The effect of smoking on arterial stiffness

Increased diameter and stiffness of elastic but not muscular arteries in men with abdominal aortic aneurysm

It has been proposed that formation of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is part of a systemic arterial dilatative disease. However, arteries in the upper extremities are scarcely studied and it remains unclear whether both muscular and elastic arteries are affected by the proposed systemic arterial dilatation. The aim of this study was to investigate the diameter and stiffness of muscular and elastic arteries in arterial branches originating from the aortic arch. Twenty-six men with AAA (69 ± 4 yr) and 57 men without AAA (70 ± 5 yr) were included in the study. Ultrasound was used to examine the distal and proximal brachial artery, axillary artery, and common carotid artery (CCA), and measurement of diameter and diameter change was performed with wall-tracking software. Blood pressure measurements were used to calculate local arterial wall stiffness indices. The AAA cohort presented larger arterial diameters in the CCA and axillary artery after adjustment for body surface area (P = 0.002, respectively), whereas the brachial artery diameters were unchanged. Indices of increased stiffness in CCA (e.g., lower distensibility, P = 0.003) were seen in subjects with AAA after adjustments for body mass index and mean arterial blood pressure. This study supports the theory of a systemic arterial dilating diathesis in peripheral elastic, but not in muscular, arteries. Peripheral elastic arteries also exhibited increased stiffness, in analogy with findings in the aorta in AAA.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We present data partially supporting the notion of abdominal aortic aneurysm being a systemic vascular disease with focal manifestation in the abdominal aorta, from two well-defined groups recruited from a regional screening program. We show that elastic arteries distal from the aorta exhibit vascular alterations without aneurysmal formation in subjects with AAA compared with controls while muscular arteries seem unaffected.

Early vascular aging in acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

While arterial stiffening is a known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, it remains unclear whether there is an early vascular aging (EVA) in patients who have experienced acute ischemic stroke (AIS). This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to investigate whether patients with AIS exhibit EVA through pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurements shortly after the stroke onset, shedding light on the relationship between arterial stiffness, hypertension, and stroke.

METHODS

Thirteen case-control studies were included, comparing PWV measurements between AIS patients and non-AIS individuals. A meta-analysis was performed to compare PWV levels, age, blood pressure, and the prevalence of different cardiovascular risk factors among 1711 AIS patients and 1551 controls.

RESULTS

Despite AIS patients showing higher PWV compared to controls (mean difference: 1.72 m/s, 95 % CI: 1.05-2.38, p < 0.001; I2 = 88.3 %), their age did not significantly differ (95 % CI: -0.47-0.94, p = 0.519; I2 = 0 %), suggesting EVA in AIS patients. Moreover, AIS patients exhibited elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure and had higher odds of smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and male gender compared to controls.

CONCLUSIONS

This study's findings underscore the presence of EVA in AIS patients, evident through increased PWV measurements shortly after stroke onset. Notably, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus emerge as substantial factors contributing to accelerated arterial stiffness within this population.

Genetics of Hypertension: From Monogenic Analysis to GETomics

Arterial hypertension is the most frequent cardiovascular risk factor all over the world, and it is one of the leading drivers of the risk of cardiovascular events and death. It is a complex trait influenced by heritable and environmental factors. To date, the World Health Organization estimates that 1.28 billion adults aged 30-79 years worldwide have arterial hypertension (defined by European guidelines as office systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or office diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg), and 7.1 million die from this disease. The molecular genetic basis of primary arterial hypertension is the subject of intense research and has recently yielded remarkable progress. In this review, we will discuss the genetics of arterial hypertension. Recent studies have identified over 900 independent loci associated with blood pressure regulation across the genome. Comprehending these mechanisms not only could shed light on the pathogenesis of the disease but also hold the potential for assessing the risk of developing arterial hypertension in the future. In addition, these findings may pave the way for novel drug development and personalized therapeutic strategies.

Association between waist circumference change after smoking cessation and incidence of hypertension in Korean adults

OBJECTIVES

This study investigates the association between smoking cessation and hypertension incidence, as well as the association between waist circumference change after smoking cessation and hypertension incidence.

STUDY DESIGN

This was a nationwide population-based cohort study.

METHODS

We used the Korean Health Screening Cohort data and included 158,505 participants who had undergone two or more health examinations between 2008 and 2011, with follow-ups throughout 2019. Smoking cessation and waist changes were captured based on difference between first and follow-up screening dates. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for hypertension risk were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models.

RESULTS

There were 31,270 cases of hypertension during a median follow-up of 8.50 years. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, HR for hypertension were 1.01 (95% CI: 0.97-1.05), 0.91 (95% CI: 0.87-0.95), and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.85-0.91) for recent quitters, long-term quitters, and non-smokers, respectively, compared with current smokers. HR for hypertension, compared with current smokers, were 0.89 (95% CI: 0.84-0.94), 0.91 (95% CI: 0.85-0.97), and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.91-1.08) for long-term quitters with no waist gain, long-term quitters with waist gain of 0.1-5.0 cm, and long-term quitters with waist gain of ≥5.0 cm, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Long-term smoking cessation was significantly associated with decreased risk of hypertension, and long-term smoking cessation with no waist gain or less than 5.0 cm of waist gain was significantly associated with decreased risk of hypertension. However, more than 5.0 cm of waist gain can attenuate the effect of long-term smoking cessation on lowering the risk of hypertension.

Atherosclerosis as the Damocles' sword of human evolution: insights from nonhuman ape-like primates, ancient human remains, and isolated modern human populations

Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death worldwide, and the predominant risk factors are advanced age and high-circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). However, the findings of atherosclerosis in relatively young mummified remains and a lack of atherosclerosis in chimpanzees despite high LDL-C call into question the role of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. The inflammatory theory of atherosclerosis may explain the discrepancies between traditional risk factors and observed phenomena in current literature. Following the divergence from chimpanzees several millennia ago, loss of function mutations in immune regulatory genes and changes in gene expression have resulted in an overactive human immune system. The ubiquity of atherosclerosis in the modern era may reflect a selective pressure that enhanced the innate immune response at the cost of atherogenesis and other chronic disease states. Evidence provided from the fields of genetics, evolutionary biology, and paleoanthropology demonstrates a sort of circular dependency between inflammation, immune system functioning, and evolution at both a species and cellular level. More recently, the role of proinflammatory stimuli, somatic mutations, and the gene-environment effect appear to be underappreciated elements in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Neurobiological stress, metabolic syndrome, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors may instead function as intermediary links between inflammation and atherosclerosis. Therefore, considering evolution as a mechanistic process and atherosclerosis as part of the inertia of evolution, greater insight into future preventative and therapeutic interventions for atherosclerosis can be gained by examining the past.

Use of heated tobacco products (IQOS) causes an acute increase in arterial stiffness and platelet thrombus formation

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are novel alternative tobacco products being promoted as an alternative to cigarettes. To evaluate the impact of HTP use on vascular function, we investigated the effects of a brief HTP usage on arterial stiffness and platelet thrombus formation in healthy volunteers.

METHODS

In a randomised crossover study, twenty-four healthy young adults with occasional tobacco use smoked the HTP IQOS 3 Multi (Phillip Morris Int.) and "no-exposure" was used as a control, with a wash-out period of at least one week in-between. Arterial stiffness was assessed through pulse wave velocity and pulse wave analysis. Blood samples, collected at baseline and 5 min following exposure, were analysed with the Total-Thrombus-formation analysis system evaluating platelet and fibrin-rich thrombus formation tendency.

RESULTS

HTP exposure caused immediate heightened pulse wave velocity (+0.365 m/s, 95% CI: +0.188 to 0.543; p = 0.004) and enhanced augmentation index corrected to heart rate (+6.22%, 95% CI: +2.33 to 10.11; p = 0.003) compared to the no-exposure occasion. Similarly, blood pressure and heart rate transiently increased immediately following HTP inhalation. Platelet thrombus formation significantly increased following HTP exposure (area under the curve +59.5, 95% CI: +25.6 to 93.4; p < 0.001) compared to no-exposure. No effect was seen on fibrin-rich thrombus formation following HTP-exposure.

CONCLUSIONS

Brief HTP use in healthy young adults had immediate adverse effects on vascular function resulting in increased arterial stiffness and platelet thrombus formation, known risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis. Further research is needed to address long term health impacts.

Investigating the impact of smoking habits through photoplethysmography analysis

Smoking is widely recognized as a significant risk factor in the progression of arterial stiffness and cardiovascular diseases. Valuable information related to cardiac arrhythmias and heart function can be obtained by analyzing biosignals such as the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the photoplethysmogram (PPG). The PPG signal is a non-invasive optical technique that can be used to evaluate the changes in blood volume, and thus it can be linked to the health of the vascular system.Objective. In this study, the impact of three smoking habits-cigarettes, shisha, and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes)-on the features of the PPG signal were investigated.Approach. The PPG signals are measured for 45 healthy smokers before, during, and after the smoking session and then processed to extract the morphological features. Quantitative statistical techniques were used to analyze the PPG features and provide the most significant features of the three smoking habits. The impact of smoking is observed through significant changes in the features of the PPG signal, indicating blood volume instability.Main results. The results revealed that the three smoking habits influence the characteristics of the PPG signal significantly, which presentseven after 15 min of smoking. Among them, shisha has the greatest impact on PPG features, particularly on heart rate, systolic time, augmentation index, and peak pulse interval change. In contrast, e-cigarettes have the least effect on PPG features. Interestingly, smoking electronic cigarettes, which many participants use as a substitute for traditional cigarettes when attempting to quit smoking, has nearly a comparable effect to regular smoking.Significance. The findings suggest that individuals who smoke shisha are more likely to develop cardiovascular diseases at an earlier age compared to those who have other smoking habits. Understanding the variations in the PPG signal caused by smoking can aid in the early detection of cardiovascular disorders and provide insight into cardiac conditions. This ultimately contributes to the prevention of the development of cardiovascular diseases and the development of a health screening system.

Arterial stiffness and hypertension

Arterial stiffness and hypertension are closely related in pathophysiology. Chronic high blood pressure (BP) can lead to arterial wall damage by mechanical stress, endothelial dysfunction, increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation. Hypertension also increases collagen fiber production and accelerates elastin fiber degradation. Stiffened arteries struggle with BP changes, raising systolic BP and pulse pressure. The resulting increased systolic pressure further hardens arteries, creating a harmful cycle of inflammation and calcification. Arterial stiffness data can predict target organ damage and future cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients. Thus, early detection of arterial stiffness aids in initiating preventive measures and treatment plans to protect against progression of vascular damage. While various methods exist for measuring arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity is a non-invasive, simple measurement method that maximizes effectiveness. Healthy lifestyle changes, RAAS blockers, and statins are known to reduce arterial stiffness. Further research is needed to ascertain if improving arterial stiffness will enhance prognosis in hypertensive patients.

An augmented Mendelian randomization approach provides causality of brain imaging features on complex traits in a single biobank-scale dataset

Mendelian randomization (MR) is an effective approach for revealing causal risk factors that underpin complex traits and diseases. While MR has been more widely applied under two-sample settings, it is more promising to be used in one single large cohort given the rise of biobank-scale datasets that simultaneously contain genotype data, brain imaging data, and matched complex traits from the same individual. However, most existing multivariable MR methods have been developed for two-sample setting or a small number of exposures. In this study, we introduce a one-sample multivariable MR method based on partial least squares and Lasso regression (MR-PL). MR-PL is capable of considering the correlation among exposures (e.g., brain imaging features) when the number of exposures is extremely upscaled, while also correcting for winner's curse bias. We performed extensive and systematic simulations, and demonstrated the robustness and reliability of our method. Comprehensive simulations confirmed that MR-PL can generate more precise causal estimates with lower false positive rates than alternative approaches. Finally, we applied MR-PL to the datasets from UK Biobank to reveal the causal effects of 36 white matter tracts on 180 complex traits, and showed putative white matter tracts that are implicated in smoking, blood vascular function-related traits, and eating behaviors.

Central and Peripheral Hemodynamics in Young Adults Who Use Water Pipes and the Acute Effects of Water-Pipe Use

BACKGROUND

Tobacco use via water pipe (commonly referred to as water-pipe smoking [WPS]) is popular among young adults globally and exposes those who smoke to toxicants.

RESEARCH QUESTION

Is WPS associated with impaired measures of arterial function and does WPS acutely impair these measures in young adults?

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

We assessed heart rate (HR), brachial and aortic BP, HR-adjusted augmentation index (AI), and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CFPWV) in 62 individuals who use water pipes and 34 individuals who have never used a water pipe recruited from the community (mean age, 22.5 ± 3.0 years; 48% female). Measurements were obtained before and after an outdoor session of WPS among participants who use water pipes and among the control group of participants who have never used a water pipe. Measurements were compared after vs before exposure and between those who use and those who do not use water pipes, adjusting for possible confounders using linear regression.

RESULTS

Participants who use water pipes and control participants had similar demographic characteristics. BP and HR increased acutely after WPS (brachial systolic BP by 4.13 mm Hg [95% CI, 1.91-6.36 mm Hg]; aortic systolic BP by 2.31 mm Hg [95% CI, 0.28-4.33 mm Hg]; brachial diastolic BP by 3.69 mm Hg [95% CI, 1.62-5.77 mm Hg]; aortic diastolic BP by 3.03 mm Hg [95% CI, 0.74-5.33 mm Hg]; and HR by 7.75 beats/min [95% CI, 5.46-10.04 beats/min]), but not in the control group. AI was significantly higher in participants who use water pipes compared with those who do not (9.02% vs 3.06%; P = .03), including after adjusting for BMI and family history of cardiovascular disease (β = 6.12; 95% CI, 0.55-11.69; P = .03) and when assessing habitual tobacco use via water-pipe extent (water pipes used/day × water-pipe use duration) in water-pipe-years (β = 2.51/water-pipe-year; 95% CI, 0.10-4.92/water-pipe-year; P = .04). However, CFPWV was similar in those who use water pipes and those who do not, and AI and CFPWV did not change acutely after WPS.

INTERPRETATION

In apparently healthy young individuals from the community, habitual WPS was associated with increased AI, a predictor of cardiovascular risk, and one WPS session acutely increased HR and brachial and aortic BP.

Increase in Vascular Function Parameters According to Lifestyles in a Spanish Population without Previous Cardiovascular Disease-EVA Follow-Up Study

The aim of this longitudinal descriptive observational study was to analyze the influence of different lifestyles on arterial stiffness (AS) throughout five years of follow-up and to describe the differences by sex in a Spanish adult population without cardiovascular disease at the start of the study. A random stratified sampling by age and sex was used to obtain 501 subjects included in the initial assessment. No cardiovascular disease was allowed in the subjects. The average age was 55.9 years, and 50.3% were women. A total of 480 subjects were analyzed again five years later. Alcohol and tobacco consumption were collected with standardized questionnaires. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed with the Mediterranean diet adherence screener (MEDAS) questionnaire. Physical activity was assessed with the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and sedentary time was assessed with the Marshall Sitting Questionnaire (MSQ). AS was assessed by measuring carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and central augmentation index (CAIx) with SphygmoCor System®, and ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and cardio ankle vascular index (CAVI) with Vasera VS-1500®. Increases in vascular function measures per year of follow-up were: cfPWV = 0.228 ± 0.360 m/s, baPWV = 0.186 ± 0.308 m/s, CAVI = 0.041 ± 0.181 m/s, and CAIx = 0.387 ± 2.664 m/s. In multiple regression analysis, positive association was shown between an increase in baPWV and tobacco index (β = 0.007) and alcohol consumption (β = 0.005). Negative association was shown between CAVI and Mediterranean diet score (β = -0.051). In multinomial logistic regression analysis, the OR of tobacco index of subjects with a cfPWV increase >P75 was OR = 1.025 and of subjects classified between P25 and P75 was OR = 1.026 regarding subjects classified with an increase P75 was OR = 1.006 regarding subjects classified with an increase P75, and an OR = 0.841 was found of subjects classified between P25-75 regarding subjects classified with an increase Collapse

Key Words

• arterial stiffness
• lifestyle
• longitudinal study
• mediterranean diet

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MESH Headings

• Adult
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Ankle Brachial Index
• Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology
• Follow-Up Studies
• Life Style
• Pulse Wave Analysis
• Longitudinal Studies

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Grants

• RD21/0016/0010 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
• GRS 1193/B/15; GRS2303/B/21 Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León

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Affiliation(s)

Alicia Navarro Cáceres Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Salamanca Primary Care Management, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37005 Salamanca, Spain; (A.N.C.); (E.N.-M.); (O.T.-M.); (C.L.-S.); (S.G.-S.); (E.R.-S.); (L.G.-O.) Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, Regional Health Management, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
Elena Navarro-Matías Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Salamanca Primary Care Management, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37005 Salamanca, Spain; (A.N.C.); (E.N.-M.); (O.T.-M.); (C.L.-S.); (S.G.-S.); (E.R.-S.); (L.G.-O.) Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, Regional Health Management, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
Marta Gómez-Sánchez Home Hospitalization Service, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39008 Santander, Spain;
Olaya Tamayo-Morales Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Salamanca Primary Care Management, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37005 Salamanca, Spain; (A.N.C.); (E.N.-M.); (O.T.-M.); (C.L.-S.); (S.G.-S.); (E.R.-S.); (L.G.-O.) Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), 37005 Salamanca, Spain
Cristina Lugones-Sánchez Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Salamanca Primary Care Management, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37005 Salamanca, Spain; (A.N.C.); (E.N.-M.); (O.T.-M.); (C.L.-S.); (S.G.-S.); (E.R.-S.); (L.G.-O.) Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, Regional Health Management, 37005 Salamanca, Spain Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), 37005 Salamanca, Spain
Susana González-Sánchez Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Salamanca Primary Care Management, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37005 Salamanca, Spain; (A.N.C.); (E.N.-M.); (O.T.-M.); (C.L.-S.); (S.G.-S.); (E.R.-S.); (L.G.-O.) Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), 37005 Salamanca, Spain
Emiliano Rodríguez-Sánchez Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Salamanca Primary Care Management, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37005 Salamanca, Spain; (A.N.C.); (E.N.-M.); (O.T.-M.); (C.L.-S.); (S.G.-S.); (E.R.-S.); (L.G.-O.) Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, Regional Health Management, 37005 Salamanca, Spain Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), 37005 Salamanca, Spain Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 28046 Salamanca, Spain
Luis García-Ortiz Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Salamanca Primary Care Management, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37005 Salamanca, Spain; (A.N.C.); (E.N.-M.); (O.T.-M.); (C.L.-S.); (S.G.-S.); (E.R.-S.); (L.G.-O.) Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, Regional Health Management, 37005 Salamanca, Spain Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), 37005 Salamanca, Spain Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
Leticia Gómez-Sánchez Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Salamanca Primary Care Management, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37005 Salamanca, Spain; (A.N.C.); (E.N.-M.); (O.T.-M.); (C.L.-S.); (S.G.-S.); (E.R.-S.); (L.G.-O.) Emergency Service, University Hospital of La Paz, 37007 Madrid, Spain
Manuel A. Gómez-Marcos Primary Care Research Unit of Salamanca (APISAL), Salamanca Primary Care Management, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37005 Salamanca, Spain; (A.N.C.); (E.N.-M.); (O.T.-M.); (C.L.-S.); (S.G.-S.); (E.R.-S.); (L.G.-O.) Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, Regional Health Management, 37005 Salamanca, Spain Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), 37005 Salamanca, Spain Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 28046 Salamanca, Spain
EVA-Follow-Up Investigators Group

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Vascular ageing: moving from bench towards bedside

Prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the largest public health challenges of our time. Identifying individuals at increased cardiovascular risk at an asymptomatic, sub-clinical stage is of paramount importance for minimizing disease progression as well as the substantial health and economic burden associated with overt CVD. Vascular ageing (VA) involves the deterioration in vascular structure and function over time and ultimately leads to damage in the heart, brain, kidney, and other organs. Vascular ageing encompasses the cumulative effect of all cardiovascular risk factors on the arterial wall over the life course and thus may help identify those at elevated cardiovascular risk, early in disease development. Although the concept of VA is gaining interest clinically, it is seldom measured in routine clinical practice due to lack of consensus on how to characterize VA as physiological vs. pathological and various practical issues. In this state-of-the-art review and as a network of scientists, clinicians, engineers, and industry partners with expertise in VA, we address six questions related to VA in an attempt to increase knowledge among the broader medical community and move the routine measurement of VA a little closer from bench towards bedside.

Association between tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption with arterial stiffness

Few investigations have been performed between tobacco smoking, alcohol, and arterial stiffness. The purpose of our study was to investigate the association between smoking use and alcohol with arterial stiffness index (ASI) in a middle-age population. Smoking pack-years and cigarettes per day were defined as alcohol consumption in units/day. Sex associations between smoking and alcohol with ASI were estimated using multiple linear regressions. Interactions and synergistic effects were investigating. 98 039 individuals of the UK Biobank cohort were included (45 457 men and 52 582 women). ASI levels were higher in men than in women (9.91 vs. 8.71 m/s, p < .001), and showed higher relationship to smoking tobacco in multiple linear regression models in women than in men (FDR logworth 78.4 vs. 52.7). The findings revealed that ASI was higher among current smokers than never smokers in both sex and after adjustment for all covariates (in men 10.4 vs. 9.6 and in women 9.5 vs. 8.5 m/s, p < .001). Alcohol consumption per day was positively associated with higher levels of ASI in both sex, but with a less relationship (FDR logworth for men = 2.8, for women = 2.5). An interaction was observed between smoking information and alcohol in men but not in women. Synergistic effects were observed by adding smoking information on alcohol consumption models in men and women (p = .029, p < .001, respectively). Smoking and alcohol were associated with higher ASI in both sex but with a higher relationship among women. The findings suggest the importance of considering smoking and alcohol consumption cessation in cardiovascular diseases prevention.

The cardiovascular consequences of electronic cigarette smoking: a narrative review

INTRODUCTION

E-cigarettes have emerged as a popular alternative to traditional tobacco smoking in recent years. Despite their growing popularity, concerns have arisen regarding the cardiovascular implications of e-cigarette use.

AREAS COVERED

This narrative review aims to highlight the latest evidence on the impact of e-cigarettes on cardiovascular health.

EXPERT OPINION

Numerous studies have demonstrated that e-cigarette use can lead to acute adverse cardiovascular effects. Inhalation of e-cigarette aerosols exposes users to a wide range of potentially harmful substances that have been implicated in critical pathophysiologic pathways of cardiovascular disease, namely endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, sympathetic overdrive, and arterial stiffness. While long-term epidemiological studies specifically focusing on the cardiovascular effects of e-cigarettes are still relatively scarce, early evidence suggests a potential association between e-cigarette use and an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. However, it is essential to recognize that e-cigarettes are relatively new products, and the full extent of their long-term cardiovascular impact has not been fully elucidated. In the meantime, promoting tobacco cessation strategies that are evidence-based and regulated, along with rigorous monitoring of e-cigarette use patterns and associated health outcomes, are essential steps in safeguarding cardiovascular health in the face of this emerging public health challenge.

The Effects of Smoking on the Diagnostic Characteristics of Metabolic Syndrome: A Review

Metabolic syndrome is a growing epidemic that increases the risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, and mortality. It is diagnosed by the presence of three or more of the following risk factors: 1) obesity, with an emphasis on central adiposity, 2) high blood pressure, 3) hyperglycemia, 4) dyslipidemia, with regard to reduced high-density lipoprotein concentrations, and 5) dyslipidemia, with regard to elevated triglycerides. Smoking is one lifestyle factor that can increase the risk for metabolic syndrome as it has been shown to exert negative effects on abdominal obesity, blood pressure, blood glucose concentrations, and blood lipid profiles. Smoking may also negatively affect other factors that influence glucose and lipid metabolism including lipoprotein lipase, adiponectin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Some of these smoking-related outcomes may be reversed with smoking cessation, thus reducing the risk for metabolic disease; however, metabolic syndrome risk may initially increase post cessation, possibly due to weight gain. Therefore, these findings warrant the need for more research on the development and efficacy of smoking prevention and cessation programs.

Time-varying association between cigarette and ENDS use on incident hypertension among US adults: a prospective longitudinal study

OBJECTIVE

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) products have emerged as the most popular alternative to combustible cigarettes. However, ENDS products contain potentially dangerous toxicants and chemical compounds, and little is known about their health effects. The aim of the present study was to examine the prospective association between cigarette and ENDS use on self-reported incident hypertension.

DESIGN

Longitudinal cohort study.

SETTING

Nationally representative sample of the civilian, non-institutionalised population in the USA.

PARTICIPANTS

17 539 adults aged 18 or older who participated at follow-up and had no self-reported heart condition or previous diagnosis of hypertension or high cholesterol at baseline.

MEASURES

We constructed a time-varying tobacco exposure, lagged by one wave, defined as no use, exclusive established use (every day or some days) of ENDS or cigarettes, and dual use. We controlled for demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity and household income), clinical risk factors (family history of heart attack, obesity, diabetes and binge drinking) and smoking history (cigarette pack-years).

OUTCOMES

Self-reported incident hypertension diagnosis.

RESULTS

The self-reported incidence of hypertension was 3.7% between wave 2 and wave 5. At baseline, 18.0% (n=5570) of respondents exclusively smoked cigarettes; 1.1% (n=336) exclusively used ENDS; and 1.7% (n=570) were dual users. In adjusted models, exclusive cigarette use was associated with an increased risk of self-reported incident hypertension compared with non-use (adjusted HR (aHR) 1.21, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.38), while exclusive ENDS use (aHR 1.00, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.47) and dual use (aHR 1.15, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.52) were not.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that smoking increased the risk of self-reported hypertension, but ENDS use did not. These results highlight the importance of using prospective longitudinal data to examine the health effects of ENDS use.

Does Alcohol Withdrawal Influence Arterial Stiffness and Classical Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease for Persons With Alcohol Use Disorder?

AIMS

The amount and pattern of cigarette and alcohol consumption are highly associated with cardiovascular risk. The aim of the present study was the assessment of changes in arterial stiffness and classical risk factors for cardiovascular disease after alcohol withdrawal and detoxification in persons with alcohol use disorder.

METHODS

Two hundred and forty-one individuals (men and women) participated in the investigation. The photoplethysmographic method was applied to assess arterial stiffness in three stages within 6 weeks. Participants were divided into subgroups based on age and sex. Analyses were performed using analysis of variance with repeated measures.

RESULTS

Different variations in time of stiffness index (SI) and reflection index (RI) values were recorded. Some increases in triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and a decrease in high-density lipoproteins were observed in all analyzed groups. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DP) changed significantly during the 3 weeks of the study only in a group of younger men. The SI is correlated with age and gender. No correlation of RI with sex was found; however, RI was strongly correlated with age, pulse and DP.

CONCLUSIONS

The presented study shows that some groups of patients (older women and younger men) after detoxification may be particularly vulnerable to vascular system disorders, i.e. arterial stiffness, making it suggested to include additional observation during therapy.

Individual and combined contributions of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity to cardiovascular disease risk: Results of a prospective study using the Kailuan cohort

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to characterize the relationship of a combination of circulating non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (non-HDL-C) concentration and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) with cardiovascular disease (CVD).

METHODS

We performed a prospective cohort study of the residents of the Kailuan community, with data from a total of 45,051 participants being included in the final analysis. The participants were allocated to four groups according to their non-HDL-C and baPWV status, each of which was categorized as high or normal. Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore the relationships of non-HDL-C and baPWV, individually and in combination, with the incidence of CVD.

RESULTS

During the 5.04-year follow-up period, 830 participants developed CVD. Compared with the Normal non-HDL-C group independently, the multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CVD in the High non-HDL-C was 1.25 (1.08-1.46). Compared with the Normal baPWV group independently, the HRs and 95% CIs for CVD in the High baPWV was 1.51 (1.29-1.76). In addition, compared with the Normal both non-HDL-C and baPWV group, the HRs and 95% CIs for CVD in the High non-HDL-C and normal baPWV, Normal non-HDL-C and high baPWV, and High both non-HDL-C and baPWV groups were 1.40 (1.07-1.82), 1.56 (1.30-1.88), and 1.89 (1.53-2.35), respectively.

CONCLUSION

High non-HDL-C concentration and high baPWV are independently associated with a higher risk of CVD, and individuals with high both non-HDL-C and baPWV are at a still higher risk of CVD.

Chronic cigarette smoking is associated with increased arterial stiffness in men and women: evidence from a large population-based cohort

BACKGROUND

Cigarette smoking is a threat to global human health and a leading cause of the cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Importantly, sex-specific differences in smoking-induced arterial stiffness, an early key event in the development of atherosclerotic CVD, remain still elusive. Thus, this study sought out to investigate sex-specific associations between smoking and measures of arterial stiffness.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Overall, 15,010 participants (7584 men and 7426 women aged 35-74 years) of the Gutenberg Health Study were examined at baseline during 2007-2012. Smoking status, pack-years of smoking, and years since quitting smoking were assessed by a standardized computer-assisted interview. Arterial stiffness and wave reflection were determined by stiffness index (SI) and augmentation index (AI). In the total sample, 45.8% had never smoked, 34.7% were former smokers, and 19.4% were current smokers. Median cumulative smoking exposure was 22.0 pack-years in current male smokers and 16.0 in current female smokers. In general, multivariable linear regression models adjusted for a comprehensive set of confounders revealed that smoking status, pack-years of smoking, and years since quitting smoking were dose-dependently associated with markers of arterial stiffness. In sex-specific analyses, these associations were overall more pronounced in men and SI was stronger related to the male sex, whereas differences between men and women in the case of AI appeared to be less substantial.

DISCUSSION

The present results indicate that chronic smoking is strongly and dose-dependently associated with increased arterial stiffness in a large population-based cohort regardless of sex but with a stronger association in men.

The Effects of chronic smoking on retinal vascular densities and choroidal thicknesses measured by optical coherence tomography angiography

PURPOSE

To examine the effects of chronic smoking on vascular density in superficial and deep retinal vascular plexuses and choroidal thicknesses.

METHOD

Superficial and deep vessel densities and choroidal thicknesses of smoking volunteers and healthy non-smoking volunteers were measured with the Topcon DRI OCT-1 Tritron® device and compared with each other.

RESULTS

This study included 108 eyes of 54 smoking volunteers and 108 eyes of 54 healthy volunteers as a control group. The average superficial vascular density index and deep vascular density indexes of smokers were found to be 39.81 ± 1.5% and 42.53 ± 1.9%, respectively (P = 0.53), while the non-smoking control group was 40.09 ± 1.3% and 41.57 ± 1.6%, respectively (P = 0.006). Average choroidal thicknesses were 284.22 ± 59 in smokers and 270.72 ± 61 in the control group (P = 0.247). Also, smoking quantity per day x years was found to be significantly negatively correlated with average choroidal thicknesses. (P = 0,011).

DISCUSSION

In this study, it was determined that chronic smoking increases deep retinal vascular densities on retinal vascular plexus. However, the cumulative effect of smoking was found to be negatively correlated with choroidal thicknesses. Smoking has microvascular effects on vessels such as vasodilatation, vasoconstriction, increased platelet aggregation, endothelial dysfunction. However, studies in the literature are in dispute with the effects of smoking on choroidal and retinal vessels. This study may show that chronic smoking may have different vascular effects on the superficial and deep plexuses and choroidal vessels, as well as different effects from acute use.

Pathogenesis of (smoking-related) non-communicable diseases-Evidence for a common underlying pathophysiological pattern

Non-communicable diseases, like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease and other more are a leading cause of death in almost all countries. Lifestyle factors, especially poor diet and tobacco consumption, are considered to be the most important influencing factors in the development of these diseases. The Western diet has been shown to cause a significant distortion of normal physiology, characterized by dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, and immune system, as well as disruption of physiological insulin and oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis, all of which play critical roles in the development of these diseases. This paper addresses the question of whether the development of smoking-related non-communicable diseases follows the same pathophysiological pattern. The evidence presented shows that exposure to cigarette smoke and/or nicotine causes the same complex dysregulation of physiology as described above, it further shows that the factors involved are strongly interrelated, and that all of these factors play a key role in the development of a broad spectrum of smoking-related diseases. Since not all smokers develop one or more of these diseases, it is proposed that this disruption of normal physiological balance represents a kind of pathogenetic "basic toolkit" for the potential development of a range of non-communicable diseases, and that the decision of whether and what disease will develop in an individual is determined by other, individual factors ("determinants"), such as the genome, epigenome, exposome, microbiome, and others. The common pathophysiological pattern underlying these diseases may provide an explanation for the often poorly understood links between non-communicable diseases and disease comorbidities. The proposed pathophysiological process offers new insights into the development of non-communicable diseases and may influence the direction of future research in both prevention and therapy.

Hemodynamic differences between women and men with elevated blood pressure in China: A non-invasive assessment of 45,082 adults using impedance cardiography

Background

Whether there are sex differences in hemodynamic profiles among people with elevated blood pressure is not well understood and could guide personalization of treatment.

Methods and results

We described the clinical and hemodynamic characteristics of adults with elevated blood pressure in China using impedance cardiography. We included 45,082 individuals with elevated blood pressure (defined as systolic blood pressure of ≥130 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure of ≥80 mmHg), of which 35.2% were women. Overall, women had a higher mean systolic blood pressure than men (139.0 [±15.7] mmHg vs 136.8 [±13.8] mmHg, P<0.001), but a lower mean diastolic blood pressure (82.6 [±9.0] mmHg vs 85.6 [±8.9] mmHg, P<0.001). After adjusting for age, region, and body mass index, women <50 years old had lower systemic vascular resistance index (beta-coefficient [β] -31.7; 95% CI: -51.2, -12.2) and higher cardiac index (β 0.07; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.09) than men of their same age group, whereas among those ≥50 years old women had higher systemic vascular resistance index (β 120.4; 95% CI: 102.4, 138.5) but lower cardiac index (β -0.15; 95% CI: -0.16, -0.13). Results were consistent with a propensity score matching sensitivity analysis, although the magnitude of the SVRI difference was lower and non-significant. However, there was substantial overlap between women and men in the distribution plots of these variables, with overlapping areas ranging from 78% to 88%.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that there are sex differences in hypertension phenotype, but that sex alone is insufficient to infer an individual’s profile.

Cardiac Rehabilitation in Peripheral Artery Disease in a Tertiary Center-Impact on Arterial Stiffness and Functional Status after 6 Months

Background and Objectives: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) plays an essential role in peripheral artery disease (PAD), leading to improved functional status, increased quality of life, and reduced arterial stiffness. We aimed to assess factors associated with clinical improvement 6 months after enrolment in a rehabilitation program at an academic medical center in north-eastern Europe. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study on 97 patients with PAD admitted to a single tertiary referral center. At the 6-months follow-up, 75 patients (77.3%) showed improved clinical status. We analyzed demographics and clinical and paraclinical parameters in order to explore factors associated with a favorable outcome. Results: Hypertension (p = 0.002), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.002), dyslipidemia (p = 0.045), and obesity (p = 0.564) were associated with no clinical improvement. Smoking cessation (p < 0.001), changing sedentary lifestyle (p = 0.032), and improvement of lipid and carbohydrate profile as well as functional status parameters and ambulatory arterial stiffness index (p = 0.008) were factors associated with clinical improvement at the 6-months follow-up. Conclusions: PAD patients require an integrative, multidisciplinary management to maintain functional status and increase quality of life. Improving carbohydrate and lipid profile, adopting a healthy lifestyle, quitting smoking and increasing exercise capacity are predictors for clinical improvement 6 months after enrolment in a CR program.

Vascular Responses Among Adults Four Years Post Exposure to 6 Weeks of Smoke from the Hazelwood Coal Mine Fire

Background and Aims

Mega-wild fires are exposing large communities to weeks or months of high concentration smoke-related fine particulate air pollution (PM). However, little research has examined the long-term vascular responses from exposure to PM of this concentration and duration. We investigated whether level of exposure to 6 weeks of PM from the 2014 Hazelwood coal mine fire was associated with abnormal vascular responses approximately four years later.

Methods

A cross-sectional analysis was undertaken of 387 participants (225 exposed, 162 unexposed) aged 55–89 years, 3.5–4 years after the mine fire. The primary outcome was flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), with time to reach peak diameter as the secondary outcome. Other secondary markers included high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and ischaemic Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes.

Results

There was no evidence of a difference in FMD between participants with high, medium, low or no mine-fire related PM_2.5 exposure (4.09% vs 4.06% vs 4.02% vs 3.98%, respectively, p=0.99). Likewise, there was no difference in hsCRP or ischaemic ECG changes. In contrast, there was evidence of a difference in time to peak diameter (p=0.002) with more unexposed participants reaching peak diameter within 30 seconds (36%) compared to those who had high, medium, or low exposure (23%, 22%, 13%, respectively). Multivariate ordinal logistic regression analysis suggested that township, Morwell (exposed) vs Sale (unexposed), but not level of PM_2.5 exposure, was associated with delayed time to peak diameter (OR 2.71; 95% CI 1.56, 4.69). Smokers also had delayed time to peak diameter.

Conclusion

There was no association between level of exposure to PM_2.5 from the 6-week Hazelwood coal mine fire smoke event and reduced FMD, elevated hsCRP or ischaemic ECG four years later. Evidence of delayed time to peak diameter observed in adults from the exposed town, compared to an unexposed town, requires further investigation.

Arterial Stiffness in a Cohort of Young People Living With Perinatal HIV and HIV Negative Young People in England

Background

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased life expectancy and consequently the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults living with HIV. We investigated the levels and predictors of arterial stiffness in young people (YP) living with perinatal HIV (PHIV) and HIV negative YP in the Adolescents and Adults Living with Perinatal HIV (AALPHI) study.

Methods

AALPHI was a prospective study evaluating the impact of HIV infection and exposure to ART on YP living with PHIV (aged 13–21 years) who had known their HIV status for at least 6 months, and HIV negative YP (aged 13–23 years) who either had a sibling, friend or parent living with HIV. Participants were enrolled from HIV clinics and community services in England. Two hundred and thirteen PHIV and 65 HIV negative YP (42% siblings of PHIV) had pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurements taken (Vicorder software) from the supra-sternal notch to the middle of the thigh cuff, at their second interview in the study between 2015 and 2017. Average PWV was calculated from the three closest readings (≥3 and ≤ 12 m/s) within 0.6 m/s of each other. Linear regression examined predictors of higher (worse) PWV, including age, sex, HIV status and height as a priori, ethnicity, born outside UK/Ireland, alcohol/nicotine/drug use, weight, waist-to-hip-ratio, mean arterial pressure (MAP), caffeine 2 h before PWV and nicotine on day of PWV. A separate PHIV model included CD4, viral load, years taking ART and ART regimen.

Findings

One hundred and twenty eight (60%) PHIV and 45 (69%) HIV negative YP were female (p = 0.18), with median (IQR) age 18 (16, 20) and 18 (16, 21) years (p = 0.48) respectively. Most PHIV were taking a combination of three ART drugs from two classes. There was a trend toward higher (worse) mean PWV in the PHIV group than the HIV negative group [unvariable analysis 6.15 (SD 0.83) m/s vs. 5.93 (0.70) m/s, respectively, unadjusted p = 0.058], which was statistically significant in the multivariable analysis [adjusted p (ap) = 0.020]. In multivariable analysis being male (ap = 0.002), older age (ap < 0.001), higher MAP (ap < 0.001) and nicotine use on day of measurement (ap = 0.001) were also predictors of higher PWV. The predictors were the same in the PHIV model.

Interpretation

By late adolescence PHIV had worse PWV in comparison to HIV negative peers, and traditional risk factors for CVD (higher arterial pressure, being male and older age) were associated with higher PWV values. Regular detailed monitoring of cardiovascular risk factors should become standard of care for every young person with PHIV worldwide.

Effect of Amlodipine/Nebivolol combination therapy on central BP and PWV compared to Amlodipine/Valsartan combination therapy

Background

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and central blood pressure (CBP) have been intoduced into managment of hypertensive patients. PWV is positively correlated with arterial wall stiffness while central aortic pressure becomes better predictor of cardiovascular outcome than peripheral pressure. Reduction in CBP provides protective properties against subclinical organ damage. This work aims to investigate the effect of a new combination therapy of Amlodipine/Nebivolol (A/N) on central BP, peripheral BP and PWV. The results of using this combination will be compared to the well-established fixed-dose combination of Amlodipine/Valsartan (A/V). The study conducted between October 2018 and August 2020. One hundred and two hypertensive patients were assigned for Amlodipine 10 mg/Valsartan 160 mg combination therapy (A/V, n = 52) or Amlodipine 10 mg/Nebivolol 5 mg combination therapy (A/N, n = 50) by simple 1:1 randomization. Office, central blood pressure and PWV were measured on first (0 week), second (4–8 weeks) and third visit (10–12). Difference in BP (in each arm and between arms) was calculated along all visits.

Results

No statistical significant difference was found between A/V and A/N regarding age, gender, BMI and CV history. OBP, CBP and PWV were significantly reduced in each arm, but no differences were found when comparing both arm results to each other. Recorded side effects were insignificant.

Conclusions

The new combination therapy Amlodipine/Nebivolol (A/N) affords a significant reduction in CBP, PBP and PWV with minor and tolerable side effects. It has provided comparable results to Amlodipine/Valsartan (A/V) combination therapy.

E-Cigarettes and Cardiopulmonary Health: Review for Clinicians

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are battery powered electronic nicotine delivery systems that use a propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin base to deliver vaporized nicotine and flavorings to the body. E-cigarettes became commercially available without evidence regarding their risks, long-term safety, or utility in smoking cessation. Recent clinical trials suggest that e-cigarette use with counseling may be effective in reducing cigarette use but not nicotine dependence. However, meta-analyses of observational studies demonstrate that e-cigarette use is not associated with smoking cessation. Cardiovascular studies reported sympathetic activation, vascular stiffening, and endothelial dysfunction, which are associated with adverse cardiovascular events. The majority of pulmonary clinical trials in e-cigarette users included standard spirometry as the primary outcome measure, reporting no change in lung function. However, studies reported increased biomarkers of pulmonary disease in e-cigarette users. These studies were conducted in adults, but >30% of high school-age adolescents reported e-cigarette use. The effects of e-cigarette use on cardiopulmonary endpoints in adolescents and young adults remain unstudied. Because of adverse clinical findings and associations between e-cigarette use and increased incidence of respiratory diseases in people who have never smoked, large longitudinal studies are needed to understand the risk profile of e-cigarettes. Consistent with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations, clinicians should monitor the health risks of e-cigarette use, discourage nonsmokers and adolescents from using e-cigarettes, and discourage smokers from engaging in dual use without cigarette reduction or cessation.

Nicotine Affects Murine Aortic Stiffness and Fatigue Response During Supraphysiological Cycling

Nicotine exposure is a major risk factor for several cardiovascular diseases. Although the deleterious effects of nicotine on aortic remodeling processes have been studied to some extent, the biophysical consequences are not fully elucidated. In this investigation, we applied quasi-static and dynamic loading to quantify ways in which exposure to nicotine affects the mechanical behavior of murine arterial tissue. Segments of thoracic aortas from C57BL/6 mice exposed to 25 mg/kg/day of subcutaneous nicotine for 28 days were subjected to uniaxial tensile loading in an open-circumferential configuration. Comparing aorta segments from nicotine-treated mice relative to an equal number of control counterparts, stiffness in the circumferential direction was nearly twofold higher (377 kPa ± 165 kPa versus 191 kPa ± 65 kPa, n = 5, p = 0.03) at 50% strain. Using a degradative power-law fit to fatigue data at supraphysiological loading, we observed that nicotine-treated aortas exhibited significantly higher peak stress, greater loss of tension, and wider oscillation band than control aortas (p ≤ 0.01 for all three variables). Compared to simple stress relaxation tests, fatigue cycling is shown to be more sensitive and versatile in discerning nicotine-induced changes in mechanical behavior over many cycles. Supraphysiological fatigue cycling thus may have broader potential to reveal subtle changes in vascular mechanics caused by other exogenous toxins or pathological conditions.

Associations of lower-limb atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis with cardiovascular risk factors and disease in older adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis contribute to vascular aging and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Both processes can be assessed simply in the lower-limbs and reflect systemic pathology. However, only atherosclerosis is routinely assessed, typically via ankle-brachial index (ABI). Arteriosclerosis can be assessed using femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV), but no studies have identified whether ABI and faPWV similarly associate with overt CVD and risk factors, nor whether faPWV confers additional information. The aims of this study were to (i) compare associations of ABI and faPWV with traditional CVD risk factors, including age, sex, systolic blood pressure (SBP), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), smoking, and diabetes; and (ii) determine the independent and additive associations of ABI and faPWV with a composite measure of prevalent CVD.

METHODS

We evaluated ABI and faPWV in 4330 older-aged (75.3 ± 5.0 years) adults using an oscillometric screening device. Associations between ABI and faPWV with CVD risk factors and CVD were determined using mixed-model linear- and logistic-regression.

RESULTS

ABI and faPWV were associated with age, HDL, and smoking. ABI was associated with sex, TC, diabetes. faPWV was associated with SBP. Both ABI and faPWV were inversely associated with CVD. Low ABI (≤0.9 vs. >0.9) and low faPWV (≤9.94 vs. >9.94) increased the odds of CVD by 2.41-fold (95% CI:1.85,3.17) and 1.46-fold (95% CI:1.23,1.74), respectively. The inverse association between faPWV and CVD was independent of ABI and CVD risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS

ABI and faPWV, measures of lower-limb atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis, are independently associated with CVD risk factors and prevalent CVD. Assessment of faPWV may confer additional risk information beyond ABI.

Aortic Stiffness: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Relevant Biomarkers

Aortic stiffness (AoS) is a maladaptive response to hemodynamic stress and both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, and elevated AoS increases afterload for the heart. AoS is a non-invasive marker of cardiovascular health and metabolic dysfunction. Implementing AoS as a diagnostic tool is challenging as it increases with age and varies amongst races. AoS is associated with lifestyle factors such as alcohol and smoking, as well as hypertension and comorbid conditions including metabolic syndrome and its components. Multiple studies have investigated various biomarkers associated with increased AoS, and this area is of particular interest given that these markers can highlight pathophysiologic pathways and specific therapeutic targets in the future. These biomarkers include those involved in the inflammatory cascade, anti-aging genes, and the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system. In the future, targeting AoS rather than blood pressure itself may be the key to improving vascular health and outcomes. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of AoS, measurement of AoS and the challenges in interpretation, associated biomarkers, and possible therapeutic avenues for modulation of AoS.

The effect of smoking and smoking cessation on arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis

AIMS

One of the most important mechanisms by which smoking contributes to cardiovascular disease is endothelial dysfunction, including arterial stiffness. However, the effects of smoking and smoking cessation on arterial stiffness remain unclear. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of smoking and smoking cessation on arterial stiffness in the adult population.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Random effects models were used to compute pooled estimates of effect size (ES) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) and %change in pulse wave velocity (PWv) (m/s) for the acute and chronic effect of smoking and smoking cessation, and for the effect of smoking cessation vs. the pooled ES estimate for the effect of smoking cessation vs. maintaining this behaviour. Thirteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Smoking cessation decreased the PWv (ES -0.52, 95% CI -1.02 to -0.03, 3.5% m/s) compared to those maintaining this behaviour. Pooled estimates of both smoking conventional cigarettes and vaping significantly increased the PWv (ES 0.68, 95% CI 0.39-0.98, 10.0% m/s; and ES 0.37, 95% CI 0.14-0.61, 4.7% m/s, respectively). In addition, smoking cessation was effective in reducing arterial stiffness but only in healthy subjects (ES -0.95, 95% CI -1.85 to -0.05, -6.7% m/s). The chronic effect of smoking showed non-significant results on arterial stiffness.

CONCLUSION

Our results show that arterial stiffness levels decrease after smoking cessation. These findings are of clinical importance, as smoking cessation partially reverses the effects of smoking on arterial stiffness.

A Bayesian meta-analysis on early tobacco exposure and vascular health: From childhood to early adulthood

BACKGROUND

Smoking has been consistently associated with increased cardiovascular risk in adults. Although exposure to tobacco products often starts in early life, evidence for the possible adverse effects on the cardiovascular system of the young is scarce. We sought to derive pooled estimates of smoking effects on indices of early vascular damage in children and adolescents.

DESIGN AND METHODS

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies involving young individuals up to 21 years old that provided data on smoking exposure (active or passive) and flow-mediated dilatation, carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity and maximum carotid intima-media thickness. We employed three distinct methodologies of random-effects data synthesis, including the Sidik-Jonkman estimator, the Hartung and Knapp correction and a Bayesian method with a well-informed prior on the level of between-study variance.

RESULTS

In 12 studies and 5279 individuals in total, smoking exposure was related to deterioration in all three outcomes (mean adjusted flow-mediated dilatation decrease: -0.77%, 95% confidence interval -1.38--0.15, mean adjusted pulse wave velocity increase: 0.1 m/s, 95% confidence interval 0.02-0.17 and mean adjusted carotid intima-media thickness increase: 0.35 mm, 95% confidence interval 0.16-0.55, for the Sidik-Jonkman estimator). No difference was established between active and passive smoking on associations with arterial damage.

CONCLUSIONS

Exposure to tobacco products is associated with subclinical vascular damage early in life, even from childhood. Public health initiatives should target these very young age groups to prevent early smoking exposure and associated arterial damage and its sequelae.

Alcohol Exerts a Shifted U-Shaped Effect on Central Blood Pressure in Young Adults

BACKGROUND

Consumption of 1-2 alcoholic beverages daily has been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older adults. Central blood pressure has emerged as a better predictor of cardiovascular risk than peripheral blood pressure. However, the effects of habitual alcohol consumption on central blood pressure particularly in young adults, who are among the largest consumers of alcohol in North America, have yet to be investigated.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to study the effect of alcohol consumption on central and peripheral blood pressure, and arterial stiffness in young adults.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional observational study.

MAIN MEASURES

Using a standardized questionnaire, alcohol consumption (drinks/week) was queried; participants were classified as non- (< 2), light (2-6), moderate (women 7-9, men 7-14), and heavy drinkers (women > 9, men > 14). Central blood pressure and arterial stiffness were measured using applanation tonometry.

KEY RESULTS

We recruited 153 healthy, non-smoking, non-obese individuals. We found a U-shaped effect of alcohol consumption on blood pressure. Light drinkers had significantly lower central systolic and mean arterial blood pressure, but not peripheral blood pressure when compared to non- and moderate/heavy drinkers (P < 0.05). No significant associations with arterial stiffness parameters were noted.

CONCLUSIONS

A U-shaped relationship was found between alcohol consumption and central and mean arterial blood pressure in young individuals, which importantly, was shifted towards lower levels of alcohol consumption than currently suggested. This is the first study, to our knowledge, that examines the effect of alcohol consumption on central blood pressure and arterial stiffness exclusively in young individuals. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the relationships observed herein.

Predictors of Arterial Stiffness in Law Enforcement Officers

BACKGROUND

Compare arterial stiffness among law enforcement officers (LEOs) versus general population normative values and identify predictors of arterial stiffness in LEOs.

METHODS

Seventy male LEOs (age: 24-54 years) completed body composition, blood pressures, physical activity level, and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) measurements. T-tests and regression analyses were utilized to compare LEO data to normative data and predict cfPWV, respectively.

RESULTS

Compared to similar age strata within the general population, cfPWV was lower among LEO's under 30-years (mean difference = -0.6 m·s^-1), but higher among LEOs 50-55-years (mean difference = 1.1 m·s^-1). Utilizing regression, age, relative body fat, and diastolic blood pressure explained the greatest variance in LEO's cfPWV (adj. R² = 0.56, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

This investigation demonstrated that arterial stiffness may progress more rapidly in LEOs and LEOs' relative body fat and blood pressure may primarily affect arterial stiffness and risk of CVD.

The association of waterpipe smoking with arterial stiffness and wave reflection in a community-based sample

PURPOSE

The evidence linking waterpipe smoking to cardiovascular disease is limited. We evaluated the association of waterpipe smoking (WPS) with arterial stiffness and wave reflection measured by augmentation pressure (AP), augmentation index (AIx), and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CFPWV), which are validated predictors of cardiovascular disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Community-based, cross-sectional study including 205 exclusive waterpipe smokers and 199 matched never-smokers aged 35 years or older (mean age 51.7 ± 8.9 years, 36% females). Smoking and its extent were assessed using a validated questionnaire and urine cotinine levels. CFPWV, AP, AIx (AP/aortic pulse pressure) and heart rate adjusted AIx (AIx@75) were determined using tonometry and compared between smokers and non-smokers, and the association of WPS with tonometry measures was assessed using linear regression adjusting for possible confounders.

RESULTS

Waterpipe smokers and non-smokers had similar mean age and sex distribution. Compared to non-smokers, waterpipe smokers had significantly higher adjusted AP (10.5 ± 3.9 vs. 9.4 ± 3.9 mmHg respectively; p = 0.01), AIx (28.1 ± 8.4 vs. 25.7 ± 8.5% respectively; p = 0.01) and AIx@75 (24.2 ± 8.7 vs. 21.8 ± 8.9% respectively; p = 0.01). AIx was significantly associated with WPS extent, measured by a number of waterpipe smoked/day (β = 1.04/waterpipe, 95%CI:[0.50-1.58]), duration of waterpipe smoking (β = 0.77/10-years, 95%CI:[0.16-1.38]), their products in waterpipe-years (β = 0.30/10-waterpipe-year, 95%CI:[0.12-0.47]) and plasma cotinine (β = 0.56/100 ng/ml, 95%CI:[0.14-0.98]), adjusting for possible confounders, and so were AP and AIx@75. CFPWV however, was not associated with waterpipe smoking.

CONCLUSION

In a community-based sample, exclusive WPS and its extent were associated with a dose-dependent increase in AIx and AP, accounting for other risk factors, suggesting that waterpipe smokers are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Soluble epoxide hydrolase deletion attenuated nicotine-induced arterial stiffness via limiting the loss of SIRT1

Arterial stiffness, a consequence of smoking, is an underlying risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), hydrolyzed by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), have beneficial effects against vascular dysfunction. However, the role of sEH knockout in nicotine-induced arterial stiffness was not characterized. We hypothesized that sEH knockout could prevent nicotine-induced arterial stiffness. In the present study, Ephx2 (the gene encodes sEH enzyme) null (Ephx2^-/-) mice and wild-type (WT) littermate mice were infused with or without nicotine and administered with or without nicotinamide [NAM, sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) inhibitor] simultaneously for 4 wk. Nicotine treatment increased sEH expression and activity in the aortas of WT mice. Nicotine infusion significantly induced vascular remodeling, arterial stiffness, and SIRT1 deactivation in WT mice, which was attenuated in Ephx2 knockout mice (Ephx2^-/- mice) without NAM treatment. However, the arterial protective effects were gone in Ephx2^-/- mice with NAM treatment. In vitro, 11,12-EET treatment attenuated nicotine-induced matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) upregulation via SIRT1-mediated yes-associated protein (YAP) deacetylation. In conclusion, sEH knockout attenuated nicotine-induced arterial stiffness and vascular remodeling via SIRT1-induced YAP deacetylation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We presently show that sEH knockout repressed nicotine-induced arterial stiffness and extracellular matrix remodeling via SIRT1-induced YAP deacetylation, which highlights that sEH is a potential therapeutic target in smoking-induced arterial stiffness and vascular remodeling.

Serum MMP-3 and its association with central arterial stiffness among young adults is moderated by smoking and BMI

Central arterial stiffness is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. It is characterized by a marked reduction in the elastin-collagen ratio of the arterial wall extracellular matrix (ECM), and is largely the result of degradation of various ECM components. Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) may contribute to central arterial stiffness via its involvement in ECM homeostasis and remodeling. This study examined the association between serum MMP-3 concentrations and central arterial stiffness and potential interactions of MMP-3 and traditional cardiovascular risk factors in a population of healthy young adults. A total of 206 participants (n = 109 females) aged 19-25 years were included in the current study. Central arterial stiffness was measured non-invasively as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) (m/s). MMP-3 concentrations (ng/ml) were measured using ELISA techniques. Regression analyses were used to examine the association between cfPWV and MMP-3, adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), instantaneous mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate, and serum C-reactive protein. Interactions between MMP-3 with smoking, BMI, sex, and MAP were analyzed in subsequent regression models. MMP-3 was an independent predictor of cfPWV (β = 0.187, p = 0.007), and significant interactions between MMP-3 and regular smoking (β = 0.291, p = 0.022), and MMP-3 and BMI (β = 0.210, p = 0.013) were observed. Higher serum MMP-3 concentrations were associated with a faster cfPWV and thus, greater central arterial stiffness. Interactions between MMP-3 and smoking, and MMP-3 and BMI may, in part, drive the association between MMP-3 and central arterial stiffness.

Structural and functional remodeling of the female Apoe-/- mouse aorta due to chronic cigarette smoke exposure

Despite a decline in popularity over the past several decades, cigarette smoking remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Yet, the effects of cigarette smoking on vascular structure and function are largely unknown. To evaluate changes in the mechanical properties of the aorta that occur with chronic smoking, we exposed female apolipoprotein E-deficient mice to mainstream cigarette smoke daily for 24 wk, with room air as control. By the time of euthanasia, cigarette-exposed mice had lower body mass but experienced larger systolic/diastolic blood pressure when compared with controls. Smoking was associated with significant wall thickening, reduced axial stretch, and circumferential material softening of the aorta. Although this contributed to maintaining intrinsic tissue stiffness at control levels despite larger pressure loads, the structural stiffness became significantly larger. Furthermore, the aorta from cigarette-exposed mice exhibited decreased ability to store elastic energy and augment diastolic blood flow. Histological analysis revealed a region-dependent increase in the cross-sectional area due to smoking. Increased smooth muscle and extracellular matrix content led to medial thickening in the ascending aorta, whereas collagen deposition increased the thickness of the descending thoracic and abdominal aorta. Atherosclerotic lesions were larger in exposed vessels and featured a necrotic core overlaid by a thinned fibrous cap and macrophage infiltration, consistent with a vulnerable phenotype. Collectively, our data indicate that cigarette smoking decreases the mechanical functionality of the aorta, inflicts morphometric alterations to distinct segments of the aorta, and accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We studied the effects of chronic cigarette smoking on the structure and function of the aorta in a mouse model of nose-only aerosol inhalation. Our data indicated that exposure to cigarette smoke impairs vascular function by reducing the ability of the aorta to store elastic energy and by decreasing aortic distensibility. Combined with a more vulnerable atherosclerotic phenotype, these findings reveal the biomechanical mechanisms that support the development of cardiovascular disease due to cigarette smoking.

The Relationship Between Smoking and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Intracranial Aneurysm Rupture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is the main cause of death and disability after intracranial aneurysm rupture. Previous studies have shown that smoking can lead to DCI after intracranial aneurysm rupture. However, some recent studies have shown that nicotine, as the main ingredient of tobacco, can cause cerebral vasodilation. This view has led to a debate about the relationship between smoking and DCI. This study aims to determine the relationship between smoking and DCI.

Methods: A systematic literature search was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase online databases were searched for studies published up to September 2020. All studies related to smoking and DCI were included in the analysis. The R and RevMan software were used for data analysis, and random or fixed model analysis was selected depending on the degree of heterogeneity. Publication bias was examined by using the Begg–Mazumdar test and using contour-enhanced funnel plots with trim method.

Results: A total of eight original articles (12 cohorts) with 10,722 patients were included in this meta-analysis. There were statistically significant higher rates of DCI in the smoking group than in the non-smoking group (RR_total = 1.16, 95%CI: 1.05–1.27). After heterogeneity among cohorts was removed by sensitivity analysis, there was still a statistically significant difference in the incidence of DCI between the smoking and non-smoking groups (RR_total = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.07–1.20).

Conclusions: Although the effects of nicotine as the main component of tobacco are unclear in terms of cerebral vessels, the present study suggests that smoking is a risk factor for DCI in patients with ruptured aneurysm.

Habitual cannabis use is associated with altered cardiac mechanics and arterial stiffness, but not endothelial function in young healthy smokers

Cigarette smoking is among the most detrimental behaviors to cardiovascular health, resulting in arterial stiffening, endothelial dysfunction, and structural/functional alterations to the myocardium. Similar to cigarettes, cannabis is commonly smoked, and next to alcohol, is the most commonly used recreational substance in the world. Despite this, little is known about the long-term cardiovascular effects of smoking cannabis. This study explored the associations of cardiovascular structure and function with cannabis use in ostensibly healthy young participants (n = 35). Using echocardiography, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), and brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD), we performed a cross-sectional assessment of cardiovascular function in cannabis users (n = 18) and controls (n = 17). There were no differences in cardiac morphology or traditional resting measures of systolic or diastolic function between cannabis users and controls (all P > 0.05), whereas cannabis users demonstrated reduced peak apical rotation compared with controls (cannabis users: 5.5 ± 3.8, controls: 9.6 ± 1.5; P = 0.02). Cannabis users had higher cfPWV compared with controls (cannabis users: 5.8 ± 0.6 m/s, controls: 5.3 ± 0.7 m/s; P = 0.05), whereas FMD was similar between cannabis users and controls (cannabis users: 8.3 ± 3.3%, controls: 6.8 ± 3.6%; P = 0.7). Young, healthy, and cannabis users demonstrate altered cardiac mechanics and greater aortic stiffness. Further studies should explore causal links between cannabis smoking and altered cardiovascular function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Recreational cannabis is the most widely used substance in the world, other than alcohol. Yet, the effects of cannabis use on cardiovascular function and health are not well understood. Our cross-sectional data demonstrate that young, ostensibly healthy cannabis users have greater arterial stiffness and altered cardiac mechanics compared to nonusers. These findings suggest that cannabis users may be at greater risk of the development of future cardiovascular disease.

Assessment of Carotid Arterial Stiffness in Community Settings With ARTSENS®

OBJECTIVE

We investigate the field feasibility of carotid stiffness measurement using ARTSENS® Touch and report the first community-level data from India.

METHOD

In an analytical cross-sectional survey among 1074 adults, we measured specific stiffness index ([Formula: see text]), pressure-strain elastic modulus ([Formula: see text]), arterial compliance (AC), and one-point pulse wave velocity (PWV[Formula: see text]) from the left common carotid artery. Data for established risk factors (waist circumference, blood pressure, plasma glucose, triglycerides, and HDL-C) were also collected. The association of carotid stiffness with age, gender, hypertension/diabetes, smoking, and clustering of risk factors was studied.

RESULTS

Measurements were repeatable with a relative difference (RD) between consecutive readings of < 5% for blood pressure and < 15% for [Formula: see text]% of arterial diameter values. The average RDs for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], AC, and PWV[Formula: see text], were 20.51%, 22.31%, 25.10%, and 14.13%, respectively. Typical range for stiffness indices among females and males were [Formula: see text]: 8.12 ± 3.59 vs 6.51 ± 2.78, [Formula: see text]: 113.24 ± 56.12 kPa vs 92.33 ± 40.65 kPa, PWV[Formula: see text]: 6.32 ± 1.38 ms-1 vs 5.81 ± 1.16 ms-1, and AC: 0.54 ± 0.36 mm2 kPa-1 vs 0.72 ± 0.38 mm2 kPa-1. Mean [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and PWV[Formula: see text] increased (and mean AC decreased) across decades of age; the trend persisted even after excluding hypertensives and subjects with diabetes. The odds ratio of presence of multiple risk factors for [Formula: see text] kPa and/or PWV[Formula: see text] ms-1 was ≥ 2.12 or above in males. In females, it was just above 2.00 for [Formula: see text] kPa and/or PWV[Formula: see text] ms-1 and increased to ≥ 3.33 for [Formula: see text] kPa and ≥ 3.25 for PWV[Formula: see text] ms-1.

CONCLUSION

The study demonstrated the feasibility of carotid stiffness measurement in a community setting. A positive association between the risk factors and carotid artery stiffness provides evidence for the device's use in resource-constrained settings. Clinical Impact: The device paves the way for epidemiological and clinical studies that are essential for establishing population-level nomograms for wide-spread use of carotid stiffness in clinical practice and field screening of 'at-risk' subjects.

Coronary remodeling and biomechanics: Are we going with the flow in 2020?

Under normal conditions, coronary blood flow (CBF) provides critical blood supply to the myocardium so that it can appropriately meet the metabolic demands of the body. Dogmatically, there exist several known regulators and modulators of CBF that include local metabolites and neurohormonal factors that can influence the function of the coronary circulation. In disease states such as diabetes and myocardial ischemia, these regulators are impaired or shifted such that CBF is reduced. Although functional considerations have been and continued to be well studied, more recent evidence builds upon established studies that collectively suggest that the relative roles of coronary structure, biomechanics, and the influence of cardiac biomechanics via extravascular compression may also play a significant role in dictating CBF. In this mini review, we discuss these regulators of CBF under normal and pathophysiological conditions and their potential influence on the control of CBF.

Would Oscillometry be Able to Solve the Dilemma of Blood Pressure Independent Pulse Wave Velocity - A Novel Approach Based on Long-Term Pulse Wave Analysis?

The utility of pulse wave velocity (PWV) as a surrogate parameter of arterial vessel damage (AVD) beyond the traditional brachial blood pressure (BP) measurement may be questioned as changes in BP are often accompanied by the corresponding changes in PWV. We sought to establish a new way for BP-independent estimation of AVD with PWV. We retrospectively analyzed data from 507 subjects with at least one available 24 h ambulatory BP- and pulse wave analysis, performed with Mobil-O-Graph (I.E.M., Stolberg, Germany). Individual relationship between eaPWV and central systolic BP (cSBP) was analyzed for every 24 h recording. The analysis revealed linear relation between eaPWV and cSBP in all subjects, which is described by equation eaPWV = a^∗cSBP + b. We termed “a” as PWVslope and “b” as PWVbaseline. All available demographic parameters and clinical data were correlated with eaPWV, PWVslope and PWVbaseline. 108 subjects had repeated 24 h recordings. Mean age was 60.7 years and 48.7% were female. 92.5% had hypertension, 22.9% were smoker, 20.5% had diabetes mellitus and 29.6% eGFR < 60 ml/min/1,73 m². Direct correlation was observed between age, SBP and eaPWV, while diastolic BP (DBP) and eGFR correlated inversely with eaPWV. PWVbaseline correlated directly with age and inversely with DBP, while PWVslope didn’t correlate with any inputted parameter. Using simple mathematical approach by plotting eaPWV and cSBP values obtained during ABPM, it is possible to visualize unique course of individual PWV related to BP. Using PWVslope and PWVbaseline as novel parameters could be a feasible way to approach BP-independent PWV, though their clinical relevance should be tested in future studies. Our data underline the importance of BP-independent expression of PWV, when we use it as a clinical surrogate parameter for the vascular damage.

Association between secondhand smoke exposure and hypertension: nearly as large as smoking

: Active smoking is a widely accepted risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is recognized as a major public health problem. Passive smoking, also known as secondhand smoke exposure (SHSE), is thought to have similar cardiovascular consequences and the risk has been postulated to be equivalent to that of active smoking. A major component of this risk involves the connection with chronic hypertension. There are several population-based observational studies investigating the relationship between SHSE and chronic hypertension, all of which demonstrate a positive association. Given that SHSE appears to be a risk factor for chronic hypertension, SHSE should also be a risk factor for hypertensive end-organ disease. Many studies have sought to investigate this relationship, but this has yet to be fully elucidated. In this review, we focus on the current evidence regarding the association between SHSE and hypertension as well as exploration of the links between SHSE and hypertensive end-organ damage.

Assessment of Upper Extremity Venous Compliance in Patients With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

OBJECTIVE

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is associated with morphological and functional changes in both aneurysmal and non-aneurysmal arteries. However, it remains uncertain whether similar changes also exist in the venous vasculature. The aim of this study was to evaluate global venous function in patients with AAA and controls.

METHODS

This experimental study comprised 31 men with AAA (mean ± standard deviation age 70.0 ± 2.8 years) and 29 male controls (aged 70.6 ± 3.4 years). Venous occlusion plethysmography (VOP) was used to evaluate arm venous compliance at venous pressures between 10 and 60 mmHg in steps of 5 mmHg. Compensatory mobilisation of venous capacitance blood (capacitance response) was measured with a volumetric technique during experimental hypovolaemia induced by lower body negative pressure (LBNP).

RESULTS

The VOP induced pressure-volume curve was significantly less steep in patients with AAA (interaction, p < .001), indicating lower venous compliance. Accordingly, the corresponding pressure-compliance curves displayed reduced venous compliance at lower venous pressures in patients with AAA vs. controls (interaction, p < .001; AAA vs. control, p = .018). After adjusting for arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and smoking, VOP detected differences in venous compliance remained significant at low venous pressures, that is, at 10 mmHg (p = .008), 15 mmHg (p = .013), and 20 mmHg (p = .026). Mean venous compliance was negatively correlated with aortic diameter (r = -.332, p = .010). Mobilisation of venous capacitance response during LBNP was reduced by approximately 25% in patients with AAA (p = .030), and the redistribution of venous blood during LBNP was negatively correlated with aortic diameter (r = -.417, p = .007).

CONCLUSION

Men with AAA demonstrated reduced venous compliance and, as a result, a lesser capacity to mobilise peripheral venous blood to the central circulation during hypovolaemic stress. These findings imply that the AAA disease may be accompanied by functional changes in the venous vascular wall.

Association of self-reported sleep duration and quality with BaPWV levels in hypertensive patients

The association between sleep conditions and arterial stiffness remains inconclusive. We aimed to investigate the relationship of sleep duration and quality with brachial-ankle pulse-wave velocity (baPWV) in hypertensive patients. A total of 14,485 hypertensive adults were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Information about sleep duration and quality was obtained via questionnaire. A baPWV level ≥1800 cm/s was defined as indicative of arterial stiffness. Compared with participants with a sleep duration <8 h per day, participants with a sleep duration ≥8 h per day had a significantly higher baPWV level (β = 13.7 cm/s; 95% CI: 3.9, 23.5) and a nonsignificantly higher prevalence of arterial stiffness (39.7% vs. 33.0%; OR, 1.08; 95% CI: 0.99-1.19). Similarly, compared with participants with good or medium sleep quality, participants with poor sleep quality had a significantly higher baPWV level (β = 16.3 cm/s; 95% CI: 0.1, 32.6) and a nonsignificantly greater prevalence of arterial stiffness (36.6% vs. 35.3%; OR, 1.13; 95% CI: 0.97-1.32). When sleep duration and quality were examined jointly, participants with a sleep duration ≥8 h and/or poor sleep quality had a significantly higher baPWV level (β = 14.4 cm/s; 95% CI: 5.3, 23.4) and a greater prevalence of arterial stiffness (38.8% vs. 32.7%; OR, 1.10; 95% CI: 1.01-1.20) than those with a sleep duration <8 h and good/medium sleep quality. In summary, among hypertensive patients, a longer sleep duration (≥8 h per day) and poor sleep quality were associated with higher baPWV levels and a higher prevalence of arterial stiffness.