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Vázquez-Lizarraga R, Mendoza-Viveros L, Cid-Castro C, Ruiz-Montoya S, Carreño-Vázquez E, Orozco-Solis R. Hypothalamic circuits and aging: keeping the circadian clock updated. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1919-1928. [PMID: 38227516 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past century, age-related diseases, such as cancer, type-2 diabetes, obesity, and mental illness, have shown a significant increase, negatively impacting overall quality of life. Studies on aged animal models have unveiled a progressive discoordination at multiple regulatory levels, including transcriptional, translational, and post-translational processes, resulting from cellular stress and circadian derangements. The circadian clock emerges as a key regulator, sustaining physiological homeostasis and promoting healthy aging through timely molecular coordination of pivotal cellular processes, such as stem-cell function, cellular stress responses, and inter-tissue communication, which become disrupted during aging. Given the crucial role of hypothalamic circuits in regulating organismal physiology, metabolic control, sleep homeostasis, and circadian rhythms, and their dependence on these processes, strategies aimed at enhancing hypothalamic and circadian function, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, offer systemic benefits for healthy aging. Intranasal brain-directed drug administration represents a promising avenue for effectively targeting specific brain regions, like the hypothalamus, while reducing side effects associated with systemic drug delivery, thereby presenting new therapeutic possibilities for diverse age-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Mendoza-Viveros
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México City, México
- Centro de Investigacíon sobre el Envejecimiento, Centro de Investigacíon y de Estudios Avanzados (CIE-CINVESTAV), México City, México
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM, México City, México
| | - Carolina Cid-Castro
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México City, México
- Centro de Investigacíon sobre el Envejecimiento, Centro de Investigacíon y de Estudios Avanzados (CIE-CINVESTAV), México City, México
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM, México City, México
| | | | | | - Ricardo Orozco-Solis
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México City, México
- Centro de Investigacíon sobre el Envejecimiento, Centro de Investigacíon y de Estudios Avanzados (CIE-CINVESTAV), México City, México
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2
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Vargas-Vargas MA, González-Montoya M, Torres-Isidro O, García-Berumen CI, Ortiz-Avila O, Calderón-Cortés E, Cortés-Rojo C. Assessing the impact of concurrent high-fructose and high-saturated fat diets on pediatric metabolic syndrome: A review. World J Clin Pediatr 2024; 13:91478. [DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v13.i2.91478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
High-saturated fat (HF) or high-fructose (HFr) consumption in children predispose them to metabolic syndrome (MetS). In rodent models of MetS, diets containing individually HF or HFr lead to a variable degree of MetS. Nevertheless, simultaneous intake of HF plus HFr have synergistic effects, worsening MetS outcomes. In children, the effects of HF or HFr intake usually have been addressed individually. Therefore, we have reviewed the outcomes of HF or HFr diets in children, and we compare them with the effects reported in rodents. In humans, HFr intake causes increased lipogenesis, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity and insulin resistance. On the other hand, HF diets promote low grade-inflammation, obesity, insulin resistance. Despite the deleterious effects of simultaneous HF plus HFr intake on MetS development in rodents, there is little information about the combined effects of HF plus HFr intake in children. The aim of this review is to warn about this issue, as individually addressing the effects produced by HF or HFr may underestimate the severity of the outcomes of Western diet intake in the pediatric population. We consider that this is an alarming issue that needs to be assessed, as the simultaneous intake of HF plus HFr is common on fast food menus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alejandro Vargas-Vargas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico – Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Marcela González-Montoya
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico – Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Olin Torres-Isidro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico – Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Claudia Isabel García-Berumen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico – Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Omar Ortiz-Avila
- Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58020, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Calderón-Cortés
- Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58020, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Christian Cortés-Rojo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico – Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Michoacán, Mexico
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3
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Dearden L, Furigo IC, Pantaleão LC, Wong LWP, Fernandez-Twinn DS, de Almeida-Faria J, Kentistou KA, Carreira MV, Bidault G, Vidal-Puig A, Ong KK, Perry JRB, Donato J, Ozanne SE. Maternal obesity increases hypothalamic miR-505-5p expression in mouse offspring leading to altered fatty acid sensing and increased intake of high-fat food. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002641. [PMID: 38833481 PMCID: PMC11149872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In utero exposure to maternal obesity programs increased obesity risk. Animal models show that programmed offspring obesity is preceded by hyperphagia, but the mechanisms that mediate these changes are unknown. Using a mouse model of maternal obesity, we observed increased intake of a high-fat diet (HFD) in offspring of obese mothers that precedes the development of obesity. Through small RNA sequencing, we identified programmed overexpression of hypothalamic miR-505-5p that is established in the fetus, lasts to adulthood and is maintained in hypothalamic neural progenitor cells cultured in vitro. Metabolic hormones and long-chain fatty acids associated with obesity increase miR-505-5p expression in hypothalamic neurons in vitro. We demonstrate that targets of miR-505-5p are enriched in fatty acid metabolism pathways and overexpression of miR-505-5p decreased neuronal fatty acid metabolism in vitro. miR-505-5p targets are associated with increased BMI in human genetic studies. Intra-cerebroventricular injection of miR-505-5p in wild-type mice increased HFD intake, mimicking the phenotype observed in offspring exposed to maternal obesity. Conversely, maternal exercise intervention in an obese mouse pregnancy rescued the programmed increase of hypothalamic miR-505-5p in offspring of obese dams and reduced HFD intake to control offspring levels. This study identifies a novel mechanism by which maternal obesity programs obesity in offspring via increased intake of high-fat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dearden
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Isadora C. Furigo
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Centre for Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas C. Pantaleão
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - L W. P. Wong
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Denise S. Fernandez-Twinn
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Juliana de Almeida-Faria
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Campinas, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Maria V. Carreira
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Bidault
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John R. B. Perry
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susan E. Ozanne
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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4
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Nelson BN, Friedman JE. Developmental Programming of the Fetal Immune System by Maternal Western-Style Diet: Mechanisms and Implications for Disease Pathways in the Offspring. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5951. [PMID: 38892139 PMCID: PMC11172957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity and over/undernutrition can have a long-lasting impact on offspring health during critical periods in the first 1000 days of life. Children born to mothers with obesity have reduced immune responses to stimuli which increase susceptibility to infections. Recently, maternal western-style diets (WSDs), high in fat and simple sugars, have been associated with skewing neonatal immune cell development, and recent evidence suggests that dysregulation of innate immunity in early life has long-term consequences on metabolic diseases and behavioral disorders in later life. Several factors contribute to abnormal innate immune tolerance or trained immunity, including changes in gut microbiota, metabolites, and epigenetic modifications. Critical knowledge gaps remain regarding the mechanisms whereby these factors impact fetal and postnatal immune cell development, especially in precursor stem cells in bone marrow and fetal liver. Components of the maternal microbiota that are transferred from mothers consuming a WSD to their offspring are understudied and identifying cause and effect on neonatal innate and adaptive immune development needs to be refined. Tools including single-cell RNA-sequencing, epigenetic analysis, and spatial location of specific immune cells in liver and bone marrow are critical for understanding immune system programming. Considering the vital role immune function plays in offspring health, it will be important to understand how maternal diets can control developmental programming of innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N. Nelson
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Jacob E. Friedman
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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5
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Loganathan N, Lieu CV, Belsham DD. Immortalization and Characterization of GFAP-expressing Glial Cells from the Adult Mouse Hypothalamus, Cortex, and Brain Stem. Neuroscience 2024; 551:43-54. [PMID: 38788830 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The generation of astrocyte cell lines from the hypothalamus is key to study glial involvement in hypothalamic physiology, including energy homeostasis. As such, we immortalized astrocytes from the hypothalamus of an adult male CD-1 mouse using SV40 T-antigen to generate the mHypoA-Ast1 cell line. A comparative approach was taken with two other murine GFAP-expressing cell lines that were also generated in this study: a mixed glial cell line from the cortex (mCortA-G1) and an oligodendrocyte cell line from the brainstem (mBstA-Olig1), as well as an established microglial cell line (IMG). mHypoA-Ast1 cells express GFAP, alongside other astrocytic markers such as Aldh1l1, Aqp4, Glt1 and S100b, and express low levels of microglial, ependymal and oligodendrocyte markers. 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elevated mRNA levels of Il6, Il1b, Tnfα and Cxcl5 in mHypoA-Ast1 cells after 4 h, while 50 μM palmitate increased Il6 and Chop mRNA, demonstrating the ability of these cells to respond to inflammatory and nutrient signals. Interestingly, co-culture of mHypoA-Ast1 cells with mHypoE-N46 hypothalamic neuronal cells prevented the palmitate-mediated increase in orexigenic neuropeptide Agrp mRNA in mHypoE-N46 cells, suggesting that this cell line can alter neuronal responses to nutrients. In conclusion, we report mHypoA-Ast1 cells representing a functional astrocyte cell line from the adult mouse brain that can be used to study the complex interactions of hypothalamic cells, as well as dysregulation that may occur in disease states, providing a key tool for neuroendocrine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neruja Loganathan
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Calvin V Lieu
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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He W, Loganathan N, Tran A, Belsham DD. Npy transcription is regulated by noncanonical STAT3 signaling in hypothalamic neurons: Implication with lipotoxicity and obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 586:112179. [PMID: 38387703 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (Npy) is an abundant neuropeptide expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. NPY-secreting neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus regulate energy homeostasis, and Npy mRNA expression is regulated by peripheral nutrient and hormonal signals like leptin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and fatty acids. This study demonstrates that IL-6, which phosphorylates tyrosine 705 (Y705) of STAT3, decreased Npy mRNA in arcuate immortalized hypothalamic neurons. In parallel, inhibitors of STAT3-Y705 phosphorylation, stattic and cucurbitacin I, robustly upregulated Npy mRNA. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation showed high baseline total STAT3 binding to multiple regulatory regions of the Npy gene, which are decreased by IL-6 exposure. The STAT3-Npy interaction was further examined in obesity-related pathologies. Notably, in four different hypothalamic neuronal models where palmitate potently stimulated Npy mRNA, Socs3, a specific STAT3 activity marker, was downregulated and was negatively correlated with Npy mRNA levels (R2 = 0.40, p < 0.001), suggesting that disrupted STAT3 signaling is involved in lipotoxicity-mediated dysregulation of Npy. Finally, human NPY SNPs that map to human obesity or body mass index were investigated for potential STAT3 binding sites. Although none of the SNPs were linked to direct STAT3 binding, analysis show that rs17149106 (-602 G > T) is located on an upstream enhancer element of NPY, where the variant is predicted to disrupt validated binding of KLF4, a known inhibitory cofactor of STAT3 and downstream effector of leptin signaling. Collectively, this study demonstrates that STAT3 signaling negatively regulates Npy transcription, and that disruption of this interaction may contribute to metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan He
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Andy Tran
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Li Z, Jiang YY, Long C, Peng X, Tao J, Pu Y, Yue R. Bridging metabolic syndrome and cognitive dysfunction: role of astrocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1393253. [PMID: 38800473 PMCID: PMC11116704 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1393253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cognitive dysfunction pose significant challenges to global health and the economy. Systemic inflammation, endocrine disruption, and autoregulatory impairment drive neurodegeneration and microcirculatory damage in MetS. Due to their unique anatomy and function, astrocytes sense and integrate multiple metabolic signals, including peripheral endocrine hormones and nutrients. Astrocytes and synapses engage in a complex dialogue of energetic and immunological interactions. Astrocytes act as a bridge between MetS and cognitive dysfunction, undergoing diverse activation in response to metabolic dysfunction. This article summarizes the alterations in astrocyte phenotypic characteristics across multiple pathological factors in MetS. It also discusses the clinical value of astrocytes as a critical pathologic diagnostic marker and potential therapeutic target for MetS-associated cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-yi Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Caiyi Long
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajing Tao
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yueheng Pu
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rensong Yue
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Xu M, Wang W, Cheng J, Qu H, Xu M, Wang L. Effects of mitochondrial dysfunction on cellular function: Role in atherosclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116587. [PMID: 38636397 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, an immunoinflammatory disease of medium and large arteries, is associated with life-threatening clinical events, such as acute coronary syndromes and stroke. Chronic inflammation and impaired lipoprotein metabolism are considered to be among the leading causes of atherosclerosis, while numerous risk factors, including arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and aging, can contribute to the development of the disease. In recent years, emerging evidence has underlined the key role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is believed to result in an increase in reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and intracellular lipid deposition, all of which can contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Critical cells, including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages, play an important role in atherosclerosis. Mitochondrial function is also involved in maintaining the normal function of these cells. To better understand the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, this review summarizes the findings of recent studies and discusses the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the risk factors and critical cells of atherosclerosis. FACTS: OPEN QUESTIONS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwen Xu
- Clinical Skills Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingpei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; Basic Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Hongen Qu
- Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Minjuan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Liefeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; Basic Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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Yarahmadi A, Zare M, Aghayari M, Afkhami H, Jafari GA. Therapeutic bacteria and viruses to combat cancer: double-edged sword in cancer therapy: new insights for future. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:239. [PMID: 38654309 PMCID: PMC11040964 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01622-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer, ranked as the second leading cause of mortality worldwide, leads to the death of approximately seven million people annually, establishing itself as one of the most significant health challenges globally. The discovery and identification of new anti-cancer drugs that kill or inactivate cancer cells without harming normal and healthy cells and reduce adverse effects on the immune system is a potential challenge in medicine and a fundamental goal in Many studies. Therapeutic bacteria and viruses have become a dual-faceted instrument in cancer therapy. They provide a promising avenue for cancer treatment, but at the same time, they also create significant obstacles and complications that contribute to cancer growth and development. This review article explores the role of bacteria and viruses in cancer treatment, examining their potential benefits and drawbacks. By amalgamating established knowledge and perspectives, this review offers an in-depth examination of the present research landscape within this domain and identifies avenues for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Yarahmadi
- Department of Biology, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mitra Zare
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Aghayari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hamed Afkhami
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gholam Ali Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
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Zhang S, Zhang Y, Wen Z, Yang Y, Bu T, Wei R, Chen Y, Ni Q. Jinkui Shenqi pills ameliorate diabetes by regulating hypothalamic insulin resistance and POMC/AgRP expression and activity. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 126:155297. [PMID: 38342019 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on the imbalance of proopiomelanocortin (POMC)/agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons in the hypothalamus holds potential insights into the pathophysiology of diabetes. Jinkui Shenqi pills (JSP), a prevalent traditional Chinese medicine, regulate hypothalamic function and treat diabetes. PURPOSE To investigate the hypoglycemic effect of JSP and explore the probable mechanism in treating diabetes. METHODS A type 2 diabetes mouse model was used to investigate the pharmacodynamics of JSP. The glucose-lowering efficacy of JSP was assessed through various metrics including body weight, food consumption, fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin levels, and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). To elucidate the modulatory effects of JSP on hypothalamic mechanisms, we quantified the expression and activity of POMC and AgRP and assessed the insulin-mediated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase A (AKT)/forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) pathway in diabetic mice via western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, primary hypothalamic neurons were exposed to high glucose and palmitic acid levels to induce insulin resistance, and the influence of JSP on POMC/AgRP protein expression and activation was evaluated by PI3K protein inhibition using western blotting and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Medium- and high-dose JSP treatment effectively inhibited appetite, resulting in a steady declining trend in body weight, FBG, and OGTT results in diabetic mice (p < 0.05). These JSP groups also had significantly increased insulin levels (p < 0.05). Importantly, the medium-dose group exhibited notable protection of hypothalamic neuronal and synaptic structures, leading to augmentation of dendritic length and branching (p < 0.05). Furthermore, low-, medium-, and high-dose JSP groups exhibited increased phosphorylated (p) INSR, PI3K, pPI3K, AKT, and pAKT expression, as well as decreased FOXO1 and increased pFOXO1 expression, indicating improved hypothalamic insulin resistance in diabetic mice (p < 0.05). Treatment with 10% JSP-enriched serum produced a marked elevation of both expression and activation of POMC (p < 0.05), with a concurrent reduction in AgRP expression and activation within primary hypothalamic neurons (p < 0.05). Intriguingly, these effects could be attributed to the regulatory dynamics of PI3K activity. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that JSP can ameliorate diabetes by regulating POMC/AgRP expression and activity. The insulin-mediated PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 pathway plays an important regulatory role in this intricate process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yueying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Zhige Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yanan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Tianjie Bu
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Ruoyu Wei
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Hospital of Xingtai, Hebei, 054000, China
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Qing Ni
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Ritter ML, Wagner VA, Balapattabi K, Opichka MA, Lu KT, Wackman KK, Reho JJ, Keen HL, Kwitek AE, Morselli LL, Geurts AM, Sigmund CD, Grobe JL. Krüppel-like factor 4 in transcriptional control of the three unique isoforms of Agouti-related peptide in mice. Physiol Genomics 2024; 56:265-275. [PMID: 38145289 PMCID: PMC10866620 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00042.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Agouti-related peptide (AgRP/Agrp) within the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) contributes to the control of energy balance, and dysregulated Agrp may contribute to metabolic adaptation during prolonged obesity. In mice, three isoforms of Agrp are encoded via distinct first exons. Agrp-A (ENSMUST00000005849.11) contributed 95% of total Agrp in mouse ARC, whereas Agrp-B (ENSMUST00000194654.2) dominated in placenta (73%). Conditional deletion of Klf4 from Agrp-expressing cells (Klf4Agrp-KO mice) reduced Agrp mRNA and increased energy expenditure but had no effects on food intake or the relative abundance of Agrp isoforms in the ARC. Chronic high-fat diet feeding masked these effects of Klf4 deletion, highlighting the context-dependent contribution of KLF4 to Agrp control. In the GT1-7 mouse hypothalamic cell culture model, which expresses all three isoforms of Agrp (including Agrp-C, ENSMUST00000194091.6), inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) simultaneously increased KLF4 binding to the Agrp promoter and stimulated Agrp expression. In addition, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Klf4 reduced expression of Agrp. We conclude that the expression of individual isoforms of Agrp in the mouse is dependent upon cell type and that KLF4 directly promotes the transcription of Agrp via a mechanism that is superseded during obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In mice, three distinct isoforms of Agouti-related peptide are encoded via distinct first exons. In the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, Krüppel-like factor 4 stimulates transcription of the dominant isoform in lean mice, but this mechanism is altered during diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenzie L Ritter
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Valerie A Wagner
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Genetics Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Kirthikaa Balapattabi
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Megan A Opichka
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Ko-Ting Lu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kelsey K Wackman
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - John J Reho
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Henry L Keen
- Bioinformatics Division, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Anne E Kwitek
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Linda T. and John A. Mellowes Center for Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Lisa L Morselli
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Linda T. and John A. Mellowes Center for Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
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Guo Y, Yin G, Hui F, Guo X, Shi B, Zhao Y, Yan S. Effects of dietary energy level on antioxidant capability, immune function and rectal microbiota in late gestation donkeys. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1308171. [PMID: 38414765 PMCID: PMC10896733 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1308171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study investigated the effects of dietary energy level on the antioxidant capability, immune function, and rectal microbiota in donkey jennets during the last 60 days of gestation. Methods Fifteen pregnant DeZhou donkeys with age of 6.0 ± 0.1 years, body weight of 292 ± 33 kg, parity of 2.7 ± 0.1 parities and similar expected date of confinement (74 ± 4 days) were randomly allocated to three groups and feed three diets: high energy (10.92 MJ/kg, H), medium energy (10.49 MJ/kg, M), and low energy (9.94 MJ/kg, L). Results and Discussion The serum activity of catalase (CAT), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in group M was significantly higher, whereas the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, and IL-6 were lower than those recorded for groups H and L (p ≤ 0.05). The dietary energy level significantly affected rectal microbial community structure in the jennet donkeys 35 days and 7 days before the parturition (p ≤ 0.05). The abundances of norank_f_norank_o_Coriobacteriales genus was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in group H, and the abundances of norank_f_norank_o_Mollicutes_RF39 and the Candidatus_Saccharimonas were higher in group L (p ≤ 0.05). The abundance of Fibrobacter in group M was significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05). The abundance of norank_f_norank_o_Coriobacteriales was positively correlated with average daily gain (ADG) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations (p ≤ 0.05). The abundance of norank_f_norank_o_Mollicutes_RF39 was positively correlated with IL-2 and IL-6 concentrations. The abundance of Candidatus_Saccharimonas was positively correlated with CAT, T-SOD and GSH-Px activities (p ≤ 0.05). The abundance of Fibrobacter was positively correlated with CAT and T-SOD activities (p ≤ 0.05), but negatively correlated with IL-2 concentration (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, an appropriate dietary with an energy content of 10.49 MJ/kg for jennet donkeys during late gestation increased the prenatal antioxidant capacity, reduced inflammatory cytokines, and promoted fetal growth, and these changes were related to diet-induced changes in rectal microbiota compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sumei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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13
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Papadakis S, Thompson JR, Feczko E, Miranda-Dominguez O, Dunn GA, Selby M, Mitchell AJ, Sullivan EL, Fair DA. Perinatal Western-style diet exposure associated with decreased microglial counts throughout the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in Japanese macaques. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:241-260. [PMID: 38197176 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00213.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to a high-fat, high-sugar Western-style diet (WSD) is associated with altered neural circuitry in the melanocortin system. This association may have an underlying inflammatory component, as consumption of a WSD during pregnancy can lead to an elevated inflammatory environment. Our group previously demonstrated that prenatal WSD exposure was associated with increased markers of inflammation in the placenta and fetal hypothalamus in Japanese macaques. In this follow-up study, we sought to determine whether this heightened inflammatory state persisted into the postnatal period, as prenatal exposure to inflammation has been shown to reprogram offspring immune function and long-term neuroinflammation would present a potential means for prolonged disruptions to microglia-mediated neuronal circuit formation. Neuroinflammation was approximated in 1-yr-old offspring by counting resident microglia and peripherally derived macrophages in the region of the hypothalamus examined in the fetal study, the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Microglia and macrophages were immunofluorescently stained with their shared marker, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), and quantified in 11 regions along the rostral-caudal axis of the ARC. A mixed-effects model revealed main effects of perinatal diet (P = 0.011) and spatial location (P = 0.003) on Iba1-stained cell count. Perinatal WSD exposure was associated with a slight decrease in the number of Iba1-stained cells, and cells were more densely located in the center of the ARC. These findings suggest that the heightened inflammatory state experienced in utero does not persist postnatally. This inflammatory response trajectory could have important implications for understanding how neurodevelopmental disorders progress.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prenatal Western-style diet exposure is associated with increased microglial activity in utero. However, we found a potentially neuroprotective reduction in microglia count during early postnatal development. This trajectory could inform the timing of disruptions to microglia-mediated neuronal circuit formation. Additionally, this is the first study in juvenile macaques to characterize the distribution of microglia along the rostral-caudal axis of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Nearby neuronal populations may be greater targets during inflammatory insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Papadakis
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Jacqueline R Thompson
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States
| | - Eric Feczko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Oscar Miranda-Dominguez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Geoffrey A Dunn
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Matthew Selby
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - A J Mitchell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States
| | - Elinor L Sullivan
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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Baqueiro MDN, Simino LADP, Costa JP, Panzarin C, Reginato A, Torsoni MA, Ignácio-Souza L, Milanski M, Ross MG, Coca KP, Desai M, Torsoni AS. Sex-Dependent Variations in Hypothalamic Fatty Acid Profile and Neuropeptides in Offspring Exposed to Maternal Obesity and High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2024; 16:340. [PMID: 38337626 PMCID: PMC10857148 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity and/or high-fat diet (HF) consumption can disrupt appetite regulation in their offspring, contributing to transgenerational obesity and metabolic diseases. As fatty acids (FAs) play a role in appetite regulation, we investigated the maternal and fetal levels of FAs as potential contributors to programmed hyperphagia observed in the offspring of obese dams. Female mice were fed either a control diet (CT) or HF prior to mating, and fetal and maternal blood and tissues were collected at 19 days of gestation. Elevated levels of linoleic acid were observed in the serum of HF dams as well as in the serum of their fetuses. An increased concentration of eicosadienoic acid was also detected in the hypothalamus of female HF-O fetuses. HF-O male fetuses showed increased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (Npy) gene expression, while HF-O female fetuses showed decreased hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) protein content. Both male and female fetuses exhibited reduced hypothalamic neurogenin 3 (NGN-3) gene expression. In vitro experiments confirmed that LA contributed to the decreased gene expression of Pomc and Ngn-3 in neuronal cells. During lactation, HF female offspring consumed more milk and had a higher body weight compared to CT. In summary, this study demonstrated that exposure to HF prior to and during gestation alters the FA composition in maternal serum and fetal serum and hypothalamus, particularly increasing n-6, which may play a role in the switch from POMC to NPY neurons, leading to increased weight gain in the offspring during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara da Nóbrega Baqueiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Laís Angélica de Paula Simino
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - João Paulo Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Carolina Panzarin
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Andressa Reginato
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Marcio Alberto Torsoni
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Letícia Ignácio-Souza
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Marciane Milanski
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Michael G. Ross
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (M.G.R.); (M.D.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Kelly Pereira Coca
- Ana Abrao Breastfeeding Center, Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo 04037-001, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Mina Desai
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (M.G.R.); (M.D.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Adriana Souza Torsoni
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
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15
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Ullah R, Shen Y, Zhou YD, Fu J. Perinatal metabolic inflammation in the hypothalamus impairs the development of homeostatic feeding circuitry. Metabolism 2023; 147:155677. [PMID: 37543245 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been a global increase in childhood obesity. This rise in childhood obesity contributes to the susceptibility of impaired metabolism during both childhood and adulthood. The hypothalamus, specifically the arcuate nucleus (ARC), houses crucial neurons involved in regulating homeostatic feeding. These neurons include proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related peptide (AGRP) secreting neurons. They play a vital role in sensing nutrients and metabolic hormones like insulin, leptin, and ghrelin. The neurogenesis of AGRP and POMC neurons completes at birth; however, axon development and synapse formation occur during the postnatal stages in rodents. Insulin, leptin, and ghrelin are the essential regulators of POMC and AGRP neurons. Maternal obesity and postnatal overfeeding or a high-fat diet (HFD) feeding cause metabolic inflammation, disrupted signaling of metabolic hormones, netrin-1, and neurogenic factors, neonatal obesity, and defective neuronal development in animal models; however, the mechanism is unclear. Within the hypothalamus and other brain areas, there exists a wide range of interconnected neuronal populations that regulate various aspects of feeding. However, this review aims to discuss how perinatal metabolic inflammation influences the development of POMC and AGRP neurons within the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ullah
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310052, China; Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yu-Dong Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310052, China.
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16
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Yao C, Gou X, Tian C, Zhou L, Hao R, Wan L, Wang Z, Li M, Tong X. Key regulators of intestinal stem cells: diet, microbiota, and microbial metabolites. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:735-746. [PMID: 36566949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between diet and the intestinal microbiome play an important role in human health and disease development. It is well known that such interactions, whether direct or indirect, trigger a series of metabolic reactions in the body. Evidence suggests that intestinal stem cells (ISCs), which are phenotypic precursors of various intestinal epithelial cells, play a significant role in the regulation of intestinal barrier function and homeostasis. The advent and evolution of intestinal organoid culture techniques have presented a key opportunity to study the association between the intestinal microenvironment and ISCs. As a result, the effects exerted by dietary factors, intestinal microbiomes, and their metabolites on the metabolic regulation of ISCs and the potential mechanisms underlying such effects are being gradually revealed. This review summarises the effects of different dietary patterns on the behaviour and functioning of ISCs and focuses on the crosstalk between intestinal microbiota, related metabolites, and ISCs, with the aim of fully understanding the relationship between these three factors and providing further insights into the complex mechanisms associated with ISCs in the human body. Gaining an understanding of these mechanisms may lead to the development of novel dietary interventions or drugs conducive to intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chensi Yao
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiaowen Gou
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Chuanxi Tian
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lijuan Zhou
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Rui Hao
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Wan
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Scientific Research, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130017, China.
| | - Min Li
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital of China, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
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17
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Mak KWY, He W, Loganathan N, Belsham DD. Bisphenol A Alters the Levels of miRNAs That Directly and/or Indirectly Target Neuropeptide Y in Murine Hypothalamic Neurons. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1773. [PMID: 37761913 PMCID: PMC10530511 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a vital regulator of energy homeostasis. Orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons within the hypothalamus can stimulate feeding and suppress energy expenditure, and dysregulation of these neurons may contribute to obesity. We previously reported that bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor with obesogenic properties, alters Npy transcription in hypothalamic neurons by inducing oxidative stress. We hypothesized that hypothalamic microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs, could directly regulate Npy gene expression by binding the 3' untranslated region (UTR). Five predicted Npy-targeting miRNA candidates were uncovered through TargetScan and were detected in Npy-expressing hypothalamic neuronal cell models and hypothalamic neuronal primary cultures. BPA dysregulated the expression of a number of these hypothalamic miRNAs. We examined the effects of putative Npy-targeting miRNAs using miRNA mimics, and we found that miR-143-3p, miR-140-5p, miR-29b-1-5p, and let-7b-3p altered Npy expression in the murine hypothalamic cell lines. Importantly, miR-143-3p targets the mouse Npy 3' UTR, as detected using a luciferase construct containing the potential 3' UTR binding sites. Overall, this study established the first hypothalamic miRNA that directly targets the 3' UTR of mouse Npy, emphasizing the involvement of miRNAs in the NPY system and providing an alternative target for control of NPY levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly W. Y. Mak
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building 3247A, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (K.W.Y.M.); (W.H.); (N.L.)
| | - Wenyuan He
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building 3247A, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (K.W.Y.M.); (W.H.); (N.L.)
| | - Neruja Loganathan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building 3247A, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (K.W.Y.M.); (W.H.); (N.L.)
| | - Denise D. Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building 3247A, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (K.W.Y.M.); (W.H.); (N.L.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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18
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Cincotta AH. Brain Dopamine-Clock Interactions Regulate Cardiometabolic Physiology: Mechanisms of the Observed Cardioprotective Effects of Circadian-Timed Bromocriptine-QR Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Subjects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13255. [PMID: 37686060 PMCID: PMC10487918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite enormous global efforts within clinical research and medical practice to reduce cardiovascular disease(s) (CVD), it still remains the leading cause of death worldwide. While genetic factors clearly contribute to CVD etiology, the preponderance of epidemiological data indicate that a major common denominator among diverse ethnic populations from around the world contributing to CVD is the composite of Western lifestyle cofactors, particularly Western diets (high saturated fat/simple sugar [particularly high fructose and sucrose and to a lesser extent glucose] diets), psychosocial stress, depression, and altered sleep/wake architecture. Such Western lifestyle cofactors are potent drivers for the increased risk of metabolic syndrome and its attendant downstream CVD. The central nervous system (CNS) evolved to respond to and anticipate changes in the external (and internal) environment to adapt survival mechanisms to perceived stresses (challenges to normal biological function), including the aforementioned Western lifestyle cofactors. Within the CNS of vertebrates in the wild, the biological clock circuitry surveils the environment and has evolved mechanisms for the induction of the obese, insulin-resistant state as a survival mechanism against an anticipated ensuing season of low/no food availability. The peripheral tissues utilize fat as an energy source under muscle insulin resistance, while increased hepatic insulin resistance more readily supplies glucose to the brain. This neural clock function also orchestrates the reversal of the obese, insulin-resistant condition when the low food availability season ends. The circadian neural network that produces these seasonal shifts in metabolism is also responsive to Western lifestyle stressors that drive the CNS clock into survival mode. A major component of this natural or Western lifestyle stressor-induced CNS clock neurophysiological shift potentiating the obese, insulin-resistant state is a diminution of the circadian peak of dopaminergic input activity to the pacemaker clock center, suprachiasmatic nucleus. Pharmacologically preventing this loss of circadian peak dopaminergic activity both prevents and reverses existing metabolic syndrome in a wide variety of animal models of the disorder, including high fat-fed animals. Clinically, across a variety of different study designs, circadian-timed bromocriptine-QR (quick release) (a unique formulation of micronized bromocriptine-a dopamine D2 receptor agonist) therapy of type 2 diabetes subjects improved hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, immune sterile inflammation, and/or adverse cardiovascular event rate. The present review details the seminal circadian science investigations delineating important roles for CNS circadian peak dopaminergic activity in the regulation of peripheral fuel metabolism and cardiovascular biology and also summarizes the clinical study findings of bromocriptine-QR therapy on cardiometabolic outcomes in type 2 diabetes subjects.
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Xie D, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Xue X, Zhao S, Geng C, Li Y, Yang R, Gan Y, Li H, Ren Z, Jiang P. The impact of high-glucose or high-fat diets on the metabolomic profiling of mice. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1171806. [PMID: 37492592 PMCID: PMC10363684 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1171806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Diets high in glucose or fat contribute to an increased prevalence of the diseases. Therefore, the objective of the current research was to observe and evaluate the impact of dietary components on different metabolomic profiles in primary tissues of mice. Methods For 8 weeks, diet with high-glucose or-fat was given to C57BL/6 J mice. The levels of metabolites in the primary tissues of mice were studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and analyzed using multivariate statistics. Results By comparing the metabolic profiles between the two diet groups and control group in mice main tissues, our study revealed 32 metabolites in the high-glucose diet (HGD) group and 28 metabolites in the high-fat diet (HFD) group. The most significantly altered metabolites were amino acids (AAs; L-alanine, L-valine, glycine, L-aspartic acid, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-threonine, L-glutamic acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, serine, proline, and lysine), fatty acids (FAs; propanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexanoic acid, and myristic acid), and organic compounds (succinic acid, malic acid, citric acid, L-(+)-lactic acid, myo-inositol, and urea). These metabolites are implicated in many metabolic pathways related to energy, AAs, and lipids metabolism. Conclusion We systematically analyzed the metabolic changes underlying high-glucose or high-fat diet. The two divergent diets induced patent changes in AA and lipid metabolism in the main tissues, and helped identify metabolic pathways in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadi Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital, Tengzhou, China
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanbo Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital, Tengzhou, China
| | - Yujin Guo
- Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xianzhong Xue
- Department of Endocrinology, Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital, Tengzhou, China
| | - Shiyuan Zhao
- Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chunmei Geng
- Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital, Tengzhou, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Paediatrics, Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital, Tengzhou, China
| | - Yizhang Gan
- Department of Endocrinology, Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital, Tengzhou, China
| | - Hanbing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital, Tengzhou, China
| | - Zhongfa Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital, Tengzhou, China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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Harmancıoğlu B, Kabaran S. Maternal high fat diets: impacts on offspring obesity and epigenetic hypothalamic programming. Front Genet 2023; 14:1158089. [PMID: 37252665 PMCID: PMC10211392 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1158089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy is associated with rapid weight gain and fetal fat mass increase at an early stage. Also, HFD during pregnancy can cause the activation of proinflammatory cytokines. Maternal insulin resistance and inflammation lead to increased adipose tissue lipolysis, and also increased free fatty acid (FFA) intake during pregnancy (˃35% of energy from fat) cause a significant increase in FFA levels in the fetus. However, both maternal insulin resistance and HFD have detrimental effects on adiposity in early life. As a result of these metabolic alterations, excess fetal lipid exposure may affect fetal growth and development. On the other hand, increase in blood lipids and inflammation can adversely affect the development of the liver, adipose tissue, brain, skeletal muscle, and pancreas in the fetus, increasing the risk for metabolic disorders. In addition, maternal HFD is associated with changes in the hypothalamic regulation of body weight and energy homeostasis by altering the expression of the leptin receptor, POMC, and neuropeptide Y in the offspring, as well as altering methylation and gene expression of dopamine and opioid-related genes which cause changes in eating behavior. All these maternal metabolic and epigenetic changes may contribute to the childhood obesity epidemic through fetal metabolic programming. Dietary interventions, such as limiting dietary fat intake <35% with appropriate fatty acid intake during the gestation period are the most effective type of intervention to improve the maternal metabolic environment during pregnancy. Appropriate nutritional intake during pregnancy should be the principal goal in reducing the risks of obesity and metabolic disorders.
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McIlwraith EK, Belsham DD. Palmitate alters miRNA content of small extracellular vesicles secreted from NPY/AgRP-expressing hypothalamic neurons. Brain Res 2023; 1810:148367. [PMID: 37054963 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes (sEVs) are extracellular vesicles involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. Notably, exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as crucial mediators of communication between cells and are involved in the development of obesity. One region of the brain known to be dysregulated in obesity is the hypothalamus. It coordinates whole-body energy homeostasis through stimulation and inhibition of the orexigenic neuropeptide (NPY)/agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons and anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. A role for hypothalamic astrocytic exosomes in communication with POMC neurons was previously elucidated. Yet, it was unknown whether NPY/AgRP neurons secreted exosomes. We previously established that the saturated fat palmitate alters the intracellular levels of miRNAs and we now questioned whether palmitate would also alter the miRNA content of exosomal miRNAs. We found that the mHypoE-46 cell line secreted particles consistent with the size of exosomes and that palmitate altered levels of a spectrum of miRNAs associated with exosomes. The predicted KEGG pathways of the collective miRNA predicted targets included fatty acid metabolism and insulin signaling. Of note, one of these altered secreted miRNAs was miR-2137, which was also altered within the cells. We also found that while sEVs collected from the mHypoE-46 neurons increased Pomc mRNA in the mHypoA-POMC/GFP-2 cells after 48 hours, the effect was absent with sEVs isolated following palmitate treatment, indicating another potential route by which palmitate promotes obesity. Hypothalamic neuronal exosomes may therefore play a role in the control of energy homeostasis that may be disrupted in obese conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K McIlwraith
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8; Departments of Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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McIlwraith EK, Belsham DD. Palmitate alters miR-2137 and miR-503-5p to induce orexigenic Npy in hypothalamic neuronal cell models: Rescue by oleate and docosahexaenoic acid. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13271. [PMID: 37208960 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNA implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity. One cause of obesity is excess exposure to the saturated fatty acid palmitate that can alter miRNA levels in the periphery. Palmitate also promotes obesity by acting on the hypothalamus, the central coordinator of energy homeostasis, to dysregulate hypothalamic feeding neuropeptides and induce ER stress and inflammatory signaling. We hypothesized that palmitate would alter hypothalamic miRNAs that control genes involved in energy homeostasis thereby contributing to the obesity-promoting effects of palmitate. We found that palmitate upregulated 20 miRNAs and downregulated six miRNAs in the orexigenic NPY/AgRP-expressing mHypoE-46 cell line. We focused on delineating the roles of miR-2137 and miR-503-5p, as they were strongly up- and downregulated by palmitate, respectively. Overexpression of miR-2137 increased Npy mRNA levels and downregulated Esr1 levels, while increasing C/ebpβ and Atf3 mRNA. Inhibiting miR-2137 had the opposite effect, except on Npy, which was unchanged. The most downregulated miRNA by palmitate, miR-503-5p, negatively regulated Npy mRNA levels. Exposure to the unsaturated fatty acids oleate or docosahexaenoic acid completely or partially blocked the effects of palmitate on miR-2137 and miR-503-5p as well as Npy, Agrp, Esr1, C/ebpβ and Atf3. MicroRNAs may therefore contribute to palmitate actions in dysregulating NPY/AgRP neurons. Effectively combating the deleterious effects of palmitate is crucial to help prevent or reduce the impact of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K McIlwraith
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Krunic A, Loganathan N, Nkechika V, Belsham DD. Phenylbutyric acid robustly increases Npy mRNA expression in hypothalamic neurons by increasing H3K9/14 acetylation at the Npy promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 658:18-26. [PMID: 37011479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Phenylbutyric acid (PBA) is a commonly used inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum stress, as well as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, that increases hypothalamic expression of orexigenic neuropeptide Y (Npy). Elucidation of the dose-response relationship and mechanism of action of PBA may position this compound as a potential therapeutic for eating disorders where Npy is dysregulated, such as anorexia nervosa. The hypothalamic neuronal model mHypoE-41 was exposed to PBA (5 μM-5 mM) to assess the maximal Npy upregulation. Transcription factors and histone acetylation-related genes were assessed by qRT-PCR, as well as the involvement estrogen receptors (ER) using siRNA knockdown. Changes in global and Npy promoter-specific H3K9/14 acetylation were detected using western analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Treatment with 5 mM PBA led to a 10-fold and 206-fold increase in Npy mRNA at 4 and 16 h, respectively, as well as increased NPY secretion. This induction was not observed with another orexigenic neuropeptide Agrp. PBA significantly increased the expression of Foxo1, Socs3 and Atf3 and the ERs Esr1 and Esr2 mRNA, but the PBA-mediated induction of Npy was not dependent on ERα or ERβ. PBA induced histone H3K9/14 acetylation at 3 distinct Npy promoter regions, suggesting increased Npy transcriptional activation due to a more open chromatin structure. We also report changes in Hdac mRNAs by PBA and the fatty acid palmitate, highlighting the importance of epigenetic regulation in Npy transcription. Overall, we conclude that PBA has strong orexigenic potential and can robustly and specifically induce Npy in hypothalamic neurons through a mechanism likely involving histone H3 acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Krunic
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neruja Loganathan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa Nkechika
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, The University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Therapeutic or lifelong training effects on pancreatic morphological and functional parameters in an animal model of aging and obesity. Exp Gerontol 2023; 175:112144. [PMID: 36907475 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Obesity, aging, and physical training are factors influencing pancreatic functional and morphological parameters. Aiming to clarify the impact of the interaction of these factors, we analyzed the effect of therapeutic or lifelong physical training on body adiposity and pancreatic functional and morphological parameters of aged and obese rats. METHODS 24 male Wistar rats were (initial age = 4 months and final age = 14 months) randomly divided into three aged and obese experimental groups (n = 8/group): untrained, therapeutic trained, and lifelong trained. Body adiposity, plasmatic concentration and pancreatic immunostaining of insulin, markers of tissue inflammation, lipid peroxidation, activity and immunostaining of antioxidant enzymes, and parameters of pancreatic morphology were evaluated. RESULTS Lifelong physical training improved the body adiposity, plasmatic insulin concentration, and macrophage immunostaining in the pancreas. The animals submitted to therapeutic and lifelong training showed an increase in the density of the pancreatic islets; lower insulin, Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB), and Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) immunostaining in the pancreatic parenchyma, as well as lower pancreatic tissue lipid peroxidation, lower fibrosis area, increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and increased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) immunostaining, with the greatest effect in the lifelong training group. CONCLUSION Lifelong training promoted greater beneficial effects on the pancreatic functional and morphological parameters of aged and obese animals compared to therapeutic exercise.
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Sonnefeld L, Rohmann N, Geisler C, Laudes M. Is human obesity an inflammatory disease of the hypothalamus? Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 188:R37-R45. [PMID: 36883605 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its comorbidities are long-standing, challenging global health problems. Lack of exercise, overnutrition, and especially the consumption of fat-rich foods are some of the most important factors leading to an increase in prevalence in modern society. The pathophysiology of obesity as a metabolic inflammatory disease has moved into focus since new therapeutic approaches are required. The hypothalamus, a brain area responsible for energy homeostasis, has recently received special attention in this regard. Hypothalamic inflammation was identified to be associated with diet-induced obesity and new evidence suggests that it may be, beyond that, a pathological mechanism of the disease. This inflammation impairs the local signaling of insulin and leptin leading to dysfunction of the regulation of energy balance and thus, weight gain. After a high-fat diet consumption, activation of inflammatory mediators such as the nuclear factor κB or c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway can be observed, accompanied by elevated secretion of pro-inflammatory interleukins and cytokines. Brain resident glia cells, especially microglia and astrocytes, initiate this release in response to the flux of fatty acids. The gliosis occurs rapidly before the actual weight gain. Dysregulated hypothalamic circuits change the interaction between neuronal and non-neuronal cells, contributing to the establishment of inflammatory processes. Several studies have reported reactive gliosis in obese humans. Although there is evidence for a causative role of hypothalamic inflammation in the obesity development, data on underlying molecular pathways in humans are limited. This review discusses the current state of knowledge on the relationship between hypothalamic inflammation and obesity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Sonnefeld
- Institute of Diabetes and Clinical Metabolic Research, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Nathalie Rohmann
- Institute of Diabetes and Clinical Metabolic Research, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Corinna Geisler
- Institute of Diabetes and Clinical Metabolic Research, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Matthias Laudes
- Institute of Diabetes and Clinical Metabolic Research, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel 24105, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine 1, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel 24105, Germany
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26
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Wang YC, Chen CH, Yang CY, Ling P, Hsu KS. High-Fat Diet Exacerbates Autistic-Like Restricted Repetitive Behaviors and Social Abnormalities in CC2D1A Conditional Knockout Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1331-1352. [PMID: 36445635 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social communication, social interaction, and the presence of restricted repetitive behaviors. The cause of ASD involves complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Haploinsufficiency of the Coiled-coil and C2 domain containing 1A (Cc2d1a) gene is causally linked to ASD, and obesity has been associated with worse outcomes for ASD. High-fat diet (HFD) feeding leads to the development of obesity and metabolic dysfunction; however, the effect of HFD on pre-existing autistic-like phenotypes remains to be clarified. Here, we report that male Cc2d1a conditional knockout (cKO) mice fed with HFD, from weaning onwards and throughout the experimental period, show a marked aggravation in autistic-like phenotypes, manifested in increased restricted repetitive behaviors and impaired performance in the preference for social novelty, but not in sociability and cognitive impairments assessed using the object location memory, novel object recognition, and Morris water maze tests. HFD feeding also results in increased numbers of reactive microglia and astrocytes, and exacerbates reductions in dendritic complexity and spine density of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Furthermore, we demonstrate that chronic treatment with minocycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline-derived antibiotic, rescues the observed behavioral and morphological deficits in Cc2d1a cKO mice fed with HFD. Collectively, these findings highlight an aggravating role of HFD in pre-existing autistic-like phenotypes and suggest that minocycline treatment can alleviate abnormal neuronal morphology and behavioral symptoms associated with ASD resulted from the interplay between genetic and environmental risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, University Rd, No. 1, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hao Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, University Rd, No. 1, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Pin Ling
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Sen Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, University Rd, No. 1, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan. .,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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Liao YC, Lim YS, Chu PW, Chen SK. Inflammatory Milieu Induces Mitochondrial Alterations and Neuronal Activations in Hypothalamic POMC Neurons in a Time-Dependent Manner. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1164-1178. [PMID: 36417103 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has been associated with numerous neurological disorders. Inflammatory environments trigger a series of cellular and physiological alterations in the brain. However, how inflammatory milieu affects neuronal physiology and how neuronal alterations progress in the inflammatory environments are not fully understood. In this study, we examined the effects of pro-inflammatory milieu on mitochondrial functions and neuronal activities in the hypothalamic POMC neurons. Treating mHypoA-POMC/GFP1 with the conditioned medium collected from LPS activated macrophage were employed to mimic the inflammatory milieu during hypothalamic inflammation. After a 24-h treatment, intracellular ROS/RNS levels were elevated, and the antioxidant enzymes were reduced. Mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial functions, including basal respiratory rate, spared respiration capacity, and maximal respiration, were all significantly compromised by inflammatory milieu. Moreover, pro-inflammatory cytokines altered mitochondrial dynamics in a time-dependent manner, resulting in the elongation of mitochondria in POMC neurons after a 24-h treatment. Additionally, the increase of C-Fos and Pomc genes expression indicated that the neurons were activated upon the stimulation of inflammatory environment. This neuronal activation of were confirmed on the LPS-challenged mice. Collectively, a short-term to midterm exposure to inflammatory milieu stimulated metabolic switch and neuronal activation, whereas chronic exposure triggered the elevation of oxidative stress, the decrease of the mitochondrial respiration, and the alterations of mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Liao
- Institute of Neuroscience, National ChengChi University, No. 64, Sec. 2, Zhinan Rd., Wenshan District, 11605, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeou San Lim
- Institute of Neuroscience, National ChengChi University, No. 64, Sec. 2, Zhinan Rd., Wenshan District, 11605, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Chu
- Institute of Neuroscience, National ChengChi University, No. 64, Sec. 2, Zhinan Rd., Wenshan District, 11605, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Kwaun Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, National ChengChi University, No. 64, Sec. 2, Zhinan Rd., Wenshan District, 11605, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Della Guardia L, Codella R. Exercise Restores Hypothalamic Health in Obesity by Reshaping the Inflammatory Network. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020297. [PMID: 36829858 PMCID: PMC9951965 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and overnutrition induce inflammation, leptin-, and insulin resistance in the hypothalamus. The mediobasal hypothalamus responds to exercise enabling critical adaptions at molecular and cellular level that positively impact local inflammation. This review discusses the positive effect of exercise on obesity-induced hypothalamic dysfunction, highlighting the mechanistic aspects related to the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. In HFD-fed animals, both acute and chronic moderate-intensity exercise mitigate microgliosis and lower inflammation in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Notably, this associates with restored leptin sensitivity and lower food intake. Exercise-induced cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 mediate part of these positive effect on the ARC in obese animals. The reduction of obesity-associated pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., FFAs, TNFα, resistin, and AGEs), and the improvement in the gut-brain axis represent alternative paths through which regular exercise can mitigate hypothalamic inflammation. These findings suggest that the regular practice of exercise can restore a proper functionality in the hypothalamus in obesity. Further analysis investigating the crosstalk muscle-hypothalamus would help toward a deeper comprehension of the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Della Guardia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-50330356
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Central Regulation of Brown Fat Thermogenesis in Response to Saturated or Unsaturated Long-Chain Fatty Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021697. [PMID: 36675212 PMCID: PMC9866012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensing of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) in the hypothalamus modulates energy balance, and its disruption leads to obesity. To date, the effects of saturated or unsaturated LCFA on hypothalamic-brown adipose tissue (BAT) axis and the underlying mechanisms have remained largely unclear. Our aim was to characterize the main molecular pathways involved in the hypothalamic regulation of BAT thermogenesis in response to LCFA with different lengths and degrees of saturation. One-week administration of high-fat diet enriched in monounsaturated FA led to higher BAT thermogenesis compared to a saturated FA-enriched diet. Intracerebroventricular infusion of oleic and linoleic acids upregulated thermogenesis markers and temperature in brown fat of mice, and triggered neuronal activation of paraventricular (PaV), ventromedial (VMH) and arcuate (ARC) hypothalamic nuclei, which was not found with saturated FAs. The neuron-specific protein carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1-C (CPT1C) was a crucial effector of oleic acid since the FA action was blunted in CPT1C-KO mice. Moreover, changes in the AMPK/ACC/malonyl-CoA pathway and fatty acid synthase expression were evoked by oleic acid. Altogether, central infusion of unsaturated but not saturated LCFA increases BAT thermogenesis through CPT1C-mediated sensing of FA metabolism shift, which in turn drive melanocortin system activation. These findings add new insight into neuronal circuitries activated by LCFA to drive thermogenesis.
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Martins FF, Santos-Reis T, Marinho TS, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Hypothalamic anorexigenic signaling pathways (leptin, amylin, and proopiomelanocortin) are semaglutide (GLP-1 analog) targets in obesity control in mice. Life Sci 2023; 313:121268. [PMID: 36493878 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane Ferreira Martins
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago Santos-Reis
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thatiany Souza Marinho
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Obesity-Induced Brain Neuroinflammatory and Mitochondrial Changes. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010086. [PMID: 36677011 PMCID: PMC9865135 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is defined as abnormal and excessive fat accumulation, and it is a risk factor for developing metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive deficits. Obesity is caused by an imbalance in energy homeostasis resulting from increased caloric intake associated with a sedentary lifestyle. However, the entire physiopathology linking obesity with neurodegeneration and cognitive decline has not yet been elucidated. During the progression of obesity, adipose tissue undergoes immune, metabolic, and functional changes that induce chronic low-grade inflammation. It has been proposed that inflammatory processes may participate in both the peripheral disorders and brain disorders associated with obesity, including the development of cognitive deficits. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction is related to inflammation and oxidative stress, causing cellular oxidative damage. Preclinical and clinical studies of obesity and metabolic disorders have demonstrated mitochondrial brain dysfunction. Since neuronal cells have a high energy demand and mitochondria play an important role in maintaining a constant energy supply, impairments in mitochondrial activity lead to neuronal damage and dysfunction and, consequently, to neurotoxicity. In this review, we highlight the effect of obesity and high-fat diet consumption on brain neuroinflammation and mitochondrial changes as a link between metabolic dysfunction and cognitive decline.
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Ali Q, Ma S, Farooq U, Niu J, Li F, Li D, Wang Z, Sun H, Cui Y, Shi Y. Pasture intake protects against commercial diet-induced lipopolysaccharide production facilitated by gut microbiota through activating intestinal alkaline phosphatase enzyme in meat geese. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1041070. [PMID: 36569878 PMCID: PMC9774522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1041070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diet strongly affects gut microbiota composition, and gut bacteria can influence the intestinal barrier functions and systemic inflammation through metabolic endotoxemia. In-house feeding system (IHF, a low dietary fiber source) may cause altered cecal microbiota composition and inflammatory responses in meat geese via increased endotoxemia (lipopolysaccharides) with reduced intestinal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) production. The effects of artificial pasture grazing system (AGF, a high dietary fiber source) on modulating gut microbiota architecture and gut barrier functions have not been investigated in meat geese. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether intestinal ALP could play a critical role in attenuating reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and ROS facilitating NF-κB pathway-induced systemic inflammation in meat geese. Methods The impacts of IHF and AGF systems on gut microbial composition via 16 sRNA sequencing were assessed in meat geese. The host markers analysis through protein expression of serum and cecal tissues, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, localization of NF-қB and Nrf2 by immunofluorescence analysis, western blotting analysis of ALP, and quantitative PCR of cecal tissues was evaluated. Results and Discussion In the gut microbiota analysis, meat geese supplemented with pasture showed a significant increase in commensal microbial richness and diversity compared to IHF meat geese demonstrating the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory ability of the AGF system. A significant increase in intestinal ALP-induced Nrf2 signaling pathway was confirmed representing LPS dephosphorylation mediated TLR4/MyD88 induced ROS reduction mechanisms in AGF meat geese. Further, the correlation analysis of top 44 host markers with gut microbiota showed that artificial pasture intake protected gut barrier functions via reducing ROS-mediated NF-κB pathway-induced gut permeability, systemic inflammation, and aging phenotypes. In conclusion, the intestinal ALP functions to regulate gut microbial homeostasis and barrier function appear to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines by reducing LPS-induced ROS production in AGF meat geese. The AGF system may represent a novel therapy to counteract the chronic inflammatory state leading to low dietary fiber-related diseases in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim Ali
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Sen Ma
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan
| | - Jiakuan Niu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fen Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Defeng Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhichang Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yalei Cui
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yinghua Shi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,*Correspondence: Yinghua Shi,
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Virwani PD, Cai L, Yeung PKK, Qian G, Chen Y, Zhou L, Wong JWH, Wang Y, Ho JWK, Lau KK, Qian PY, Chung SK. Deficiency of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC)-1 in mice augments glucose intolerance, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis associated with Western diet. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:187. [PMID: 36329549 PMCID: PMC9635209 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota (GM) dysregulation, known as dysbiosis, has been proposed as a crucial driver of obesity associated with "Western" diet (WD) consumption. Gut dysbiosis is associated with increased gut permeability, inflammation, and insulin resistance. However, host metabolic pathways implicated in the pathophysiology of gut dysbiosis are still elusive. Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) plays a critical role in cell-cell junction formation and insulin secretion. Here, we used homozygous Epac1-knockout (Epac1-/-), Epac2-knockout (Epac2-/-), and wild-type (WT) mice to investigate the role of Epac proteins in mediating gut dysbiosis, gut permeability, and inflammation after WD feeding. RESULTS The 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNA showed that the baseline GM of Epac2-/-, but not Epac1-/-, mice was represented by a significantly higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and significant alterations in several taxa compared to WT mice, suggesting that Epac2-/- mice had gut dysbiosis under physiological conditions. However, an 8-week WD led to a similar gut microbiome imbalance in mice regardless of genotype. While Epac1 deficiency modestly exacerbated the WD-induced GM dysbiosis, the WD-fed Epac2-/- mice had a more significant increase in gut permeability than corresponding WT mice. After WD feeding, Epac1-/-, but not Epac2-/-, mice had significantly higher mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and F4/80 in the epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT), increased circulating lipocalin-2 protein and more severe glucose intolerance, suggesting greater inflammation and insulin resistance in WD-fed Epac1-/- mice than corresponding WT mice. Consistently, Epac1 protein expression was significantly reduced in the EWAT of WD-fed WT and Epac2-/- mice. CONCLUSION Despite significantly dysregulated baseline GM and a more pronounced increase in gut permeability upon WD feeding, WD-fed Epac2-/- mice did not exhibit more severe inflammation and glucose intolerance than corresponding WT mice. These findings suggest that the role of gut dysbiosis in mediating WD-associated obesity may be context-dependent. On the contrary, we demonstrate that deficiency of host signaling protein, Epac1, drives inflammation and glucose intolerance which are the hallmarks of WD-induced obesity. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Dinesh Virwani
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Ocean Science and Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R. China
| | - Patrick Ka Kit Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Gordon Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Yingxian Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Lei Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Jason Wing Hon Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Joshua Wing Kei Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Kui Kai Lau
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Department of Ocean Science and Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458 China
| | - Sookja Kim Chung
- Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau Special Administrative Region (S.A.R.), China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau S.A.R., China
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Herrera Moro Chao D, Kirchner MK, Pham C, Foppen E, Denis RGP, Castel J, Morel C, Montalban E, Hassouna R, Bui LC, Renault J, Mouffle C, García-Cáceres C, Tschöp MH, Li D, Martin C, Stern JE, Luquet SH. Hypothalamic astrocytes control systemic glucose metabolism and energy balance. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1532-1547.e6. [PMID: 36198294 PMCID: PMC9615252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is key in the control of energy balance. However, strategies targeting hypothalamic neurons have failed to provide viable options to treat most metabolic diseases. Conversely, the role of astrocytes in systemic metabolic control has remained largely unexplored. Here, we show that obesity promotes anatomically restricted remodeling of hypothalamic astrocyte activity. In the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, chemogenetic manipulation of astrocytes results in bidirectional control of neighboring neuron activity, autonomic outflow, glucose metabolism, and energy balance. This process recruits a mechanism involving the astrocytic control of ambient glutamate levels, which becomes defective in obesity. Positive or negative chemogenetic manipulation of PVN astrocyte Ca2+ signals, respectively, worsens or improves metabolic status of diet-induced obese mice. Collectively, these findings highlight a yet unappreciated role for astrocytes in the direct control of systemic metabolism and suggest potential targets for anti-obesity strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew K Kirchner
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Cuong Pham
- Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Sorbonne Universite, Paris 75005, France
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Raphael G P Denis
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Julien Castel
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Chloe Morel
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Enrica Montalban
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Rim Hassouna
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Linh-Chi Bui
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Justine Renault
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Christine Mouffle
- Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Sorbonne Universite, Paris 75005, France
| | - Cristina García-Cáceres
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany; Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Dongdong Li
- Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Sorbonne Universite, Paris 75005, France
| | - Claire Martin
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Javier E Stern
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Serge H Luquet
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France.
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35
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Zhou R, He M, Fan J, Li R, Zuo Y, Li B, Gao G, Sun T. The role of hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress in schizophrenia and antipsychotic-induced weight gain: A narrative review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:947295. [PMID: 36188456 PMCID: PMC9523121 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.947295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a serious mental illness that affects 1% of people worldwide. SCZ is associated with a higher risk of developing metabolic disorders such as obesity. Antipsychotics are the main treatment for SCZ, but their side effects include significant weight gain/obesity. Despite extensive research, the underlying mechanisms by which SCZ and antipsychotic treatment induce weight gain/obesity remain unclear. Hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is one of the most important pathways that modulates inflammation, neuronal function, and energy balance. This review aimed to investigate the role of hypothalamic ER stress in SCZ and antipsychotic-induced weight gain/obesity. Preliminary evidence indicates that SCZ is associated with reduced dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) signaling, which significantly regulates the ER stress pathway, suggesting the importance of ER stress in SCZ and its related metabolic disorders. Antipsychotics such as olanzapine activate ER stress in hypothalamic neurons. These effects may induce decreased proopiomelanocortin (POMC) processing, increased neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) expression, autophagy, and leptin and insulin resistance, resulting in hyperphagia, decreased energy expenditure, and central inflammation, thereby causing weight gain. By activating ER stress, antipsychotics such as olanzapine activate hypothalamic astrocytes and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling, thereby causing inflammation and weight gain/obesity. Moreover, evidence suggests that antipsychotic-induced ER stress may be related to their antagonistic effects on neurotransmitter receptors such as DRD2 and the histamine H1 receptor. Taken together, ER stress inhibitors could be a potential effective intervention against SCZ and antipsychotic-induced weight gain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqin Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Meng He,
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruoxi Li
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Zuo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Benben Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanbin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Guanbin Gao,
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Taolei Sun,
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36
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Hydrogen Sulfide Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity: Involvement of mTOR/IKK/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6903-6917. [PMID: 36053437 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become a public health epidemic worldwide and is associated with many diseases with high mortality including hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced energy imbalance is one of the primary causes of obesity, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Our study showed that HFD reduced the level of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and its catalytic enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) in mouse hypothalamus and plasma. We found that HFD activated mTOR, IKK/NF-κB, the main pathway regulating inflammation. Activation of inflammatory pathway promoted the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, which caused cell damage and loss in the hypothalamus. The disturbance of the hypothalamic neuron circuits resulted in body weight gain in HFD-induced mice. Importantly, we also showed that restoration of H2S level with NaHS or activation of CBS with SAMe attenuated HFD-induced activation of mTOR, IKK/NF-κB signaling, which reduced the inflammation and the neuronal cell loss in the hypothalamus, and also inhibited body weight gain in mice. The same effects were obtained by inhibiting mTOR or NF-κB, which suggested that mTOR and NF-κB were the critical molecular factors involved in hypothalamic inflammation. Taken together, this study identified that HFD-induced hypothalamus inflammation plays a critical role in the development of obesity. Moreover, the inhibition of hypothalamic inflammation by regaining H2S level could be a potential therapeutic to prevent the development of obesity.
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37
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Demirci Ş, Gün C. Zinc Supplementation Improved Neuropeptide Y, Nesfatin-1, Leptin, C-reactive protein, and HOMA-IR of Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:3996-4006. [PMID: 34708332 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a mild chronic inflammation that causes many metabolic diseases. It was aimed to investigate some parameters affective on the energy metabolism by adding zinc (Zn, ZnSO4) to drinking water of diet-induced obese rats. Five-week aged, male Sprague Dawley rats divided into as control group, consuming standard rat diet, and high-fat diet (HFD) group. After obesity induced by feeding HFD for 8 weeks, the obese rats were divided into Zn-supplemented obese group (HFD + obese + Zn; 150 mg Zn/L (for 6 weeks), 235 mg Zn/L (7th week), 250 mg Zn/L (8th week) in drinking water) and obese group (HFD + obese). Mean body weight, serum concentrations of C-reactive protein, neuropeptide-Y, leptin, insulin fasting blood glucose, and HOMA-IR were statistically decreased by given Zn in HFD + obese + Zn group compared to HFD + obese rats. It was observed that the total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL cholesterol levels of HFD + obese + Zn group became closer to the control group level, and Zn supplementation caused a statistically significant decrease in cholesterol profile than HFD + obese rats. Also, increased mean serum nesfatin-1 level, an effective protein for the formation of satiety, was analyzed in HFD + obese + Zn group when compared to HFD + obese ones. Serum triglyceride concentration tended to decrease with the effect of Zn in obese rats. In conclusion, it can be said that oral use of Zn could improve energy balance and prevent the occurrence of metabolic diseases related to obesity depending on the anti-inflammatory effect of Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şule Demirci
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Campus, Burdur, Turkey.
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38
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Basha EH, Eltokhy AKB, Eltantawy AF, Heabah NAE, Elshwaikh SL, El-Harty YM. Linking mitochondrial dynamics and fertility: promoting fertility by phoenixin through modulation of ovarian expression of GnRH receptor and mitochondrial dynamics proteins DRP-1 and Mfn-2. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:1107-1119. [PMID: 35972578 PMCID: PMC9492611 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is linked to reproductive disorders. Novel neuropeptide phoenixin demonstrated many therapeutic actions. In this study, we aim to evaluate phoenixin’s potential effect in obesity-induced infertility through modulating mitochondrial dynamics. Ninety adult female rats were divided to 4 groups: (I), fed with normal pellet diet; (II), given phoenixin; (III), fed with high-fat diet. Rats that developed obesity and infertility were divided to 2 groups: (III-A), received no further treatment; (III-B), given phoenixin. Our results showed that phoenixin treatment in obese infertile rats significantly decreased serum levels of insulin and testosterone and ovarian levels of dynamin-related protein1(Drp1),reactive oxygen species ROS, TNF-α, MDA, and caspase-3. Phoenixin treatment also significantly increased serum estrogen progesterone, LH, and FSH together with ovarian levels of GnRH receptor (GnRHR), mitofusin2(Mfn2), mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), and electron transport chain (ETC) complex-I significantly when compared with obese group. Ovarian histopathological changes were similarly improved by phoenixin. Our data demonstrate phoenixin’s role in improving obesity-induced infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman H Basha
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Amira K B Eltokhy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Fawzy Eltantawy
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nehal A E Heabah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Yasmeen M El-Harty
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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Breton E, Fotso Soh J, Booij L. Immunoinflammatory processes: Overlapping mechanisms between obesity and eating disorders? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104688. [PMID: 35594735 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and eating disorders are conditions that involve eating behaviors and are sometimes comorbid. Current evidence supports alterations in immunoinflammatory processes in both obesity and eating disorders. A plausible hypothesis is that immunoinflammatory processes may be involved in the pathophysiology of obesity and eating disorders. The aim of this review is to highlight the link between obesity and eating disorders, with a particular focus on immunoinflammatory processes. First, the relation between obesity and eating disorders will be presented, followed by a brief review of the literature on their association with immunoinflammatory processes. Second, developmental factors will be discussed to clarify the link between obesity, eating disorders, and immunoinflammatory processes. Genetic and epigenetic risk factors as well as the potential roles of stress pathways and early life development will be presented. Finally, implications of these findings for future research are discussed. This review highlighted biological and developmental aspects that overlap between obesity and EDs, emphasizing the need for biopsychosocial research approaches to advance current knowledge and practice in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Breton
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - J Fotso Soh
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - L Booij
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
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40
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Xu AA, Kennedy LK, Hoffman K, White DL, Kanwal F, El-Serag HB, Petrosino JF, Jiao L. Dietary Fatty Acid Intake and the Colonic Gut Microbiota in Humans. Nutrients 2022; 14:2722. [PMID: 35807903 PMCID: PMC9268849 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet has been associated with systemic diseases in humans and alterations in gut microbiota in animal studies. However, the influence of dietary fatty acid intake on gut microbiota in humans has not been well studied. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the association between intake of total fatty acids (TFAs), saturated fatty acids (SFAs), trans fatty acids (TrFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), n3-FAs, and n6-FAs, and the community composition and structure of the adherent colonic gut microbiota. We obtained 97 colonic biopsies from 34 participants with endoscopically normal colons. Microbial DNA was used to sequence the 16S rRNA V4 region. The DADA2 and SILVA database were used for amplicon sequence variant assignment. Dietary data were collected using the Block food frequency questionnaire. The biodiversity and the relative abundance of the bacterial taxa by higher vs. lower fat intake were compared using the Mann−Whitney test followed by multivariable negative binomial regression model. False discovery rate−adjusted p-values (q value) < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. The beta diversity of gut bacteria differed significantly by intake of all types of fatty acids. The relative abundance of Sutterella was significantly higher with higher intake of TFAs, MUFAs, PUFAs, and n6-FAs. The relative abundance of Tyzzerella and Fusobacterium was significantly higher with higher intake of SFAs. Tyzzerella was also higher with higher intake of TrFA. These observations were confirmed by multivariate analyses. Dietary fat intake was associated with bacterial composition and structure. Sutterella, Fusobacterium, and Tyzzerella were associated with fatty acid intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A. Xu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.A.X.); (L.K.K.); (D.L.W.); (F.K.); (H.B.E.-S.)
| | - Luke K. Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.A.X.); (L.K.K.); (D.L.W.); (F.K.); (H.B.E.-S.)
| | - Kristi Hoffman
- The Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.H.); (J.F.P.)
| | - Donna L. White
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.A.X.); (L.K.K.); (D.L.W.); (F.K.); (H.B.E.-S.)
- Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fasiha Kanwal
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.A.X.); (L.K.K.); (D.L.W.); (F.K.); (H.B.E.-S.)
- Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hashem B. El-Serag
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.A.X.); (L.K.K.); (D.L.W.); (F.K.); (H.B.E.-S.)
- Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph F. Petrosino
- The Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.H.); (J.F.P.)
| | - Li Jiao
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.A.X.); (L.K.K.); (D.L.W.); (F.K.); (H.B.E.-S.)
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Ainiwan Y, Chen Y, Mao C, Peng J, Chen S, Wei S, Qi S, Pan J. Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma cyst fluid can trigger inflammatory activation of microglia to damage the hypothalamic neurons by inducing the production of β-amyloid. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:108. [PMID: 35525962 PMCID: PMC9080190 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mechanism by which adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) damages the hypothalamus is still unclear. Cyst fluid rich in lipids and inflammatory factors is a characteristic pathological manifestation of ACP and may play a very important role in hypothalamic injury caused by tumors. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to construct a reliable animal model of ACP cyst fluid-induced hypothalamic injury and explore the specific mechanism of hypothalamic injury caused by cyst fluid. METHODS An animal model was established by injecting human ACP cyst fluid into the bilateral hypothalamus of mice. ScRNA-seq was performed on the mice hypothalamus and on an ACP sample to obtain a complete gene expression profile for analysis. Data verification was performed through pathological means. RESULTS ACP cystic fluid caused growth retardation and an increased obesity index in mice, affected the expression of the Npy, Fgfr2, Rnpc3, Sst, and Pcsk1n genes that regulate growth and energy metabolism in hypothalamic neurons, and enhanced the cellular interaction of Agrp-Mc3r. ACP cystic fluid significantly caused inflammatory activation of hypothalamic microglia. The cellular interaction of CD74-APP is significantly strengthened between inflammatory activated microglia and hypothalamic neurons. Beta-amyloid, a marker of neurodegenerative diseases, was deposited in the ACP tumor tissues and in the hypothalamus of mice injected with ACP cyst fluid. CONCLUSION In this study, a novel animal model of ACP cystic fluid-hypothalamic injury was established. For the first time, it was found that ACP cystic fluid can trigger inflammatory activation of microglia to damage the hypothalamus, which may be related to the upregulation of the CD74-APP interaction and deposition of β-amyloid, implying that there may be a similar mechanism between ACP cystic fluid damage to the hypothalamus and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilamujiang Ainiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiguang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaofu Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junxiang Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songtao Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songtao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jun Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Chan J, Telang R, Kociszewska D, Thorne PR, Vlajkovic SM. A High-Fat Diet Induces Low-Grade Cochlear Inflammation in CD-1 Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095179. [PMID: 35563572 PMCID: PMC9101486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence for a relationship between gut dysbiosis and hearing loss. Inflammatory bowel disease, diet-induced obesity (DIO), and type 2 diabetes have all been linked to hearing loss. Here, we investigated the effect of a chronic high-fat diet (HFD) on the development of inner ear inflammation using a rodent model. Three-week-old CD-1 (Swiss) mice were fed an HFD or a control diet for ten weeks. After ten weeks, mouse cochleae were harvested, and markers of cochlear inflammation were assessed at the protein level using immunohistochemistry and at the gene expression level using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. We identified increased immunoexpression of pro-inflammatory biomarkers in animals on an HFD, including intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), interleukin 6 receptor α (IL6Rα), and toll-like-receptor 2 (TLR2). In addition, increased numbers of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) positive macrophages were found in the cochlear lateral wall in mice on an HFD. In contrast, gene expression levels of inflammatory markers were not affected by an HFD. The recruitment of macrophages to the cochlea and increased immunoexpression of inflammatory markers in mice fed an HFD provide direct evidence for the association between HFD and cochlear inflammation.
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Demir EA, Gulbol-Duran G, Urhan-Kucuk M, Dogan H, Tutuk O, Cimen F, Bayirli M, Tumer C, Duran N. Behavioral and Cognitive Consequences of Obesity in Parents and Offspring in Female and Male Rats: Implications of Neuroinflammation and Neuromodulation. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3947-3968. [PMID: 35438432 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a rapidly growing public health concern that can create a family-wise burden. This study was aimed to investigate behavioral, cognitive, neuroinflammatory, and neuromodulatory consequences of the diet and parental obesity. Female and male Wistar albino rats were fed on either an obesogenic or standard diet for 12 weeks, beginning with weaning. Thereafter, the animals were matched and allowed to mate. Pups born to obese or normal parents received either the diet or standard chow to the same age. The obesogenic diet and/or parental obesity increased the locomotor activity in both females and males. The diet exhibited anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like properties, and impaired short-term object memory as well as spatial memory. Interestingly, the obesogenic diet resulted in neuroinflammation only in naïve animals, but not in the ones with parental obesity. BDNF, SIRT1, and p53 expressions were decreased, whereas RelN expression was increased in the brain with the diet, regardless of parental obesity. Multi-factor analyses demonstrated that the obesogenic diet is the prominent influencer of cognitive, neuroinflammatory, and neuromodulatory results while parental obesity has an effect on spatial memory, neuroinflammation, and hippocampal RelN and p53 expressions. Here, we provided supporting evidence for detrimental cognitive and neuroinflammatory consequences of early life consumption of the obesogenic diet which accompanies alterations in neuromodulatory factors. Surprisingly, the diet was found beneficial against anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors, and additionally, parental obesity was demonstrated to impair some aspects of cognitive performance which appears unrelated to neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enver Ahmet Demir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey, 31040.
| | - Gulay Gulbol-Duran
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Meral Urhan-Kucuk
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Hatice Dogan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey, 31040
| | - Okan Tutuk
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey, 31040
| | - Funda Cimen
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Mucella Bayirli
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Cemil Tumer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey, 31040
| | - Nizami Duran
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
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McIntosh RC, Lobo J, Paparozzi J, Goodman Z, Kornfeld S, Nomi J. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is a transdiagnostic biomarker of depression and structural and functional brain alterations in older adults. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 365:577831. [PMID: 35217366 PMCID: PMC11092564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (N:L) is an emergent transdiagnostic biomarker shown to predict peripheral inflammation as well as neuropsychiatric impairment. The afferent signaling of inflammation to the central nervous system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of sickness behavior and depression. Here, the N:L was compared to structural and functional limbic alterations found concomitant with depression within a geriatric cohort. Venous blood was collected for a complete blood count, and magnetic resonance imaging as well as phenotypic data were collected from the 66 community-dwelling older adults (aged 65-86 years). The N:L was regressed on gray matter volume and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the subgenual anterior cingulate (sgACC). Thresholded parameter estimates were extracted from structural and functional brain scans and bivariate associations tested with scores on the geriatric depression scale. Greater N:L predicted lower volume of hypothalamus and rsFC of sgACC with ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Both parameters were correlated (p < 0.05) with greater symptomology in those reporting moderate to severe levels of depression. These findings support the N:L as a transdiagnostic biomarker of limbic alteration underpinning mood disturbance in non-treated older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger C McIntosh
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, United States of America.
| | - Judith Lobo
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Paparozzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, United States of America
| | - Zach Goodman
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, United States of America
| | - Salome Kornfeld
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, United States of America
| | - Jason Nomi
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, United States of America
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Jaroslawska J, Gospodarska E, Korytko A. Increasing energy expenditure through exercise and low ambient temperature offers oxidative protection to the hypothalamus after high-fat feeding to mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13095. [PMID: 35138671 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of weight loss produced by increased energy expenditure on measures of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage have not been investigated in the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese mice. The present study aimed to characterize the effects of either a low housing temperature of 17°C or daily exercise on a treadmill on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced abnormalities in the hypothalamic tissue of mice. Exercise and low ambient temperature protocols were designed to produce energy deficit through increased energy expenditure. Forty mice aged 8 weeks were assigned to one of four conditions: chow diet (n = 10), HFD (n = 10), HFD and 5 weeks of either exercise training (ET; n = 10) or an ambient temperature of 17°C (n = 10). Mice were killed at the age of 31 weeks. In comparison with HFD treatment alone, both interventions reduced body adiposity (14.6% and 27.6% reduction for the ET and 17°C groups, respectively). Moreover, exposing obese mice to ET and 17°C restored mitochondrial DNA content (41.3% and 32.6% increase for the ET and 17°C groups, respectively), decreased level of lipid peroxidation as assessed by the detection of 4-hydroxy-nonenal protein adducts (12.8% and 29.4% reduction for the ET and 17°C groups, respectively) and normalized the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines (Tnfα: 73.9% and 62%; Il1β: 54.5% and 39.6%; Il6: 33.1% and 35.6% reduction for the ET and 17°C groups, respectively), as well as several proteins associated with mitochondrial respiratory chain (OxPhos Complex I: 75.7% and 53.9%; Complex III: 33% and 36%; Complex V: 42% and 36.9% reduction for the ET and 17°C groups, respectively) in hypothalamic cells. Negative energy balance induced through either lower ambient temperature or exercise resulted in substantial and similar improvements in markers of inflammation and mitochondrial damage in the hypothalamus of mice with diet-induced obesity, potentially by reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jaroslawska
- Department of Biological Functions of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Emilia Gospodarska
- Department of Biological Functions of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Korytko
- Collegium Medicum, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Oliveira LDC, Morais GP, Ropelle ER, de Moura LP, Cintra DE, Pauli JR, de Freitas EC, Rorato R, da Silva ASR. Using Intermittent Fasting as a Non-pharmacological Strategy to Alleviate Obesity-Induced Hypothalamic Molecular Pathway Disruption. Front Nutr 2022; 9:858320. [PMID: 35445066 PMCID: PMC9014844 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.858320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a popular intervention used to fight overweight/obesity. This condition is accompanied by hypothalamic inflammation, limiting the proper signaling of molecular pathways, with consequent dysregulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. This mini-review explored the therapeutic modulation potential of IF regarding the disruption of these molecular pathways. IF seems to modulate inflammatory pathways in the brain, which may also be correlated with the brain-microbiota axis, improving hypothalamic signaling of leptin and insulin, and inducing the autophagic pathway in hypothalamic neurons, contributing to weight loss in obesity. Evidence also suggests that when an IF protocol is performed without respecting the circadian cycle, it can lead to dysregulation in the expression of circadian cycle regulatory genes, with potential health damage. In conclusion, IF may have the potential to be an adjuvant treatment to improve the reestablishment of hypothalamic responses in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana da Costa Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Paroschi Morais
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R. Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro P. de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennys E. Cintra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R. Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen C. de Freitas
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rorato
- Postgraduate Program in Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Stress Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Rodrigo Rorato,
| | - Adelino Sanchez R. da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Adelino Sanchez R. da Silva,
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Lipke K, Kubis-Kubiak A, Piwowar A. Molecular Mechanism of Lipotoxicity as an Interesting Aspect in the Development of Pathological States-Current View of Knowledge. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050844. [PMID: 35269467 PMCID: PMC8909283 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFAs) play numerous vital roles in the organism, such as contribution to energy generation and reserve, serving as an essential component of the cell membrane, or as ligands for nuclear receptors. However, the disturbance in fatty acid homeostasis, such as inefficient metabolism or intensified release from the site of storage, may result in increased serum FFA levels and eventually result in ectopic fat deposition, which is unfavorable for the organism. The cells are adjusted for the accumulation of FFA to a limited extent and so prolonged exposure to elevated FFA levels results in deleterious effects referred to as lipotoxicity. Lipotoxicity contributes to the development of diseases such as insulin resistance, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and inflammation. The nonobvious organs recognized as the main lipotoxic goal of action are the pancreas, liver, skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, and kidneys. However, lipotoxic effects to a significant extent are not organ-specific but affect fundamental cellular processes occurring in most cells. Therefore, the wider perception of cellular lipotoxic mechanisms and their interrelation may be beneficial for a better understanding of various diseases’ pathogenesis and seeking new pharmacological treatment approaches.
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48
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Cui HR, Zhang JY, Cheng XH, Zheng JX, Zhang Q, Zheng R, You LZ, Han DR, Shang HC. Immunometabolism at the service of traditional Chinese medicine. Pharmacol Res 2022; 176:106081. [PMID: 35033650 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse effects, ancient practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescribe combinations of plant species/animal species and minerals designated "TCM formulae" developed based on TCM theory and clinical experience. TCM formulae have been shown to exert curative effects on complex diseases via immune regulation but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown at present. Considerable progress in the field of immunometabolism, referring to alterations in the intracellular metabolism of immune cells that regulate their function, has been made over the past decade. The core context of immunometabolism is regulation of the allocation of metabolic resources supporting host defense and survival, which provides a critical additional dimension and emerging insights into how the immune system and metabolism influence each other during disease progression. This review summarizes research findings on the significant association between the immune function and metabolic remodeling in health and disease as well as the therapeutic modulatory effects of TCM formulae on immunometabolism. Progressive elucidation of the immunometabolic mechanisms involved during the course of TCM treatment continues to aid in the identification of novel potential targets against pathogenicity. In this report, we have provided a comprehensive overview of the benefits of TCM based on regulation of immunometabolism that are potentially applicable for the treatment of modern diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Rong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xue-Hao Cheng
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jia-Xin Zheng
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Liang-Zhen You
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Dong-Ran Han
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Hong-Cai Shang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
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WANG X, LI T, DONG K. Effect of formononetin from Trifolium pratense L. on oxidative stress, energy metabolism and inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.57821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan WANG
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Tie LI
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Kun DONG
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
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Hou J, Jeon B, Baek J, Yun Y, Kim D, Chang B, Kim S, Kim S. High fat diet-induced brain damaging effects through autophagy-mediated senescence, inflammation and apoptosis mitigated by ginsenoside F1-enhanced mixture. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:79-90. [PMID: 35058728 PMCID: PMC8753566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Herbal medicines are popular approaches to capably prevent and treat obesity and its related diseases. Excessive exposure to dietary lipids causes oxidative stress and inflammation, which possibly induces cellular senescence and contribute the damaging effects in brain. The potential roles of selective enhanced ginsenoside in regulating high fat diet (HFD)-induced brain damage remain unknown. Methods The protection function of Ginsenoside F1-enhanced mixture (SGB121) was evaluated by in vivo and in vitro experiments. Human primary astrocytes and SH-SY5Y cells were treated with palmitic acid conjugated Bovine Serum Albumin, and the effects of SGB121 were determined by MTT and lipid uptake assays. For in vivo tests, C57BL/6J mice were fed with high fat diet for 3 months with or without SGB121 administration. Thereafter, immunohistochemistry, western blot, PCR and ELISA assays were conducted with brain tissues. Results and conclusion SGB121 selectively suppressed HFD-induced oxidative stress and cellular senescence in brain, and reduced subsequent inflammation responses manifested by abrogated secretion of IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα via NF-κB signaling pathway. Interestingly, SGB121 protects against HFD-induced damage by improving mitophagy and endoplasmic reticulum-stress associated autophagy flux and inhibiting apoptosis. In addition, SGB121 regulates lipid uptake and accumulation by FATP4 and PPARα. SGB121 significantly abates excessively phosphorylated tau protein in the cortex and GFAP activation in corpus callosum. Together, our results suggest that SGB121 is able to favor the resistance of brain to HFD-induced damage, therefore provide explicit evidence of the potential to be a functional food. High fat diet induces oxidative stress and subsequent cellular senescence in mice brain. High fat diet induces pathologies in cortex and GFAP activation in corpus callosum. Ginsenoside F1-enhanced mixture ameliorates damaging effect by modulating autophagy flux and inflammation.
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