peptides derived from incoming viral particles, and recognition occurred either following cell-free virus infection or following cell-to-cell spread. CD8+ T cells from HIV controllers mediate more effective immune recognition than CD8+ T cells from progressors. These results indicate that non-activated HIV-infected CD4+ T cells can be targeted by CD8+ T cells directly after HIV entry, before reverse transcription, and thus before the establishment of latency, and suggest a mechanism whereby the immune response may reduce the size of the HIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Monel
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Annmarie McKeon
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Pedro Lamothe-Molina
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Priya Jani
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yovana Pacheco
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - R Brad Jones
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sylvie Le Gall
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Gene expression profiling of the host response to HIV infection has promised to fill the gaps in our knowledge and provide new insights toward vaccine and cure. However, despite 20 years of research, the biggest questions remained unanswered. A literature review identified 62 studies examining gene expression dysregulation in samples from individuals living with HIV. Changes in gene expression were dependent on cell/tissue type, stage of infection, viremia, and treatment status. Some cell types, notably CD4+ T cells, exhibit upregulation of cell cycle, interferon-related, and apoptosis genes consistent with depletion. Others, including CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells, exhibit perturbed function in the absence of direct infection with HIV. Dysregulation is greatest during acute infection. Differences in study design and data reporting limit comparability of existing research and do not as yet provide a coherent overview of gene expression in HIV. This review outlines the extraordinarily complex host response to HIV and offers recommendations to realize the full potential of HIV host transcriptomics.
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37
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Bukrinsky MI, Mukhamedova N, Sviridov D. Lipid rafts and pathogens: the art of deception and exploitation. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:601-610. [PMID: 31615838 PMCID: PMC7193957 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr119000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts, solid regions of the plasma membrane enriched in cholesterol and glycosphingolipids, are essential parts of a cell. Functionally, lipid rafts present a platform that facilitates interaction of cells with the outside world. However, the unique properties of lipid rafts required to fulfill this function at the same time make them susceptible to exploitation by pathogens. Many steps of pathogen interaction with host cells, and sometimes all steps within the entire lifecycle of various pathogens, rely on host lipid rafts. Such steps as binding of pathogens to the host cells, invasion of intracellular parasites into the cell, the intracellular dwelling of parasites, microbial assembly and exit from the host cell, and microbe transfer from one cell to another all involve lipid rafts. Interaction also includes modification of lipid rafts in host cells, inflicted by pathogens from both inside and outside the cell, through contact or remotely, to advance pathogen replication, to utilize cellular resources, and/or to mitigate immune response. Here, we provide a systematic overview of how and why pathogens interact with and exploit host lipid rafts, as well as the consequences of this interaction for the host, locally and systemically, and for the microbe. We also raise the possibility of modulation of lipid rafts as a therapeutic approach against a variety of infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Bukrinsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine,George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Science, Washington, DC 20037
| | | | - Dmitri Sviridov
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia. mailto:
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38
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Coomer CA, Carlon-Andres I, Iliopoulou M, Dustin ML, Compeer EB, Compton AA, Padilla-Parra S. Single-cell glycolytic activity regulates membrane tension and HIV-1 fusion. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008359. [PMID: 32084246 PMCID: PMC7055913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been resurgence in determining the role of host metabolism in viral infection yet deciphering how the metabolic state of single cells affects viral entry and fusion remains unknown. Here, we have developed a novel assay multiplexing genetically-encoded biosensors with single virus tracking (SVT) to evaluate the influence of global metabolic processes on the success rate of virus entry in single cells. We found that cells with a lower ATP:ADP ratio prior to virus addition were less permissive to virus fusion and infection. These results indicated a relationship between host metabolic state and the likelihood for virus-cell fusion to occur. SVT revealed that HIV-1 virions were arrested at hemifusion in glycolytically-inactive cells. Interestingly, cells acutely treated with glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) become resistant to virus infection and also display less surface membrane cholesterol. Addition of cholesterol in these in glycolytically-inactive cells rescued the virus entry block at hemifusion and enabled completion of HIV-1 fusion. Further investigation with FRET-based membrane tension and membrane order reporters revealed a link between host cell glycolytic activity and host membrane order and tension. Indeed, cells treated with 2-DG possessed lower plasma membrane lipid order and higher tension values, respectively. Our novel imaging approach that combines lifetime imaging (FLIM) and SVT revealed not only changes in plasma membrane tension at the point of viral fusion, but also that HIV is less likely to enter cells at areas of higher membrane tension. We therefore have identified a connection between host cell glycolytic activity and membrane tension that influences HIV-1 fusion in real-time at the single-virus fusion level in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Coomer
- Cellular Imaging Group, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Carlon-Andres
- Cellular Imaging Group, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maro Iliopoulou
- Cellular Imaging Group, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ewoud B. Compeer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alex A. Compton
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sergi Padilla-Parra
- Cellular Imaging Group, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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39
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Meås HZ, Haug M, Beckwith MS, Louet C, Ryan L, Hu Z, Landskron J, Nordbø SA, Taskén K, Yin H, Damås JK, Flo TH. Sensing of HIV-1 by TLR8 activates human T cells and reverses latency. Nat Commun 2020; 11:147. [PMID: 31919342 PMCID: PMC6952430 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During HIV infection, cell-to-cell transmission results in endosomal uptake of the virus by target CD4+ T cells and potential exposure of the viral ssRNA genome to endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are instrumental in activating inflammatory responses in innate immune cells, but their function in adaptive immune cells is less well understood. Here we show that synthetic ligands of TLR8 boosted T cell receptor signaling, resulting in increased cytokine production and upregulation of surface activation markers. Adjuvant TLR8 stimulation, but not TLR7 or TLR9, further promoted T helper cell differentiation towards Th1 and Th17. In addition, we found that endosomal HIV induced cytokine secretion from CD4+ T cells in a TLR8-specific manner. TLR8 engagement also enhanced HIV-1 replication and potentiated the reversal of latency in patient-derived T cells. The adjuvant TLR8 activity in T cells can contribute to viral dissemination in the lymph node and low-grade inflammation in HIV patients. In addition, it can potentially be exploited for therapeutic targeting and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Zekaria Meås
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Markus Haug
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marianne Sandvold Beckwith
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Claire Louet
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Liv Ryan
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zhenyi Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, 100082, Beijing, China.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johannes Landskron
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Nordbø
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute of Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hang Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, 100082, Beijing, China
| | - Jan Kristian Damås
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trude Helen Flo
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway. .,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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40
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Welch JL, Kaufman TM, Stapleton JT, Okeoma CM. Semen exosomes inhibit HIV infection and HIV-induced proinflammatory cytokine production independent of the activation state of primary lymphocytes. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:695-709. [PMID: 31665815 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Semen exosomes (SE) inhibit HIV infection. However, the effect of SE on cell activation and inflammation remains unknown. We characterized the response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV-uninfected and antiretroviral therapy-suppressed HIV-infected (HIV+) subjects to SE. Quiescent PBMCs or T-cell receptor (TCR)-activated PBMCs from HIV- and HIV+ donors were stimulated with SE in the presence/absence of ex vivo HIV infection. In HIV-infected PBMCs, SE did not reactivate HIV, did not induce lymphoblast development, nor increase CD69+/CD25+ numbers. Furthermore, SE inhibited de novo HIV infection without altering cell activation. SE also asynchronously downregulated HIV-inducible IL1β, IL8, and TNFα and upregulated CXCL10. These data suggest that SE inhibits HIV infection and production of HIV-induced proinflammatory cytokines while preserving lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Welch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, IA, USA
| | - Thomas M Kaufman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, IA, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, IA, USA
| | - Chioma M Okeoma
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, NY, USA
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41
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Zhao L, Liu M, Ouyang J, Zhu Z, Geng W, Dong J, Xiong Y, Wang S, Zhang X, Qiao Y, Ding H, Sun H, Liang G, Shang H, Han X. The Per-1 Short Isoform Inhibits de novo HIV-1 Transcription in Resting CD4+ T-cells. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:384-395. [PMID: 30774045 PMCID: PMC6446521 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190218145048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Understanding of the restriction of HIV-1 transcription in resting CD4+ T-cells is critical to find a cure for AIDS. Although many negative factors causing HIV-1 transcription blockage in resting CD4+ T-cells have been found, there are still unknown mechanisms to explore. Objective: To explore the mechanism for the suppression of de novo HIV-1 transcription in resting CD4+ T-cells. Methods: In this study, a short isoform of Per-1 expression plasmid was transfected into 293T cells with or without Tat's presence to identify Per-1 as a negative regulator for HIV-1 transcription. Silenc-ing of Per-1 was conducted in resting CD4+ T-cells or monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) to evaluate the antiviral activity of Per-1. Additionally, we analyzed the correlation between Per-1 expres-sion and viral loads in vivo, and silenced Per-1 by siRNA technology to investigate the potential anti-HIV-1 roles of Per-1 in vivo in untreated HIV-1-infected individuals. Results: We found that short isoform Per-1 can restrict HIV-1 replication and Tat ameliorates this in-hibitory effect. Silencing of Per-1 could upregulate HIV-1 transcription both in resting CD4+ T-cells and MDMs. Moreover, Per-1 expression is inversely correlated with viral loads in Rapid progressors (RPs) in vivo. Conclusion: These data together suggest that Per-1 is a novel negative regulator of HIV-1 transcrip-tion. This restrictive activity of Per-1 to HIV-1 replication may contribute to HIV-1 latency in resting CD4+ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiayue Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Zheming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenqing Geng
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinxiu Dong
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Shumei Wang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- The Core Laboratory for Public Health Science and Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Qiao
- The Core Laboratory for Public Health Science and Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Guoxin Liang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, China
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Comparative transcriptome analysis of the human endocervix and ectocervix during the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13494. [PMID: 31530865 PMCID: PMC6749057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive studies suggesting increased susceptibility to HIV during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. Our goal was to analyze transcriptomes of the endocervix and ectocervix during the proliferative and secretory phases using RNA sequencing to explore potential molecular signatures of susceptibility to HIV. We identified 202 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the proliferative and secretory phases of the cycle in the endocervix (adjusted p < 0.05). The biofunctions and pathways analysis of DEGs revealed that cellular assembly and epithelial barrier function in the proliferative phase and inflammatory response/cellular movement in the secretory phase were among the top biofunctions and pathways. The gene set enrichment analysis of ranked DEGs (score = log fold change/p value) in the endocervix and ectocervix revealed that (i) unstimulated/not activated immune cells gene sets positively correlated with the proliferative phase and negatively correlated with the secretory phase in both tissues, (ii) IFNγ and IFNα response gene sets positively correlated with the proliferative phase in the ectocervix, (iii) HIV restrictive Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway negatively correlated with the secretory phase in the endocervix. Our data show menstrual cycle phase-associated changes in both endocervix and ectocervix, which may modulate susceptibility to HIV.
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Liang G, Zhao L, Qiao Y, Geng W, Zhang X, Liu M, Dong J, Ding H, Sun H, Shang H. Membrane metalloprotease TRABD2A restricts HIV-1 progeny production in resting CD4 + T cells by degrading viral Gag polyprotein. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:711-723. [PMID: 31061530 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Resting CD4+ T cells are highly resistant to the production of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, the mechanism by which resting CD4+ T cells restrict such production in the late viral replication phase of infection has remained unclear. In this study, we found that the cell membrane metalloprotease TRAB domain-containing protein 2A (TRABD2A) inhibited this production in resting CD4+ T cells by degrading the virion structural precursor polyprotein Gag at the plasma membrane. Depletion or inhibition of metalloprotease activity by TRABD2A profoundly enhanced HIV-1 production in resting CD4+ T cells. TRABD2A expression was much higher in resting CD4+ T cells than in activated CD4+ T cells and was considerably reduced by T cell activation. Moreover, reexpressing TRABD2A reinforced the resistance of activated CD4+ T cells to the production of HIV-1 progeny. Collectively, these results elucidate the molecular mechanism employed by resting CD4+ T cells to potently restrict the assembly and production of HIV-1 progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Liang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China. .,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Qiao
- The Core Laboratory for Public Health Science and Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenqing Geng
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- The Core Laboratory for Public Health Science and Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinxiu Dong
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China. .,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
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44
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Roux A, Leroy H, De Muylder B, Bracq L, Oussous S, Dusanter-Fourt I, Chougui G, Tacine R, Randriamampita C, Desjardins D, Le Grand R, Bouillaud F, Benichou S, Margottin-Goguet F, Cheynier R, Bismuth G, Mangeney M. FOXO1 transcription factor plays a key role in T cell-HIV-1 interaction. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007669. [PMID: 31042779 PMCID: PMC6513100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 is dependent on the host cell for providing the metabolic resources for completion of its viral replication cycle. Thus, HIV-1 replicates efficiently only in activated CD4+ T cells. Barriers preventing HIV-1 replication in resting CD4+ T cells include a block that limits reverse transcription and also the lack of activity of several inducible transcription factors, such as NF-κB and NFAT. Because FOXO1 is a master regulator of T cell functions, we studied the effect of its inhibition on T cell/HIV-1 interactions. By using AS1842856, a FOXO1 pharmacologic inhibitor, we observe that FOXO1 inhibition induces a metabolic activation of T cells with a G0/G1 transition in the absence of any stimulatory signal. One parallel outcome of this change is the inhibition of the activity of the HIV restriction factor SAMHD1 and the activation of the NFAT pathway. FOXO1 inhibition by AS1842856 makes resting T cells permissive to HIV-1 infection. In addition, we found that FOXO1 inhibition by either AS1842856 treatment or upon FOXO1 knockdown induces the reactivation of HIV-1 latent proviruses in T cells. We conclude that FOXO1 has a central role in the HIV-1/T cell interaction and that inhibiting FOXO1 with drugs such as AS1842856 may be a new therapeutic shock-and-kill strategy to eliminate the HIV-1 reservoir in human T cells. HIV-1 is controlled by host restriction factors that interfere with its life cycle. However, the virus has equipped itself to counter these strategies. We report a new interplay between HIV-1 and human T lymphocytes through the FOXO1 transcription factor. By using AS1842856, a drug targeting FOXO1, we found that FOXO1 inhibition triggers metabolic activation and G0/G1 transition of resting T cells and also by the inactivation of the SAMHD1 viral restriction factor. FOXO1 inhibition makes resting CD4+ T cells permissive to HIV-1 infection. We finally found that pharmacologic (AS1842856 treatment) or genetic (shRNA) silencing of FOXO1 reactivate HIV-1 latent proviruses. Thus FOXO1 appears as an important player of the HIV-1/T-cell relationship and a new potential therapeutic target for intervention during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Roux
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Héloise Leroy
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte De Muylder
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Bracq
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur Shangai-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shangai, China
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA VirHost), CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Pasteur Paris, and Institut Pasteur Shangai-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shangai, China
| | - Samia Oussous
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Dusanter-Fourt
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ghina Chougui
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Rachida Tacine
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Clotilde Randriamampita
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM -Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases department (IMVA), U1184, IDMIT Department, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM -Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases department (IMVA), U1184, IDMIT Department, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Frederic Bouillaud
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Serge Benichou
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur Shangai-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shangai, China
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA VirHost), CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Pasteur Paris, and Institut Pasteur Shangai-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shangai, China
| | - Florence Margottin-Goguet
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Remi Cheynier
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Georges Bismuth
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Mangeney
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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45
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D Urbano V, De Crignis E, Re MC. Host Restriction Factors and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1): A Dynamic Interplay Involving All Phases of the Viral Life Cycle. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:184-207. [PMID: 30117396 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666180817115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have evolved several mechanisms to prevent or block lentiviral infection and spread. Among the innate immune mechanisms, the signaling cascade triggered by type I interferon (IFN) plays a pivotal role in limiting the burden of HIV-1. In the presence of IFN, human cells upregulate the expression of a number of genes, referred to as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), many of them acting as antiviral restriction factors (RFs). RFs are dominant proteins that target different essential steps of the viral cycle, thereby providing an early line of defense against the virus. The identification and characterization of RFs have provided unique insights into the molecular biology of HIV-1, further revealing the complex host-pathogen interplay that characterizes the infection. The presence of RFs drove viral evolution, forcing the virus to develop specific proteins to counteract their activity. The knowledge of the mechanisms that prevent viral infection and their viral counterparts may offer new insights to improve current antiviral strategies. This review provides an overview of the RFs targeting HIV-1 replication and the mechanisms that regulate their expression as well as their impact on viral replication and the clinical course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D Urbano
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa De Crignis
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Re
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Valle-Casuso JC, Angin M, Volant S, Passaes C, Monceaux V, Mikhailova A, Bourdic K, Avettand-Fenoel V, Boufassa F, Sitbon M, Lambotte O, Thoulouze MI, Müller-Trutwin M, Chomont N, Sáez-Cirión A. Cellular Metabolism Is a Major Determinant of HIV-1 Reservoir Seeding in CD4 + T Cells and Offers an Opportunity to Tackle Infection. Cell Metab 2019; 29:611-626.e5. [PMID: 30581119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV persists in long-lived infected cells that are not affected by antiretroviral treatment. These HIV reservoirs are mainly located in CD4+ T cells, but their distribution is variable in the different subsets. Susceptibility to HIV-1 increases with CD4+ T cell differentiation. We evaluated whether the metabolic programming that supports the differentiation and function of CD4+ T cells affected their susceptibility to HIV-1. We found that differences in HIV-1 susceptibility between naive and more differentiated subsets were associated with the metabolic activity of the cells. Indeed, HIV-1 selectively infected CD4+ T cells with high oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, independent of their activation phenotype. Moreover, partial inhibition of glycolysis (1) impaired HIV-1 infection in vitro in all CD4+ T cell subsets, (2) decreased the viability of preinfected cells, and (3) precluded HIV-1 amplification in cells from HIV-infected individuals. Our results elucidate the link between cell metabolism and HIV-1 infection and identify a vulnerability in tackling HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Valle-Casuso
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Mathieu Angin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Stevenn Volant
- Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Passaes
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Valérie Monceaux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Anastassia Mikhailova
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Katia Bourdic
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Véronique Avettand-Fenoel
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 7327 Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Faroudy Boufassa
- INSERM U1018, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Sitbon
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Szaniawski MA, Spivak AM, Bosque A, Planelles V. Sex Influences SAMHD1 Activity and Susceptibility to Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 in Primary Human Macrophages. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:777-785. [PMID: 30299483 PMCID: PMC6376916 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages are major targets for HIV-1, contribute to viral propagation in vivo, and are instrumental in the pathogenesis of HAND. While it is known that host sex affects HIV-1 viremia and influences the severity of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disease, a cellular or molecular basis for these findings remains elusive. METHODS We explored whether sex affects HIV-1 infectivity of primary human macrophages and CD4+ T cells in vitro. RESULTS Macrophages derived from female donors were less susceptible to HIV-1 infection than those derived from males. This sex-dependent difference in macrophage infectivity was independent of the requirement for CD4/CCR5-mediated virus entry and was not observed in CD4+ T cells. Investigations into the mechanism governing these sex-dependent differences revealed that the host restriction factor SAMHD1 exists in a hyperphosphorylated, less active state in male-derived macrophages. In addition, the major kinase responsible for SAMHD1 phosphorylation, CDK1, exhibited lower levels of expression in female-derived macrophages in all tested donor pairs. The sex-dependent differences in viral restriction imposed by SAMHD1 were abrogated upon its depletion. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that SAMHD1 is an essential modulator of infectivity in a sex-dependent manner in macrophages, constituting a novel component of sex differences in innate immune control of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Szaniawski
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Adam M Spivak
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine
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Phospholipase D and the Mitogen Phosphatidic Acid in Human Disease: Inhibitors of PLD at the Crossroads of Phospholipid Biology and Cancer. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 259:89-113. [PMID: 31541319 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are key building blocks of biological membranes and are involved in complex signaling processes such as metabolism, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Extracellular signaling by growth factors, stress, and nutrients is transmitted through receptors that activate lipid-modifying enzymes such as the phospholipases, sphingosine kinase, or phosphoinositide 3-kinase, which then modify phospholipids, sphingolipids, and phosphoinositides. One such important enzyme is phospholipase D (PLD), which cleaves phosphatidylcholine to yield phosphatidic acid and choline. PLD isoforms have dual role in cells. The first involves maintaining cell membrane integrity and cell signaling, including cell proliferation, migration, cytoskeletal alterations, and invasion through the PLD product PA, and the second involves protein-protein interactions with a variety of binding partners. Increased evidence of elevated PLD expression and activity linked to many pathological conditions, including cancer, neurological and inflammatory diseases, and infection, has motivated the development of dual- and isoform-specific PLD inhibitors. Many of these inhibitors are reported to be efficacious and safe in cells and mouse disease models, suggesting the potential for PLD inhibitors as therapeutics for cancer and other diseases. Current knowledge and ongoing research of PLD signaling networks will help to evolve inhibitors with increased efficacy and safety for clinical studies.
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Abstract
The retrovirus capsid core is a metastable structure that disassembles during the early phase of viral infection after membrane fusion. The core is intact and permeable to essential nucleotides during reverse transcription, but it undergoes disassembly for nuclear entry and genome integration. Increasing or decreasing the stability of the capsid core has a substantial negative impact on virus infectivity, which makes the core an attractive anti-viral target. The retrovirus capsid core also encounters a variety of virus- and organism-specific host cellular factors that promote or restrict viral replication. This review describes the structural elements fundamental to the formation and stability of the capsid core. The physical and chemical properties of the capsid core that are critical to its functional role in reverse transcription and interaction with host cellular factors are highlighted to emphasize areas of current research.
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50
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Abstract
HIV integrates into the host genome to create a persistent viral reservoir. Stimulation of CD4+ memory T lymphocytes with common γc-chain cytokines renders these cells more susceptible to HIV infection, making them a key component of the reservoir itself. IL-15 is up-regulated during primary HIV infection, a time when the HIV reservoir established. Therefore, we investigated the molecular and cellular impact of IL-15 on CD4+ T-cell infection. We found that IL-15 stimulation induces SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) phosphorylation due to cell cycle entry, relieving an early block to infection. Perturbation of the pathways downstream of IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) indicated that SAMHD1 phosphorylation after IL-15 stimulation is JAK dependent. Treating CD4+ T cells with Ruxolitinib, an inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK2, effectively blocked IL-15-induced SAMHD1 phosphorylation and protected CD4+ T cells from HIV infection. Using high-resolution single-cell immune profiling using mass cytometry by TOF (CyTOF), we found that IL-15 stimulation altered the composition of CD4+ T-cell memory populations by increasing proliferation of memory CD4+ T cells, including CD4+ T memory stem cells (TSCM). IL-15-stimulated CD4+ TSCM, harboring phosphorylated SAMHD1, were preferentially infected. We propose that IL-15 plays a pivotal role in creating a self-renewing, persistent HIV reservoir by facilitating infection of CD4+ T cells with stem cell-like properties. Time-limited interventions with JAK1 inhibitors, such as Ruxolitinib, should prevent the inactivation of the endogenous restriction factor SAMHD1 and protect this long-lived CD4+ T-memory cell population from HIV infection.
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