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Huang Y, Cao J, Zhu M, Wang Z, Jin Z, Xiong Z. Nontoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis: A double-edged sword. Microbiol Res 2024; 286:127796. [PMID: 38870618 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The contribution of commensal microbes to human health and disease is unknown. Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) is an opportunistic pathogen and a common colonizer of the human gut. Nontoxigenic B. fragilis (NTBF) and enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF) are two kinds of B. fragilis. NTBF has been shown to affect the host immune system and interact with gut microbes and pathogenic microbes. Previous studies indicated that certain strains of B. fragilis have the potential to serve as probiotics, based on their observed relationship with the immune system. However, several recent studies have shown detrimental effects on the host when beneficial gut bacteria are found in the digestive system or elsewhere. In some pathological conditions, NTBF may have adverse reactions. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of NTBF ecology from the host-microbe perspective, encompassing molecular disease mechanisms analysis, bacteria-bacteria interaction, bacteria-host interaction, and the intricate ecological context of the gut. Our review provides much-needed insights into the precise application of NTBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiali Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mengpei Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ziwen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ze Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhifan Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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2
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Sindi AS, Stinson LF, Gridneva Z, Leghi GE, Netting MJ, Wlodek ME, Muhlhausler BS, Rea A, Trevenen ML, Geddes DT, Payne MS. Maternal dietary intervention during lactation impacts the maternal faecal and human milk microbiota. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae024. [PMID: 38323424 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the effect of a two-week reduced fat and sugar and increased fibre maternal dietary intervention on the maternal faecal and human milk (HM) microbiomes. METHODS AND RESULTS Faecal swabs and HM samples were collected from mothers (n = 11) immediately pre-intervention, immediately post-intervention, and 4 and 8 weeks post-intervention, and were analysed using full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Maternal macronutrient intake was assessed at baseline and during the intervention. Maternal fat and sugar intake during the intervention were significantly lower than pre-intervention (P = <0.001, 0.005, respectively). Significant changes in the bacterial composition of maternal faeces were detected after the dietary intervention, with decreases in the relative abundance of Bacteroides caccae (P = <0.001) and increases in the relative abundance of Faecalibacillus intestinalis (P = 0.006). In HM, the diet resulted in a significant increase in Cutibacterium acnes (P = 0.001) and a decrease in Haemophilus parainfluenzae (P = <0.001). The effect of the diet continued after the intervention, with faecal swabs and HM samples taken 4 and 8 weeks after the diet showing significant differences compared to baseline. CONCLUSION This pilot study demonstrates that short-term changes in maternal diet during lactation can alter the bacterial composition of the maternal faeces and HM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar S Sindi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lisa F Stinson
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Zoya Gridneva
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Gabriela E Leghi
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Merryn J Netting
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, SA 5000, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics, The University of Adelaide, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Beverly S Muhlhausler
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
- CSIRO, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Alethea Rea
- Centre for Applied Statistics, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Michelle L Trevenen
- Centre for Applied Statistics, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Matthew S Payne
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
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Toubon G, Butel MJ, Rozé JC, Delannoy J, Ancel PY, Aires J, Charles MA. Association between gut microbiota at 3.5 years of age and body mass index at 5 years: results from two French nationwide birth cohorts. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:503-511. [PMID: 38097759 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The relationship between gut microbiota and changes in body mass index (BMI) or pediatric overweight in early life remains unclear, and information regarding the preterm population is scarce. This study aimed to investigate how the gut microbiota at 3.5 years of age is associated with (1) later BMI at 5 years, and (2) BMI z-score variations between 2 and 5 years in children from two French nationwide birth cohorts. SUBJECTS/METHODS Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to profile the gut microbiota at 3.5 years of age in preterm children (n = 143, EPIPAGE 2 cohort) and late preterm/full-term children (n = 369, ELFE cohort). The predicted abundances of metabolic functions were computed using PICRUSt2. Anthropometric measurements were collected at 2 and 5 years of age during medical examinations or retrieved from children's health records. Statistical analyses included multivariable linear and logistic regressions, random forest variable selection, and MiRKAT. RESULTS The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio at 3.5 years was positively associated with the BMI z-score at 5 years. Several genera were positively ([Eubacterium] hallii group, Fusicatenibacter, and [Eubacterium] ventriosum group) or negatively (Eggerthella, Colidextribacter, and Ruminococcaceae CAG-352) associated with the BMI z-scores at 5 years. Some genera were also associated with variations in the BMI z-scores between 2 and 5 years of age. Predicted metabolic functions, including steroid hormone biosynthesis, biotin metabolism, glycosaminoglycan degradation, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, were associated with lower BMI z-scores at 5 years. The unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis pathway was associated with higher BMI z-scores. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the gut microbiota at 3.5 years is associated with later BMI during childhood, independent of preterm or term birth, suggesting that changes in the gut microbiota that may predispose to adult obesity begin in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Toubon
- Université Paris Cité et Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Inserm, INRAE, Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et StatistiqueS (CRESS), F-75004, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR-S 1139, Physiopathologie et Pharmacotoxicologie Placentaire Humaine Microbiote Pré & Postnatal (3PHM), F-75006, Paris, France
- FHU PREMA, « Fighting Prematurity », F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Marie-José Butel
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR-S 1139, Physiopathologie et Pharmacotoxicologie Placentaire Humaine Microbiote Pré & Postnatal (3PHM), F-75006, Paris, France
- FHU PREMA, « Fighting Prematurity », F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Rozé
- INRAE, UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), Centre d'investigation clinique 1413, Centre hospitalo-universitaire de Nantes, F-44300, Nantes, France
| | - Johanne Delannoy
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR-S 1139, Physiopathologie et Pharmacotoxicologie Placentaire Humaine Microbiote Pré & Postnatal (3PHM), F-75006, Paris, France
- FHU PREMA, « Fighting Prematurity », F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Ancel
- Université Paris Cité et Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Inserm, INRAE, Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et StatistiqueS (CRESS), F-75004, Paris, France
- FHU PREMA, « Fighting Prematurity », F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Julio Aires
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR-S 1139, Physiopathologie et Pharmacotoxicologie Placentaire Humaine Microbiote Pré & Postnatal (3PHM), F-75006, Paris, France.
- FHU PREMA, « Fighting Prematurity », F-75006, Paris, France.
| | - Marie-Aline Charles
- Université Paris Cité et Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Inserm, INRAE, Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et StatistiqueS (CRESS), F-75004, Paris, France.
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Peng LJ, Chen YP, Qu F, Zhong Y, Jiang ZS. Correlation of Gut Microbiota with Children Obesity and Weight Loss. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:82-91. [PMID: 38468732 PMCID: PMC10924870 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Children obesity is a serious public health problem drawing much attention around the world. Recent research indicated that gut microbiota plays a vital role in children obesity, and disturbed gut microbiota is a prominent characteristic of obese children. Diet and exercise are efficient intervention for weight loss in obesity children, however, how the gut microbiota is modulated which remains largely unknown. To characterize the feature of gut microbiota in obese children and explore the effect of dietary and exercise on gut microbiota in simple obese children, 107 healthy children and 86 obese children were recruited, and among of the obese children 39 received the dietary-exercise combined weight loss intervention (DEI). The gut microbiota composition was detected by the 16S amplicon sequencing method. The gut microbiota composition was significantly different between obese children and the healthy cohort, and DEI significantly reduced the body weight and ameliorated the gut microbiota dysbiosis. After DEI, the abundance of the Akkermansia muciniphila was increased, while the abundance of the Sutterella genus was decreased in simple obese children. Our results may provide theoretical reference for future personalized obesity interventions based on gut microbiota. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-023-01088-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Peng
- Women’s Committee, Hunan Children’s Hospital and the Pediatric Academy of University of South China, Changsha, 410007 Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ping Chen
- Department of Respiratory, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007 Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Qu
- Medical Record Statistics and Library Management Office, Hunan Children’s Hospital and the Pediatric Academy of University of South China, Changsha, 410007 Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Children’s Healthcare Institute, Hunan Children’s Hospital, and the Pediatric Academy of University of South China, Changsha, 410007 Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Pathophysiology Department, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan People’s Republic of China
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Caprara GL, von Ameln Lovison O, Martins AF, Bernardi JR, Goldani MZ. Gut microbiota transfer evidence from mother to newborn. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:749-757. [PMID: 37987847 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Early life microbiota is a risk factor for future diseases. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the transfer of gut microbiota from mother to newborn. A biological sample was collected from the anal mucosa of the pregnant women before delivery and from the newborns between 24 and 48 h after delivery, as it was not possible to collect a meconium sample at that time. The microbiome of the samples was analyzed by sequencing the hypervariable regions V3-V4 of the 16S gene. To determine the likelihood of microbiota transfer from mother to newborn and examine the relationship with the mode of delivery, we utilized Fisher's exact test and odds ratio. A weighted transfer ratio was employed as a comprehensive measure of transfer. A total of 5767 ASVs were identified in newborn samples (n = 30) and 7253 in maternal samples (n = 30). In the analysis of transfer correlated with the mode of delivery, we observed significant ASVs (p < 0.05). Vaginal delivery showed a positive probability of transfer (OR = 2.184 and WTR = 1.852). We found a negative correlation (OR < 1) between the abundance of maternal ASVs and the likelihood of microbiota transfer to the newborn in both delivery modes. The relationship was inversely proportional for both cesarean section (log10 = - 0.2229) and vaginal delivery (log10 = - 0.1083), with statistical significance observed only for cesarean section (p = 0.0083). Conclusion: In our sample, the maternal gut microbiome was found to be associated with the infant gut microbiome, indicating evidence of ASV-specific transfer from the maternal microbiome to newborns. What is Known: • There is a relationship of early-life microbiota composition with future health outcomes. What is New: • This was the first study to evaluate maternal gut microbiota transfer to newborns in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Luiza Caprara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Otávio von Ameln Lovison
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência Bacteriana (LABRESIS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Bioinformática (Bioinformatics Core), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andreza Francisco Martins
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência Bacteriana (LABRESIS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Bioinformática (Bioinformatics Core), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Rombaldi Bernardi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Zubaran Goldani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Catassi G, Aloi M, Giorgio V, Gasbarrini A, Cammarota G, Ianiro G. The Role of Diet and Nutritional Interventions for the Infant Gut Microbiome. Nutrients 2024; 16:400. [PMID: 38337684 PMCID: PMC10857663 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The infant gut microbiome plays a key role in the healthy development of the human organism and appears to be influenced by dietary practices through multiple pathways. First, maternal diet during pregnancy and infant nutrition significantly influence the infant gut microbiota. Moreover, breastfeeding fosters the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, while formula feeding increases microbial diversity. The timing of introducing solid foods also influences gut microbiota composition. In preterm infants the gut microbiota development is influenced by multiple factors, including the time since birth and the intake of breast milk, and interventions such as probiotics and prebiotics supplementation show promising results in reducing morbidity and mortality in this population. These findings underscore the need for future research to understand the long-term health impacts of these interventions and for further strategies to enrich the gut microbiome of formula-fed and preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Catassi
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (A.G.); (G.C.)
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Umberto I Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marina Aloi
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Umberto I Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valentina Giorgio
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, UOC Pediatria, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (A.G.); (G.C.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (A.G.); (G.C.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ianiro
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (A.G.); (G.C.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Portincasa P, Khalil M, Graziani A, Frühbeck G, Baffy G, Garruti G, Di Ciaula A, Bonfrate L. Gut microbes in metabolic disturbances. Promising role for therapeutic manipulations? Eur J Intern Med 2024; 119:13-30. [PMID: 37802720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight, obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and steatotic liver disease is rapidly increasing worldwide with a huge economic burden in terms of morbidity and mortality. Several genetic and environmental factors are involved in the onset and development of metabolic disorders and related complications. A critical role also exists for the gut microbiota, a complex polymicrobial ecology at the interface of the internal and external environment. The gut microbiota contributes to food digestion and transformation, caloric intake, and immune response of the host, keeping the homeostatic control in health. Mechanisms of disease include enhanced energy extraction from the non-digestible dietary carbohydrates, increased gut permeability and translocation of bacterial metabolites which activate a chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and insulin resistance, as precursors of tangible metabolic disorders involving glucose and lipid homeostasis. The ultimate causative role of gut microbiota in this respect remains to be elucidated, as well as the therapeutic value of manipulating the gut microbiota by diet, pre- and pro- synbiotics, or fecal microbial transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Policlinico Hospital, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy.
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Policlinico Hospital, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Annarita Graziani
- Institut AllergoSan Pharmazeutische Produkte Forschungs- und Vertriebs GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, Pamplona, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gyorgy Baffy
- Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Policlinico Hospital, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy.
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Policlinico Hospital, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy
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8
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Chalifour BN, Trifonova DI, Holzhausen EA, Bailey MJ, Schmidt KA, Babaei M, Mokhtari P, Goran MI, Alderete TL. Characterizing alterations in the gut microbiota following postpartum weight change. mSystems 2023; 8:e0080823. [PMID: 37905810 PMCID: PMC10734492 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00808-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Previous research has reported differences in the gut microbiome associated with varying body compositions. More specifically, within populations of mothers, the focus has been on the impact of gestational weight gain. This is the first study to examine postpartum weight change and its association with changes in the gut microbiome, similarly, it is the first to use a Latina cohort to do so. The results support the idea that weight gain may be an important factor in reducing gut microbiome network connectivity, diversity, and changing abundances of specific microbial taxa, all measures thought to impact host health. These results suggest that weight gain dynamically alters mothers' gut microbial communities in the first 6 months postpartum, with comparatively little change in mothers who lost weight; further research is needed to examine the health consequences of such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget N. Chalifour
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Diana I. Trifonova
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Holzhausen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Maximilian J. Bailey
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Leland Stanford Junior University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kelsey A. Schmidt
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mahsa Babaei
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pari Mokhtari
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael I. Goran
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tanya L. Alderete
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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9
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Schellekens H, Ribeiro G, Cuesta-Marti C, Cryan JF. The microbiome-gut-brain axis in nutritional neuroscience. Nutr Neurosci 2023; 26:1159-1171. [PMID: 36222323 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2128007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence is highlighting the microbiome as a key regulator of the effect of nutrition on gut-brain axis signaling. Nevertheless, it is not yet clear whether the impact of nutrition is moderating the microbiota-gut-brain interaction or if diet has a mediating role on microbiota composition and function to influence central nervous system function, brain phenotypes and behavior. Mechanistic evidence from cell-based in vitro studies, animal models and preclinical intervention studies are linking the gut microbiota to the effects of diet on brain function, but they have had limited translation to human intervention studies. While increasing evidence demonstrates the triangulating relationship between diet, microbiota, and brain function across the lifespan, future mechanistic and translational studies in the field of microbiota and nutritional neuroscience are warranted to inform potential strategies for prevention and management of several neurological, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. This brief primer provides an overview of the most recent advances in the nutritional neuroscience - microbiome field, highlighting significant opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Cristina Cuesta-Marti
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Mancini A, Cerulli C, Vitucci D, Lasorsa VA, Parente D, Di Credico A, Orrù S, Brustio PR, Lupo C, Rainoldi A, Schena F, Capasso M, Buono P. Impact of active lifestyle on the primary school children saliva microbiota composition. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1226891. [PMID: 37671197 PMCID: PMC10476528 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1226891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of Active or Sedentary lifestyle on saliva microbiota composition in Italian schoolchildren. Methods Male (114) and female children (8-10 years) belonging to five primary schools in the neighborhoods of Turin were classified as active (A) or sedentary (S) based on PAQ-C-It questionnaire. PCR amplification of salivary DNA targeted the hypervariable V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA bacterial genes. DADA2 workflow was used to infer the Amplicon Sequence Variants and the taxonomic assignments; the beta-diversity was obtained by PCoA with the UniFrac method; LEfSe algorithm, threshold at 5%, and Log LDA cutoff at ±0.5 were used to identify differently abundant species in A compared to S saliva sample. Daily food intake was assessed by 3-Days food record. The metabolic potential of microbial communities was assessed by PICRUSt. Results No significant differences were found in individual's gender distribution (p = 0.411), anthropometry, BMI (p > 0.05), and all diet composition between A and S groups (p > 0.05). Eight species were differently abundant: Prevotella nigrescens (LDA score = -3.76; FDR = 1.5×10-03), Collinsella aerofaciens (LDA score = -3.17; FDR = 7.45×10-03), Simonsiella muelleri (LDA score = -2.96; FDR = 2.76×10-05), Parabacteroides merdae (LDA score = -2.43; FDR = 1.3×10-02) are enriched in the A group; Gemella parahaemolysans, Prevotella aurantiaca (LDA score = -3.9; FDR = 5.27×10-04), Prevotella pallens (LDA score = 4.23; FDR = 1.93×10-02), Neisseria mucosa (LDA score = 4.43; FDR = 1.31×10-02; LDA score = 2.94; FDR = 7.45×10-03) are enriched in the S group. A prevalence of superpathway of fatty acid biosynthesis initiation (E. coli) and catechol degradation II (meta-cleavage pathway) was found in saliva from A compared to S children. Conclusion Our results showed that active children had an enrichment of species and genera mainly associated with a healthier profile. By contrast, the genera and the species enriched in the sedentary group could be linked to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Mancini
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness, University Parthenope, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia Cerulli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Vitucci
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness, University Parthenope, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Parente
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”, Napoli, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Credico
- Reprogramming and Cell Differentiation Lab, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefania Orrù
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness, University Parthenope, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Corrado Lupo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainoldi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Capasso
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”, Napoli, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness, University Parthenope, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”, Napoli, Italy
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11
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Parida S, Siddharth S, Gatla HR, Wu S, Wang G, Gabrielson K, Sears CL, Ladle BH, Sharma D. Gut colonization with an obesity-associated enteropathogenic microbe modulates the premetastatic niches to promote breast cancer lung and liver metastasis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1194931. [PMID: 37503343 PMCID: PMC10369066 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1194931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity, an independent risk factor for breast cancer growth and metastatic progression, is also closely intertwined with gut dysbiosis; and both obese state and dysbiosis promote each other. Enteric abundance of Bacteroides fragilis is strongly linked with obesity, and we recently discovered the presence of B. fragilis in malignant breast cancer. Given that enterotoxigenic B. fragilis or ETBF, which secretes B. fragilis toxin (BFT), has been identified as a procarcinogenic microbe in breast cancer, it is necessary to examine its impact on distant metastasis and underlying systemic and localized alterations promoting metastatic progression of breast cancer. Methods We used syngeneic mammary intraductal (MIND) model harboring gut colonization with ETBF to query distant metastasis of breast cancer cells. Alterations in the immune network and cytokines/chemokines in the tumor microenvironment and distant metastatic sites were examined using flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and multiplex arrays. Results ETBF infection initiates a systemic inflammation aiding in the establishment of the premetastatic niche formation in vital organs via increased proinflammatory and protumorigenic cytokines like IL17A, IL17E, IL27p28, IL17A/F, IL6, and IL10 in addition to creating a prometastatic immunosuppressive environment in the liver and lungs rich in myeloid cells, macrophages, and T regulatory cells. It induces remodeling of the tumor microenvironment via immune cell and stroma infiltration, increased vasculogenesis, and an EMT-like response, thereby encouraging early metastatic dissemination ready to colonize the conducive environment in liver and lungs of the breast tumor-bearing mice. Discussion In this study, we show that enteric ETBF infection concomitantly induces systemic inflammation, reshapes the tumor immune microenvironment, and creates conducive metastatic niches to potentiate early dissemination and seeding of metastases to liver and lung tissues in agreement with the "seed and soil hypothesis." Our results also support the ETBF-induced "parallel model" of metastasis that advocates for an early dissemination of tumor cells that form metastatic lesions independent of the primary tumor load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Parida
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sumit Siddharth
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Himavanth R. Gatla
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shaoguang Wu
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Guannan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kathleen Gabrielson
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Cynthia L. Sears
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brian H. Ladle
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dipali Sharma
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
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12
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Cuciureanu M, Caratașu CC, Gabrielian L, Frăsinariu OE, Checheriță LE, Trandafir LM, Stanciu GD, Szilagyi A, Pogonea I, Bordeianu G, Soroceanu RP, Andrițoiu CV, Anghel MM, Munteanu D, Cernescu IT, Tamba BI. 360-Degree Perspectives on Obesity. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1119. [PMID: 37374323 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59061119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Alarming statistics show that the number of people affected by excessive weight has surpassed 2 billion, representing approximately 30% of the world's population. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of one of the most serious public health problems, considering that obesity requires an integrative approach that takes into account its complex etiology, including genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Only an understanding of the connections between the many contributors to obesity and the synergy between treatment interventions can ensure satisfactory outcomes in reducing obesity. Mechanisms such as oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of obesity and its associated complications. Compounding factors such as the deleterious effects of stress, the novel challenge posed by the obesogenic digital (food) environment, and the stigma associated with obesity should not be overlooked. Preclinical research in animal models has been instrumental in elucidating these mechanisms, and translation into clinical practice has provided promising therapeutic options, including epigenetic approaches, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery. However, more studies are necessary to discover new compounds that target key metabolic pathways, innovative ways to deliver the drugs, the optimal combinations of lifestyle interventions with allopathic treatments, and, last but not least, emerging biological markers for effective monitoring. With each passing day, the obesity crisis tightens its grip, threatening not only individual lives but also burdening healthcare systems and societies at large. It is high time we took action as we confront the urgent imperative to address this escalating global health challenge head-on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Cuciureanu
- Department of Pharmacology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cătălin-Cezar Caratașu
- Department of Pharmacology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Levon Gabrielian
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Otilia Elena Frăsinariu
- Department of Mother and Child, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Laura Elisabeta Checheriță
- 2nd Dental Medicine Department, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Laura Mihaela Trandafir
- Department of Mother and Child, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gabriela Dumitrița Stanciu
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andrei Szilagyi
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ina Pogonea
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, "Nicolae Testemiţanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2004 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Gabriela Bordeianu
- Department of Biochemistry, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Radu Petru Soroceanu
- Department of Surgery, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Călin Vasile Andrițoiu
- Specialization of Nutrition and Dietetics, "Vasile Goldis" Western University of Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania
| | - Maria Mihalache Anghel
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, "Nicolae Testemiţanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2004 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Diana Munteanu
- Institute of Mother and Child, "Nicolae Testemiţanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2062 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Irina Teodora Cernescu
- Department of Pharmacology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ionel Tamba
- Department of Pharmacology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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13
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Ren J, Li H, Zeng G, Pang B, Wang Q, Wei J. Gut microbiome-mediated mechanisms in aging-related diseases: are probiotics ready for prime time? Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1178596. [PMID: 37324466 PMCID: PMC10267478 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1178596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation affects health and is associated with aging and age-related diseases. Dysregulation of the gut flora is an important trigger for chronic low-grade inflammation. Changes in the composition of the gut flora and exposure to related metabolites have an effect on the inflammatory system of the host. This results in the development of crosstalk between the gut barrier and immune system, contributing to chronic low-grade inflammation and impairment of health. Probiotics can increase the diversity of gut microbiota, protect the gut barrier, and regulate gut immunity, thereby reducing inflammation. Therefore, the use of probiotics is a promising strategy for the beneficial immunomodulation and protection of the gut barrier through gut microbiota. These processes might positively influence inflammatory diseases, which are common in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guixing Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boxian Pang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junping Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Hajihosseini M, Amini P, Saidi-Mehrabad A, Dinu I. Infants' gut microbiome data: A Bayesian Marginal Zero-inflated Negative Binomial regression model for multivariate analyses of count data. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1621-1629. [PMID: 36860341 PMCID: PMC9969297 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The infants' gut microbiome is dynamic in nature. Literature has shown high inter-individual variability of gut microbial composition in the early years of infancy compared to adulthood. Although next-generation sequencing technologies are rapidly evolving, several statistical analysis aspects need to be addressed to capture the variability and dynamic nature of the infants' gut microbiome. In this study, we proposed a Bayesian Marginal Zero-inflated Negative Binomial (BAMZINB) model, addressing complexities associated with zero-inflation and multivariate structure of the infants' gut microbiome data. Here, we simulated 32 scenarios to compare the performance of BAMZINB with glmFit and BhGLM as the two other widely similar methods in the literature in handling zero-inflation, over-dispersion, and multivariate structure of the infants' gut microbiome. Then, we showed the performance of the BAMZINB approach on a real dataset using SKOT cohort (I and II) studies. Our simulation results showed that the BAMZINB model performed as well as those two methods in estimating the average abundance difference and had a better fit for almost all scenarios when the signal and sample size were large. Applying BAMZINB on SKOT cohorts showed remarkable changes in the average absolute abundance of specific bacteria from 9 to 18 months for infants of healthy and obese mothers. In conclusion, we recommend using the BAMZINB approach for infants' gut microbiome data taking zero-inflation and over-dispersion properties into account in multivariate analysis when comparing the average abundance difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Hajihosseini
- Stanford Department of Urology, Center for Academic Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Payam Amini
- Department of Biostatistics, School of public Health, IRAN University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Irina Dinu
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Correspondence to: School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-278 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 - 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada.
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15
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Gut Microbiome and Its Impact on Obesity and Obesity-Related Disorders. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2023; 25:31-44. [PMID: 36469257 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-022-00859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The prevalence of overweight and obesity has been increasing worldwide at an alarming rate. Gut microbiota intimately influence host energy metabolism, and immune response. Studies indicate a prominent role of gut dysbiosis in propagating inflammation that is associated with the development of obesity and obesity-related disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This article will review the current literature on gut microbiome and its impact on obesity and obesity-related disorders. RECENT FINDINGS An altered gut microbial composition in obesity and obesity-related disorders is associated with enhanced energy extraction from the non-digestible dietary carbohydrates, increased gut permeability, increased production of proinflammatory metabolites, such as lipopolysaccharides, resulting in systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. Gut microbiota modulation can be achieved either by dietary manipulation or by administration of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and/or fecal microbiota transplantation aiming at the improvement of the gut dysbiosis in obesity and metabolic disorders. Further clinical trials are required to better elucidate the dose, and frequency of these interventions and also their long-term impact on host metabolism.
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16
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Abstract
Human breast milk is the optimal nutrition for all infants and is comprised of many bioactive and immunomodulatory components. The components in human milk, such as probiotics, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), extracellular vesicles, peptides, immunoglobulins, growth factors, cytokines, and vitamins, play a critical role in guiding neonatal development beyond somatic growth. In this review, we will describe the bioactive factors in human milk and discuss how these factors shape neonatal immunity, the intestinal microbiome, intestinal development, and more from the inside out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Andres
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric GI Division, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97229, United States
| | - Brian Scottoline
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Misty Good
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, Campus Box 7596, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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17
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Belyaeva IA, Bombardirova EP, Turti TV. The Choice of Product for Mixed or Formula Feeding of Infant: Beneficial Properties of Goat’s Milk Formula. CURRENT PEDIATRICS 2022. [DOI: 10.15690/vsp.v21i6.2469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the benefits of goat’s milk as the basis to produce adapted milk formulas according to relevant infants feeding issues. The characteristics of main nutrients of modern goat’s milk formulas are presented. A balanced protein composition enriched with β-palmitate, presence of prebiotics-oligosaccharides, natural nucleotides and probiotics advances these formulas closer to breast milk and provide their multipotent sanogenetic effects. The unique composition of goat’s milk formulas allows to ensure normal physical growth of a baby, induces tissue and systemic immunity via adequate intestinal microbiota formation, maintains normal functioning of gut-brain axis, that promotes vegetative and visceral disorders (due to functional digestive disorders) correction. Thus, it is possible to recommend goat’s milk formulas in cases of forced mixed or formula feeding of healthy infants and children with functional digestive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Belyaeva
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Morozovskaya Children’s City Hospital
| | - Elena P. Bombardirova
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery
| | - Tatiana V. Turti
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Research Institute for Healthcare Organization and Medical Management
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18
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Human Milk Microbiome and Microbiome-Related Products: Potential Modulators of Infant Growth. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235148. [PMID: 36501178 PMCID: PMC9737635 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infant growth trajectory may influence later-life obesity. Human milk provides a wide range of nutritional and bioactive components that are vital for infant growth. Compared to formula-fed infants, breastfed infants are less likely to develop later-onset obesity, highlighting the potential role of bioactive components present in human milk. Components of particular interest are the human milk microbiota, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and antimicrobial proteins, each of which influence the infant gut microbiome, which in turn has been associated with infant body composition. SCFAs and antimicrobial proteins from human milk may also systemically influence infant metabolism. Although inconsistent, multiple studies have reported associations between HMOs and infant growth, while studies on other bioactive components in relation to infant growth are sparse. Moreover, these microbiome-related components may interact with each other within the mammary gland. Here, we review the evidence around the impact of human milk microbes, HMOs, SCFAs, and antimicrobial proteins on infant growth. Breastfeeding is a unique window of opportunity to promote optimal infant growth, with aberrant growth trajectories potentially creating short- and long-term public health burdens. Therefore, it is important to understand how bioactive components of human milk influence infant growth.
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19
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Fiore G, Magenes VC, DI Profio E, Milanta C, Calcaterra V, Diamanti A, Campoy C, Zuccotti G, Verduci E. Gut microbiota in obesity and related comorbidities in children and adolescents: the role of biotics in treatment. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2022; 74:632-649. [PMID: 35708037 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.22.06964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a complex pathology, globally spread, with a multifactorial pathogenesis, strictly linked with lifestyle, hormones, genetic and epigenetic factors. Evidence supports that obesity, and its comorbidities, are related to changes in gut microbiota, partially responsible of the modulation of energy metabolism. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Pediatric obesity has been associated with lower bacterial diversity and differences in composition of the gut microbiota, also varying according to the metabolic status of obese subjects. Indeed, differences in distributions and activity of microorganisms in the gut of metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese children have been highlighted. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Based on human studies, this review aims to discuss gut microbiota alterations in obese children and adolescents and its role in obese-related complications. Moreover, the role of biotics (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and -marginally- postbiotics) has been analyzed as modulator of obesity-related dysbiosis. CONCLUSIONS As a conclusion, a deeper knowledge about biotic mechanisms of action would be of great interest to implement the clinical care of children and adolescents with obesity and related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fiore
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittoria C Magenes
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta DI Profio
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanta
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Diamanti
- Unit of Hepatology Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Campoy
- Centre of Excellence for Pediatric Research EURISTIKOS, Department of Pediatrics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy - .,Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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20
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Shen WD, Lin X, Liu HM, Li BY, Qiu X, Lv WQ, Zhu XZ, Greenbaum J, Liu RK, Shen J, Xiao HM, Deng HW. Gut microbiota accelerates obesity in peri-/post-menopausal women via Bacteroides fragilis and acetic acid. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1918-1924. [PMID: 35978102 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many animal experiments and epidemiological studies have shown that the gut microbiota (GM) plays an important role in the development of obesity, but the specific biological mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of disease remain unknown. We aimed to examine the relationships and functional mechanisms of GM on obesity in peri- and post-menopausal women. METHODS We recruited 499 Chinese peri- and post-menopausal women and performed comprehensive analyses of the gut microbiome, targeted metabolomics for short-chain fatty acids in serum, and host whole-genome sequencing by various association analysis methods. RESULTS Through constrained linear regression analysis, we found that an elevated abundance of Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) was associated with obesity. We also found that serum levels of acetic acid were negatively associated with obesity, and that B. fragilis was negatively associated with serum acetic acid levels by partial Spearman correlation analysis. Mendelian randomization analysis indicated that B. fragilis increases the risk of obesity and may causally down-regulate acetic acid levels. CONCLUSIONS We found the gut with B. fragilis may accelerate obesity, in part, by suppressing acetic acid levels. Therefore, B. fragilis and acetic acid may represent important therapeutic targets for obesity intervention in peri- and post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Di Shen
- Center for System Biology, Data Sciences, and Reproductive Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xu Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hui-Min Liu
- Center for System Biology, Data Sciences, and Reproductive Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, PR China
| | - Bo-Yang Li
- Center for System Biology, Data Sciences, and Reproductive Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiang Qiu
- Center for System Biology, Data Sciences, and Reproductive Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, PR China
| | - Wan-Qiang Lv
- Center for System Biology, Data Sciences, and Reproductive Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xue-Zhen Zhu
- Center for System Biology, Data Sciences, and Reproductive Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jonathan Greenbaum
- Tulane Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Rui-Ke Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), No.1 of Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan, 528300, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Mei Xiao
- Center for System Biology, Data Sciences, and Reproductive Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Tulane Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Exploring the Potential of Human Milk and Formula Milk on Infants’ Gut and Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173554. [PMID: 36079814 PMCID: PMC9460722 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life gut microbiota plays a role in determining the health and risk of developing diseases in later life. Various perinatal factors have been shown to contribute to the development and establishment of infant gut microbiota. One of the important factors influencing the infant gut microbial colonization and composition is the mode of infant feeding. While infant formula milk has been designed to resemble human milk as much as possible, the gut microbiome of infants who receive formula milk differs from that of infants who are fed human milk. A diverse microbial population in human milk and the microbes seed the infant gut microbiome. Human milk contains nutritional components that promote infant growth and bioactive components, such as human milk oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, and immunoglobulins, which contribute to immunological development. In an attempt to encourage the formation of a healthy gut microbiome comparable to that of a breastfed infant, manufacturers often supplement infant formula with prebiotics or probiotics, which are known to have a bifidogenic effect and can modulate the immune system. This review aims to elucidate the roles of human milk and formula milk on infants’ gut and health.
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22
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The Effects of Physical Activity on the Gut Microbiota and the Gut–Brain Axis in Preclinical and Human Models: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163293. [PMID: 36014798 PMCID: PMC9413457 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the importance of the gut microbiota (GM) in regulating multiple functions related to host physical health and, more recently, through the gut–brain axis (GBA), mental health. Similarly, the literature on the impact of physical activity (PA), including exercise, on GM and GBA is growing. Therefore, this narrative review summarizes and critically appraises the existing literature that delves into the benefits or adverse effects produced by PA on physical and mental health status through modifications of the GM, highlighting differences and similarities between preclinical and human studies. The same exercise in animal models, whether performed voluntarily or forced, has different effects on the GM, just as, in humans, intense endurance exercise can have a negative influence. In humans and animals, only aerobic PA seems able to modify the composition of the GM, whereas cardiovascular fitness appears related to specific microbial taxa or metabolites that promote a state of physical health. The PA favors bacterial strains that can promote physical performance and that can induce beneficial changes in the brain. Currently, it seems useful to prioritize aerobic activities at a moderate and not prolonged intensity. There may be greater benefits if PA is undertaken from a young age and the effects on the GM seem to gradually disappear when the activity is stopped. The PA produces modifications in the GM that can mediate and induce mental health benefits.
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The Relationship between Physical Activity, Physical Exercise, and Human Gut Microbiota in Healthy and Unhealthy Subjects: A Systematic Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030479. [PMID: 35336852 PMCID: PMC8945171 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary To date, the influence that physical activity (PA)/physical exercise (PE) can exert on the human gut microbiota (GM) is still poorly understood. Several issues arise in structuring research in this area, starting from the association between PA/PE and diet. Indeed, the diet of an individual is a key factor for the composition of the GM and those who regularly practice PA/PE, generally, have dietary patterns favorable to the creation of an ideal environment for the proliferation of a GM capable of contributing to the host’s health. It is therefore difficult to establish with certainty whether the effects generated on the GM are due to a PA protocol, the type of diet followed, or to both. In addition, most of the available studies use animal models to investigate a possible correlation between PA/PE and changes in the GM, which may be not necessarily applied to humans. Evidence suggests that aerobic PA/PE seems capable of producing significant changes in GM; training parameters, likewise, can differentially influence the GM in young or elderly people and these changes appear to be transient and reversible. Abstract Several studies have been conducted to find at least an association between physical activity (PA)/ physical exercise (PE) and the possibility to modulate the gut microbiome (GM). However, the specific effects produced on the human GM by different types of PA/PE, different training modalities, and their age-related effects are not yet fully understood. Therefore, this systematic review aims to evaluate and summarize the current scientific evidence investigating the bi-directional relationship between PA/PE and the human GM, with a specific focus on the different types/variables of PA/PE and age-related effects, in healthy and unhealthy people. A systematic search was conducted across four databases (Web of Science, Medline (PubMed), Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library). Information was extracted using the populations, exposure, intervention, comparison, outcomes (PICOS) format. The Oxford Quality Scoring System Scale, the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool, and the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies were used as a qualitative measure of the review. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (code: CRD42022302725). The following data items were extracted: author, year of publication, study design, number and age of participants, type of PA/PE carried out, protocol/workload and diet assessment, duration of intervention, measurement tools used, and main outcomes. Two team authors reviewed 694 abstracts for inclusion and at the end of the screening process, only 76 full texts were analyzed. Lastly, only 25 research articles met the eligibility criteria. The synthesis of these findings suggests that GM diversity is associated with aerobic exercise contrary to resistance training; abundance of Prevotella genus seems to be correlated with training duration; no significant change in GM richness and diversity are detected when exercising according to the minimum dose recommended by the World Health Organizations; intense and prolonged PE can induce a higher abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria; PA does not lead to significant GM α/β-diversity in elderly people (60+ years). The heterogeneity of the training parameters used in the studies, diet control, and different sequencing methods are the main confounders. Thus, this systematic review can provide an in-depth overview of the relationship between PA/PE and the human intestinal microbiota and, at the same time, provide indications from the athletic and health perspective.
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Meliț LE, Mărginean CO, Săsăran MO. The Yin-Yang Concept of Pediatric Obesity and Gut Microbiota. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030645. [PMID: 35327446 PMCID: PMC8945275 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The era of pediatric obesity is no longer a myth. Unfortunately, pediatric obesity has reached alarming incidence levels worldwide and the factors that contribute to its development have been intensely studied in multiple recent and emerging studies. Gut microbiota was recently included in the wide spectrum of factors implicated in the determination of obesity, but its role in pediatric obese patients is far from being fully understood. In terms of the infant gut microbiome, multiple factors have been demonstrated to shape its content, including maternal diet and health, type of delivery, feeding patterns, weaning and dietary habits. Nevertheless, the role of the intrauterine environment, such as the placental microbial community, cannot be completely excluded. Most studies have identified Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes as the most important players related to obesity risk in gut microbiota reflecting an increase of Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes in the context of obesity; however, multiple inconsistencies between studies were recently reported, especially in pediatric populations, and there is a scarcity of studies performed in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Elena Meliț
- Department of Pediatrics I, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No 38, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Cristina Oana Mărginean
- Department of Pediatrics I, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No 38, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Oana Săsăran
- Department of Pediatrics III, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No 38, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
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25
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Gut microbiota and BMI throughout childhood: the role of firmicutes, bacteroidetes, and short-chain fatty acid producers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3140. [PMID: 35210542 PMCID: PMC8873392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a risk factor for numerous health conditions. A critical factor in the etiology of obesity appears to be the gut microbiota, which is the microbial community that resides in the human gut. The ratio of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes (F/B) and gut bacterial genera that produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) have been suggested to contribute to obesity. The current study investigated (1) whether differences in F/B ratio can be observed in infancy and childhood in relation to zBMI in healthy children, and (2) whether an innovative proxy measure adds evidence to a relationship between SCFA producers and the etiology of obesity. Stool samples were collected at five time points, and zBMI was assessed at eight time points throughout the first 12 years of life. Our confirmatory analyses with Bayesian multilevel models showed no relationship between the F/B ratio and zBMI. Also, a proxy measure constructed from known SCFA producers was unrelated to zBMI throughout the first 12 years of life. Exploratory analyses using multilevel and random forest models suggest that the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were independently negatively associated with zBMI from infancy through childhood, and the SCFA producing genera Subdoligranulum and Alistipes were negatively related to future BMI in childhood.
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26
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Gut Microbiota Diversity and Overweight/Obesity in Infancy: Results from a Nested Case-control Study. Curr Med Sci 2022; 42:210-216. [PMID: 34985609 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood obesity is a major health concern worldwide. Previous studies have explored the relationship between obesity and gut microbiota. However, the results from such studies remain contradictory. METHODS In the present nested case-control study, based on a twin birth cohort study, the relationship between gut microbiota diversity and overweight/obesity in 1- and 6-month-old infants was explored. Twins were enrolled when one child had normal weight and the other child was overweight/obese at six months old. For both infants, stool samples were collected at 1 and 6 months of age. Finally, 12 twins were enrolled in the study. The gut microbiota was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing in the V3-V4 area. Six of the twins were monozygotic. RESULTS The results revealed that the microbiota communities of monozygotic twins were similar to those of dizygotic twins. The relative abundance (RA) of microbiota of 1-month-old twins was significantly higher than that of 6-month-old twins. However, the microbiota diversity of 1-month-old twins was significantly lower than that of 6-month-old twins. In addition, 6-month-old twins had significantly higher RA levels of Bifidobacterium and Lachnospiracea incertae sedis than 1-month-old twins. The 6-month-old group had significantly lower RA levels of Veillonella, Klebsiella, Akkermansia, Streptococcus, or Staphylococcus than the 1-month-old group. At six months, the RA level of Clostridium sensu stricto was higher in the overweight/obesity group than the normal-weight group. CONCLUSION These findings imply that changes in gut microbiota diversity during infancy may contribute to the development of obesity in early infancy.
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27
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Zhang S, Dang Y. Roles of gut microbiota and metabolites in overweight and obesity of children. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:994930. [PMID: 36157438 PMCID: PMC9492854 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.994930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is an increasing public health problem. Pediatric overweight and obesity result from multiple factors, including genetic background, diet, and lifestyle. In addition, the gut microbiota and their metabolites play crucial roles in the progression of overweight and obesity of children. Therefore, we reviewed the roles of gut microbiota in overweight/obese children. The relationship between pediatric overweight/obesity and gut metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, medium-chain fatty acids, amino acids, amines, and bile acids, are also summarized. Targeting gut microbiota and metabolites might be a promising strategy for interventions aimed at reducing pediatric overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengan Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqi Dang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yanqi Dang, ,
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28
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Nutrition and Physical Activity-Induced Changes in Gut Microbiota: Possible Implications for Human Health and Athletic Performance. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123075. [PMID: 34945630 PMCID: PMC8700881 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex heterogeneous microbial community modulated by endogenous and exogenous factors. Among the external causes, nutrition as well as physical activity appear to be potential drivers of microbial diversity, both at the taxonomic and functional level, likely also influencing endocrine system, and acting as endocrine organ itself. To date, clear-cut data regarding which microbial populations are modified, and by which mechanisms are lacking. Moreover, the relationship between the microbial shifts and the metabolic practical potential of the gut microbiota is still unclear. Further research by longitudinal and well-designed studies is needed to investigate whether microbiome manipulation may be an effective tool for improving human health and, also, performance in athletes, and whether these effects may be then extended to the overall health promotion of general populations. In this review, we evaluate and summarize the current knowledge regarding the interaction and cross-talks among hormonal modifications, physical performance, and microbiota content and function.
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Hill L, Sharma R, Hart L, Popov J, Moshkovich M, Pai N. The neonatal microbiome in utero and beyond: perinatal influences and long-term impacts. J LAB MED 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/labmed-2021-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The neonatal microbiome offers a valuable model for studying the origins of human health and disease. As the field of metagenomics expands, we also increase our understanding of early life influences on its development. In this review we will describe common techniques used to define and measure the microbiome. We will review in utero influences, normal perinatal development, and known risk factors for abnormal neonatal microbiome development. Finally, we will summarize current evidence that links early life microbial impacts on the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, obesity, and atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hill
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition , McMaster Children’s Hospital, McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Ruchika Sharma
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition , McMaster Children’s Hospital, McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
- McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
| | - Lara Hart
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition , McMaster Children’s Hospital, McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
| | - Jelena Popov
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition , McMaster Children’s Hospital, McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
- University College Cork, College of Medicine and Health , Cork , Ireland
| | - Michal Moshkovich
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition , McMaster Children’s Hospital, McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences , McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
| | - Nikhil Pai
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition , McMaster Children’s Hospital, McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute , McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
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30
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Gawlik A, Salonen A, Jian C, Yanover C, Antosz A, Shmoish M, Wasniewska M, Bereket A, Wudy SA, Hartmann MF, Thivel D, Matusik P, Weghuber D, Hochberg Z. Personalized approach to childhood obesity: Lessons from gut microbiota and omics studies. Narrative review and insights from the 29th European childhood obesity congress. Pediatr Obes 2021; 16:e12835. [PMID: 34296826 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The traditional approach to childhood obesity prevention and treatment should fit most patients, but misdiagnosis and treatment failure could be observed in some cases that lie away from average as part of individual variation or misclassification. Here, we reflect on the contributions that high-throughput technologies such as next-generation sequencing, mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and microbiome analysis make towards a personalized medicine approach to childhood obesity. We hypothesize that diagnosing a child as someone with obesity captures only part of the phenotype; and that metabolomics, genomics, transcriptomics and analyses of the gut microbiome, could add precision to the term "obese," providing novel corresponding biomarkers. Identifying a cluster -omic signature in a given child can thus facilitate the development of personalized prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches. It can also be applied to the monitoring of symptoms/signs evolution, treatment choices and efficacy, predisposition to drug-related side effects and potential relapse. This article is a narrative review of the literature and summary of the main observations, conclusions and perspectives raised during the annual meeting of the European Childhood Obesity Group. Authors discuss some recent advances and future perspectives on utilizing a systems approach to understanding and managing childhood obesity in the context of the existing omics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gawlik
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anne Salonen
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ching Jian
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chen Yanover
- Healthcare Informatics, IBM Research-Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Aleksandra Antosz
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michael Shmoish
- Bioinformatics Knowledge Unit, The Lokey Centre, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Malgorzata Wasniewska
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Abdullah Bereket
- School of Medicine, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michaela F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - David Thivel
- University Clermont Auvergne, UFR Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pawel Matusik
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Daniel Weghuber
- Department of Paediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ze'ev Hochberg
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Jin J, Cheng R, Ren Y, Shen X, Wang J, Xue Y, Zhang H, Jia X, Li T, He F, Tian H. Distinctive Gut Microbiota in Patients with Overweight and Obesity with Dyslipidemia and its Responses to Long-term Orlistat and Ezetimibe Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Open-label Trial. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:732541. [PMID: 34512358 PMCID: PMC8426637 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.732541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) characteristics of subjects with obesity from Xinjiang in northwestern China, a region with a multiethnic culture and characteristic lifestyle, and to explore the potential microbes that respond to a 12-wk medication of orlistat and ezetimibe with a randomized controlled open-label trial manner. The gut microbiota profile of patients with overweight and obesity with dyslipidemia in Xinjiang was distinctive and characterized by enrichment of Lactobacillus and the reduction of the diversity and the depletion of Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Bacteroides fragilis. Prevotella-type, Gemmiger-type, and Escherichia/Shigella-type were the gut microbial patterns of the Xinjiang population. However, the fecal SCFAs levels and enterotypes were similar between healthy individuals and patients. These results indicated that the contribution of the gut microbiota to obesity was highly dependent on geography and dietary habits. Waist circumference, total triglyceride (TG), and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were significantly decreased after orlistat therapy, whereas TG, total cholesterol (TC), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly decreased by ezetimibe. Overall, the gut microbiota and their SCFAs metabolites were relatively stable after treatment with the two drugs, with alteration of some low-abundant bacteria, i.e., significantly increased Proteobacteria and decreased Alloprevotella after orlistat, and increased Fusobacteria and Fusobacterium after ezetimibe therapy. These results indicated that intestinal malabsorption of dietary fat and cholesterol caused by orlistat and ezetimibe had a limited effect on the overall gut microbial community and their metabolites. Nevertheless, significant correlations between several core microbes that responded to the medications and biochemical data were found; in particular, Actinomyces and Bacteroides were positively correlated with FBG after orlistat intervention, while Clostridium XVIII and Lachnospiracea incertae sedis were negatively correlated with TC and LDL-C after ezetimibe intervention, thus indicating their roles in improving glucolipid metabolism in obesity by acting as potential microbial targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruyue Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiani Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yigui Xue
- Frontier Medical Service Training Battalion of Army Military Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- People's Hospital of Akto County, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiuhua Jia
- Health Service Center, Akto County, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tingting Li
- People's Hospital of Akto County, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoming Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Petrov ME, Jiao N, Panchanathan SS, Reifsnider E, Coonrod DV, Liu L, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Gu H, Davidson LA, Chapkin RS, Whisner CM. Protocol of the Snuggle Bug/Acurrucadito Study: a longitudinal study investigating the influences of sleep-wake patterns and gut microbiome development in infancy on rapid weight gain, an early risk factor for obesity. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:374. [PMID: 34465311 PMCID: PMC8405858 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight, obesity, and associated comorbidities are a pressing global issue among children of all ages, particularly among low-income populations. Rapid weight gain (RWG) in the first 6 months of infancy contributes to childhood obesity. Suboptimal sleep-wake patterns and gut microbiota (GM) have also been associated with childhood obesity, but little is known about their influences on early infant RWG. Sleep may alter the GM and infant metabolism, and ultimately impact obesity; however, data on the interaction between sleep-wake patterns and GM development on infant growth are scarce. In this study, we aim to investigate associations of infant sleep-wake patterns and GM development with RWG at 6 months and weight gain at 12 months. We also aim to evaluate whether temporal interactions exist between infant sleep-wake patterns and GM, and if these relations influence RWG. METHODS The Snuggle Bug/ Acurrucadito study is an observational, longitudinal study investigating whether 24-h, actigraphy-assessed, sleep-wake patterns and GM development are associated with RWG among infants in their first year. Based on the Ecological Model of Growth, we propose a novel conceptual framework to incorporate sleep-wake patterns and the GM as metabolic contributors for RWG in the context of maternal-infant interactions, and familial and socio-physical environments. In total, 192 mother-infant pairs will be recruited, and sleep-wake patterns and GM development assessed at 3 and 8 weeks, and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postpartum. Covariates including maternal and child characteristics, family and environmental factors, feeding practices and dietary intake of infants and mothers, and stool-derived metabolome and exfoliome data will be assessed. The study will apply machine learning techniques combined with logistic time-varying effect models to capture infant growth and aid in elucidating the dynamic associations between study variables and RWG. DISCUSSION Repeated, valid, and objective assessment at clinically and developmentally meaningful intervals will provide robust measures of longitudinal sleep, GM, and growth. Project findings will provide evidence for future interventions to prevent RWG in infancy and subsequent obesity. The work also may spur the development of evidence-based guidelines to address modifiable factors that influence sleep-wake and GM development and prevent childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Petrov
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd Street, Suite 301, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Nana Jiao
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd Street, Suite 301, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Sarada S Panchanathan
- Valleywise Comprehensive Health Center - Phoenix (Pediatric Clinic), 2525 E. Roosevelt St., Phoenix, AZ, 85008, USA
- College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, 85007, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reifsnider
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd Street, Suite 301, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Dean V Coonrod
- Valleywise Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2525 E. Roosevelt St., Phoenix, AZ, 85008, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave BDA230B, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, PO Box 875701, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd. Street, Suite 501, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Laurie A Davidson
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, 2253 TAMU, 112 Cater-Mattil, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, 2253 TAMU, 112 Cater-Mattil, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Corrie M Whisner
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd. Street, Suite 501, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
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McGuire MK, McGuire MA. Microbiomes and Childhood Malnutrition: What Is the Evidence? ANNALS OF NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2021; 77:1-13. [PMID: 34515050 DOI: 10.1159/000519001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both undernutrition and overnutrition continue to represent enduring global health crises, and with the growing implications of both forms of malnutrition occurring simultaneously in individuals and populations (referred to as the double burden of malnutrition), understanding their biological and environmental causes is a primary research and humanitarian necessity. There is growing evidence of a bidirectional association between variation in the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome and risk of/resilience to malnutrition during early life. For example, studies of siblings who discordantly do or do not develop severe malnutrition show clear differences in the diversity and composition of fecal microbiomes. These differences are transiently lessened during refeeding but re-emerge thereafter. These findings have been somewhat recapitulated using animal models, but small sample sizes and limited range complicate interpretation of results and applicability to humans. Mechanisms driving these differences are currently unknown but likely involve a combination of inflammatory pathways (and perhaps antioxidant status of the host) and effects on nutrient availability, requirements, and utilization by both host and microbe. A less robust literature also suggests that variation in GI microbiome is associated with risk for obesity during childhood. The putative impact of GI microbiomes on malnutrition is likely modified by a variety of important variables such as genetics (likely driven, in part, by evolution), environmental pathogen exposure and its timing, dietary factors, and cultural/societal pattern (e.g., use of antibiotics). Given the growing double burden of malnutrition, this topic demands a focused interdisciplinary approach that expands from merely characterizing differences and longitudinal changes in fecal microbes to examining their functionality during early life. Understanding the complex composition of human milk and how its components impact establishment and maintenance of the recipient infant's GI microbiome will also undoubtedly shed important light on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Mark A McGuire
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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Bikel S, López-Leal G, Cornejo-Granados F, Gallardo-Becerra L, García-López R, Sánchez F, Equihua-Medina E, Ochoa-Romo JP, López-Contreras BE, Canizales-Quinteros S, Hernández-Reyna A, Mendoza-Vargas A, Ochoa-Leyva A. Gut dsDNA virome shows diversity and richness alterations associated with childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome. iScience 2021; 24:102900. [PMID: 34409269 PMCID: PMC8361208 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the human gut microbiome are associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome, but the role of the gut virome in both diseases remains largely unknown. We characterized the gut dsDNA virome of 28 school-aged children with healthy normal-weight (NW, n = 10), obesity (O, n = 10), and obesity with metabolic syndrome (OMS, n = 8), using metagenomic sequencing of virus-like particles (VLPs) from fecal samples. The virome classification confirmed the bacteriophages' dominance, mainly composed of Caudovirales. Notably, phage richness and diversity of individuals with O and OMS tended to increase, while the VLP abundance remained the same among all groups. Of the 4,611 phage contigs composing the phageome, 48 contigs were highly prevalent in ≥80% of individuals, suggesting high inter-individual phage diversity. The abundance of several contigs correlated with gut bacterial taxa; and with anthropometric and biochemical parameters altered in O and OMS. To our knowledge, this gut phageome represents one of the largest datasets and suggests disease-specific phage alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Bikel
- Departamento de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Gamaliel López-Leal
- Departamento de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Cornejo-Granados
- Departamento de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Luigui Gallardo-Becerra
- Departamento de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo García-López
- Departamento de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Filiberto Sánchez
- Departamento de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Edgar Equihua-Medina
- Departamento de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Juan Pablo Ochoa-Romo
- Departamento de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Blanca Estela López-Contreras
- Unidad de Genomica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Quimica, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genomica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Quimica, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abigail Hernández-Reyna
- Departamento de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | | | - Adrian Ochoa-Leyva
- Departamento de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
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Iddrisu I, Monteagudo-Mera A, Poveda C, Pyle S, Shahzad M, Andrews S, Walton GE. Malnutrition and Gut Microbiota in Children. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082727. [PMID: 34444887 PMCID: PMC8401185 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition continues to threaten the lives of millions across the world, with children being hardest hit. Although inadequate access to food and infectious disease are the primary causes of childhood malnutrition, the gut microbiota may also contribute. This review considers the evidence on the role of diet in modifying the gut microbiota, and how the microbiota impacts childhood malnutrition. It is widely understood that the gut microbiota of children is influenced by diet, which, in turn, can impact child nutritional status. Additionally, diarrhoea, a major contributor to malnutrition, is induced by pathogenic elements of the gut microbiota. Diarrhoea leads to malabsorption of essential nutrients and reduced energy availability resulting in weight loss, which can lead to malnutrition. Alterations in gut microbiota of severe acute malnourished (SAM) children include increased Proteobacteria and decreased Bacteroides levels. Additionally, the gut microbiota of SAM children exhibits lower relative diversity compared with healthy children. Thus, the data indicate a link between gut microbiota and malnutrition in children, suggesting that treatment of childhood malnutrition should include measures that support a healthy gut microbiota. This could be of particular relevance in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia where prevalence of malnutrition remains a major threat to the lives of millions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishawu Iddrisu
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK; (I.I.); (A.M.-M.); (C.P.)
| | - Andrea Monteagudo-Mera
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK; (I.I.); (A.M.-M.); (C.P.)
| | - Carlos Poveda
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK; (I.I.); (A.M.-M.); (C.P.)
| | - Simone Pyle
- Unilever R&D, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK;
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan;
| | - Simon Andrews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK;
| | - Gemma Emily Walton
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK; (I.I.); (A.M.-M.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Gu F, Kate GAT, Arts ICW, Penders J, Thijs C, Lindner C, Nauta A, van Leusen E, van Leeuwen SS, Schols HA. Combining HPAEC-PAD, PGC-LC-MS, and 1D 1H NMR to Investigate Metabolic Fates of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in 1-Month-Old Infants: a Pilot Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6495-6509. [PMID: 34060814 PMCID: PMC8278486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A solid-phase extraction procedure was optimized to extract 3-fucosyllactose and other human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) from human milk samples separately, followed by absolute quantitation using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection and porous graphitized carbon-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. The approach developed was applied on a pilot sample set of 20 human milk samples and paired infant feces collected at around 1 month postpartum. One-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was employed on the same samples to determine the relative levels of fucosylated epitopes and sialylated (Neu5Ac) structural elements. Based on different HMO consumption patterns in the gastrointestinal tract, the infants were assigned to three clusters as follows: complete consumption; specific consumption of non-fucosylated HMOs; and, considerable levels of HMOs still present with consumption showing no specific preference. The consumption of HMOs by infant microbiota also showed structure specificity, with HMO core structures and Neu5Ac(α2-3)-decorated HMOs being most prone to degradation. The degree and position of fucosylation impacted HMO metabolization differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Gu
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Geert A. ten Kate
- Microbial
Physiology, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 72, Groningen 9700 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja C. W. Arts
- Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
- Maastricht
Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Paul-Henri Spaaklaan 1, Maastricht 6229 EN, The Netherlands
| | - John Penders
- Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Carel Thijs
- Maastricht
University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Cordula Lindner
- FrieslandCampina
Innovation Centre, Bronland
20, Wageningen 6708 WH, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Nauta
- FrieslandCampina
Innovation Centre, Bronland
20, Wageningen 6708 WH, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Leusen
- FrieslandCampina
Innovation Centre, Bronland
20, Wageningen 6708 WH, The Netherlands
| | - Sander S. van Leeuwen
- Microbial
Physiology, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 72, Groningen 9700 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A. Schols
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
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Djekkoun N, Lalau JD, Bach V, Depeint F, Khorsi-Cauet H. Chronic oral exposure to pesticides and their consequences on metabolic regulation: role of the microbiota. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:4131-4149. [PMID: 33837455 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides have long been used in agriculture and household treatments. Pesticide residues can be found in biological samples for both the agriculture workers through direct exposure but also to the general population by indirect exposure. There is also evidence of pesticide contamination in utero and trans-generational impacts. Whilst acute exposure to pesticides has long been associated with endocrine perturbations, chronic exposure with low doses also increases the prevalence of metabolic disorders such as obesity or type 2 diabetes. Dysmetabolism is a low-grade inflammation disorder and as such the microbiota plays a role in its etiology. It is therefore important to fully understand the role of microbiota on the genesis of subsequent health effects. The digestive tract and mostly microbiota are the first organs of contact after oral exposure. The objective of this review is thus to better understand mechanisms that link pesticide exposure, dysmetabolism and microbiota. One of the key outcomes on the microbiota is the reduced Bacteroidetes and increased Firmicutes phyla, reflecting both pesticide exposure and risk factors of dysmetabolism. Other bacterial genders and metabolic activities are also involved. As for most pathologies impacting microbiota (including inflammatory disorders), the role of prebiotics can be suggested as a prevention strategy and some preliminary evidence reinforces this axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narimane Djekkoun
- PeriTox UMR_I 01 Laboratory, University Center for Health Research, CURS-UPJV, Picardy Jules Verne University, 80054, Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Lalau
- PeriTox UMR_I 01 Laboratory, University Center for Health Research, CURS-UPJV, Picardy Jules Verne University, 80054, Amiens cedex 1, France.,Service Endocrinologie, Diabétologie, Nutrition, CHU Amiens Picardie, Site Nord, 80054, Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - Véronique Bach
- PeriTox UMR_I 01 Laboratory, University Center for Health Research, CURS-UPJV, Picardy Jules Verne University, 80054, Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - Flore Depeint
- Unité Transformations & Agroressources ULR7519, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle-Université d'Artois, 60026, Beauvais, France
| | - Hafida Khorsi-Cauet
- PeriTox UMR_I 01 Laboratory, University Center for Health Research, CURS-UPJV, Picardy Jules Verne University, 80054, Amiens cedex 1, France.
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Obesity, Early Life Gut Microbiota, and Antibiotics. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020413. [PMID: 33671180 PMCID: PMC7922584 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem that continues to be one of the leading risk factors for premature death. Early life is a critical period of time when the gut microbiota and host metabolism are developing in tandem and significantly contribute to long-term health outcomes. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, particularly in early life, can have detrimental effects on host health and increase the susceptibility of developing obesity later in life. Antibiotics are an essential lifesaving treatment; however, their use in early life may not be without risk. Antibiotics are a leading cause of intestinal dysbiosis, and early life administration is associated with obesity risk. The following review explores the relevant literature that simultaneously examines antibiotic-induced dysbiosis and obesity risk. Current evidence suggests that disruptions to the composition and maturation of the gut microbiota caused by antibiotic use in early life are a key mechanism linking the association between antibiotics and obesity. Without compromising clinical practice, increased consideration of the long-term adverse effects of antibiotic treatment on host health, particularly when used in early life is warranted. Novel adjunct interventions should be investigated (e.g., prebiotics) to help mitigate metabolic risk when antibiotic treatment is clinically necessary.
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The Association between Early-Life Gut Microbiota and Long-Term Health and Diseases. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10030459. [PMID: 33504109 PMCID: PMC7865818 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life gut microbiota have been increasingly recognized as major contributors to short and/or long-term human health and diseases. Numerous studies have demonstrated that human gut microbial colonization begins at birth, but continues to develop a succession of taxonomic abundances for two to three years until the gut microbiota reaches adult-like diversity and proportions. Several factors, including gestational age (GA), delivery mode, birth weight, feeding types, antibiotic exposure, maternal microbiome, and diet, influence the diversity, abundance, and function of early life gut microbiota. Gut microbial life is essential for assisting with the digestion of food substances to release nutrients, exerting control over pathogens, stimulating or modulating the immune system, and influencing many systems such as the liver, brain, and endocrine system. Microbial metabolites play multiple roles in these interactions. Furthermore, studies provide evidence supporting that imbalances of the gut microbiota in early life, referred to as dysbiosis, are associated with specific childhood or adult disease outcomes, such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, diabetes, allergic diseases, obesity, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and neurological disorders. These findings support that the human gut microbiota may play a fundamental role in the risk of acquiring diseases that may be programmed during early life. In fact, it is critical to explore the role of the human gut microbiota in early life.
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Elmaghrawy K, Hussey S, Moran GP. The Oral Microbiome in Pediatric IBD: A Source of Pathobionts or Biomarkers? Front Pediatr 2021; 8:620254. [PMID: 33553076 PMCID: PMC7859511 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.620254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is continuous with the gastrointestinal tract and in children, oral health may be closely linked with the overall health of the GI tract. In the case of pediatric Crohn's disease (CD), oral manifestations are an important clinical indicator of intestinal disease. Recent studies of the microbiome in IBD suggest that translocation of oral microbes to the gut may be a common feature of the microbial dysbiosis which is a signature of both CD and ulcerative colitis (UC). Murine studies suggest that translocation of oral bacteria and yeasts to the lower GI tract may trigger inflammation in susceptible hosts, providing a mechanistic link to the development of IBD. Conversely, some studies have shown that dysbiosis of the oral microbiome may occur, possibly as a result of inflammatory responses and could represent a useful source of biomarkers of GI health. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the oral microbiome in IBD and presents current hypotheses on the potential role of this community in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Elmaghrawy
- School of Dental Science, Trinity College Dublin and Dublin Dental University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Séamus Hussey
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gary P. Moran
- School of Dental Science, Trinity College Dublin and Dublin Dental University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Alderete TL, Jones RB, Shaffer JP, Holzhausen EA, Patterson WB, Kazemian E, Chatzi L, Knight R, Plows JF, Berger PK, Goran MI. Early life gut microbiota is associated with rapid infant growth in Hispanics from Southern California. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1961203. [PMID: 34424832 PMCID: PMC8386720 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1961203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine if the newborn gut microbiota is an underlying determinant of early life growth trajectories. 132 Hispanic infants were recruited at 1-month postpartum. The infant gut microbiome was characterized using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Rapid infant growth was defined as a weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) change greater than 0.67 between birth and 12-months of age. Measures of infant growth included change in WAZ, weight-for-length z-score (WLZ), and body mass index (BMI) z-scores from birth to 12-months and infant anthropometrics at 12-months (weight, skinfold thickness). Of the 132 infants, 40% had rapid growth in the first year of life. Multiple metrics of alpha-diversity predicted rapid infant growth, including a higher Shannon diversity (OR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.07-3.29; p = .03), Faith's phylogenic diversity (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.05-1.94; p = .03), and richness (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.08; p = .02). Many of these alpha-diversity metrics were also positively associated with increases in WAZ, WLZ, and BMI z-scores from birth to 12-months (pall<0.05). Importantly, we identified subsets of microbial consortia whose abundance were correlated with these same measures of infant growth. We also found that rapid growers were enriched in multiple taxa belonging to genera such as Acinetobacter, Collinsella, Enterococcus, Neisseria, and Parabacteroides. Moreover, measures of the newborn gut microbiota explained up to an additional 5% of the variance in rapid growth beyond known clinical predictors (R2 = 0.37 vs. 0.32, p < .01). These findings indicate that a more mature gut microbiota, characterized by increased alpha-diversity, at as early as 1-month of age, may influence infant growth trajectories in the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L. Alderete
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Roshonda B. Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Justin P. Shaffer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - William B. Patterson
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Elham Kazemian
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lida Chatzi
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jasmine F. Plows
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paige K. Berger
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael I. Goran
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Khine WWT, Rahayu ES, See TY, Kuah S, Salminen S, Nakayama J, Lee YK. Indonesian children fecal microbiome from birth until weaning was different from microbiomes of their mothers. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1761240. [PMID: 32453977 PMCID: PMC7524161 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1761240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota play an important role in human health and wellbeing and the first wave of gut microbes arrives mostly through vertical transmission from mother to child. This study has undertaken to understand the microbiota profile of healthy Southeast Asian mother-infant pairs. Here, we examined the fecal, vaginal and breast milk microbiota of Indonesian mothers and the fecal microbiota of their children from less than 1 month to 48 months old. To determine the immune status of children and the effect of diet at different ages, we examined the level of cytokines, bile acids in the fecal water and weaning food frequency. The fecal microbiota of the children before weaning contained mainly Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, which presented at low abundance in the samples of mothers. After weaning, the fecal microbiome of children was mainly of the Prevotella type, with decreasing levels of Bifidobacterium, thus becoming more like the fecal microbiome of the mother. The abundance of infant fecal commensals generally correlated inversely with potential pathogens before weaning. The fecal Bifidobacterium in children correlated inversely with the consumption of complex carbohydrates and fruits after weaning. The specific cytokines related to the proliferation and maturation of immunity were found to increase after weaning. A decreasing level of primary bile acids and an increase of secondary bile acids were observed after weaning. This study highlights the change in the GI microbiota of infants to adult-type microbiota after weaning and identifies diet as a major contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei Thwe Khine
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Endang Sutriswati Rahayu
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Center for Food & Nutrition Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ting Yi See
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sherwin Kuah
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jiro Nakayama
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuan-Kun Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore,CONTACT Yuan-Kun Lee Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2117545, Singapore
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Korpela K, Renko M, Vänni P, Paalanne N, Salo J, Tejesvi MV, Koivusaari P, Ojaniemi M, Pokka T, Kaukola T, Pirttilä AM, Tapiainen T. Microbiome of the first stool and overweight at age 3 years: A prospective cohort study. Pediatr Obes 2020; 15:e12680. [PMID: 32638554 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reports have revealed that the first-pass meconium hosts a diverse microbiome, but its clinical significance is not known. OBJECTIVE We designed a prospective population-based cohort study to evaluate whether the meconium microbiome predicts subsequent growth in children. METHODS The study comprised 212 consecutive newborns with a meconium sample and a follow-up sample at 1 year of age. Trained nurses measured the children for weight and length using standardized techniques. We used next-generation sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene and machine-learning approach for the analysis. RESULTS The children with overweight at 3 years of age differed in their meconium microbiome from those with normal weight, having a higher proportion of Bacteroidetes phylum (29% vs 15%, P = .013). Using the machine-learning approach, the gut microbiome at birth predicted subsequent overweight with area under the curve 0.70 (SD 0.04). A lower proportion of Staphylococcus at birth was associated with greater length/height at 1 year (ß = -.68, P = .029) and 2 years of age (β = -.74, P = .030). CONCLUSIONS The microbiome of the first-pass meconium predicted subsequent overweight at the age of 3 years. The association between the gut microbiome and overweight appears to start already during pregnancy and at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Korpela
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo Renko
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Vänni
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Genobiomics Ltd, Oulu, Finland
| | - Niko Paalanne
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jarmo Salo
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mysore V Tejesvi
- Genobiomics Ltd, Oulu, Finland.,Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pirjo Koivusaari
- Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marja Ojaniemi
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tytti Pokka
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuula Kaukola
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna M Pirttilä
- Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Terhi Tapiainen
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Chia LW, Mank M, Blijenberg B, Aalvink S, Bongers RS, Stahl B, Knol J, Belzer C. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Fosters the Growth of Butyrate-Producing Anaerostipes caccae in the Presence of Lactose and Total Human Milk Carbohydrates. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1513. [PMID: 33019531 PMCID: PMC7601031 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of infant gut microbiota is strongly influenced by nutrition. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOSs) in breast milk selectively promote the growth of glycan-degrading microbes, which lays the basis of the microbial network. In this study, we investigated the trophic interaction between Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and the butyrate-producing Anaerostipes caccae in the presence of early-life carbohydrates. Anaerobic bioreactors were set up to study the monocultures of B. thetaiotaomicron and the co-cultures of B. thetaiotaomicron with A. caccae in minimal media supplemented with lactose or a total human milk carbohydrate fraction. Bacterial growth (qPCR), metabolites (HPLC), and HMOS utilization (LC-ESI-MS2) were monitored. B. thetaiotaomicron displayed potent glycan catabolic capability with differential preference in degrading specific low molecular weight HMOSs, including the neutral trioses (2'-FL and 3-FL), neutral tetraoses (DFL, LNT, LNnT), neutral pentaoses (LNFP I, II, III, V), and acidic trioses (3'-SL and 6'-SL). In contrast, A. caccae was not able to utilize lactose and HMOSs. However, the signature metabolite of A. caccae, butyrate, was detected in co-culture with B. thetaiotaomicron. As such, A. caccae cross-fed on B. thetaiotaomicron-derived monosaccharides, acetate, and d-lactate for growth and concomitant butyrate production. This study provides a proof of concept that B. thetaiotaomicron could drive the butyrogenic metabolic network in the infant gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loo Wee Chia
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (L.W.C.); (S.A.); (J.K.)
| | - Marko Mank
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (B.B.); (R.S.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Bernadet Blijenberg
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (B.B.); (R.S.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Steven Aalvink
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (L.W.C.); (S.A.); (J.K.)
| | - Roger S. Bongers
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (B.B.); (R.S.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (B.B.); (R.S.B.); (B.S.)
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Knol
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (L.W.C.); (S.A.); (J.K.)
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (B.B.); (R.S.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (L.W.C.); (S.A.); (J.K.)
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Differding MK, Doyon M, Bouchard L, Perron P, Guérin R, Asselin C, Massé E, Hivert MF, Mueller NT. Potential interaction between timing of infant complementary feeding and breastfeeding duration in determination of early childhood gut microbiota composition and BMI. Pediatr Obes 2020; 15:e12642. [PMID: 32351036 PMCID: PMC7923600 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Introducing complementary foods other than breastmilk or formula acutely changes the infant gut microbiota composition. However, it is unknown whether the timing of introduction to complementary foods (early vs. late) in infancy is associated with early childhood gut microbiota and BMI, and if these associations depend on breastfeeding duration. OBJECTIVE Our primary objective was to investigate whether timing of infant complentary feeding with solid foods is associated with early childhood gut microbiota composition and BMI-z, and whether these associations differ by duration of breastfeeding. METHODS We used data from a Canadian pre-birth cohort followed till age 5 years. We examined timing of introduction to solid foods with the gut microbiota, determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of stool collected at 5 years of age, and age-and-sex specific BMI-z. We conducted analyses before and after stratifying by breastfeeding duration, and adjusted for delivery mode, gestational age and birth weight. RESULTS Of the 392 children in the analysis, 109 (27.8%) had early (≤4 months) solids. The association between early (vs later) solids and BMI-z at 5 years was modified by breastfeeding status at 4 months (P = .06). Among children breastfed >4 months, early (vs later) solids were associated with differential relative abundance of 6 bacterial taxa, including lower Roseburia, and 0.30 higher BMI-z (95% CI: 0.05, 0.55) at 5 years. In children breastfed <4 months, early solids were associated with differential relative abundance of 9 taxa, but not with child BMI-z. CONCLUSIONS Early (vs. later) introduction to solid foods in infancy is associated with altered gut microbiota composition and BMI in early childhood, however these associations differ by duration of breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira K. Differding
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Myriam Doyon
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada,Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada,Department of Medical Biology, CIUSSS-SLSJ, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrice Perron
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada,Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Renée Guérin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, CIUSSS-SLSJ, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claude Asselin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Massé
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada,Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada,Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Noel T. Mueller
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland,Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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46
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Genetic Polymorphisms, Mediterranean Diet and Microbiota-Associated Urolithin Metabotypes can Predict Obesity in Childhood-Adolescence. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7850. [PMID: 32398726 PMCID: PMC7217888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64833-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental and genetic factors are associated with pandemic obesity since childhood. However, the association of overweight-obesity with these factors, acting as a consortium, has been scarcely studied in children. We aimed here to assess the probabilities of being overweighed-obese in a randomly recruited cohort of Spanish children and adolescents (n = 415, 5−17 years-old) by estimating the odds ratios for different predictor variables, and their relative importance in the prediction. The predictor variables were ethnicity, age, sex, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (KIDMED), physical activity, urolithin metabotypes (UM-A, UM-B and UM-0) as biomarkers of the gut microbiota, and 53 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 43 genes mainly related to obesity and cardiometabolic diseases. A proportional-odds logistic ordinal regression, validated through bootstrap, was used to model the data. While every variable was not independently associated with overweight-obesity, however, the ordinal logistic model revealed that overweight-obesity prevalence was related to being a young boy with either UM-B or UM-0, low KIDMED score and high contribution of a consortium of 24 SNPs, being rs1801253-ADRB1, rs4343-ACE, rs8061518-FTO, rs1130864-CRP, rs659366-UCP2, rs6131-SELP, rs12535708-LEP, rs1501299-ADIPOQ, rs708272-CETP and rs2241766-ADIPOQ the top-ten contributing SNPs. Additional research should confirm and complete this model by including dietary interventions and the individuals’ gut microbiota composition.
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47
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The association between breastmilk oligosaccharides and faecal microbiota in healthy breastfed infants at two, six, and twelve weeks of age. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4270. [PMID: 32144305 PMCID: PMC7060319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several factors affect gut microbiota development in early life, among which breastfeeding plays a key role. We followed 24 mother-infant pairs to investigate the associations between concentrations of selected human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in breastmilk, infant faeces, and the faecal microbiota composition in healthy, breastfed infants at two, six and 12 weeks of age. Lactation duration had a significant effect on breastmilk HMO content, which decreased with time, except for 3-fucosyllactose (3FL) and Lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFP III). We confirmed that microbiota composition was strongly influenced by infant age and was associated with mode of delivery and breastmilk LNFP III concentration at two weeks, with infant sex, delivery mode, and concentrations of 3′sialyllactose (3′SL) in milk at six weeks, and infant sex and Lacto-N-hexaose (LNH) in milk at 12 weeks of age. Correlations between levels of individual breastmilk HMOs and relative abundance of OTUs found in infant faeces, including the most predominant Bifidobacterium OTUs, were weak and varied with age. The faecal concentration of HMOs decreased with age and were strongly and negatively correlated with relative abundance of OTUs within genera Bifidobacterium, Parabacteroides, Escherichia-Shigella, Bacteroides, Actinomyces, Veillonella, Lachnospiraceae Incertae Sedis, and Erysipelotrichaceae Incertae Sedis, indicating the likely importance of these taxa for HMO metabolism in vivo.
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48
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Turroni F, Milani C, Duranti S, Lugli GA, Bernasconi S, Margolles A, Di Pierro F, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. The infant gut microbiome as a microbial organ influencing host well-being. Ital J Pediatr 2020; 46:16. [PMID: 32024556 PMCID: PMC7003403 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-020-0781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial establishment of the human gut microbiota is generally believed to occur immediately following birth, involving key gut commensals such as bifidobacteria that are acquired from the mother. The subsequent development of this early gut microbiota is driven and modulated by specific dietary compounds present in human milk that support selective colonization. This represents a very intriguing example of host-microbe co-evolution, where both partners are believed to benefit. In recent years, various publications have focused on dissecting microbial infant gut communities and their interaction with their human host, being a determining factor in host physiology and metabolic activities. Such studies have highlighted a reduction of microbial diversity and/or an aberrant microbiota composition, sometimes referred to as dysbiosis, which may manifest itself during the early stage of life, i.e., in infants, or later stages of life. There are growing experimental data that may explain how the early human gut microbiota affects risk factors related to adult health conditions. This concept has fueled the development of various nutritional strategies, many of which are based on probiotics and/or prebiotics, to shape the infant microbiota. In this review, we will present the current state of the art regarding the infant gut microbiota and the role of key commensal microorganisms like bifidobacteria in the establishment of the first microbial communities in the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Turroni
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Sabrina Duranti
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Andrea Lugli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Abelardo Margolles
- Departamento de Microbiologia y Bioquimica de Productos Lacteos, IPLA - CSIC, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias-ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology & APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11a, 43124, Parma, Italy.
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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He X, Sotelo-Orozco J, Rudolph C, Lönnerdal B, Slupsky CM. The Role of Protein and Free Amino Acids on Intake, Metabolism, and Gut Microbiome: A Comparison Between Breast-Fed and Formula-Fed Rhesus Monkey Infants. Front Pediatr 2020; 7:563. [PMID: 32039120 PMCID: PMC6993202 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Compared to breast-fed (BF), formula-fed (FF) infants exhibit more rapid weight gain, a different fecal microbial profile, as well as elevated serum insulin, insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and branched chain amino acids (BCAAs). Since infant formula contains more protein and lower free amino acids than breast milk, it is thought that protein and/or free amino acids may be key factors that explain phenotypic differences between BF and FF infants. Methods: Newborn rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were either exclusively BF or fed regular formula or reduced protein formula either supplemented or not with a mixture of amino acids. Longitudinal sampling and clinical evaluation were performed from birth to 16 weeks including anthropometric measurements, intake records, collection of blood for hematology, serum biochemistry, hormones, and metabolic profiling, collection of urine for metabolic profiling, and collection of feces for 16s rRNA fecal microbial community profiling. Results: Reducing protein in infant formula profoundly suppressed intake, lowered weight gain and improved the FF-specific metabolic phenotype in the first month of age. This time-dependent change paralleled an improvement in serum insulin. All lower protein FF groups showed reduced protein catabolism with lower levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urea, ammonia, albumin, creatinine, as well as lower excretion of creatinine in urine compared to infants fed regular formula. Levels of fecal microbes (Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcus from the Ruminococcaceae family), that are known to have varying ability to utilize complex carbohydrates, also increased with protein reduction. Adding free amino acids to infant formula did not alter milk intake or fecal microbial composition, but did significantly increase urinary excretion of amino acids and nitrogen-containing metabolites. However, despite the lower protein intake, these infants still exhibited a distinct FF-specific metabolic phenotype characterized by accelerated weight gain, higher levels of insulin and C-peptide as well as elevated amino acids including BCAA, lysine, methionine, threonine and asparagine. Conclusions: Reducing protein and adding free amino acids to infant formula resulted in growth and metabolic performance of infants that were more similar to BF infants, but was insufficient to reverse the FF-specific accelerated growth and insulin-inducing high BCAA phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jennie Sotelo-Orozco
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Colin Rudolph
- Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN, United States
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn M. Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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50
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Vigar V, Myers S, Oliver C, Arellano J, Robinson S, Leifert C. A Systematic Review of Organic Versus Conventional Food Consumption: Is There a Measurable Benefit on Human Health? Nutrients 2019; 12:E7. [PMID: 31861431 PMCID: PMC7019963 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The current review aims to systematically assess the evidence related to human health outcomes when an organic diet is consumed in comparison to its conventional counterpart. Relevant databases were searched for articles published to January 2019. Clinical trials and observational research studies were included where they provided comparative results on direct or indirect health outcomes. Thirty-five papers met the criteria for inclusion in the review. Few clinical trials assessed direct improvements in health outcomes associated with organic food consumption; most assessed either differences in pesticide exposure or other indirect measures. Significant positive outcomes were seen in longitudinal studies where increased organic intake was associated with reduced incidence of infertility, birth defects, allergic sensitisation, otitis media, pre-eclampsia, metabolic syndrome, high BMI, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The current evidence base does not allow a definitive statement on the health benefits of organic dietary intake. However, a growing number of important findings are being reported from observational research linking demonstrable health benefits with organic food consumption. Future clinical research should focus on using long-term whole-diet substitution with certified organic interventions as this approach is more likely to determine whether or not true measurable health benefits exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vigar
- NatMed Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia; (V.V.); (C.O.); (S.R.)
- Integria Healthcare, Eight Mile Plains QLD 4113, Australia
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia;
- Centre for Organics Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Stephen Myers
- NatMed Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia; (V.V.); (C.O.); (S.R.)
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia;
- Centre for Organics Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Christopher Oliver
- NatMed Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia; (V.V.); (C.O.); (S.R.)
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia;
- Centre for Organics Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
- Oliver Nutrition Pty Ltd, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Jacinta Arellano
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia;
| | - Shelley Robinson
- NatMed Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia; (V.V.); (C.O.); (S.R.)
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia;
- Centre for Organics Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Carlo Leifert
- Centre for Organics Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
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