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He Y, Ruan S, Liang G, Hao J, Zhou X, Li Z, Mu L, Wu J, Yang H. A Nonbactericidal Anionic Antimicrobial Peptide Provides Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacies against Bacterial Infections in Mice by Immunomodulatory-Antithrombotic Duality. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7487-7503. [PMID: 38688020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Although bactericidal cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been well characterized, less information is available about the antibacterial properties and mechanisms of action of nonbactericidal AMPs, especially nonbactericidal anionic AMPs. Herein, a novel anionic antimicrobial peptide (Gy-CATH) with a net charge of -4 was identified from the skin of the frog Glyphoglossus yunnanensis. Gy-CATH lacks direct antibacterial effects but exhibits significantly preventive and therapeutic capacities in mice that are infected with Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), or carbapenem-resistant E. coli (CREC). In vitro and in vivo investigations proved the regulation of Gy-CATH on neutrophils and macrophages involved in the host immune defense against infection. Moreover, Gy-CATH significantly reduced the extent of pulmonary fibrin deposition and prevented thrombosis in mice, which was attributed to the regulatory role of Gy-CATH in physiological anticoagulants and platelet aggregation. These findings show that Gy-CATH is a potential candidate for the treatment of bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Shimei Ruan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Guozhu Liang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Hao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuorui Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Lixian Mu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Hailong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
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2
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Ambrogi M, Vezina CM. Roles of airway and intestinal epithelia in responding to pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1346087. [PMID: 38736751 PMCID: PMC11082347 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1346087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells form a resilient barrier and orchestrate defensive and reparative mechanisms to maintain tissue stability. This review focuses on gut and airway epithelia, which are positioned where the body interfaces with the outside world. We review the many signaling pathways and mechanisms by which epithelial cells at the interface respond to invading pathogens to mount an innate immune response and initiate adaptive immunity and communicate with other cells, including resident microbiota, to heal damaged tissue and maintain homeostasis. We compare and contrast how airway and gut epithelial cells detect pathogens, release antimicrobial effectors, collaborate with macrophages, Tregs and epithelial stem cells to mount an immune response and orchestrate tissue repair. We also describe advanced research models for studying epithelial communication and behaviors during inflammation, tissue injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad M. Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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3
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Bergamo A, Sava G. Lysozyme: A Natural Product with Multiple and Useful Antiviral Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:652. [PMID: 38338396 PMCID: PMC10856218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme, especially the one obtained from hen's egg white, continues to show new pharmacological properties. The fact that only a few of these properties can be translated into therapeutic applications is due to the lack of suitable clinical studies. However, this lack cannot hide the evidence that is emerging from scientific research. This review for the first time examines, from a pharmacological point of view, all the relevant studies on the antiviral properties of lysozyme, analyzing its possible mechanism of action and its ability to block viral infections and, in some cases, inhibit viral replication. Lysozyme can interact with nucleic acids and alter their function, but this effect is uncoupled from the catalytic activity that determines its antibacterial activity; it is present in intact lysozyme but is equally potent in a heat-degraded lysozyme or in a nonapeptide isolated by proteolytic digestion. An analysis of the literature shows that lysozyme can be used both as a disinfectant for raw and processed foods and as a drug to combat viral infections in animals and humans. To summarize, it can be said that lysozyme has important antiviral properties, as already suspected in the initial studies conducted over 50 years ago, and it should be explored in suitable clinical studies on humans.
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Li J, Lu Y, Zhao X. Genetic perspectives on the influence of circulating cytokines on acne: A Mendelian randomization study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36639. [PMID: 38115273 PMCID: PMC10727664 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that the occurrence and development of acne are closely associated with immune-inflammatory responses. Mendelian randomization was performed to further assess the causal correlation between 41 inflammatory cytokines and acne. Mendelian two-sample randomization utilized genetic variants for acne from a large open genome-wide association study (1299 cases and 211,139 controls of European ancestry) and inflammatory cytokines from a genome-wide association study abstract containing 8293 healthy participants. The causal relationship between exposure and outcome was explored primarily using an inverse variance weighting approach. In addition, multiple sensitivity analyses including MR-Egger, weighted median, simple model, weighted model, and MR-PRESSO were applied simultaneously to enhance the final results. The results suggest that il-10, MIP-1A, and SCGF-β are suggestive of the risk of acne in clinical practice (OR = 0.799, 95% CI = 0.641-0.995, P = .045; OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.388-0.787, P = .001; OR = 1. 152, 95% CI = 1.001-1.325, P = .048). Our study conclusively identified a causal relationship between il-10 and circulating levels of acne risk and a suggestive link between MIP-1A and SCGF-β and acne. Our study may provide greater insight into the pathogenesis of acne and develop effective management strategies for the clinic. We believe that IL-10, MIP-1A, and SCGF-β could be potential therapeutic targets for acne development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Yining Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Xuelian Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
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Garbacz K, Wawrzykowski J, Czelej M, Czernecki T, Waśko A. Recent Trends in the Application of Oilseed-Derived Protein Hydrolysates as Functional Foods. Foods 2023; 12:3861. [PMID: 37893754 PMCID: PMC10605994 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oilseed-derived proteins have emerged as an excellent alternative to animal sources for the production of bioactive peptides. The bioactivities exhibited by peptides derived from plant proteins encompass a wide range of health-promoting and disease-preventing effects. Peptides demonstrate potential capabilities in managing diseases associated with free radicals and regulating blood pressure. They can also exhibit properties that lower blood sugar levels and modify immune responses. In addition to their bioactivities, plant-derived bioactive peptides also possess various functional properties that contribute to their versatility. An illustration of this potential can be the ability of peptides to significantly improve food preservation and reduce lipid content. Consequently, plant-derived bioactive peptides hold great promise as ingredients to develop functional products. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of the research progress made in the elucidation of the biological activities and functional properties of oilseed-derived proteins. The ultimate objective is to enhance the understanding of plant-derived bioactive peptides and provide valuable insights for further research and use in the food and medicine industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Garbacz
- Biolive Innovation Sp. z o. o., 3 Dobrzańskiego Street, 20-262 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Wawrzykowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Czelej
- Biolive Innovation Sp. z o. o., 3 Dobrzańskiego Street, 20-262 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Czernecki
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Adam Waśko
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
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Wang A, Zhou M, Chen Q, Jin H, Xu G, Guo R, Wang J, Lai R. Functional Analyses of Three Targeted DNA Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Goats. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1453. [PMID: 37892141 PMCID: PMC10605153 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increase in drug-resistant bacteria, new antibacterial drugs have emerged as a prominent area of research and development. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), as innate immune agents, have garnered significant attention due to their potent, rapid, and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. This study focused on investigating the functionality of three AMPs (CATH 1, CATH 2, and MAP34-B) derived from goat submandibular glands. Among these AMPs, CATH 2 and MAP34-B exhibited direct antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, primarily targeting the bacterial membrane. Additionally, these two AMPs were found to have the potential to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in bacterial cells and interact with bacterial genome DNA, which may play a crucial role in their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, both CATH 1 and CATH 2 demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, and all three AMPs exhibited potential anti-inflammatory activity. Importantly, the cytotoxic activity of these AMPs against mammalian cells was found to be weak, and their hemolytic activity was extremely low. Overall, the characteristics of these three AMPs found in goat submandibular glands offer new insights for the study of host protection from an immunological perspective. They hold promise as potential candidates for the development of novel antibacterial agents, particularly in the context of combating drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Wang
- Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; (A.W.)
| | - Mengying Zhou
- Suzhou Guangji Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215137, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; (A.W.)
| | - Hui Jin
- Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; (A.W.)
| | - Gaochi Xu
- Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; (A.W.)
| | - Ruiyin Guo
- Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; (A.W.)
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, China;
| | - Ren Lai
- Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; (A.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Sino-African Joint Research Center and Engineering Laboratory of Peptides, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650107, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Castellanos FX, Moreno-Santillán D, Hughes GM, Paulat NS, Sipperly N, Brown AM, Martin KR, Poterewicz GM, Lim MCW, Russell AL, Moore MS, Johnson MG, Corthals AP, Ray DA, Dávalos LM. The evolution of antimicrobial peptides in Chiroptera. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1250229. [PMID: 37822944 PMCID: PMC10562630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1250229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High viral tolerance coupled with an extraordinary regulation of the immune response makes bats a great model to study host-pathogen evolution. Although many immune-related gene gains and losses have been previously reported in bats, important gene families such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) remain understudied. We built an exhaustive bioinformatic pipeline targeting the major gene families of defensins and cathelicidins to explore AMP diversity and analyze their evolution and distribution across six bat families. A combination of manual and automated procedures identified 29 AMP families across queried species, with α-, β-defensins, and cathelicidins representing around 10% of AMP diversity. Gene duplications were inferred in both α-defensins, which were absent in five species, and three β-defensin gene subfamilies, but cathelicidins did not show significant shifts in gene family size and were absent in Anoura caudifer and the pteropodids. Based on lineage-specific gains and losses, we propose diet and diet-related microbiome evolution may determine the evolution of α- and β-defensins gene families and subfamilies. These results highlight the importance of building species-specific libraries for genome annotation in non-model organisms and shed light on possible drivers responsible for the rapid evolution of AMPs. By focusing on these understudied defenses, we provide a robust framework for explaining bat responses to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Moreno-Santillán
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Graham M. Hughes
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicole S. Paulat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Nicolette Sipperly
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Alexis M. Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Katherine R. Martin
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Gregory M. Poterewicz
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Marisa C. W. Lim
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Amy L. Russell
- Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, United States
| | - Marianne S. Moore
- College of Science and Mathematics, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, VI, United States
| | - Matthew G. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Angelique P. Corthals
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, United States
| | - David A. Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Liliana M. Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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8
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Wang J, Duan Z, Chen X, Li M. The immune function of dermal fibroblasts in skin defence against pathogens. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:1326-1333. [PMID: 37387265 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Dermal fibroblasts are the main resident cells of the dermis. They have several significant functions related to wound healing, extracellular matrix production and hair cycling. Dermal fibroblasts can also act as sentinels in defence against infection. They express pattern recognition receptors such as toll-like receptors to sense pathogen components, followed by the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-6, IFN-β and TNF-α), chemokines (such as IL-8 and CXCL1) and antimicrobial peptides. Dermal fibroblasts also secrete other molecules-like growth factors and matrix metalloproteinases to benefit tissue repair from infection. Crosstalk between dermal fibroblasts and immune cells may amplify the immune response against infection. Moreover, the transition of a certain adipogenic fibroblasts to adipocytes protects skin from bacterial infection. Together, we discuss the role of dermal fibroblasts in the war against pathogens in this review. Dermal fibroblasts have important immune functions in anti-infection immunity, which should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Wang
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhimin Duan
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Bergamo A, Sava G. Pharmacological Modulation of Host Immunity with Hen Egg White Lysozyme (HEWL)-A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5027. [PMID: 37446691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 100 years since its discovery, lysozyme has become an important molecule, both as model for studies in different fields and as a candidate for the therapy of various pathological conditions. Of the dozens of known lysozymes, in this review we focus on one in particular, lysozyme extracted from hen egg white (HEWL), and its interaction with the immune system when it is administered orally. Experimental data show that there is an axis that directs immune system activation from GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue) and the intestinal lymphocyte clusters. Although a contribution of peptidoglycans from digestion of the bacterial cell wall in the intestinal lumen cannot be excluded, immune stimulation is not dependent on the enzymatic activity of HEWL. The immune responses suggest that HEWL is able to recover from immunodepression caused by tumor growth or immunosuppressants, and that it also improves the success of chemotherapy. The positive results obtained in a small Phase 2 study in patients, the ease of oral administration of this protein, and the absence of adverse effects suggest that HEWL may play an important role in all diseases where the immune system is weakened or where its enhancement plays a critical role in the resolution of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberta Bergamo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianni Sava
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Italian Society of Pharmacology, 20129 Milano, Italy
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Lyu Z, Yang P, Lei J, Zhao J. Biological Function of Antimicrobial Peptides on Suppressing Pathogens and Improving Host Immunity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1037. [PMID: 37370356 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant genes and concerns about food safety caused by the overuse of antibiotics are becoming increasingly prominent. There is an urgent need for effective alternatives to antibiotics in the fields of livestock production and human medicine. Antimicrobial peptides can effectively replace antibiotics to kill pathogens and enhance the immune functions of the host, and pathogens cannot easily produce genes that are resistant to them. The ability of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to kill pathogens is associated with their structure and physicochemical properties, such as their conformation, electrical charges, hydrophilicity, and hydrophobicity. AMPs regulate the activity of immunological cells and stimulate the secretion of inflammatory cytokines via the activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. However, there are still some limitations to the application of AMPs in the fields of livestock production and human medicine, including a restricted source base, high costs of purification and expression, and the instability of the intestines of animals and humans. This review summarizes the information on AMPs as effective antibiotic substitutes to improve the immunological functions of the host through suppressing pathogens and regulating inflammatory responses. Potential challenges for the commercial application of AMPs in animal husbandry and human medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Lyu
- Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511400, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jian Lei
- Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511400, China
- Qingyuan Haibei BIO-TECH Co., Ltd., Qingyuan 511853, China
| | - Jinbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Biswas S, Sarojini S, Jayaram S, Philip I, Umesh M, Mascarenhas R, Pappuswamy M, Balasubramanian B, Arokiyaraj S. Understanding the Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promoting Autoimmune Disorders. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1307. [PMID: 37374090 DOI: 10.3390/life13061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AMPs are small oligopeptides acting as integral elements of the innate immune system and are of tremendous potential in the medical field owing to their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. They offer a multitude of immunomodulatory properties such as immune cell differentiation, inflammatory responses, cytokine production, and chemoattraction. Aberrancy in neutrophil or epithelial cell-producing AMPs leads to inflammation culminating in various autoimmune responses. In this review, we have tried to explore the role of prominent mammalian AMPs-defensins and cathelicidins, as immune regulators with special emphasis on their role in neutrophil extracellular traps which promotes autoimmune disorders. When complexed with self-DNA or self-RNA, AMPs act as autoantigens which activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells and myeloid dendritic cells leading to the production of interferons and cytokines. These trigger a series of self-directed inflammatory reactions, leading to the emergence of diverse autoimmune disorders. Since AMPs show both anti- and pro-inflammatory abilities in different ADs, there is a dire need for a complete understanding of their role before developing AMP-based therapy for autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Biswas
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Suma Sarojini
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Saranya Jayaram
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Indhu Philip
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Mridul Umesh
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Roseanne Mascarenhas
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Manikantan Pappuswamy
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru 560029, India
| | | | - Selvaraj Arokiyaraj
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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12
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Mazurkiewicz-Pisarek A, Baran J, Ciach T. Antimicrobial Peptides: Challenging Journey to the Pharmaceutical, Biomedical, and Cosmeceutical Use. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109031. [PMID: 37240379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), or host defence peptides, are short proteins in various life forms. Here we discuss AMPs, which may become a promising substitute or adjuvant in pharmaceutical, biomedical, and cosmeceutical uses. Their pharmacological potential has been investigated intensively, especially as antibacterial and antifungal drugs and as promising antiviral and anticancer agents. AMPs exhibit many properties, and some of these have attracted the attention of the cosmetic industry. AMPs are being developed as novel antibiotics to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens and as potential treatments for various diseases, including cancer, inflammatory disorders, and viral infections. In biomedicine, AMPs are being developed as wound-healing agents because they promote cell growth and tissue repair. The immunomodulatory effects of AMPs could be helpful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In the cosmeceutical industry, AMPs are being investigated as potential ingredients in skincare products due to their antioxidant properties (anti-ageing effects) and antibacterial activity, which allows the killing of bacteria that contribute to acne and other skin conditions. The promising benefits of AMPs make them a thrilling area of research, and studies are underway to overcome obstacles and fully harness their therapeutic potential. This review presents the structure, mechanisms of action, possible applications, production methods, and market for AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mazurkiewicz-Pisarek
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Baran
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ciach
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warynskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
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Liu L, Jia X, Zhao X, Li T, Luo Z, Deng R, Peng B, Mao D, Liu H, Zheng Q. In vitro PCR verification that lysozyme inhibits nucleic acid replication and transcription. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6383. [PMID: 37076576 PMCID: PMC10115842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme can kill bacteria by its enzymatic activity or through a mechanism involving its cationic nature, which can facilitate electrostatic interactions with the viral capsid, the negatively charged parts of nucleic acids, and polymerase, so binding to nucleic acids may be another biological function of lysozyme. Here, PCR was used as a research tool to detect the effects of lysozyme on the replication and transcription of nucleic acids after treatment in different ways. We found that lysozyme and its hydrolysate can enter cells and inhibit PCR to varying degrees in vitro, and degraded lysozyme inhibited nucleic acid replication more effectively than intact lysozyme. The inhibition of lysozyme may be related to polymerase binding, and the sensitivity of different polymerases to lysozyme is inconsistent. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for further explaining the pharmacological effects of lysozyme, such as antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, and immune regulatory activities, and directions for the development of new pharmacological effects of lysozyme and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Li
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziren Luo
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranxi Deng
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, People's Republic of China
| | - Bijia Peng
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, People's Republic of China
| | - Danting Mao
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Zheng
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, People's Republic of China.
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Bangash Y, Saleem A, Akhtar MF, Anwar F, Akhtar B, Sharif A, Khan MI, Khan A. Pterostilbene reduces the progression of atopic dermatitis via modulating inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in mice. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:1289-1303. [PMID: 37069463 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most prevalent chronic skin inflammatory disorders requiring continuous treatment and care. Pterostilbene (PTN) belongs to stilbene and is a polyphenolic compound of natural origin. It is similar to resveratrol and has analogous anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-carcinogenic characteristics. This study was intended to evaluate the effect of PTN against atopic dermatitis. The disease was induced by sensitization with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in mice. The standard control group (SCG) received topical 0.1% tacrolimus (TC), whereas three other treatment groups received daily topical PTN at 0.2, 0.6, and 1% w/w for 28 days. Dermatitis scoring, ear thickness, and body weight of animals were weekly determined while other parameters were assessed at the termination of the experiment. PTN reduced the ear weight, skin thickness, and the weight and size of thymus glands and spleen in comparison with diseased animals. PTN also reduced the elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) level and blood inflammatory cells in diseased mice. The histopathological findings showed a decreased epidermal thickness in PTN-treated groups. Moreover, treatment with PTN improved the amount of oxidative stress markers in the skin of the diseased mice. The expressions of IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB in the skin of diseased mice were also reduced by PTN. This study concludes that PTN ameliorated the symptoms of atopic dermatitis through the reduction of inflammation, oxidative damage, and inflammatory cytokines in the skin of diseased animals. Therefore, PTN must be further investigated for the treatment of AD complications and other inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Bangash
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Furqan Akhtar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Fareeha Anwar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Sharif
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences, Institute of Pharmacy, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Khan
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aslam Khan
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
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15
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Hellinger R, Sigurdsson A, Wu W, Romanova EV, Li L, Sweedler JV, Süssmuth RD, Gruber CW. Peptidomics. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2023; 3:25. [PMID: 37250919 PMCID: PMC7614574 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-023-00205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are biopolymers, typically consisting of 2-50 amino acids. They are biologically produced by the cellular ribosomal machinery or by non-ribosomal enzymes and, sometimes, other dedicated ligases. Peptides are arranged as linear chains or cycles, and include post-translational modifications, unusual amino acids and stabilizing motifs. Their structure and molecular size render them a unique chemical space, between small molecules and larger proteins. Peptides have important physiological functions as intrinsic signalling molecules, such as neuropeptides and peptide hormones, for cellular or interspecies communication, as toxins to catch prey or as defence molecules to fend off enemies and microorganisms. Clinically, they are gaining popularity as biomarkers or innovative therapeutics; to date there are more than 60 peptide drugs approved and more than 150 in clinical development. The emerging field of peptidomics comprises the comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis of the suite of peptides in a biological sample (endogenously produced, or exogenously administered as drugs). Peptidomics employs techniques of genomics, modern proteomics, state-of-the-art analytical chemistry and innovative computational biology, with a specialized set of tools. The complex biological matrices and often low abundance of analytes typically examined in peptidomics experiments require optimized sample preparation and isolation, including in silico analysis. This Primer covers the combination of techniques and workflows needed for peptide discovery and characterization and provides an overview of various biological and clinical applications of peptidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Hellinger
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arnar Sigurdsson
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wenxin Wu
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elena V Romanova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Christian W Gruber
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Zhao YY, Wang C, Wang WX, Han LM, Zhang C, Yu JY, Chen W, Hu CM. ApoE Mimetic Peptide COG1410 Exhibits Strong Additive Interaction with Antibiotics Against Mycobacterium smegmatis. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:1801-1812. [PMID: 37013167 PMCID: PMC10066718 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s403232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is an emerging threat to public health worldwide. Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) is a promising solution to solve the antimicrobial resistance crisis. The apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide COG1410 has been confirmed to simultaneously have neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activity. However, whether it is effective to inhibit growth of mycobacteria has not been investigated yet. Methods The peptide COG1410 was synthesized with conventional solid-phase peptide synthesis and qualified by HPLC and mass spectrometry. Micro-dilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration. A time-kill assay was used to determine the bactericidal dynamics of antimicrobial peptide and relative antibiotics. Static biofilm formation was conducted in 24-well plate and the biofilm was separated from planktonic cells and collected. The mechanism of action of COG1410 was explored by TEM observation and ATP leak assay. The localization of COG1410 was observed by confocal laser scan microscopy. The drug-drug interaction was determined by a checkerboard assay. Results COG1410 was a potent bactericidal agent against M. smegmatis in vitro and within the macrophages with MIC 16 μg/mL, but invalid against M. abscess and M. tuberculosis. A time-kill assay showed that COG1410 killed M. smegmatis as potent as clarithromycin, but faster than LL-37, another short synthetic cationic peptide. 1× MIC COG1410 almost reduced 90% biofilm formation of M. smegmatis. Additionally, COG1410 was able to penetrate the cell membrane of macrophage and inhibit intracellular M. smegmatis growth. TEM observation and ATP leak assay found that COG1410 disrupted cell membrane and caused release of cell contents. Confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that FITC-COG1410 aggregated around cell membrane instead of entering the cytoplasm. Although COG1410 had relative high cytotoxicity, it exhibited strong additive interaction with regular anti-TB antibiotics, which reduced the working concentration of COG1410 and expanding safety window. After 30 passages, there was no induced drug resistance for COG1410. Conclusion COG1410 was a novel and potent AMP against M. smegmatis by disrupting the integrity of cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Zhao
- Department of Tuberculosis, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Tuberculosis, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Xiao Wang
- Clinical Research Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Mei Han
- Department of Tuberculosis, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiao-Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Clinical Research Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Wei Chen; Chun-Mei Hu, Email ;
| | - Chun-Mei Hu
- Department of Tuberculosis, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, People’s Republic of China
- The Clinical Infectious Disease Center of Nanjing, Nanjing, 210003, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Almeida Furquim de Camargo B, Fonseca-Santos B, Gonçalves Carvalho S, Corrêa Carvalho G, Delello Di Filippo L, Sousa Araújo VH, Lobato Duarte J, Polli Silvestre AL, Bauab TM, Chorilli M. Functionalized lipid-based drug delivery nanosystems for the treatment of human infectious diseases. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:214-230. [PMID: 35634703 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2047007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are still public health problems. Microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and parasites are the main causing agents related to these diseases. In this context, the search for new effective strategies in prevention and/or treatment is considered essential, since current drugs often have side effects or end up, causing microbial resistance, making it a serious health problem. As an alternative to these limitations, nanotechnology has been widely used. The use of lipid-based drug delivery nanosystems (DDNs) has some advantages, such as biocompatibility, low toxicity, controlled release, the ability to carry both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, in addition to be easel scalable. Besides, as an improvement, studies involving the conjugation of signalling molecules on the surfaces of these nanocarriers can allow the target of certain tissues or cells. Thus, this review summarizes the performance of functionalized lipid-based DDNs for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Fonseca-Santos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonatas Lobato Duarte
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Taís Maria Bauab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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18
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Flow-Based Fmoc-SPPS Preparation and SAR Study of Cathelicidin-PY Reveals Selective Antimicrobial Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041993. [PMID: 36838983 PMCID: PMC9959817 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hold promise as novel therapeutics in the fight against multi-drug-resistant pathogens. Cathelicidin-PY (NH2-RKCNFLCKLKEKLRTVITSHIDKVLRPQG-COOH) is a 29-residue disulfide-cyclised antimicrobial peptide secreted as an innate host defence mechanism by the frog Paa yunnanensis (PY) and reported to possess broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal properties, exhibiting low cytotoxic and low hemolytic activity. Herein, we detail the total synthesis of cathelicidin-PY using an entirely on-resin synthesis, including assembly of the linear sequence by rapid flow Fmoc-SPPS and iodine-mediated disulfide bridge formation. By optimising a synthetic strategy to prepare cathelicidin-PY, this strategy was subsequently adapted to prepare a bicyclic head-to-tail cyclised derivative of cathelicidin-PY. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of cathelicidin-PY with respect to the N-terminally positioned disulfide was further probed by preparing an alanine-substituted linear analogue and a series of lactam-bridged peptidomimetics implementing side chain to side chain cyclisation. The analogues were investigated for antimicrobial activity, secondary structure by circular dichroism (CD), and stability in human serum. Surprisingly, the disulfide bridge emerged as non-essential to antimicrobial activity and secondary structure but was amenable to synthetic modification. Furthermore, the synthetic AMP and multiple analogues demonstrated selective activity towards Gram-negative pathogen E. coli in physiologically relevant concentrations of divalent cations.
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19
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Zhu W, Hamblin MR, Wen X. Role of the skin microbiota and intestinal microbiome in rosacea. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1108661. [PMID: 36846769 PMCID: PMC9950749 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1108661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory cutaneous disorder of uncertain etiology that mainly affects the centrofacial region, including cheeks, nose, chin, forehead, and eyes. The pathogenesis of rosacea remains unclear because it involves several complex factors. Additionally, the potential treatment methods need to be explored. We reviewed the common bacterial species in the skin microbiota and gut microbiota of rosacea patients such as Demodex folliculorum, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus oleronius, Cutibacterium acnes, and Helicobacter pylori and identified their role in the pathogenesis. Besides, we summarized the influence factors such as temperature and age on rosacea patients. We also systematically reviewed the commonly used clinical treatment methods, including antibiotics, probiotics. as well as their treatment mechanism and application precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Zhu
- Clinical Medicine (Eight-Year Program), West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Xiang Wen
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Xiang Wen, ✉
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20
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Morio KA, Sternowski RH, Brogden KA. Induction of Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides to Prevent or Treat Oral Infection and Inflammation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020361. [PMID: 36830272 PMCID: PMC9952314 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are often used to treat oral infections. Unfortunately, excessive antibiotic use can adversely alter oral microbiomes and promote the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, which can be difficult to treat. An alternate approach could be to induce the local transcription and expression of endogenous oral antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). To assess the feasibility and benefits of this approach, we conducted literature searches to identify (i) the AMPs expressed in the oral cavity; (ii) the methods used to induce endogenous AMP expression; and (iii) the roles that expressed AMPs may have in regulating oral inflammation, immunity, healing, and pain. Search results identified human neutrophil peptides (HNP), human beta defensins (HBD), and cathelicidin AMP (CAMP) gene product LL-37 as prominent AMPs expressed by oral cells and tissues. HNP, HBD, and LL-37 expression can be induced by micronutrients (trace elements, elements, and vitamins), nutrients, macronutrients (mono-, di-, and polysaccharides, amino acids, pyropeptides, proteins, and fatty acids), proinflammatory agonists, thyroid hormones, and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, red light, or near infrared radiation (NIR). Localized AMP expression can help reduce infection, inflammation, and pain and help oral tissues heal. The use of a specific inducer depends upon the overall objective. Inducing the expression of AMPs through beneficial foods would be suitable for long-term health protection. Additionally, the specialized metabolites or concentrated extracts that are utilized as dosage forms would maintain the oral and intestinal microbiome composition and control oral and intestinal infections. Inducing AMP expression using irradiation methodologies would be applicable to a specific oral treatment area in addition to controlling local infections while regulating inflammatory and healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim A. Brogden
- College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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21
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10-mer and 9-mer WALK Peptides with Both Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111588. [PMID: 36358242 PMCID: PMC9686928 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are multifunctional host defense peptides (HDPs) that are valuable for various therapeutic applications. In particular, natural and artificial AMPs with dual antibacterial immunomodulatory functions emerged as promising candidates for the development of therapeutic agents to treat infectious inflammation. In an effort to develop useful AMP variants with short lengths and simple amino acid composition, we devised a de novo design strategy to generate a series of model peptide isomer sequences, named WALK peptides, i.e., tryptophan (W)-containing amphipathic-helical (A) leucine (L)/lysine (K) peptides. Here, we generated two groups of WALK peptide isomers: W2L4K4 (WALK244.01~WALK244.10) and W2L4K3 (WALK243.01~WALK243.09). Most showed apparent antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at a concentration of approximately 4 μg/mL along with varied hemolytic activities against human red blood cells. In addition, some exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activities without any significant cytotoxicity in macrophages. Collectively, these results suggest that the two selected peptides, WALK244.04 and WALK243.04, showed promise for the development of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents.
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Pratt EJ, Mancera-Andrade EI, Bicker KL. Synthesis and Characterization of Derivatives of the Antifungal Peptoid RMG8-8. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36663-36671. [PMID: 36278036 PMCID: PMC9583092 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis, caused by the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, is a devastating disease with a mortality rate of over 80%. Due to the increasing prevalence of resistance to antifungals and the high mammalian toxicity of current treatments, the development of new antifungal therapies is vital. In an effort to improve the biological properties of a previously discovered antifungal peptoid, termed RMG8-8, an iterative structure-activity relationship study was conducted. This three-round study sought to optimize the structure of RMG8-8 by focusing on three main structural components: the lipophilic tail, aliphatic side chains, and aromatic side chains. In addition to antifungal testing against C. neoformans, cytotoxicity testing was also performed on all derivatives against human liver cells, and select promising compounds were tested for hemolytic activity against human red blood cells. A number of derivatives containing unique aliphatic or aromatic side chains had antifungal activity similar to RMG8-8 (MIC = 1.56 μg/mL), but all of these compounds were more toxic than RMG8-8. While no derivative was improved across all biological tests, modest improvements were made to the hemolytic activity with compound 9, containing isobutyl side chains in positions 2 and 5, compared to RMG8-8 (HC10 = 130 and 75 μg/mL, respectively). While this study did not yield a dramatically optimized RMG8-8 derivative, this result was not totally unexpected given the remarkable selectivity of this compound from discovery. Nonetheless, this study is an important step in the development of RMG8-8 as a viable antifungal therapeutic.
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Morio KA, Sternowski RH, Zeng E, Brogden KA. Antimicrobial Peptides and Biomarkers Induced by Ultraviolet Irradiation Have the Potential to Reduce Endodontic Inflammation and Facilitate Tissue Healing. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091979. [PMID: 36145725 PMCID: PMC9503046 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can modulate host immune responses and this approach is a novel application for treating endodontic infections and inflammation in root canals. Methods: A dataset of UV-induced molecules was compiled from a literature search. A subset of this dataset was used to calculate expression log2 ratios of endodontic tissue molecules from HEPM cells and gingival fibroblasts after 255, 405, and 255/405 nm UV irradiation. Both datasets were analyzed using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA, Qiagen, Germantown, MD, USA). Statistical significance was calculated using Fisher’s exact test and z-scores were calculated for IPA comparison analysis. Results: The dataset of 32 UV-induced molecules contained 9 antimicrobial peptides, 10 cytokines, 6 growth factors, 3 enzymes, 2 transmembrane receptors, and 2 transcription regulators. These molecules were in the IPA canonical pathway annotations for the wound healing signaling pathway (9/32, p = 3.22 × 10−11) and communication between immune cells (6/32, p = 8.74 × 10−11). In the IPA disease and function annotations, the 32 molecules were associated with an antimicrobial response, cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, cellular movement, hematological system development and function, immune cell trafficking, and inflammatory response. In IPA comparison analysis of the 13 molecules, the predicted activation or inhibition of pathways depended upon the cell type exposed, the wavelength of the UV irradiation used, and the time after exposure. Conclusions: UV irradiation activates and inhibits cellular pathways and immune functions. These results suggested that UV irradiation can activate innate and adaptive immune responses, which may supplement endodontic procedures to reduce infection, inflammation, and pain and assist tissues to heal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erliang Zeng
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kim A. Brogden
- College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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Acyldepsipeptide Analogues: A Future Generation Antibiotics for Tuberculosis Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091956. [PMID: 36145704 PMCID: PMC9502522 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyldepsipeptides (ADEPs) are a new class of emerging antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are currently explored for treatment of pathogenic infections, including tuberculosis (TB). These cyclic hydrophobic peptides have a unique bacterial target to the conventional anti-TB drugs, and present a therapeutic window to overcome Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (M. tb) drug resistance. ADEPs exerts their antibacterial activity on M. tb strains through activation of the protein homeostatic regulatory protease, the caseinolytic protease (ClpP1P2). ClpP1P2 is normally regulated and activated by the ClpP-ATPases to degrade misfolded and toxic peptides and/or short proteins. ADEPs bind and dysregulate all the homeostatic capabilities of ClpP1P2 while inducing non-selective proteolysis. The uncontrolled proteolysis leads to M. tb cell death within the host. ADEPs analogues that have been tested possess cytotoxicity and poor pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. However, these can be improved by drug design techniques. Moreover, the use of nanomaterial in conjunction with ADEPs would yield effective synergistic effect. This new mode of action has potential to combat and eradicate the extensive multi-drug resistance (MDR) problem that is currently faced by the public health pertaining bacterial infections, especially TB.
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25
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Dong X, Limjunyawong N, Sypek EI, Wang G, Ortines RV, Youn C, Alphonse MP, Dikeman D, Wang Y, Lay M, Kothari R, Vasavda C, Pundir P, Goff L, Miller LS, Lu W, Garza LA, Kim BS, Archer NK, Dong X. Keratinocyte-derived defensins activate neutrophil-specific receptors Mrgpra2a/b to prevent skin dysbiosis and bacterial infection. Immunity 2022; 55:1645-1662.e7. [PMID: 35882236 PMCID: PMC9474599 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Healthy skin maintains a diverse microbiome and a potent immune system to fight off infections. Here, we discovered that the epithelial-cell-derived antimicrobial peptides defensins activated orphan G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) Mrgpra2a/b on neutrophils. This signaling axis was required for effective neutrophil-mediated skin immunity and microbiome homeostasis. We generated mutant mouse lines lacking the entire Defensin (Def) gene cluster in keratinocytes or Mrgpra2a/b. Def and Mrgpra2 mutant animals both exhibited skin dysbiosis, with reduced microbial diversity and expansion of Staphylococcus species. Defensins and Mrgpra2 were critical for combating S. aureus infections and the formation of neutrophil abscesses, a hallmark of antibacterial immunity. Activation of Mrgpra2 by defensin triggered neutrophil release of IL-1β and CXCL2 which are vital for proper amplification and propagation of the antibacterial immune response. This study demonstrated the importance of epithelial-neutrophil signaling via the defensin-Mrgpra2 axis in maintaining healthy skin ecology and promoting antibacterial host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nathachit Limjunyawong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth I Sypek
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roger V Ortines
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christine Youn
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin P Alphonse
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dustin Dikeman
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Lay
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruchita Kothari
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chirag Vasavda
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Priyanka Pundir
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Loyal Goff
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luis A Garza
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian S Kim
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Effects of Medicinal Leech-Related Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides on Human Blood Cells and Plasma. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185848. [PMID: 36144584 PMCID: PMC9503446 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) are considered as next-generation antibiotics with a lower probability of developing bacterial resistance. In view of potential clinical use, studies on CAMP biocompatibility are important. This work aimed to evaluate the behavior of synthetic short CAMPs (designed using bioinformatic analysis of the medicinal leech genome and microbiome) in direct contact with blood cells and plasma. Eight CAMPs were included in the study. Hemolysis and lactate dehydrogenase assays showed that the potency to disrupt erythrocyte, neutrophil and mononuclear cell membranes descended in the order pept_1 > pept_3 ~ pept_5 > pept_2 ~ pept_4. Pept_3 caused both cell lysis and aggregation. Blood plasma and albumin inhibited the CAMP-induced hemolysis. The chemiluminescence method allowed the detection of pept_3-mediated neutrophil activation. In plasma coagulation assays, pept_3 prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (at 50 μM by 75% and 320%, respectively). Pept_3 was also capable of causing fibrinogen aggregation. Pept_6 prolonged APTT (at 50 μM by 115%). Pept_2 was found to combine higher bactericidal activity with lower effects on cells and coagulation. Our data emphasize the necessity of investigating CAMP interaction with plasma.
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27
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In pursuit of next-generation therapeutics: Antimicrobial peptides against superbugs, their sources, mechanism of action, nanotechnology-based delivery, and clinical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:135-156. [PMID: 35868409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) attracted attention as potential source of novel antimicrobials. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) infections have emerged as a global threat to public health in recent years. Furthermore, due to rapid emergence of new diseases, there is pressing need for development of efficient antimicrobials. AMPs are essential part of the innate immunity in most living organisms, acting as the primary line of defense against foreign invasions. AMPs kill a wide range of microorganisms by primarily targeting cell membranes or intracellular components through a variety of ways. AMPs can be broadly categorized based on their physico-chemical properties, structure, function, target and source of origin. The synthetic analogues produced either with suitable chemical modifications or with the use of suitable delivery systems are projected to eliminate the constraints of toxicity and poor stability commonly linked with natural AMPs. The concept of peptidomimetics is gaining ground around the world nowadays. Among the delivery systems, nanoparticles are emerging as potential delivery tools for AMPs, amplifying their utility against a variety of pathogens. In the present review, the broad classification of various AMPs, their mechanism of action (MOA), challenges associated with AMPs, current applications, and novel strategies to overcome the limitations have been discussed.
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28
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Hou Y, Tan T, Guo Z, Ji Y, Hu J, Zhang Y. Gram-selective antibacterial peptide hydrogels. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3831-3844. [PMID: 35678287 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00558a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The human microbiome plays fundamental roles in human health and disease. However, widely used broad-spectrum antibiotics severely disrupt human-related microbial communities, eventually leading to resistant bacteria, posing a growing threat to global medical health. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising antimicrobial agents that barely cause bacterial resistance. Excellent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities have been achieved using hydrogels self-assembled from AMPs, but there is still a lack of AMP hydrogels that can target Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Herein, several hydrogels self-assembled from AMPs, termed IK1, IK3, and IK4, were designed and synthesized. In vitro antibacterial results indicated that the IK1 and IK4 hydrogels specifically targeted Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively, while the IK3 hydrogel targeted both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The desired broad-spectrum or Gram-selective AMP hydrogels are believed to be obtained through the rational design of the hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, and charge properties of the peptide molecules. Good in vivo Gram-selective antibacterial properties and the ability to promote wound healing have been demonstrated via treating mouse wound models with these AMP hydrogels. We believe that these Gram-selective AMP hydrogels could potentially have important applications in treating common recurring infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangqian Hou
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. .,Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingyuan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. .,Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. .,Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuwen Ji
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. .,Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. .,Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. .,Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
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29
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Antimicrobial peptides from freshwater invertebrate species: potential for future applications. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:9797-9811. [PMID: 35716292 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Invertebrates are a significant source of antimicrobial peptides because they lack an adaptive immune system and must rely on their innate immunity to survive in a pathogen-infested environment. Various antimicrobial peptides that represent major components of invertebrate innate immunity have been described in a number of investigations over the last few decades. In freshwater invertebrates, antimicrobial peptides have been identified in arthropods, annelids, molluscs, crustaceans, and cnidarians. Freshwater invertebrate species contain antimicrobial peptides from the families astacidin, macin, defensin, and crustin, as well as other antimicrobial peptides that do not belong to these families. They show broad spectrum activities greatly directed against bacteria and to a less extent against fungi and viruses. This review focuses on antimicrobial peptides found in freshwater invertebrates, highlighting their features, structure-activity connections, antimicrobial processes, and possible applications in the food industry, animal husbandry, aquaculture, and medicine. The methods for their synthesis, purification, and characterization, as well as the obstacles and strategies for their development and application, are also discussed.
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30
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Balakrishnan SN, Yamang H, Lorenz MC, Chew SY, Than LTL. Role of Vaginal Mucosa, Host Immunity and Microbiota in Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060618. [PMID: 35745472 PMCID: PMC9230866 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a prevalent gynaecological disease characterised by vaginal wall inflammation that is caused by Candida species. VVC impacts almost three-quarters of all women throughout their reproductive years. As the vaginal mucosa is the first point of contact with microbes, vaginal epithelial cells are the first line of defence against opportunistic Candida infection by providing a physical barrier and mounting immunological responses. The mechanisms of defence against this infection are displayed through the rapid shedding of epithelial cells, the presence of pattern recognition receptors, and the release of inflammatory cytokines. The bacterial microbiota within the mucosal layer presents another form of defence mechanism within the vagina through acidic pH regulation, the release of antifungal peptides and physiological control against dysbiosis. The significant role of the microbiota in maintaining vaginal health promotes its application as one of the potential treatment modalities against VVC with the hope of alleviating the burden of VVC, especially the recurrent disease. This review discusses and summarises current progress in understanding the role of vaginal mucosa and host immunity upon infection, together with the function of vaginal microbiota in VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subatrra Nair Balakrishnan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.N.B.); (H.Y.)
| | - Haizat Yamang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.N.B.); (H.Y.)
| | - Michael C. Lorenz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Shu Yih Chew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.N.B.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.C.); (L.T.L.T.)
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.N.B.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.C.); (L.T.L.T.)
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31
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Lyu Y, Ge Y. Toward Elucidating Epigenetic and Metabolic Regulation of Stem Cell Lineage Plasticity in Skin Aging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:903904. [PMID: 35663405 PMCID: PMC9160930 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.903904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ in human body, harboring a plethora of cell types and serving as the organismal barrier. Skin aging such as wrinkling and hair graying is graphically pronounced, and the molecular mechanisms behind these phenotypic manifestations are beginning to unfold. As in many other organs and tissues, epigenetic and metabolic deregulations have emerged as key aging drivers. Particularly in the context of the skin epithelium, the epigenome and metabolome coordinately shape lineage plasticity and orchestrate stem cell function during aging. Our review discusses recent studies that proposed molecular mechanisms that drive the degeneration of hair follicles, a major appendage of the skin. By focusing on skin while comparing it to model organisms and adult stem cells of other tissues, we summarize literature on genotoxic stress, nutritional sensing, metabolic rewiring, mitochondrial activity, and epigenetic regulations of stem cell plasticity. Finally, we speculate about the rejuvenation potential of rate-limiting upstream signals during aging and the dominant role of the tissue microenvironment in dictating aged epithelial stem cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yejing Ge
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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32
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Das P, Mounika P, Yellurkar ML, Prasanna VS, Sarkar S, Velayutham R, Arumugam S. Keratinocytes: An Enigmatic Factor in Atopic Dermatitis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101683. [PMID: 35626720 PMCID: PMC9139464 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), characterized by rashes, itching, and pruritus, is a chronic inflammatory condition of the skin with a marked infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lesion. It usually commences in early childhood and coexists with other atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, etc. With a prevalence rate of 1–20% in adults and children worldwide, AD is gradually becoming a major health concern. Immunological aspects have been frequently focused on in the pathogenesis of AD, including the role of the epidermal barrier and the consequent abnormal cytokine expressions. Disrupted epidermal barriers, as well as allergic triggers (food allergy), contact allergens, irritants, microbes, aggravating factors, and ultraviolet light directly initiate the inflammatory response by inducing epidermal keratinocytes, resulting in the abnormal release of various pro-inflammatory mediators, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines from keratinocytes. In addition, abnormal proteinases, gene mutations, or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) affecting the function of the epidermal barrier can also contribute towards disease pathophysiology. Apart from this, imbalances in cholinergic or adrenergic responses in the epidermis or the role played by immune cells in the epidermis such as Langerhans cells or antigen-presenting cells can also aggravate pathophysiology. The dearth of specific biomarkers for proper diagnosis and the lack of a permanent cure for AD necessitate investigation in this area. In this context, the widespread role played by keratinocytes in the pathogenesis of AD will be reviewed in this article to facilitate the opening up of new avenues of treatment for AD.
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33
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Lopes BS, Hanafiah A, Nachimuthu R, Muthupandian S, Md Nesran ZN, Patil S. The Role of Antimicrobial Peptides as Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Agents in Tackling the Silent Pandemic of Antimicrobial Resistance. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092995. [PMID: 35566343 PMCID: PMC9105241 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Just over a million people died globally in 2019 due to antibiotic resistance caused by ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species). The World Health Organization (WHO) also lists antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter and Helicobacter as bacteria that pose the greatest threat to human health. As it is becoming increasingly difficult to discover new antibiotics, new alternatives are needed to solve the crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Bacteria commonly found in complex communities enclosed within self-produced matrices called biofilms are difficult to eradicate and develop increased stress and antimicrobial tolerance. This review summarises the role of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in combating the silent pandemic of AMR and their application in clinical medicine, focusing on both the advantages and disadvantages of AMPs as antibiofilm agents. It is known that many AMPs display broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities, but in a variety of organisms AMPs are not stable (short half-life) or have some toxic side effects. Hence, it is also important to develop new AMP analogues for their potential use as drug candidates. The use of one health approach along with developing novel therapies using phages and breakthroughs in novel antimicrobial peptide synthesis can help us in tackling the problem of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno S. Lopes
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Correspondence: (B.S.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Alfizah Hanafiah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (B.S.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore 632014, India;
| | - Saravanan Muthupandian
- AMR and Nanotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai 600077, India;
| | - Zarith Nameyrra Md Nesran
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Sandip Patil
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, China;
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34
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Jung K, Pawluk MA, Lane M, Nabai L, Granville DJ. Granzyme B in Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction and Related Skin Diseases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C170-C189. [PMID: 35442832 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00052.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The predominant function of the skin is to serve as a barrier - to protect against external insults and to prevent water loss. Junctional and structural proteins in the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, are critical to the integrity of the epidermal barrier as it balances ongoing outward migration, differentiation, and desquamation of keratinocytes in the epidermis. As such, epidermal barrier function is highly susceptible to upsurges of proteolytic activity in the stratum corneum and epidermis. Granzyme B is a serine protease scarce in healthy tissues but present at high levels in tissues encumbered by chronic inflammation. Discovered in the 1980s, Granzyme B is currently recognized for its intracellular roles in immune cell-mediated targeted apoptosis as well as extracellular roles in inflammation, chronic injuries, tissue remodeling, and processing of cytokines, matrix proteins, and autoantigens. Increasing evidence has emerged in recent years supporting a role for Granzyme B in promoting barrier dysfunction in the epidermis by direct cleavage of barrier proteins and eliciting immunoreactivity. Likewise, Granzyme B contributes to impaired epithelial function of the airways, retina, gut and vessels. In the present review, the role of Granzyme B in cutaneous epithelial dysfunction is discussed in the context of specific conditions with an overview of underlying mechanisms as well as utility of current experimental and therapeutic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Jung
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan A Pawluk
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Lane
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Layla Nabai
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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35
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Pang Y, Wu R, Cui T, Zhang Z, Dong L, Chen F, Hu X. Proteomic Response of Bacillus subtilis Spores under High Pressure Combined with Moderate Temperature and Random Peptide Mixture LK Treatment. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081123. [PMID: 35454710 PMCID: PMC9030791 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a method of Bacillus subtilis spore inactivation under high pressure (P, 200 MPa) combined with moderate temperature (T, 80 °C) and the addition of antimicrobial peptide LK (102 μg/mL) was investigated. Spores presented cortex hydrolysis and inner membrane (IM) damage with an 8.16 log reduction in response to treatment with PT-LK, as observed by phase-contrast and inverted fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry (FCM) analysis. Furthermore, a tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics approach was utilized because Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis data were used. After treatment with PT-LK, 17,017 polypeptides and 3166 proteins were detected from B. subtilis spores. Among them, 78 proteins showed significant differences in abundance between the PT-LK-treated and control groups, with 49 proteins being upregulated and 29 proteins being downregulated in the PT-LK-treated group. Genetic information processing, metabolism, cellular process, and environmental information processing were the main mechanisms of PT-LK-mediated spore inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Pang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.P.); (R.W.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (L.D.); (F.C.)
- China National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruobin Wu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.P.); (R.W.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (L.D.); (F.C.)
- China National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tianlin Cui
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.P.); (R.W.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (L.D.); (F.C.)
- China National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zequn Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.P.); (R.W.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (L.D.); (F.C.)
- China National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Li Dong
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.P.); (R.W.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (L.D.); (F.C.)
- China National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.P.); (R.W.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (L.D.); (F.C.)
- China National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.P.); (R.W.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (L.D.); (F.C.)
- China National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-137-0102-6564
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36
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The Role of Skin Immune System in Acne. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061579. [PMID: 35329904 PMCID: PMC8949596 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a skin disease that often occurs in adolescence and in young adulthood. The main pathogenic factors are hyperkeratinization, obstruction of sebaceous glands, stimulation of sebaceous gland secretion by androgens, and bacterial colonization of sebaceous units by Cutibacterium acnes, which promotes inflammation. Little is known about the role of skin immune cells in the development of acne lesions. The aim of the study was to try to understand the role of skin immune cells in the course of acne. Recent studies have shown that there are at least four major pathways by which Cutibacterium acnes interacts with the innate immune system to induce inflammation: through TLRs, activating inflammasomes, inducing the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and stimulating antimicrobial peptide (AMP) activity. Cells of adaptive immune response, mainly Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes, also play an important role in the pathogenesis of acne. It is worth emphasizing that understanding the role of the skin’s immune cells in the pathogenesis of acne may, in the future, contribute to the application of modern therapeutic strategies that would avoid addiction to antibiotics, which would alleviate the spectrum of resistance that is now evident and a current threat.
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Lahlali R, Ezrari S, Radouane N, Kenfaoui J, Esmaeel Q, El Hamss H, Belabess Z, Barka EA. Biological Control of Plant Pathogens: A Global Perspective. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030596. [PMID: 35336171 PMCID: PMC8951280 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the world population has generated an important need for both quality and quantity agricultural products, which has led to a significant surge in the use of chemical pesticides to fight crop diseases. Consumers, however, have become very concerned in recent years over the side effects of chemical fungicides on human health and the environment. As a result, research into alternative solutions to protect crops has been imposed and attracted wide attention from researchers worldwide. Among these alternatives, biological controls through beneficial microorganisms have gained considerable importance, whilst several biological control agents (BCAs) have been screened, among them Bacillus, Pantoea, Streptomyces, Trichoderma, Clonostachys, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and certain yeasts. At present, biopesticide products have been developed and marketed either to fight leaf diseases, root diseases, or fruit storage diseases. However, no positive correlation has been observed between the number of screened BCAs and available marketed products. Therefore, this review emphasizes the development of biofungicides products from screening to marketing and the problems that hinder their development. Finally, particular attention was given to the gaps observed in this sector and factors that hamper its development, particularly in terms of efficacy and legislation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Lahlali
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Menkes 50001, Morocco; (S.E.); (N.R.); (J.K.); (H.E.H.)
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (E.A.B.); Tel.: +212-55-30-02-39 (R.L.); +33-3-2691-3441 (E.A.B.)
| | - Said Ezrari
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Menkes 50001, Morocco; (S.E.); (N.R.); (J.K.); (H.E.H.)
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Route d’Imouzzer, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Nabil Radouane
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Menkes 50001, Morocco; (S.E.); (N.R.); (J.K.); (H.E.H.)
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Route d’Imouzzer, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Jihane Kenfaoui
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Menkes 50001, Morocco; (S.E.); (N.R.); (J.K.); (H.E.H.)
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Route d’Imouzzer, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Qassim Esmaeel
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bio-Protection des Plantes-EA 4707-USC INRAE1488, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France;
| | - Hajar El Hamss
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Menkes 50001, Morocco; (S.E.); (N.R.); (J.K.); (H.E.H.)
| | - Zineb Belabess
- Plant Protection Laboratory, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Oujda, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Mohamed VI, BP428 Oujda, Oujda 60000, Morocco;
| | - Essaid Ait Barka
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bio-Protection des Plantes-EA 4707-USC INRAE1488, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France;
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (E.A.B.); Tel.: +212-55-30-02-39 (R.L.); +33-3-2691-3441 (E.A.B.)
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Zhang C, Hu Z, Lone AG, Artami M, Edwards M, Zouboulis CC, Stein M, Harris-Tryon TA. Small proline-rich proteins (SPRRs) are epidermally produced antimicrobial proteins that defend the cutaneous barrier by direct bacterial membrane disruption. eLife 2022; 11:76729. [PMID: 35234613 PMCID: PMC8912919 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin functions as a physical barrier, preventing the entry of foreign pathogens while also accommodating a myriad of commensal microorganisms. A key contributor to the skin landscape is the sebaceous gland. Mice devoid of sebocytes are prone to skin infection, yet our understanding of how sebocytes function in host defense is incomplete. Here we show that the small proline-rich proteins, SPRR1 and SPRR2 are bactericidal in skin. SPRR1B and SPPR2A were induced in human sebocytes by exposure to the bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Colonization of germ-free mice was insufficient to trigger increased SPRR expression in mouse skin, but LPS injected into mouse skin triggered the expression of the mouse SPRR orthologous genes, Sprr1a and Sprr2a, through stimulation of MYD88. Both mouse and human SPRR proteins displayed potent bactericidal activity against MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and skin commensals. Thus, Sprr1a-/-;Sprr2a-/- mice are more susceptible to MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa skin infection. Lastly, mechanistic studies demonstrate that SPRR proteins exert their bactericidal activity through binding and disruption of the bacterial membrane. Taken together, these findings provide insight into the regulation and antimicrobial function of SPRR proteins in skin and how the skin defends the host against systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zehan Hu
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Abdul G Lone
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Methinee Artami
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Marshall Edwards
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Department of Dermatology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodore Fontane, Dessau, Germany
| | - Maggie Stein
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Tamia A Harris-Tryon
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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Amann V, Kissmann AK, Krämer M, Krebs I, Perez-Erviti JA, Otero-Gonzalez AJ, Morales-Vicente F, Rodríguez A, Ständker L, Weil T, Rosenau F. Increased Activities against Biofilms of the Pathogenic Yeast Candida albicans of Optimized Pom-1 Derivatives. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020318. [PMID: 35214049 PMCID: PMC8877593 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an alternative group for the therapy of infectious diseases, with activity against a wide range of diverse pathogens. However, classical AMPs have significant side effects in human cells due to their unspecific pore formation in biomembranes. Nevertheless, AMPs are promising therapeutics and can be isolated from natural sources, which include sea and freshwater molluscs. The AMPs identified in these organisms show promising antimicrobial activities, as pathogens are mainly fought by innate defence mechanisms. An auspicious candidate among molluscs is the Cuban freshwater snail Pomacea poeyana, from which the peptides Pom-1 and Pom-2 have been isolated and studied. These studies revealed significant antimicrobial activities for both AMPs. Based on the activities determined, Pom-1 was used for further optimization. In order to meet the emerging requirements of improved anti-biofilm activity against naturally occurring Candida species, the six derivatives Pom-1A to F were developed and investigated. Analysis of the derivatives acting on the most abundant naturally occurring Candida yeast Candida albicans (C. albicans) revealed a strong anti-biofilm activity, especially induced by Pom-1 B, C, and D. Furthermore, a moderate decrease in the metabolic activity of planktonic yeast cells was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Amann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (V.A.); (A.-K.K.); (M.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Ann-Kathrin Kissmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (V.A.); (A.-K.K.); (M.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Markus Krämer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (V.A.); (A.-K.K.); (M.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Imke Krebs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (V.A.); (A.-K.K.); (M.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Julio A. Perez-Erviti
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, 25 Str. and I Str., La Habana 10400, Cuba; (J.A.P.-E.); (A.J.O.-G.)
| | - Anselmo J. Otero-Gonzalez
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, 25 Str. and I Str., La Habana 10400, Cuba; (J.A.P.-E.); (A.J.O.-G.)
| | - Fidel Morales-Vicente
- General Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, La Habana 10400, Cuba;
- Synthetic Peptides Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, La Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Armando Rodríguez
- Core Facility for Functional Peptidomics, Ulm Peptide Pharmaceuticals (U-PEP), Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (A.R.); (L.S.)
- Core Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludger Ständker
- Core Facility for Functional Peptidomics, Ulm Peptide Pharmaceuticals (U-PEP), Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (A.R.); (L.S.)
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Frank Rosenau
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (V.A.); (A.-K.K.); (M.K.); (I.K.)
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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Zainal Baharin NH, Khairil Mokhtar NF, Mohd Desa MN, Gopalsamy B, Mohd Zaki NN, Yuswan MH, Muthanna A, Dzaraly ND, Abbasiliasi S, Mohd Hashim A, Abdullah Sani MS, Mustafa S. The characteristics and roles of antimicrobial peptides as potential treatment for antibiotic-resistant pathogens: a review. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12193. [PMID: 35003909 PMCID: PMC8679955 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become a significant and ever-increasing threat to global public health, increasing both morbidity and mortality rates, and the financial burden on health services. Infection by drug-resistant bacteria is anticipated to contribute to the demise of almost 10 million people by the year 2050 unless a competent and effective response is devised to engage with this issue. The emergence and spread of resistance are commonly caused by the excessive or inappropriate use of antibiotics and substandard pharmaceuticals. It arises when pathogens adapt to different conditions and develop self-defence mechanisms. Currently, novel antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been reported to be the sole cure for some clinical cases of infectious diseases such as sepsis and skin infections, although these agents may, on occasion, require administration together with an adjunctive low-dose antibiotic. Although AMPs are a promising alternative form of anti-microbial therapy and easily applied in the medical sector, they still have limitations that should not be taken lightly. Hence, this review explores the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of AMPs for their potential in treating antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Hana Zainal Baharin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Fadhilah Khairil Mokhtar
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Banulata Gopalsamy
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Nadiha Mohd Zaki
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafis Yuswan
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - AbdulRahman Muthanna
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Diana Dzaraly
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sahar Abbasiliasi
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amalia Mohd Hashim
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Shirwan Abdullah Sani
- International Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia, Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shuhaimi Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Vanzolini T, Bruschi M, Rinaldi AC, Magnani M, Fraternale A. Multitalented Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antiviral Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:545. [PMID: 35008974 PMCID: PMC8745555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great strides in healthcare during the last century, some challenges still remained unanswered. The development of multi-drug resistant bacteria, the alarming growth of fungal infections, the emerging/re-emerging of viral diseases are yet a worldwide threat. Since the discovery of natural antimicrobial peptides able to broadly hit several pathogens, peptide-based therapeutics have been under the lenses of the researchers. This review aims to focus on synthetic peptides and elucidate their multifaceted mechanisms of action as antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal agents. Antimicrobial peptides generally affect highly preserved structures, e.g., the phospholipid membrane via pore formation or other constitutive targets like peptidoglycans in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and glucan in the fungal cell wall. Additionally, some peptides are particularly active on biofilm destabilizing the microbial communities. They can also act intracellularly, e.g., on protein biosynthesis or DNA replication. Their intracellular properties are extended upon viral infection since peptides can influence several steps along the virus life cycle starting from viral receptor-cell interaction to the budding. Besides their mode of action, improvements in manufacturing to increase their half-life and performances are also taken into consideration together with advantages and impairments in the clinical usage. Thus far, the progress of new synthetic peptide-based approaches is making them a promising tool to counteract emerging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Vanzolini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy; (T.V.); (M.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Michela Bruschi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy; (T.V.); (M.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Andrea C. Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy;
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy; (T.V.); (M.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessandra Fraternale
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy; (T.V.); (M.M.); (A.F.)
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42
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Amirova M, Bagirova S, Azizova U, Guliyeva S. The Main Directions of Antimicrobial Peptides Use and Synthesis Overview. Health (London) 2022. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2022.148060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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Jiang L, Li Y, Wang L, Guo J, Liu W, Meng G, Zhang L, Li M, Cong L, Sun M. Recent Insights Into the Prognostic and Therapeutic Applications of Lysozymes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:767642. [PMID: 34925025 PMCID: PMC8678502 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.767642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysozymes are naturally occurring enzymes present in a variety of biological organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and animal bodily secretions and tissues. It is also the main ingredient of many ethnomedicines. It is well known that lysozymes and lysozyme-like enzymes can be used as anti-bacterial agents by degrading bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan that leads to cell death, and can also inhibit fungi, yeasts, and viruses. In addition to its direct antimicrobial activity, lysozyme is also an important component of the innate immune system in most mammals. Increasing evidence has shown the immune-modulatory effects of lysozymes against infection and inflammation. More recently, studies have revealed the anti-cancer activities of lysozyme in multiple types of tumors, potentially through its immune-modulatory activities. In this review, we summarized the major functions and underlying mechanisms of lysozymes derived from animal and plant sources. We highlighted the therapeutic applications and recent advances of lysozymes in cancers, hypertension, and viral diseases, aiming toseeking alternative therapies for standard medical treatment bypassing side effects. We also evaluated the role of lysozyme as a promising cancer marker for prognosis to indicate the outcomes recurrence for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jiang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Yunhe Li
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Liye Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jian Guo
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Guixian Meng
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lina Cong
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Meiyan Sun
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
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Panjla A, Kaul G, Chopra S, Titz A, Verma S. Short Peptides and Their Mimetics as Potent Antibacterial Agents and Antibiotic Adjuvants. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2731-2745. [PMID: 34779605 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been increasing unrelentingly worldwide, thus negatively impacting human health. The discovery and development of novel antibiotics is an urgent unmet need of the hour. However, it has become more challenging, requiring increasingly time-consuming efforts with increased commercial risks. Hence, alternative strategies are urgently needed to potentiate the existing antibiotics. In this context, short cationic peptides or peptide-based antimicrobials that mimic the activity of naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) could overcome the disadvantages of AMPs having evolved as potent antibacterial agents. Besides their potent antibacterial efficacy, short peptide conjugates have also gained attention as potent adjuvants to conventional antibiotics. Such peptide antibiotic combinations have become an increasingly cost-effective therapeutic option to tackle AMR. This Review summarizes the recent progress for peptide-based small molecules as promising antimicrobials and as adjuvants for conventional antibiotics to counter multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Panjla
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Grace Kaul
- Department of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- AcSIR: Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Department of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- AcSIR: Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Alexander Titz
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates (CBCH), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 38124, Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Center for Nanoscience, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ferraboschi P, Ciceri S, Grisenti P. Applications of Lysozyme, an Innate Immune Defense Factor, as an Alternative Antibiotic. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1534. [PMID: 34943746 PMCID: PMC8698798 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme is a ~14 kDa protein present in many mucosal secretions (tears, saliva, and mucus) and tissues of animals and plants, and plays an important role in the innate immunity, providing protection against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Three main different types of lysozymes are known: the c-type (chicken or conventional type), the g-type (goose type), and the i-type (invertebrate type). It has long been the subject of several applications due to its antimicrobial properties. The problem of antibiotic resistance has stimulated the search for new molecules or new applications of known compounds. The use of lysozyme as an alternative antibiotic is the subject of this review, which covers the results published over the past two decades. This review is focused on the applications of lysozyme in medicine, (the treatment of infectious diseases, wound healing, and anti-biofilm), veterinary, feed, food preservation, and crop protection. It is available from a wide range of sources, in addition to the well-known chicken egg white, and its synergism with other compounds, endowed with antimicrobial activity, are also summarized. An overview of the modified lysozyme applications is provided in the form of tables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ferraboschi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via C. Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Samuele Ciceri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy;
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Dhariwala MO, Scharschmidt TC. Baby's skin bacteria: first impressions are long-lasting. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:1088-1099. [PMID: 34743922 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early life is a dynamic period for skin microbial colonization and immune development. We postulate that microbial exposures in this period durably alter the skin immune trajectory and later disease susceptibility. Bacteria contribute to infant skin immune imprinting via interactions with microbes as well as with cutaneous epithelial and immune cells. Excellent research is underway at the skin microbiome-immune interface, both in deciphering basic mechanisms and implementing their therapeutic applications. As emphasized herein, focusing on the unique opportunities and challenges presented by microbial immune modulation in early life will be important. In our view, only through dedicated study of skin-microbe crosstalk in this developmental window can we elucidate the molecular underpinnings of pivotal events that contribute to sustained host-microbe symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miqdad O Dhariwala
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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48
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Róg T, Girych M, Bunker A. Mechanistic Understanding from Molecular Dynamics in Pharmaceutical Research 2: Lipid Membrane in Drug Design. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1062. [PMID: 34681286 PMCID: PMC8537670 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation as a drug design tool in the context of the role that the lipid membrane can play in drug action, i.e., the interaction between candidate drug molecules and lipid membranes. In the standard "lock and key" paradigm, only the interaction between the drug and a specific active site of a specific protein is considered; the environment in which the drug acts is, from a biophysical perspective, far more complex than this. The possible mechanisms though which a drug can be designed to tinker with physiological processes are significantly broader than merely fitting to a single active site of a single protein. In this paper, we focus on the role of the lipid membrane, arguably the most important element outside the proteins themselves, as a case study. We discuss work that has been carried out, using MD simulation, concerning the transfection of drugs through membranes that act as biological barriers in the path of the drugs, the behavior of drug molecules within membranes, how their collective behavior can affect the structure and properties of the membrane and, finally, the role lipid membranes, to which the vast majority of drug target proteins are associated, can play in mediating the interaction between drug and target protein. This review paper is the second in a two-part series covering MD simulation as a tool in pharmaceutical research; both are designed as pedagogical review papers aimed at both pharmaceutical scientists interested in exploring how the tool of MD simulation can be applied to their research and computational scientists interested in exploring the possibility of a pharmaceutical context for their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Mykhailo Girych
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Alex Bunker
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
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O'Neill AM, Worthing KA, Kulkarni N, Li F, Nakatsuji T, McGrosso D, Mills RH, Kalla G, Cheng JY, Norris JM, Pogliano K, Pogliano J, Gonzalez DJ, Gallo RL. Antimicrobials from a feline commensal bacterium inhibit skin infection by drug-resistant S. pseudintermedius. eLife 2021; 10:66793. [PMID: 34664551 PMCID: PMC8592530 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is an important emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes severe skin infections. To combat infections from drug-resistant bacteria, the transplantation of commensal antimicrobial bacteria as a therapeutic has shown clinical promise. We screened a collection of diverse staphylococcus species from domestic dogs and cats for antimicrobial activity against MRSP. A unique strain (S. felis C4) was isolated from feline skin that inhibited MRSP and multiple gram-positive pathogens. Whole genome sequencing and mass spectrometry revealed several secreted antimicrobials including a thiopeptide bacteriocin micrococcin P1 and phenol-soluble modulin beta (PSMβ) peptides that exhibited antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. Fluorescence and electron microscopy revealed that S. felis antimicrobials inhibited translation and disrupted bacterial but not eukaryotic cell membranes. Competition experiments in mice showed that S. felis significantly reduced MRSP skin colonization and an antimicrobial extract from S. felis significantly reduced necrotic skin injury from MRSP infection. These findings indicate a feline commensal bacterium that could be utilized in bacteriotherapy against difficult-to-treat animal and human skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M O'Neill
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Kate A Worthing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Arizona, Oro Valley, United States
| | - Nikhil Kulkarni
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Fengwu Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Teruaki Nakatsuji
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Dominic McGrosso
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Robert H Mills
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Gayathri Kalla
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Joyce Y Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kit Pogliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Joe Pogliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - David J Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
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50
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Chemical syntheses of bioinspired and biomimetic polymers toward biobased materials. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:753-772. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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