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Baltira C, Aronica E, Elmquist WF, Langer O, Löscher W, Sarkaria JN, Wesseling P, de Gooijer MC, van Tellingen O. The impact of ATP-binding cassette transporters in the diseased brain: Context matters. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101609. [PMID: 38897176 PMCID: PMC11228798 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters facilitate the movement of diverse molecules across cellular membranes, including those within the CNS. While most extensively studied in microvascular endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB), other CNS cell types also express these transporters. Importantly, disruptions in the CNS microenvironment during disease can alter transporter expression and function. Through this comprehensive review, we explore the modulation of ABC transporters in various brain pathologies and the context-dependent consequences of these changes. For instance, downregulation of ABCB1 may exacerbate amyloid beta plaque deposition in Alzheimer's disease and facilitate neurotoxic compound entry in Parkinson's disease. Upregulation may worsen neuroinflammation by aiding chemokine-mediated CD8 T cell influx into multiple sclerosis lesions. Overall, ABC transporters at the BBB hinder drug entry, presenting challenges for effective pharmacotherapy. Understanding the context-dependent changes in ABC transporter expression and function is crucial for elucidating the etiology and developing treatments for brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysiida Baltira
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, the Netherlands
| | - William F Elmquist
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Translational Neuropharmacology Lab, NIFE, Department of Experimental Otology of the ENT Clinics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory for Childhood Cancer Pathology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark C de Gooijer
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | - Olaf van Tellingen
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Mouse Cancer Clinic, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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2
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Eisenbaum M, Pearson A, Ortiz C, Koprivica M, Cembran A, Mullan M, Crawford F, Ojo J, Bachmeier C. Repetitive head trauma and apoE4 induce chronic cerebrovascular alterations that impair tau elimination from the brain. Exp Neurol 2024; 374:114702. [PMID: 38301863 PMCID: PMC10922621 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries (r-mTBI) sustained in the military or contact sports have been associated with the accumulation of extracellular tau in the brain, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative tauopathies. The expression of the apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) isoform has been associated with higher levels of tau in the brain, and worse clinical outcomes after r-mTBI, though the influence of apoE genotype on extracellular tau dynamics in the brain is poorly understood. We recently demonstrated that extracellular tau can be eliminated across blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is progressively impaired following r-mTBI. The current studies investigated the influence of repetitive mild TBI (r-mTBI) and apoE genotype on the elimination of extracellular solutes from the brain. Following intracortical injection of biotin-labeled tau into humanized apoE-Tr mice, the levels of exogenous tau residing in the brain of apoE4 mice were elevated compared to other isoforms, indicating reduced tau elimination. Additionally, we found exposure to r-mTBI increased tau residence in apoE2 mice, similar to our observations in E2FAD animals. Each of these findings may be the result of diminished tau efflux via LRP1 at the BBB, as LRP1 inhibition significantly reduced tau uptake in endothelial cells and decreased tau transit across an in vitro model of the BBB (basolateral-to-apical). Notably, we showed that injury and apoE status, (particularly apoE4) resulted in chronic alterations in BBB integrity, pericyte coverage, and AQP4 polarization. These aberrations coincided with an atypical reactive astrocytic gene signature indicative of diminished CSF-ISF exchange. Our work found that CSF movement was reduced in the chronic phase following r-mTBI (>18 months post injury) across all apoE genotypes. In summary, we show that apoE genotype strongly influences cerebrovascular homeostasis, which can lead to age-dependent deficiencies in the elimination of toxic proteins from the brain, like tau, particularly in the aftermath of head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Joseph Ojo
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Corbin Bachmeier
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, USA
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3
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Ali HT, Sula I, AbuHamdia A, Elejla SA, Elrefaey A, Hamdar H, Elfil M. Nervous System Response to Neurotrauma: A Narrative Review of Cerebrovascular and Cellular Changes After Neurotrauma. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:22. [PMID: 38367075 PMCID: PMC10874332 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-024-02193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Neurotrauma is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. For instance, traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes more than 30% of all injury-related deaths in the USA annually. The underlying cause and clinical sequela vary among cases. Patients are liable to both acute and chronic changes in the nervous system after such a type of injury. Cerebrovascular disruption has the most common and serious effect in such cases because cerebrovascular autoregulation, which is one of the main determinants of cerebral perfusion pressure, can be effaced in brain injuries even in the absence of evident vascular injury. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier regulatory function may also ensue whether due to direct injury to its structure or metabolic changes. Furthermore, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can be affected leading to sympathetic hyperactivity in many patients. On a cellular scale, the neuroinflammatory cascade medicated by the glial cells gets triggered in response to TBI. Nevertheless, cellular and molecular reactions involved in cerebrovascular repair are not fully understood yet. Most studies were done on animals with many drawbacks in interpreting results. Therefore, future studies including human subjects are necessarily needed. This review will be of relevance to clinicians and researchers interested in understanding the underlying mechanisms in neurotrauma cases and the development of proper therapies as well as those with a general interest in the neurotrauma field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Idris Sula
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Al Bukayriyah, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar AbuHamdia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | | | | | - Hiba Hamdar
- Medical Learning Skills Academy, Beirut, Lebanon
- Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Mohamed Elfil
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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4
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Badaut J, Ghersi-Egea JF, Thorne RG, Konsman JP. Blood-brain borders: a proposal to address limitations of historical blood-brain barrier terminology. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:3. [PMID: 38183042 PMCID: PMC10770911 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Many neuroscientists use the term Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) to emphasize restrictiveness, often equating or reducing the notion of BBB properties to tight junction molecules physically sealing cerebral endothelial cells, rather than pointing out the complexity of this biological interface with respect to its selectivity and variety of exchange between the general blood circulation and the central nervous tissue. Several authors in the field find it unfortunate that the exquisitely dynamic interfaces between blood and brain continue to be viewed primarily as obstructive barriers to transport. Although the term blood-brain interface is an excellent descriptor that does not convey the idea of a barrier, it is important and preferable for the spreading of an idea beyond specialist communities to try to appeal to well-chosen metaphors. Recent evidence reviewed here indicates that blood-brain interfaces are more than selective semi-permeable membranes in that they display many dynamic processes and complex mechanisms for communication. They are thus more like 'geopolitical borders'. Furthermore, some authors working on blood-brain interface-relevant issues have started to use the word border, for example in border-associated macrophages. Therefore, we suggest adopting the term Blood-Brain Border to better communicate the flexibility of and movement across blood-brain interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Badaut
- Brain Molecular Imaging Lab, UMR 5536, CNRS, RMSB, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
- Basic Science Department, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| | - Jean-François Ghersi-Egea
- FLUID Team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon-1 University, Bron, France.
| | - Robert G Thorne
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc, 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 9-177 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Jan Pieter Konsman
- UMR 5164, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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5
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Toader C, Tataru CP, Florian IA, Covache-Busuioc RA, Dumitrascu DI, Glavan LA, Costin HP, Bratu BG, Ciurea AV. From Homeostasis to Pathology: Decoding the Multifaceted Impact of Aquaporins in the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14340. [PMID: 37762642 PMCID: PMC10531540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs), integral membrane proteins facilitating selective water and solute transport across cell membranes, have been the focus of extensive research over the past few decades. Particularly noteworthy is their role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and fluid balance in neural compartments, as dysregulated AQP expression is implicated in various degenerative and acute brain pathologies. This article provides an exhaustive review on the evolutionary history, molecular classification, and physiological relevance of aquaporins, emphasizing their significance in the central nervous system (CNS). The paper journeys through the early studies of water transport to the groundbreaking discovery of Aquaporin 1, charting the molecular intricacies that make AQPs unique. It delves into AQP distribution in mammalian systems, detailing their selective permeability through permeability assays. The article provides an in-depth exploration of AQP4 and AQP1 in the brain, examining their contribution to fluid homeostasis. Furthermore, it elucidates the interplay between AQPs and the glymphatic system, a critical framework for waste clearance and fluid balance in the brain. The dysregulation of AQP-mediated processes in this system hints at a strong association with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's Disease, idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, and Alzheimer's Disease. This relationship is further explored in the context of acute cerebral events such as stroke and autoimmune conditions such as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Moreover, the article scrutinizes AQPs at the intersection of oncology and neurology, exploring their role in tumorigenesis, cell migration, invasiveness, and angiogenesis. Lastly, the article outlines emerging aquaporin-targeted therapies, offering a glimpse into future directions in combatting CNS malignancies and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corneliu Toader
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
- Department of Vascular Neurosurgery, National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 077160 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Calin Petru Tataru
- Department of Opthamology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Central Military Emergency Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioan-Alexandru Florian
- Department of Neurosciences, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Razvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - David-Ioan Dumitrascu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Luca Andrei Glavan
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Horia Petre Costin
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Bogdan-Gabriel Bratu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Alexandru Vlad Ciurea
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
- Neurosurgery Department, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania
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6
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Panchenko PE, Hippauf L, Konsman JP, Badaut J. Do astrocytes act as immune cells after pediatric TBI? Neurobiol Dis 2023; 185:106231. [PMID: 37468048 PMCID: PMC10530000 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are in contact with the vasculature, neurons, oligodendrocytes and microglia, forming a local network with various functions critical for brain homeostasis. One of the primary responders to brain injury are astrocytes as they detect neuronal and vascular damage, change their phenotype with morphological, proteomic and transcriptomic transformations for an adaptive response. The role of astrocytic responses in brain dysfunction is not fully elucidated in adult, and even less described in the developing brain. Children are vulnerable to traumatic brain injury (TBI), which represents a leading cause of death and disability in the pediatric population. Pediatric brain trauma, even with mild severity, can lead to long-term health complications, such as cognitive impairments, emotional disorders and social dysfunction later in life. To date, the underlying pathophysiology is still not fully understood. In this review, we focus on the astrocytic response in pediatric TBI and propose a potential immune role of the astrocyte in response to trauma. We discuss the contribution of astrocytes in the local inflammatory cascades and secretion of various immunomodulatory factors involved in the recruitment of local microglial cells and peripheral immune cells through cerebral blood vessels. Taken together, we propose that early changes in the astrocytic phenotype can alter normal development of the brain, with long-term consequences on neurological outcomes, as described in preclinical models and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lea Hippauf
- CNRS UMR 5536 RMSB-University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5536 RMSB-University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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7
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Peters ME, Lyketsos CG. The glymphatic system's role in traumatic brain injury-related neurodegeneration. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2707-2715. [PMID: 37185960 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In at least some individuals who suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI), there exists a risk of future neurodegenerative illness. This review focuses on the association between the brain-based paravascular drainage pathway known as the "glymphatic system" and TBI-related neurodegeneration. The glymphatic system is composed of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flowing into the brain parenchyma along paravascular spaces surrounding penetrating arterioles where it mixes with interstitial fluid (ISF) before being cleared along paravenous drainage pathways. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels on astrocytic end-feet appear essential for the functioning of this system. The current literature linking glymphatic system disruption and TBI-related neurodegeneration is largely based on murine models with existing human research focused on the need for biomarkers of glymphatic system function (e.g., neuroimaging modalities). Key findings from the existing literature include evidence of glymphatic system flow disruption following TBI, mechanisms of this decreased flow (i.e., AQP4 depolarization), and evidence of protein accumulation and deposition (e.g., amyloid β, tau). The same studies suggest that glymphatic dysfunction leads to subsequent neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, and/or behavioral change although replication in humans is needed. Identified emerging topics from the literature are as follows: link between TBI, sleep, and glymphatic system dysfunction; influence of glymphatic system disruption on TBI biomarkers; and development of novel treatments for glymphatic system disruption following TBI. Although a burgeoning field, more research is needed to elucidate the role of glymphatic system disruption in TBI-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Peters
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Constantine G Lyketsos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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8
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Obenaus A, Rodriguez-Grande B, Lee JB, Dubois CJ, Fournier ML, Cador M, Caille S, Badaut J. A single mild juvenile TBI in male mice leads to regional brain tissue abnormalities at 12 months of age that correlate with cognitive impairment at the middle age. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:32. [PMID: 36859364 PMCID: PMC9976423 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has the highest incidence amongst the pediatric population and its mild severity represents the most frequent cases. Moderate and severe injuries as well as repetitive mild TBI result in lasting morbidity. However, whether a single mild TBI sustained during childhood can produce long-lasting modifications within the brain is still debated. We aimed to assess the consequences of a single juvenile mild TBI (jmTBI) at 12 months post-injury in a mouse model. Non-invasive diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) revealed significant microstructural alterations in the hippocampus and the in the substantia innominata/nucleus basalis (SI/NB), structures known to be involved in spatial learning and memory. DTI changes paralled neuronal loss, increased astrocytic AQP4 and microglial activation in the hippocampus. In contrast, decreased astrocytic AQP4 expression and microglia activation were observed in SI/NB. Spatial learning and memory were impaired and correlated with alterations in DTI-derived derived fractional ansiotropy (FA) and axial diffusivity (AD). This study found that a single juvenile mild TBI leads to significant region-specific DTI microstructural alterations, distant from the site of impact, that correlated with cognitive discriminative novel object testing and spatial memory impairments at 12 months after a single concussive injury. Our findings suggest that exposure to jmTBI leads to a chronic abnormality, which confirms the need for continued monitoring of symptoms and the development of long-term treatment strategies to intervene in children with concussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeong Bin Lee
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Christophe J Dubois
- CNRS UMR 5536 RMSB, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | | | - Martine Cador
- CNRS, EPHE, INCIA UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, F33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphanie Caille
- CNRS, EPHE, INCIA UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, F33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jerome Badaut
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
- CNRS, EPHE, INCIA UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, F33000, Bordeaux, France.
- CNRS UMR 5536 RMSB, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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9
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Nwafor DC, Brichacek AL, Foster CH, Lucke-Wold BP, Ali A, Colantonio MA, Brown CM, Qaiser R. Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: An Update on Preclinical Models, Clinical Biomarkers, and the Implications of Cerebrovascular Dysfunction. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2022; 14:11795735221098125. [PMID: 35620529 PMCID: PMC9127876 DOI: 10.1177/11795735221098125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality. Recent studies suggest that children and adolescents have worse post-TBI outcomes and take longer to recover than adults. However, the pathophysiology and progression of TBI in the pediatric population are studied to a far lesser extent compared to the adult population. Common causes of TBI in children are falls, sports/recreation-related injuries, non-accidental trauma, and motor vehicle-related injuries. A fundamental understanding of TBI pathophysiology is crucial in preventing long-term brain injury sequelae. Animal models of TBI have played an essential role in addressing the knowledge gaps relating to pTBI pathophysiology. Moreover, a better understanding of clinical biomarkers is crucial to diagnose pTBI and accurately predict long-term outcomes. This review examines the current preclinical models of pTBI, the implications of pTBI on the brain’s vasculature, and clinical pTBI biomarkers. Finally, we conclude the review by speculating on the emerging role of the gut-brain axis in pTBI pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divine C. Nwafor
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Allison L. Brichacek
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Chase H. Foster
- Department of Neurosurgery, George Washington University Hospital, Washington D.C., USA
| | | | - Ahsan Ali
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Candice M. Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rabia Qaiser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott and White, Temple, TX, USA
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Li W, Cao F, Takase H, Arai K, Lo EH, Lok J. Blood-Brain Barrier Mechanisms in Stroke and Trauma. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 273:267-293. [PMID: 33580391 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The brain microenvironment is tightly regulated. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is composed of cerebral endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes, plays an important role in maintaining the brain homeostasis by regulating the transport of both beneficial and detrimental substances between circulating blood and brain parenchyma. After brain injury and disease, BBB tightness becomes dysregulated, thus leading to inflammation and secondary brain damage. In this chapter, we overview the fundamental mechanisms of BBB damage and repair after stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Understanding these mechanisms may lead to therapeutic opportunities for brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Li
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fang Cao
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hajime Takase
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Josephine Lok
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Trivedi A, Tercovich KG, Casbon AJ, Raber J, Lowell C, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Neutrophil-specific deletion of Syk results in recruitment-independent stabilization of the barrier and a long-term improvement in cognitive function after traumatic injury to the developing brain. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 157:105430. [PMID: 34153467 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in children, we have yet to identify those pathogenic events that determine the extent of recovery. Neutrophils are best known as "first responders" to sites of infection and trauma where they become fully activated, killing pathogens via proteases that are released during degranulation. However, this activational state may generate substantial toxicity in the young brain after TBI that is partially due to developmentally regulated inadequate antioxidant reserves. Neutrophil degranulation is triggered via a downstream signaling pathway that is dependent on spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). To test the hypothesis that the activational state of neutrophils is a determinant of early pathogenesis and long-term recovery, we compared young, brain-injured conditional knockouts of Syk (sykf/fMRP8-cre+) to congenic littermates (sykf/f). Based upon flow cytometry, there was an extended recruitment of distinct leukocyte subsets, including Ly6G+/Ly6C- and Ly6G+/Ly6Cint, over the first several weeks post-injury which was similar between genotypes. Subsequent assessment of the acutely injured brain revealed a reduction in blood-brain barrier disruption to both high and low molecular weight dextrans and reactive oxygen species in sykf/fMRP8-cre+ mice compared to congenic littermates, and this was associated with greater preservation of claudin 5 and neuronal integrity, as determined by Western blot analyses. At adulthood, motor learning was less affected in brain-injured sykf/fMRP8-cre+ mice as compared to sykf/f mice. Performance in the Morris Water Maze revealed a robust improvement in hippocampal-dependent acquisition and short and long-term spatial memory retention in sykf/fMRP8-cre+ mice. Subsequent analyses of swim path lengths during hidden platform training and probe trials showed greater thigmotaxis in brain-injured sykf/f mice than sham sykf/f mice and injured sykf/fMRP8-cre+ mice. Our results establish the first mechanistic link between the activation state of neutrophils and long-term functional recovery after traumatic injury to the developing brain. These results also highlight Syk kinase as a novel therapeutic target that could be further developed for the brain-injured child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpa Trivedi
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Kayleen G Tercovich
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Amy Jo Casbon
- Departments of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience, Neurology, and Radiation Medicine, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Clifford Lowell
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Neurology and Psychology, The Dell Medical School and the College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Hanas JS, Hocker JRS, Vannarath CA, Lerner MR, Blair SG, Lightfoot SA, Hanas RJ, Couch JR, Hershey LA. Distinguishing Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Biochemical Phenotype Analysis Using a Novel Serum Profiling Platform: Potential Involvement of the VWF/ADAMTS13 Axis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050583. [PMID: 33946285 PMCID: PMC8145311 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to develop minimally invasive biomarker platforms to help in the identification and monitoring of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Assisting in the understanding of biochemical mechanisms as well as identifying potential novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets would be an added benefit of such platforms. This study utilizes a simplified and novel serum profiling platform, using mass spectrometry (MS), to help distinguish AD patient groups (mild and moderate) and controls, as well as to aid in understanding of biochemical phenotypes and possible disease development. A comparison of discriminating sera mass peaks between AD patients and control individuals was performed using leave one [serum sample] out cross validation (LOOCV) combined with a novel peak classification valuation (PCV) procedure. LOOCV/PCV was able to distinguish significant sera mass peak differences between a group of mild AD patients and control individuals with a p value of 10-13. This value became non-significant (p = 0.09) when the same sera samples were randomly allocated between the two groups and reanalyzed by LOOCV/PCV. This is indicative of physiological group differences in the original true-pathology binary group comparison. Similarities and differences between AD patients and traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients were also discernable using this novel LOOCV/PCV platform. MS/MS peptide analysis was performed on serum mass peaks comparing mild AD patients with control individuals. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that cell pathways/biochemical phenotypes affected in AD include those involving neuronal cell death, vasculature, neurogenesis, and AD/dementia/amyloidosis. Inflammation, autoimmunity, autophagy, and blood-brain barrier pathways also appear to be relevant to AD. An impaired VWF/ADAMTS13 vasculature axis with connections to F8 (factor VIII) and LRP1 and NOTCH1 was indicated and is proposed to be important in AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S. Hanas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.S.H.); (C.A.V.); (R.J.H.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.R.L.); (S.G.B.)
- Veterans Administration Hospital, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - James R. S. Hocker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.S.H.); (C.A.V.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Christian A. Vannarath
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.S.H.); (C.A.V.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Megan R. Lerner
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.R.L.); (S.G.B.)
| | - Scott G. Blair
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.R.L.); (S.G.B.)
| | | | - Rushie J. Hanas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.S.H.); (C.A.V.); (R.J.H.)
| | - James R. Couch
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.C.); (L.A.H.)
| | - Linda A. Hershey
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.C.); (L.A.H.)
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Wu Y, Wu H, Zeng J, Pluimer B, Dong S, Xie X, Guo X, Ge T, Liang X, Feng S, Yan Y, Chen JF, Sta Maria N, Ma Q, Gomez-Pinilla F, Zhao Z. Mild traumatic brain injury induces microvascular injury and accelerates Alzheimer-like pathogenesis in mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:74. [PMID: 33892818 PMCID: PMC8063402 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is considered as the most robust environmental risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Besides direct neuronal injury and neuroinflammation, vascular impairment is also a hallmark event of the pathological cascade after TBI. However, the vascular connection between TBI and subsequent AD pathogenesis remains underexplored. METHODS In a closed-head mild TBI (mTBI) model in mice with controlled cortical impact, we examined the time courses of microvascular injury, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, gliosis and motor function impairment in wild type C57BL/6 mice. We also evaluated the BBB integrity, amyloid pathology as well as cognitive functions after mTBI in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD. RESULTS mTBI induced microvascular injury with BBB breakdown, pericyte loss, basement membrane alteration and cerebral blood flow reduction in mice, in which BBB breakdown preceded gliosis. More importantly, mTBI accelerated BBB leakage, amyloid pathology and cognitive impairment in the 5xFAD mice. DISCUSSION Our data demonstrated that microvascular injury plays a key role in the pathogenesis of AD after mTBI. Therefore, restoring vascular functions might be beneficial for patients with mTBI, and potentially reduce the risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Wu
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Room: 241, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Haijian Wu
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Room: 241, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianxiong Zeng
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Room: 241, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Brock Pluimer
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Room: 241, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Shirley Dong
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Room: 241, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Xiaochun Xie
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Room: 241, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Xinying Guo
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Room: 241, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Tenghuan Ge
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Room: 241, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Xinyan Liang
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Room: 241, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Sudi Feng
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Room: 241, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Youzhen Yan
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Room: 241, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Jian-Fu Chen
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Naomi Sta Maria
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Room: 241, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Qingyi Ma
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Room: 241, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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14
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Neuroinflammation and Hypothalamo-Pituitary Dysfunction: Focus of Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052686. [PMID: 33799967 PMCID: PMC7961958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has increased over the last years with an important impact on public health. Many preclinical and clinical studies identified multiple and heterogeneous TBI-related pathophysiological mechanisms that are responsible for functional, cognitive, and behavioral alterations. Recent evidence has suggested that post-TBI neuroinflammation is responsible for several long-term clinical consequences, including hypopituitarism. This review aims to summarize current evidence on TBI-induced neuroinflammation and its potential role in determining hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunctions.
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15
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Traumatic brain injury in adolescence: A review of the neurobiological and behavioural underpinnings and outcomes. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2020.100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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16
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Beard K, Meaney DF, Issadore D. Clinical Applications of Extracellular Vesicles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2045-2056. [PMID: 32312151 PMCID: PMC7502684 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.6990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key mediators of cell-cell communication during homeostasis and in pathology. Central nervous system (CNS)-derived EVs contain cell type-specific surface markers and intralumenal protein, RNA, DNA, and metabolite cargo that can be used to assess the biochemical and molecular state of neurons and glia during neurological injury and disease. The development of EV isolation strategies coupled with analysis of multi-plexed biomarker and clinical data have the potential to improve our ability to classify and treat traumatic brain injury (TBI) and resulting sequelae. Additionally, their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has implications for both EV-based diagnostic strategies and for potential EV-based therapeutics. In the present review, we discuss encouraging data for EV-based diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies in the context of TBI monitoring and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kryshawna Beard
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David F. Meaney
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Issadore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Ichkova A, Rodriguez-Grande B, Zub E, Saudi A, Fournier ML, Aussudre J, Sicard P, Obenaus A, Marchi N, Badaut J. Early cerebrovascular and long-term neurological modifications ensue following juvenile mild traumatic brain injury in male mice. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 141:104952. [PMID: 32442681 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that a mild traumatic brain injury occurring at a juvenile age (jmTBI) may be sufficient to elicit pathophysiological modifications. However, clinical reports are not adequately integrated with experimental studies examining brain changes occurring post-jmTBI. We monitored the cerebrovascular modifications and assessed the long-term behavioral and electrographic changes resulting from experimental jmTBI. In vivo photoacoustic imaging demonstrated a decrease of cerebrovascular oxygen saturation levels in the impacted area hours post-jmTBI. Three days post-jmTBI oxygenation returned to pre-jmTBI levels, stabilizing at 7 and 30 days after the injury. At the functional level, cortical arterioles displayed no NMDA vasodilation response, while vasoconstriction induced by thromboxane receptor agonist was enhanced at 1 day post-jmTBI. Arterioles showed abnormal NMDA vasodilation at 3 days post-jmTBI, returning to normality at 7 days post injury. Histology showed changes in vessel diameters from 1 to 30 days post-jmTBI. Neurological evaluation indicated signs of anxiety-like behavior up to 30 days post-jmTBI. EEG recordings performed at the cortical site of impact 30 days post-jmTBI did not indicate seizures activity, although it revealed a reduction of gamma waves as compared to age matched sham. Histology showed decrease of neuronal filament staining. In conclusion, experimental jmTBI triggers an early cerebrovascular hypo‑oxygenation in vivo and faulty vascular reactivity. The exact topographical coherence and the direct casualty between early cerebrovascular changes and the observed long-term neurological modifications remain to be investigated. A potential translational value for cerebro-vascular oxygen monitoring in jmTBI is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Zub
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS-U1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Amel Saudi
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS-U1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Sicard
- INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, PhyMedExp, IPAM, Montpellier, France
| | - André Obenaus
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Basic Science Department, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, Division of Biomedical Sciences, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS-U1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France.
| | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Basic Science Department, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Despite thousands of neuroprotectants demonstrating promise in preclinical trials, a neuroprotective therapeutic has yet to be approved for the treatment of acute brain injuries such as stroke or traumatic brain injury. Developing a more detailed understanding of models and populations demonstrating "neurological resilience" in spite of brain injury can give us important insights into new translational therapies. Resilience is the process of active adaptation to a stressor. In the context of neuroprotection, models of preconditioning and unique animal models of extreme physiology (such as hibernating species) reliably demonstrate resilience in the laboratory setting. In the clinical setting, resilience is observed in young patients and can be found in those with specific genetic polymorphisms. These important examples of resilience can help transform and extend the current neuroprotective framework from simply countering the injurious cascade into one that anticipates, monitors, and optimizes patients' physiological responses from the time of injury throughout the process of recovery. This review summarizes the underpinnings of key adaptations common to models of resilience and how this understanding can be applied to new neuroprotective approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel S Singhal
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, 555 South Mission Bay Blvd, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Chung-Huan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, 555 South Mission Bay Blvd, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Evan M Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California-San Francisco, 555 South Mission Bay Blvd, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of California-San Francisco, 555 South Mission Bay Blvd, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Dengke K Ma
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California-San Francisco, 555 South Mission Bay Blvd, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of California-San Francisco, 555 South Mission Bay Blvd, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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19
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Abrahamson EE, Ikonomovic MD. Brain injury-induced dysfunction of the blood brain barrier as a risk for dementia. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113257. [PMID: 32092298 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex and dynamic physiological interface between brain parenchyma and cerebral vasculature. It is composed of closely interacting cells and signaling molecules that regulate movement of solutes, ions, nutrients, macromolecules, and immune cells into the brain and removal of products of normal and abnormal brain cell metabolism. Dysfunction of multiple components of the BBB occurs in aging, inflammatory diseases, traumatic brain injury (TBI, severe or mild repetitive), and in chronic degenerative dementing disorders for which aging, inflammation, and TBI are considered risk factors. BBB permeability changes after TBI result in leakage of serum proteins, influx of immune cells, perivascular inflammation, as well as impairment of efflux transporter systems and accumulation of aggregation-prone molecules involved in hallmark pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases with dementia. In addition, cerebral vascular dysfunction with persistent alterations in cerebral blood flow and neurovascular coupling contribute to brain ischemia, neuronal degeneration, and synaptic dysfunction. While the idea of TBI as a risk factor for dementia is supported by many shared pathological features, it remains a hypothesis that needs further testing in experimental models and in human studies. The current review focusses on pathological mechanisms shared between TBI and neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of pathological protein aggregates, such as Alzheimer's disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. We discuss critical knowledge gaps in the field that need to be explored to clarify the relationship between TBI and risk for dementia and emphasize the need for longitudinal in vivo studies using imaging and biomarkers of BBB dysfunction in people with single or multiple TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Abrahamson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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20
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Dinet V, Petry KG, Badaut J. Brain-Immune Interactions and Neuroinflammation After Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1178. [PMID: 31780883 PMCID: PMC6861304 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the principal cause of death and disability in children and young adults. Clinical and preclinical research efforts have been carried out to understand the acute, life-threatening pathophysiological events happening after TBI. In the past few years, however, it was recognized that TBI causes significant morbidity weeks, months, or years after the initial injury, thereby contributing substantially to the overall burden of TBI and the decrease of life expectancy in these patients. Long-lasting sequels of TBI include cognitive decline/dementia, sensory-motor dysfunction, and psychiatric disorders, and most important for patients is the need for socio-economic rehabilitation affecting their quality of life. Cerebrovascular alterations have been described during the first week after TBI for direct consequence development of neuroinflammatory process in relation to brain edema. Within the brain-immune interactions, the complement system, which is a family of blood and cell surface proteins, participates in the pathophysiology process. In fact, the complement system is part of the primary defense and clearance component of innate and adaptive immune response. In this review, the complement activation after TBI will be described in relation to the activation of the microglia and astrocytes as well as the blood-brain barrier dysfunction during the first week after the injury. Considering the neuroinflammatory activity as a causal element of neurological handicaps, some major parallel lines of complement activity in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer pathologies with regard to cognitive impairment will be discussed for chronic TBI. A better understanding of the role of complement activation could facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Dinet
- INSERM U1029, Angiogenesis and Neuroinflammation Group, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Klaus G. Petry
- INSERM U1029, Angiogenesis and Neuroinflammation Group, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, Brain molecular Imaging Team, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
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21
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Li D, Hagen C, Fett AR, Bui HH, Knopman D, Vemuri P, Machulda MM, Jack CR, Petersen RC, Mielke MM. Longitudinal association between phosphatidylcholines, neuroimaging measures of Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology, and cognition in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 79:43-49. [PMID: 31026621 PMCID: PMC6591044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasma phosphatidylcholines (PCs) have been examined in the context of Alzheimer's disease dementia. However, their association with longitudinal changes in amyloid deposition remains unknown. This study investigated the associations of 8 plasma PC levels (PC aa [14:0_14:0], PC aa [16:0_16:0], PC aa [16:0_18:2], PC aa [16:0_22:6], PC aa [18:0_18:0], PC aa [18:0_18:1], PC aa [18:0_20:4], PC aa [18:1_18:1]) with cross-sectional and longitudinal measures of amyloid deposition, Alzheimer's disease-associated neurodegeneration (glucose metabolism and cortical thickness), and cognition (global- and domain-specific) of 1440 cognitively unimpaired participants (47% female, aged 50.7-95.3 years) in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. Longitudinally, higher baseline levels of PC aa [16:0_18:2], PC aa [18:0_18:1], and PC aa [18:1_18:1] were associated with slower decline in performance on tests of global cognition and specific cognitive domains. Furthermore, higher baseline levels of plasma PC aa (14:0_14:0) were associated with slower amyloid deposition and cortical thinning after multiple covariable adjustment (age, sex, education, medical comorbidity, dyslipidemia, statin use, and APOE4 allele presence). Our study findings support an independent association between plasma PC aa (14:0_14:0) with slower amyloid deposition and cortical thinning among cognitively unimpaired older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Li
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Clinton Hagen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ashely R Fett
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hai H Bui
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Prashanthi Vemuri
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mary M Machulda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ronald C Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
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von Leden RE, Parker KN, Bates AA, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Donovan MH. The emerging role of neutrophils as modifiers of recovery after traumatic injury to the developing brain. Exp Neurol 2019; 317:144-154. [PMID: 30876905 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response plays a critical role in traumatic brain injury (TBI), contributing to ongoing pathogenesis and worsening long-term outcomes. Here we focus on neutrophils, one of the "first responders" to TBI. These leukocytes are recruited to the injured brain where they release a host of toxic molecules including free radicals, proteases, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, all of which promote secondary tissue damage. There is mounting evidence that the developing brain is more vulnerable to injury that the adult brain. This vulnerability to greater damage from TBI is, in part, attributed to relatively low antioxidant reserves coupled with an early robust immune response. The latter is reflected in enhanced sensitivity to cytokines and a prolonged recruitment of neutrophils into both cortical and subcortical regions. This review considers the contribution of neutrophils to early secondary pathogenesis in the injured developing brain and raises the distinct possibility that these leukocytes, which exhibit phenotypic plasticity, may also be poised to support wound healing. We provide a basic review of the development, life cycle, and granular contents of neutrophils and evaluate their potential as therapeutic targets for early neuroprotection and functional recovery after injury at early age. While neutrophils have been broadly studied in neurotrauma, we are only beginning to appreciate their diverse roles in the developing brain and the extent to which their acute manipulation may result in enduring neurological recovery when TBI is superimposed upon brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona E von Leden
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1701 Trinity St., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Kaila N Parker
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Adrian A Bates
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24(th) St., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1701 Trinity St., Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24(th) St., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Michael H Donovan
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1701 Trinity St., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Hagos FT, Adams SM, Poloyac SM, Kochanek PM, Horvat CM, Clark RSB, Empey PE. Membrane transporters in traumatic brain injury: Pathological, pharmacotherapeutic, and developmental implications. Exp Neurol 2019; 317:10-21. [PMID: 30797827 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Membrane transporters regulate the trafficking of endogenous and exogenous molecules across biological barriers and within the neurovascular unit. In traumatic brain injury (TBI), they moderate the dynamic movement of therapeutic drugs and injury mediators among neurons, endothelial cells and glial cells, thereby becoming important determinants of pathogenesis and effective pharmacotherapy after TBI. There are three ways transporters may impact outcomes in TBI. First, transporters likely play a key role in the clearance of injury mediators. Second, genetic association studies suggest transporters may be important in the transition of TBI from acute brain injury to a chronic neurological disease. Third, transporters dynamically control the brain penetration and efflux of many drugs and their distribution within and elimination from the brain, contributing to pharmacoresistance and possibly in some cases pharmacosensitivity. Understanding the nature of drugs or candidate drugs in development with respect to whether they are a transporter substrate or inhibitor is relevant to understand whether they distribute to their target in sufficient concentrations. Emerging data provide evidence of altered expression and function of transporters in humans after TBI. Genetic variability in expression and/or function of key transporters adds an additional dynamic, as shown in recent clinical studies. In this review, evidence supporting the role of individual membrane transporters in TBI are discussed as well as novel strategies for their modulation as possible therapeutic targets. Since data specifically targeting pediatric TBI are sparse, this review relies mainly on experimental studies using adult animals and clinical studies in adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanuel T Hagos
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Solomon M Adams
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Christopher M Horvat
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Robert S B Clark
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.
| | - Philip E Empey
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.
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Yu M, Wang M, Yang D, Wei X, Li W. Dynamics of blood brain barrier permeability and tissue microstructure following controlled cortical impact injury in rat: A dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion kurtosis imaging study. Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 62:1-9. [PMID: 30660704 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cerebral tissue microstructure can be impaired following traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the spatiotemporal changes of BBB leakage and tissue microstructure are not completely understood. In this study, we evaluated the spatiotemporal changes of BBB leakage and tissue microstructure using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) in controlled cortical impact (CCI) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The DCE-MRI parameters volume transfer coefficient (Ktrans) and DKI parameters were longitudinally measured in bilateral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and corpus callosum (CC) at baseline (D0), acute stage (D1, D3), and subacute stage (D7, D14 and D28) post-injury. Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed at D28 after MRI scanning. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess the temporal changes of MRI parameters. RESULTS Ktrans abnormality was only localized to ipsilateral perilesional cortex with a significant temporal change (F = 144.2, p < 0.0001). Compared to baseline, increased mean kurtosis (MK) was observed in ipsilateral regions of cortex and hippocampus and CC for all the time points (p < 0.05 for all). Increased MK was also observed in ipsilateral thalamus (p = 0.005) at subacute stage but not at acute stage while no change was observed with MD and FA (p > 0.05 for both). In ipsilateral cortex, the overall Ktrans value of D0, D1, D3, D7, D14, and D28 post-injury were significantly correlated with MK value (r = 0.84, p < 0.0001). The CCI group showed higher staining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) and lower staining of neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN) and myelin basic protein (MBP) in ipsilateral regions of cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and CC (p < 0.05 for all) as compared to control group. There were no significant differences in the contralateral regions by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION The BBB disruption reflected by Ktrans correlated well with MK value in ipsilateral cortex. In addition, MK could detect the delayed microstructural changes in thalamus. DCE-MRI and DKI could be used to assess the BBB breakdown and cerebral microstructural changes of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Yu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Mingliang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Dianxu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaoer Wei
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China; Imaging Center, Kashgar Prefecture Second People's Hospital, Kashgar 844000, Xinjiang, China.
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25
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Collins-Praino L, Corrigan F. Cerebrovascular contribution to dementia development after traumatic brain injury: promises and problems. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 6:S58. [PMID: 30613633 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.10.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey Collins-Praino
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
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26
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Liu JY, Chen XX, Chen HY, Shi J, Leung GPH, Tang SCW, Lao LX, Yip HKF, Lee KF, Sze SCW, Zhang ZJ, Zhang KY. Downregulation of Aquaporin 9 Exacerbates Beta-amyloid-induced Neurotoxicity in Alzheimer’s Disease Models In vitro and In vivo. Neuroscience 2018; 394:72-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Scimone MT, Cramer III HC, Bar-Kochba E, Amezcua R, Estrada JB, Franck C. Modular approach for resolving and mapping complex neural and other cellular structures and their associated deformation fields in three dimensions. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:3042-3064. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Bajwa NM, Lee JB, Halavi S, Hartman RE, Obenaus A. Repeated isoflurane in adult male mice leads to acute and persistent motor decrements with long-term modifications in corpus callosum microstructural integrity. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:332-345. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita M. Bajwa
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center; VA Loma Linda Healthcare System; Loma Linda California
| | - Jeong B. Lee
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine; Loma Linda University; Loma Linda California
| | - Shina Halavi
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health; Loma Linda University; Loma Linda California
| | - Richard E. Hartman
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health; Loma Linda University; Loma Linda California
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine; Loma Linda University; Loma Linda California
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine; University of California; Irvine California
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29
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Wu Y, Wang S, Shang L, Zhang H, Qin J, Ren Y, Ye T. Effect of borneol as a penetration enhancer on brain targeting of nanoliposomes: facilitate direct delivery to neurons. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2709-2727. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study is aimed to evaluate borneol as a penetration enhancer to improve brain target of nanoliposome. Materials & methods: Effects of borneol on pharmacokinetics, targeting efficiency, brain subareas distribution and neuron-targeting level and pathway were studied by fluorescence spectrophotometry and immunofluorescence. Results: Borneol did not influence physicochemical property of doxorubicin hydrochloride nanoliposome (Dox-nanoLips). Co-administration of Dox-nanoLips with borneol elevated brain-target efficiency due to selective distribution increase in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus without difference in contralateral hemisphere. Borneol improved neuronal-targeting level of Dox-nanoLips in the cortex, CA3 and dentate gyrus regions via opening tight junctions of blood–brain barrier and then bypassing astrocyte. Conclusion: Borneol is potential to be a promising penetration enhancer for nanocarrier to target neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Chinese Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Shujun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Lei Shang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science & Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jianxiu Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Chinese Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yating Ren
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Tiantian Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
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Modulation of Opioid Transport at the Blood-Brain Barrier by Altered ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter Expression and Activity. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040192. [PMID: 30340346 PMCID: PMC6321372 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are highly effective analgesics that have a serious potential for adverse drug reactions and for development of addiction and tolerance. Since the use of opioids has escalated in recent years, it is increasingly important to understand biological mechanisms that can increase the probability of opioid-associated adverse events occurring in patient populations. This is emphasized by the current opioid epidemic in the United States where opioid analgesics are frequently abused and misused. It has been established that the effectiveness of opioids is maximized when these drugs readily access opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). Indeed, opioid delivery to the brain is significantly influenced by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In particular, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that are endogenously expressed at the BBB are critical determinants of CNS opioid penetration. In this review, we will discuss current knowledge on the transport of opioid analgesic drugs by ABC transporters at the BBB. We will also examine how expression and trafficking of ABC transporters can be modified by pain and/or opioid pharmacotherapy, a novel mechanism that can promote opioid-associated adverse drug events and development of addiction and tolerance.
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31
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Angiopoietin/Tie2 Axis Regulates the Age-at-Injury Cerebrovascular Response to Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9618-9634. [PMID: 30242049 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0914-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although age-at-injury influences chronic recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI), the differential effects of age on early outcome remain understudied. Using a male murine model of moderate contusion injury, we investigated the underlying mechanism(s) regulating the distinct response between juvenile and adult TBI. We demonstrate similar biomechanical and physical properties of naive juvenile and adult brains. However, following controlled cortical impact (CCI), juvenile mice displayed reduced cortical lesion formation, cell death, and behavioral deficits at 4 and 14 d. Analysis of high-resolution laser Doppler imaging showed a similar loss of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the ipsilateral cortex at 3 and 24 h post-CCI, whereas juvenile mice showed enhanced subsequent restoration at 2-4 d compared with adults. These findings correlated with reduced blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and increased perilesional vessel density. To address whether an age-dependent endothelial cell (EC) response affects vessel stability and tissue outcome, we magnetically isolated CD31+ ECs from sham and injured cortices and evaluated mRNA expression. Interestingly, we found increased transcripts for BBB stability-related genes and reduced expression of BBB-disrupting genes in juveniles compared with adults. These differences were concomitant with significant changes in miRNA-21-5p and miR-148a levels. Accompanying these findings was robust GFAP immunoreactivity, which was not resolved by day 35. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of EC-specific Tie2 signaling abolished the juvenile protective effects. These findings shed new mechanistic light on the divergent effects that age plays on acute TBI outcome that are both spatial and temporal dependent.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although a clear "window of susceptibility" exists in the developing brain that could deter typical developmental trajectories if exposed to trauma, a number of preclinical models have demonstrated evidence of early recovery in younger patients. Our findings further demonstrate acute neuroprotection and improved restoration of cerebral blood flow in juvenile mice subjected to cortical contusion injury compared with adults. We also demonstrate a novel role for endothelial cell-specific Tie2 signaling in this age-related response, which is known to promote barrier stability, is heightened in the injured juvenile vasculature, and may be exploited for therapeutic interventions across the age spectrum following traumatic brain injury.
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Brzica H, Abdullahi W, Reilly BG, Ronaldson PT. A Simple and Reproducible Method to Prepare Membrane Samples from Freshly Isolated Rat Brain Microvessels. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29782001 DOI: 10.3791/57698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic barrier tissue that responds to various pathophysiological and pharmacological stimuli. Such changes resulting from these stimuli can greatly modulate drug delivery to the brain and, by extension, cause considerable challenges in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Many BBB changes that affect pharmacotherapy, involve proteins that are localized and expressed at the level of endothelial cells. Indeed, such knowledge on BBB physiology in health and disease has sparked considerable interest in the study of these membrane proteins. From a basic science research standpoint, this implies a requirement for a simple but robust and reproducible method for isolation of microvessels from brain tissue harvested from experimental animals. In order to prepare membrane samples from freshly isolated microvessels, it is essential that sample preparations be enriched in endothelial cells but limited in the presence of other cell types of the neurovascular unit (i.e., astrocytes, microglia, neurons, pericytes). An added benefit is the ability to prepare samples from individual animals in order to capture the true variability of protein expression in an experimental population. In this manuscript, details regarding a method that is utilized for isolation of rat brain microvessels and preparation of membrane samples are provided. Microvessel enrichment, from samples derived, is achieved by using four centrifugation steps where dextran is included in the sample buffer. This protocol can easily be adapted by other laboratories for their own specific applications. Samples generated from this protocol have been shown to yield robust experimental data from protein analysis experiments that can greatly aid the understanding of BBB responses to physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Brzica
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Wazir Abdullahi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Bianca G Reilly
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Patrick T Ronaldson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson;
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33
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The pericyte-glia interface at the blood-brain barrier. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:361-374. [PMID: 29439117 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cerebrovasculature is a multicellular structure with varying rheological and permeability properties. The outer wall of the brain capillary endothelium is enclosed by pericytes and astrocyte end feet, anatomically assembled to guarantee barrier functions. We, here, focus on the pericyte modifications occurring in disease conditions, reviewing evidence supporting the interplay amongst pericytes, the endothelium, and glial cells in health and pathology. Deconstruction and reactivity of pericytes and glial cells around the capillary endothelium occur in response to traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative disorders, impacting vascular permeability and participating in neuroinflammation. As this represents a growing field of research, addressing the multicellular reorganization occurring at the outer wall of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in response to an acute insult or a chronic disease could disclose novel disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
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34
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Prediction of human CNS pharmacokinetics using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 112:168-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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35
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Schimmel SJ, Acosta S, Lozano D. Neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury: A chronic response to an acute injury. Brain Circ 2017; 3:135-142. [PMID: 30276315 PMCID: PMC6057689 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_18_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Every year, approximately 1.4 million US citizens visit emergency rooms for traumatic brain injuries. Formerly known as an acute injury, chronic neurodegenerative symptoms such as compromised motor skills, decreased cognitive abilities, and emotional and behavioral changes have caused the scientific community to consider chronic aspects of the disorder. The injury causing impact prompts multiple cell death processes, starting with neuronal necrosis, and progressing to various secondary cell death mechanisms. Secondary cell death mechanisms, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disruption, and inflammation accompany chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI) and often contribute to long-term disabilities. One hallmark of both acute and chronic TBI is neuroinflammation. In acute stages, neuroinflammation is beneficial and stimulates an anti-inflammatory response to the damage. Conversely, in chronic TBI, excessive inflammation stimulates the aforementioned secondary cell death. Converting inflammatory cells from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory may expand the therapeutic window for treating TBI, as inflammation plays a role in all stages of the injury. By expanding current research on the role of inflammation in TBI, treatment options and clinical outcomes for afflicted individuals may improve. This paper is a review article. Referred literature in this paper has been listed in the references section. The data sets supporting the conclusions of this article are available online by searching various databases, including PubMed. Some original points in this article come from the laboratory practice in our research center and the authors' experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Acosta
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Diego Lozano
- School of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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36
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Rodriguez-Grande B, Ichkova A, Lemarchant S, Badaut J. Early to Long-Term Alterations of CNS Barriers After Traumatic Brain Injury: Considerations for Drug Development. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1615-1625. [PMID: 28905273 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability, particularly amongst the young and the elderly. The functions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) are strongly impaired after TBI, thus affecting brain homeostasis. Following the primary mechanical injury that characterizes TBI, a secondary injury develops over time, including events such as edema formation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and alterations in paracelullar and transcellular transport. To date, most therapeutic interventions for TBI have aimed at direct neuroprotection during the acute phase and have not been successful. Targeting the barriers of the central nervous system (CNS) could be a wider therapeutic approach, given that restoration of brain homeostasis would benefit all brain cells, including neurons. Importantly, BBB disregulation has been observed even years after TBI, concomitantly with neurological and psychosocial sequelae; however, treatments targeting the post-acute phase are scarce. Here, we review the mechanisms of primary and secondary injury of CNS barriers, the accumulating evidence showing long-term damage to these structures and some of the therapies that have targeted these mechanisms. Finally, we discuss how the injury characteristics (hemorrhagic vs non-hemorrhagic, involvement of head rotation, gray vs white matter), the sex, and the age of the patient need to be carefully considered to improve clinical trial design and outcome interpretation, and to improve future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra Ichkova
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Sighild Lemarchant
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France. .,Basic Science Departments, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA.
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37
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Batarseh YS, Bharate SS, Kumar V, Kumar A, Vishwakarma RA, Bharate SB, Kaddoumi A. Crocus sativus Extract Tightens the Blood-Brain Barrier, Reduces Amyloid β Load and Related Toxicity in 5XFAD Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1756-1766. [PMID: 28471166 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocus sativus, commonly known as saffron or Kesar, is used in Ayurveda and other folk medicines for various purposes as an aphrodisiac, antispasmodic, and expectorant. Previous evidence suggested that Crocus sativus is linked to improving cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. The aim of this study was to in vitro and in vivo investigate the mechanism(s) by which Crocus sativus exerts its positive effect against AD. The effect of Crocus sativus extract on Aβ load and related toxicity was evaluated. In vitro results showed that Crocus sativus extract increases the tightness of a cell-based blood-brain barrier (BBB) model and enhances transport of Aβ. Further in vivo studies confirmed the effect of Crocus sativus extract (50 mg/kg/day, added to mice diet) on the BBB tightness and function that was associated with reduced Aβ load and related pathological changes in 5XFAD mice used as an AD model. Reduced Aβ load could be explained, at least in part, by Crocus sativus extract effect to enhance Aβ clearance pathways including BBB clearance, enzymatic degradation and ApoE clearance pathway. Furthermore, Crocus sativus extract upregulated synaptic proteins and reduced neuroinflammation associated with Aβ pathology in the brains of 5XFAD mice. Crocin, a major active constituent of Crocus sativus and known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, was also tested separately in vivo in 5XFAD mice. Crocin (10 mg/kg/day) was able to reduce Aβ load but to a lesser extent when compared to Crocus sativus extract. Collectively, findings from this study support the positive effect of Crocus sativus against AD by reducing Aβ pathological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan S. Batarseh
- Department
of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Sonali S. Bharate
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Ram A. Vishwakarma
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Sandip B. Bharate
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Amal Kaddoumi
- Department
of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
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Ichkova A, Rodriguez-Grande B, Bar C, Villega F, Konsman JP, Badaut J. Vascular impairment as a pathological mechanism underlying long-lasting cognitive dysfunction after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Neurochem Int 2017; 111:93-102. [PMID: 28377126 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in children. Indeed, the acute mechanical injury often evolves to a chronic brain disorder with long-term cognitive, emotional and social dysfunction even in the case of mild TBI. Contrary to the commonly held idea that children show better recovery from injuries than adults, pediatric TBI patients actually have worse outcome than adults for the same injury severity. Acute trauma to the young brain likely interferes with the fine-tuned developmental processes and may give rise to long-lasting consequences on brain's function. This review will focus on cerebrovascular dysfunction as an important early event that may lead to long-term phenotypic changes in the brain after pediatric TBI. These, in turn may be associated with accelerated brain aging and cognitive dysfunction. Finally, since no effective treatments are currently available, understanding the unique pathophysiological mechanisms of pediatric TBI is crucial for the development of new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claire Bar
- CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, France; Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital of Bordeaux, France
| | - Frederic Villega
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital of Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, France; Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Brady RD, Shultz SR, Sun M, Romano T, van der Poel C, Wright DK, Wark JD, O'Brien TJ, Grills BL, McDonald SJ. Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Bone Loss in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:2154-2160. [PMID: 25686841 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the influence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on bone homeostasis; however, pathophysiological mechanisms involved in TBI have potential to be detrimental to bone. The current study assessed the effect of experimental TBI in rats on the quantity and quality of two different weight-bearing bones, the femur and humerus. Rats were randomly assigned into either sham or lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) groups. Open-field testing to assess locomotion was conducted at 1, 4, and 12 weeks post-injury, with the rats killed at 1 and 12 weeks post-injury. Bones were analyzed using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), histomorphometric analysis, and three-point bending. pQCT analysis revealed that at 1 and 12 weeks post-injury, the distal metaphyseal region of femora from FPI rats had reduced cortical content (10% decrease at 1 week, 8% decrease at 12 weeks; p < 0.01) and cortical thickness (10% decrease at 1 week, 11% decrease at 12 weeks p < 0.001). There was also a 23% reduction in trabecular bone volume ratio at 1 week post-injury and a 27% reduction at 12 weeks post-injury in FPI rats compared to sham (p < 0.001). There were no differences in bone quantity and mechanical properties of the femoral midshaft between sham and TBI animals. There were no differences in locomotor outcomes, which suggested that post-TBI changes in bone were not attributed to immobility. Taken together, these findings indicate that this rat model of TBI was detrimental to bone and suggests a link between TBI and altered bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys D Brady
- 1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- 2 Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- 2 Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tania Romano
- 1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris van der Poel
- 1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- 3 Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia .,4 The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John D Wark
- 2 Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- 2 Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian L Grills
- 1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- 1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Wang ML, Li WB. Cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury: The role of MRI and possible pathological basis. J Neurol Sci 2016; 370:244-250. [PMID: 27772768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is closely related to increased incidence of cognitive impairment from the acute phase to chronic phase. At present, the pathological mechanism leading to cognitive impairment after TBI is still not fully understood. We hypothesize that neuron loss, diffuse axonal injury, microbleed, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption altogether contribute to the development of cognitive impairment. Furthermore, the disruption of structural and functional neural network related to the cognitive function might bring about the final step in the occurrence of cognitive impairment after TBI. In this review, we summarize the role of different MRI techniques in the assessment of the pathological changes related to cognitive impairment after TBI. These MRI techniques include T1-MPRAGE sequence reflecting neuron loss, diffusion tensor imaging reflecting diffuse axonal injury, diffusion kurtosis imaging reflecting diffuse axonal injury and reactive gliosis, susceptibility weighted imaging showing microbleed, arterial spin labeling showing blood flow and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI showing BBB disruption. In the future, correlational study of multi-MRI sequences scan, pathological examination, and cognitive tests will provide valuable information for understanding the mechanism of cognitive impairment after TBI and manage TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Liang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wen-Bin Li
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; Imaging center, Kashgar Prefecture Second People(')s Hospital, Kashgar 844000, China.
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Osier ND, Dixon CE. The Controlled Cortical Impact Model: Applications, Considerations for Researchers, and Future Directions. Front Neurol 2016; 7:134. [PMID: 27582726 PMCID: PMC4987613 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled cortical impact (CCI) is a mechanical model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that was developed nearly 30 years ago with the goal of creating a testing platform to determine the biomechanical properties of brain tissue exposed to direct mechanical deformation. Initially used to model TBIs produced by automotive crashes, the CCI model rapidly transformed into a standardized technique to study TBI mechanisms and evaluate therapies. CCI is most commonly produced using a device that rapidly accelerates a rod to impact the surgically exposed cortical dural surface. The tip of the rod can be varied in size and geometry to accommodate scalability to difference species. Typically, the rod is actuated by a pneumatic piston or electromagnetic actuator. With some limits, CCI devices can control the velocity, depth, duration, and site of impact. The CCI model produces morphologic and cerebrovascular injury responses that resemble certain aspects of human TBI. Commonly observed are graded histologic and axonal derangements, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, subdural and intra-parenchymal hematoma, edema, inflammation, and alterations in cerebral blood flow. The CCI model also produces neurobehavioral and cognitive impairments similar to those observed clinically. In contrast to other TBI models, the CCI device induces a significantly pronounced cortical contusion, but is limited in the extent to which it models the diffuse effects of TBI; a related limitation is that not all clinical TBI cases are characterized by a contusion. Another perceived limitation is that a non-clinically relevant craniotomy is performed. Biomechanically, this is irrelevant at the tissue level. However, craniotomies are not atraumatic and the effects of surgery should be controlled by including surgical sham control groups. CCI devices have also been successfully used to impact closed skulls to study mild and repetitive TBI. Future directions for CCI research surround continued refinements to the model through technical improvements in the devices (e.g., minimizing mechanical sources of variation). Like all TBI models, publications should report key injury parameters as outlined in the NIH common data elements (CDEs) for pre-clinical TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D. Osier
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C. Edward Dixon
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Prophylactic neuroprotective efficiency of co-administration of Ginkgo biloba and Trifolium pretense against sodium arsenite-induced neurotoxicity and dementia in different regions of brain and spinal cord of rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 94:112-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Jullienne A, Obenaus A, Ichkova A, Savona-Baron C, Pearce WJ, Badaut J. Chronic cerebrovascular dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:609-22. [PMID: 27117494 PMCID: PMC5415378 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) often involve vascular dysfunction that leads to long-term alterations in physiological and cognitive functions of the brain. Indeed, all the cells that form blood vessels and that are involved in maintaining their proper function can be altered by TBI. This Review focuses on the different types of cerebrovascular dysfunction that occur after TBI, including cerebral blood flow alterations, autoregulation impairments, subarachnoid hemorrhage, vasospasms, blood-brain barrier disruption, and edema formation. We also discuss the mechanisms that mediate these dysfunctions, focusing on the cellular components of cerebral blood vessels (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, astrocytes, pericytes, perivascular nerves) and their known and potential roles in the secondary injury cascade. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Jullienne
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California
| | | | | | - William J Pearce
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Jerome Badaut
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Hajjar I, Goldstein FC, Waller EK, Moss LD, Quyyumi A. Circulating Progenitor Cells is Linked to Cognitive Decline in Healthy Adults. Am J Med Sci 2016; 351:147-52. [PMID: 26897269 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive and cardiovascular disorders share many risk factors. Higher bone-marrow derived progenitor cells (PC) in blood are associated with lower rates of cardiovascular events but the association of PC with cognitive function is unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the association between PC and cognition in a sample of healthy adults enrolled in a cohort study. MATERIALS AND METHODS A random sample of employees at Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology were followed for 4 years and underwent yearly vascular and cognitive assessment (N = 430, mean age = 49.2 years, 70% women, and 27% African-American). Cognition was assessed using computerized versions of 15 cognitive tests and principal component analysis was used for deriving cognitive scores: executive function, memory and working memory. PC were defined as mononuclear cells with specific surface markers (7 phenotypes). Decreased cognition in a domain was defined as performing below the lowest quartile for the corresponding domain at baseline. Generalized estimating equations were used to investigate associations between PC and cognition. RESULTS Higher PC levels at baseline were associated with lower risk of cognitive decline in the executive and working memory domains during the follow-up period (P < 0.002 for all PC phenotypes). Further, the degree of decline in PC over the follow-up period was correlated with a corresponding decline in performances in all 3 cognitive domains over the same period (All P < 0.002). CONCLUSION Lower PC and greater yearly declines in PC are associated with greater cognitive decline. These findings suggest the role for PC in neurocognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Hajjar
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | | | - Edmund K Waller
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lauren D Moss
- Program Management Associate, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Arshed Quyyumi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Lin R, Yu K, Li X, Tao J, Lin Y, Zhao C, Li C, Chen LD. Electroacupuncture ameliorates post-stroke learning and memory through minimizing ultrastructural brain damage and inhibiting the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injured rats. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:225-33. [PMID: 27177163 PMCID: PMC4918523 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of electroacupuncture (EA) in the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and to elucidate the association between this neuroprotective effect and brain ultrastructure and expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and 9. Rats underwent focal cerebral I/R injury by arterial ligation and received in vivo therapeutic EA at the Baihui (DU20) and Shenting (DU24) acupoints. The therapeutic efficacy was then evaluated following the surgery. The results of the current study demonstrated that EA treatment significantly ameliorated neurological deficits and reduced cerebral infarct volume compared with I/R injured rats. Furthermore, EA improved the learning and memory ability of rats following I/R injury, inhibited blood brain barrier breakdown and reduced neuronal damage in the ischemic penumbra. Furthermore, EA attenuated ultrastructural changes in the brain tissue following ischemia and inhibited MMP-2/MMP-9 expression in cerebral I/R injured rats. The results suggest that EA ameliorates anatomical deterioration, and learning and memory deficits in rats with cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhui Lin
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Kunqiang Yu
- TCM Rehabilitation Research Center of SATCM, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Yukun Lin
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Congkuai Zhao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Li
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Li-Dian Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Exercise Rehabilitation, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
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Yuan X, Mei B, Zhang L, Zhang C, Zheng M, Liang H, Wang W, Zheng J, Ding L, Zheng K. Enhanced penetration of exogenous EPCs into brains of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:1460-1470. [PMID: 27186272 PMCID: PMC4859631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the repair function of exogenous Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) for brain microvascular damage of the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study used a density-gradient centrifugation method to isolate mononuclear cells (MNCs) from mouse bone marrow, which were subsequently seeded and cultured. Cells were characterized by morphology and detection of the surface markers CD34 and CD133 at different time points by immunofluorescence (IF) and flow cytometry (FCM). Then, EPCs were transfected with GFP adenoviral vectors (GFP-EPCs). Wild-type (WT) and APP/PS1 transgenic mice both received GFP-EPCs injection through the tail vein, and using a PBS buffer injection as the control. Seven days later, the animals' brain tissue was isolated. Expression of GFP was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western-blot (WB), while the fluorescence of GFP within the brains of mice was observed under a fluorescence microscope. Higher mRNA and protein expression of GFP, accompanied with increased green fluorescence, were detected in the brain of GFP-EPCs-injected APP/PS1 mice, as compared with GFP-EPCs-injected WT mice. The results show that the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of AD exhibited enhanced penetration of exogenous EPCs into brains than the WT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yuan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Bin Mei
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Cuntai Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Miao Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Huifang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Ling Ding
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
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Bird SM, Sohrabi HR, Sutton TA, Weinborn M, Rainey-Smith SR, Brown B, Patterson L, Taddei K, Gupta V, Carruthers M, Lenzo N, Knuckey N, Bucks RS, Verdile G, Martins RN. Cerebral amyloid-β accumulation and deposition following traumatic brain injury--A narrative review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:215-28. [PMID: 26899257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases the risk of neurodegenerative disorders many years post-injury. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between TBI and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), remain to be elucidated. Nevertheless, previous studies have demonstrated a link between TBI and increased amyloid-β (Aβ), a protein involved in AD pathogenesis. Here, we review animal studies that measured Aβ levels following TBI. In addition, from a pool of initially identified 1209 published papers, we examined data from 19 eligible animal model studies using a meta-analytic approach. We found an acute increase in cerebral Aβ levels ranging from 24h to one month following TBI (overall log OR=2.97 ± 0.40, p<0.001). These findings may contribute to further understanding the relationship between TBI and future dementia risk. The methodological inconsistencies of the studies discussed in this review suggest the need for improved and more standardised data collection and study design, in order to properly elucidate the role of TBI in the expression and accumulation of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine M Bird
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, 6009 WA, Australia; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital), 115 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, 6009 WA, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, 6009 WA, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, 6027 WA, Australia; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital), 115 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, 6009 WA, Australia
| | - Thomas A Sutton
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, 6009 WA, Australia
| | - Michael Weinborn
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital), 115 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, 6009 WA, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, 6009 WA, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, 6027 WA, Australia; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital), 115 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, 6009 WA, Australia
| | - Belinda Brown
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, 6027 WA, Australia; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital), 115 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, 6009 WA, Australia
| | - Leigh Patterson
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital), 115 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, 6009 WA, Australia
| | - Kevin Taddei
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, 6027 WA, Australia; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital), 115 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, 6009 WA, Australia
| | - Veer Gupta
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, 6027 WA, Australia; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital), 115 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, 6009 WA, Australia
| | - Malcolm Carruthers
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, 6027 WA, Australia; Centre for Men's Health, 96 Harley Street, London, W1G 7HY, United Kingdom
| | - Nat Lenzo
- Oceanic Medical Imaging, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, 6009 WA, Australia
| | - Neville Knuckey
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (CNND), University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, 6009 WA, Australia
| | - Romola S Bucks
- School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, 6009 WA, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, 6009 WA, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, 6027 WA, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, 6102 WA, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, 6009 WA, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, 6027 WA, Australia; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital), 115 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, 6009 WA, Australia.
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Hartman RE, Thorndyke EC. Patterns of Behavioral Deficits in Rodents Following Brain Injury Across Species, Gender, and Experimental Model. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2015; 121:71-5. [PMID: 26463925 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral data were collected from several hundred mice and rats using a variety of experimental models of brain injury. The use of consistent protocols allowed compilation of these data, facilitating analyses of animal behaviors across experimental models, species, and gender. Spatial learning and sensorimotor/coordination data are presented, suggesting that, in general, rats performed better than mice both in the water maze and on the rotarod. Compared with females, males performed slightly better in the water maze and slightly worse on the rotarod. However, gender by species interactions accounted for both of these differences. Male rats performed better in the water maze than female rats, male mice, and female mice, which did not differ. Male mice performed worse on the rotarod than female mice, male rats, and female rats, which performed similarly. Furthermore, animals with subcortical injury were impaired in the water maze, but performed better than animals with cortical injuries. However, only animals with cortical injuries were impaired on the rotarod. Additional covariates, such as edema and lesion size, may further clarify these phenotypes. Overall, we provide evidence that abbreviated test batteries can be specifically designed to test deficits, depending on the species, gender, and model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Hartman
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, 11130 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
| | - Earl C Thorndyke
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, 11130 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
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Palomares JA, Tummala S, Wang DJJ, Park B, Woo MA, Kang DW, St Lawrence KS, Harper RM, Kumar R. Water Exchange across the Blood-Brain Barrier in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: An MRI Diffusion-Weighted Pseudo-Continuous Arterial Spin Labeling Study. J Neuroimaging 2015; 25:900-5. [PMID: 26333175 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) subjects show brain injury in sites that control autonomic, cognitive, and mood functions that are deficient in the condition. The processes contributing to injury may include altered blood-brain barrier (BBB) actions. Our aim was to examine BBB function, based on diffusion-weighted pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (DW-pCASL) procedures, in OSA compared to controls. METHODS We performed DW-pCASL imaging in nine OSA and nine controls on a 3.0-Tesla MRI scanner. Global mean gray and white matter arterial transient time (ATT, an index of large artery integrity), water exchange rate across the BBB (Kw, BBB function), DW-pCASL ratio, and cerebral blood flow (CBF) values were compared between OSA and control subjects. RESULTS Global mean gray and white matter ATT (OSA vs. controls; gray matter, 1.691 ± .120 vs. 1.658 ± .109 second, P = .49; white matter, 1.700 ± .115 vs. 1.650 ± .114 second, P = .44), and CBF values (gray matter, 57.4 ± 15.8 vs. 58.2 ± 10.7 ml/100 g/min, P = .67; white matter, 24.2 ± 7.0 vs. 24.6 ± 6.7 ml/100 g/min, P = .91) did not differ significantly, but global gray and white matter Kw (gray matter, 158.0 ± 28.9 vs. 220.8 ± 40.6 min(-1) , P = .002; white matter, 177.5 ± 57.2 vs. 261.1 ± 51.0 min(-1) , P = .006), and DW-pCASL ratio (gray matter, .727 ± .076 vs. .823 ± .069, P = .011; white matter, .722 ± .144 vs. .888 ± .100, P = .004) values were significantly reduced in OSA over controls. CONCLUSIONS OSA subjects show compromised BBB function, but intact large artery integrity. The BBB alterations may introduce neural damage contributing to abnormal functions in OSA, and suggest a need to repair BBB function with strategies commonly used in other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Palomares
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sudhakar Tummala
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Danny J J Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Bumhee Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mary A Woo
- UCLA School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Daniel W Kang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Ronald M Harper
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Bellone JA, Rudobeck E, Hartman RE, Szücs A, Vlkolinský R. A Single Low Dose of Proton Radiation Induces Long-Term Behavioral and Electrophysiological Changes in Mice. Radiat Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13903.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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