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Ghahramani Almanghadim H, Karimi B, Valizadeh S, Ghaedi K. Biological functions and affected signaling pathways by Long Non-Coding RNAs in the immune system. Noncoding RNA Res 2025; 10:70-90. [PMID: 39315339 PMCID: PMC11417496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2024.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, the various regulative functions of long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have been well determined. Recently, the vital role of LncRNAs as gene regulators has been identified in the immune system, especially in the inflammatory response. All cells of the immune system are governed by a complex and ever-changing gene expression program that is regulated through both transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. LncRNAs regulate gene expression within the cell nucleus by influencing transcription or through post-transcriptional processes that affect the splicing, stability, or translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Recent studies in immunology have revealed substantial alterations in the expression of lncRNAs during the activation of the innate immune system as well as the development, differentiation, and activation of T cells. These lncRNAs regulate key aspects of immune function, including the manufacturing of inflammatory molecules, cellular distinction, and cell movement. They do this by modulating protein-protein interactions or through base pairing with RNA and DNA. Here we review the current understanding of the mechanism of action of lncRNAs as novel immune-related regulators and their impact on physiological and pathological processes related to the immune system, including autoimmune diseases. We also highlight the emerging pattern of gene expression control in important research areas at the intersection between immunology and lncRNA biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahareh Karimi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sepehr Valizadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Zhou Y, Yang Y, Wang B, Chen W, Wei Y, Wu R, Meng L, Lyu L. Discovery of ferroptosis-related genes in renal ischemia reperfusion and evaluate the potential impact on kidney transplantation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1394477. [PMID: 39308866 PMCID: PMC11412852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1394477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is one of the pivotal event of acute kidney injury (AKI), and they are unavoidable in the process of kidney transplantation, which eventually leads to the loss of renal allograft. Ferroptosis is a newly identified programmed cell death. Recent studies have suggested that ferroptosis may participate in the pathophysiological process of renal IRI. Therefore, we aimed to determine biomarkers associated with ferroptosis during renal IRI and their impact on renal allografts. Methods We conducted a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and established an IRI-AKI animal model to illustrate the critical role of ferroptosis-related hub genes (FRHGs) in IRI-AKI and their potential impact on kidney transplantation. Results In this study, we identified 60 ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) in renal IRI based on the GSE148420 dataset and FerrDb database. And then we performed functional annotation analysis using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by online tool String. EZH2, CDKN1A, PPARA, EGR1, ATF3, and CD44 were identited as six ferroptosis-related hubgenes (FRHGs) using four methods, including MMC, Degree, DMNC, and EPC. FRHGs expression level were verified by the validation sets GSE58438 and GSE126805. Protein expression level of FRHGs verified by Proteomics and Western blot. Cibersort was utilized to analyze immune cell infiltration during renal IRI as well as the correlation between FRHGs and immune cells. The GSE21374 dataset was used for renal allografts survival analysis. Finally, We induced the IRI-AKI animal model and illustrated the importance of FRGHs CD44 in ferroptosis and the accumulation of macrophages. Conclusion We identified 6 FRHGs. We found that FRHGs not only exhibited significant correlation with immune cells but also directly influenced the survival of transplanted kidneys in the human population. Among six FRHGs, only CD44 was overexpressed at both the gene and protein levels. Anti-CD44 exerts a protective effect by inhibiting ferroptosis and the accumulation of M1 macrophages during renal IRI. This study provided new insights into the pathogenesis of renal IRI and provided new evidence for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Yuwei Yang
- Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Emergency, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Wan Chen
- Department of Emergency, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Yanlin Wei
- Department of Emergency, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Ruihua Wu
- Department of Emergency, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - LingZhang Meng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, & The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Liwen Lyu
- Department of Emergency, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
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Vásquez-Pérez JM, González-Guevara E, Gutiérrez-Buenabad D, Martínez-Gopar PE, Martinez-Lazcano JC, Cárdenas G. Is Nasal Dysbiosis a Required Component for Neuroinflammation in Major Depressive Disorder? Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04375-2. [PMID: 39120823 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Human microbiota is known to influence immune and cerebral responses by direct and/or indirect mechanisms, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis signaling, activation of neural afferent circuits to the brain, and by altering the peripheral immune responses (cellular and humoral immune function, circulatory inflammatory cells, and the production of several inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species). The inflammatory responses in the nasal mucosa (rhinitis) or paranasal sinuses (chronic rhinosinusitis) are dual conditions related with a greater risk for developing depression. In the nasal cavity, anatomic components of the olfactive function are in direct contact with the CNS through the olfactory receptors, neurons, and axons that end in the olfactory bulb and the entorhinal cortex. Local microbiome alterations (dysbiosis) are linked to transepithelial translocation of microorganisms and their metabolites, which disrupts the epithelial barrier and favors vascular permeability, increasing the levels of several inflammatory molecules (both cytokines and non-cytokine mediators: extracellular vesicles (exosomes) and neuropeptides), triggering local inflammation (rhinitis) and the spread of these components into the central nervous system (neuroinflammation). In this review, we discuss the role of microbiota-related immunity in conditions affecting the nasal mucosa (chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis) and their relevance in major depressive disorders, focusing on the few mechanisms known to be involved and providing some hypothetical proposals on the pathophysiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Manuel Vásquez-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Neurogénesis, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de La Fuente Muñiz, 14370, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Programa de Posgrado Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Edith González-Guevara
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, 14269, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Diana Gutiérrez-Buenabad
- Laboratorio de Neurogénesis, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de La Fuente Muñiz, 14370, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Programa de Posgrado Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Pablo Eliasib Martínez-Gopar
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, 14269, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Sede Sur, 14330, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Martinez-Lazcano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, 14269, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Graciela Cárdenas
- Departamento de Neurología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, Tlalpan, 14269, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
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Wang L, Wang J, Xu A, Wei L, Pei M, Shen T, Xian X, Yang K, Fei L, Pan Y, Yang H, Wang X. Future embracing: exosomes driving a revolutionary approach to the diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:472. [PMID: 39118155 PMCID: PMC11312222 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Membranous nephropathy (MN) is a leading cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults and is associated with high rates of end-stage renal disease. Early detection and precise interventions are crucial for improving patient prognosis and quality of life. However, the current diagnosis primarily relies on renal biopsies and traditional biomarkers, which have limitations. Additionally, targeted therapeutic strategies are lacking. Exosomes, small vesicles that facilitate intercellular communication, have emerged as potential noninvasive diagnostic markers due to their stability, diverse cargo, and rapid detectability. They also hold promise as carriers for gene and drug delivery, presenting innovative opportunities in renal disease prognosis and treatment. However, research on exosomes in the context of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) remains limited, with a focus on exploring urinary exosomes as IMN markers. In this review, we summarize the current status of MN diagnosis and treatment, highlight the fundamental characteristics of exosomes, and discuss recent advancements in their application to IMN diagnosis and therapy. We provide insights into the clinical prospects of exosomes in IMN and acknowledge potential challenges. This article aims to offer forward-looking insights into the future of exosome-mediated IMN diagnosis and treatment, indicating a revolutionary transformation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Nephrology Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300381, China
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Ao Xu
- Nephrology Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300381, China
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lijuan Wei
- Nephrology Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Nephrology Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Tuwei Shen
- Nephrology Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300381, China
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xian Xian
- Nephrology Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300381, China
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Kang Yang
- Nephrology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan, 450099, China
| | - Lingyan Fei
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney and Urology Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Yihang Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 518107, China.
| | - Hongtao Yang
- Nephrology Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300381, China.
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Xianwen Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, People's Republic of China.
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Harita Y. Urinary extracellular vesicles in childhood kidney diseases. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:2293-2300. [PMID: 38093081 PMCID: PMC11199279 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Most biological fluids contain extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are surrounded by a lipid bilayer and contain biological macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. They lack a functioning nucleus and are incapable of replicating. The physiological characteristics and molecular composition of EVs in body fluids provide valuable information about the status of originating cells. Consequently, they could be effectively utilized for diagnostic and prognostic applications. Urine contains a heterogeneous population of EVs. To date, these urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) have been ignored in the standard urinalysis. In recent years, knowledge has accumulated on how uEVs should be separated and analyzed. It has become clear how uEVs reflect the expression of each molecule in cells in nephron segments and how they are altered in disease states such as glomerular/tubular disorders, rare congenital diseases, acute kidney injury (AKI), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Significant promise exists for the molecular expression signature of uEVs detected by simple techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), making them more applicable in clinical settings. This review presents the current understanding regarding uEVs, emphasizing the potential for non-invasive diagnostics, especially for childhood kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Harita
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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Fukuda A, Sato Y, Shibata H, Fujimoto S, Wiggins RC. Urinary podocyte markers of disease activity, therapeutic efficacy, and long-term outcomes in acute and chronic kidney diseases. Clin Exp Nephrol 2024; 28:496-504. [PMID: 38402504 PMCID: PMC11116200 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-024-02465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
A critical degree of podocyte depletion causes glomerulosclerosis, and persistent podocyte loss in glomerular diseases drives the progression to end-stage kidney disease. The extent of podocyte injury at a point in time can be histologically assessed by measuring podocyte number, size, and density ("Biopsy podometrics"). However, repeated invasive renal biopsies are associated with increased risk and cost. A noninvasive method for assessing podocyte injury and depletion is required. Albuminuria and proteinuria do not always correlate with disease activity. Podocytes are located on the urinary space side of the glomerular basement membrane, and as they undergo stress or detach, their products can be identified in urine. This raises the possibility that urinary podocyte products can serve as clinically useful markers for monitoring glomerular disease activity and progression ("Urinary podometrics"). We previously reported that urinary sediment podocyte mRNA reflects disease activity in both animal models and human glomerular diseases. This includes diabetes and hypertension which together account for 60% of new-onset dialysis induction patients. Improving approaches to preventing progression is an urgent priority for the renal community. Sufficient evidence now exists to indicate that monitoring urinary podocyte markers could serve as a useful adjunctive strategy for determining the level of current disease activity and response to therapy in progressive glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Fukuda
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-Machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Yuji Sato
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Takachiho Town Hospital, Takachiho, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shibata
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-Machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Shouichi Fujimoto
- Department of Medical Environment Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Roger C Wiggins
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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de Andrade CES, Souza KSCD, Galdino OA, de Lima MAF, de Medeiros PJ, Abbott Galvão Ururahy M, Pereira MG, de Almeida JB, de Rezende AA. New-onset diabetes after kidney transplantation: Assessing urinary Wilm's tumor-1 protein to predict renal allograft dysfunction. Adv Med Sci 2024; 69:153-159. [PMID: 38490331 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE New-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) is a frequent metabolic complication associated with podocyte damage and renal allograft dysfunction. Thus, Wilm's tumor-1 (WT-1) protein, as a podocyte marker, holds promise as an option to evaluate renal allograft dysfunction in NODAT. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate urinary WT-1 levels in NODAT patients during the first year after kidney transplantation (KTx). MATERIALS AND METHODS KTx patients were categorized into non-NODAT and NODAT groups. Fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urinary WT-1 were measured at 3, 6, 9, and 12-months post-KTx. RESULTS The NODAT group manifested elevated levels of blood glucose and HbA1c during the first year post-KTx. Also, exhibited elevations in ACR and serum creatinine levels at 6, 9, and 12-months post-KTx when compared to non-NODAT group. Conversely, eGFR values in the NODAT group demonstrated significant declines at 3, 6, and 9-months post-KTx relative to non-NODAT. Furthermore, NODAT group exhibited a median annual eGFR of 47 mL/min/1.73 m2. Urinary WT-1 levels at 3, 6, 9, and 12-months post-KTx were significantly higher in the NODAT group compared to non-NODAT. Additionally, noteworthy positive correlations were identified between urinary WT-1 and HbA1c levels, along with significant negative correlations between urinary WT-1 and eGFR at the 3, 6, 9, and 12-months post-KTx. CONCLUSION The increased urinary WT-1 levels from 3-months post-KTx in NODAT patients may indicate the first sign of podocyte injury, predicting a renal allograft dysfunction in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karla Simone Costa de Souza
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ony Araújo Galdino
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo José de Medeiros
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Integrated Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício Galvão Pereira
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Integrated Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - José Bruno de Almeida
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Integrated Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Adriana Augusto de Rezende
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Packialakshmi B, Limerick E, Ackerman HC, Lin X, Nekhai S, Oliver JD, Stewart IJ, Knepper MA, Fitzhugh C, Zhou X. Proteomic analyses of urinary exosomes identify novel potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of sickle cell nephropathy, a sex-based study. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1300667. [PMID: 38426210 PMCID: PMC10901968 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1300667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell nephropathy (SCN) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in sickle cell disease (SCD). Early intervention is crucial for mitigating its effects. However, current diagnostic methods rely on generic tests and may not detect SCN until irreversible renal damage occurs. Therefore, specific biomarkers for early diagnosis of SCN are needed. Urinary exosomes, membrane-bound vesicles secreted by renal podocytes and epithelial cells, contain both common and cell type-specific membrane and cytosolic proteins, reflecting the physiologic and pathophysiologic states of the kidney. Using proteomics, we analyzed the proteomes of urinary exosomes from humanized SCD mice at 2 months (without albuminuria) and 4 months (with albuminuria) of age. Excretion of 164 proteins were significantly increased and 176 proteins was significantly decreased in the exosomes when mice developed albuminuria. Based on the relevance to SCD, chronic kidney disease and Western blot confirmation in mice, we analyzed protein abundance of heparanase, cathepsin C, α2-macroglobulin and sarcoplasmic endoplasmic Ca2+ ATPase-3 (SERCA3) in the urinary exosomes and urine of 18 SCD subjects without albuminuria and 12 subjects with albuminuria using Western blot analyses. Both male and female subjects increased or tended to increase the excretion of these proteins in their urinary exosomes upon developing albuminuria, but female subjects demonstrated stronger correlations between the excretion of these proteins and urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) compared to male subjects. In contrast, exosomal excretion of Tamm-Horsfall protein, β-actin and SHP-1 was independent of albuminuria. These findings provide a foundation for a time-course study to determine whether increases in the levels of these proteins precede the onset of albuminuria in patients, which will help determine the potential of these proteins as biomarkers for early detection of SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Packialakshmi
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Emily Limerick
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutic Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hans C. Ackerman
- Physiology Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Xionghao Lin
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sergei Nekhai
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - James D. Oliver
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Nephrology Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ian J. Stewart
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mark A. Knepper
- System Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Courtney Fitzhugh
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutic Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Sabet Sarvestani F, Afshari A, Azarpira N. The role of non-protein-coding RNAs in ischemic acute kidney injury. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1230742. [PMID: 38390339 PMCID: PMC10881863 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1230742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a condition characterized by a rapid decline in kidney function within a span of 48 hours. It is influenced by various factors including inflammation, oxidative stress, excessive calcium levels within cells, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and dysfunction in microcirculation. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is recognized as a major cause of AKI; however, the precise mechanisms behind this process are not yet fully understood and effective treatments are still needed. To enhance the accuracy of diagnosing AKI during its early stages, the utilization of innovative markers is crucial. Numerous studies suggest that certain noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play a central role in regulating gene expression and protein synthesis. These ncRNAs are closely associated with the development and recovery of AKI and have been detected in both kidney tissue and bodily fluids. Furthermore, specific ncRNAs may serve as diagnostic markers and potential targets for therapeutic interventions in AKI. This review aims to summarize the functional roles and changes observed in noncoding RNAs during ischemic AKI, as well as explore their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Afsoon Afshari
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Okabe M, Koike K, Yamamoto I, Tsuboi N, Matsusaka T, Yokoo T. Early growth response 1 as a podocyte injury marker in human glomerular diseases. Clin Kidney J 2024; 17:sfad289. [PMID: 38186896 PMCID: PMC10768762 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In human glomerular diseases, visualizing podocyte injury is desirable since podocytes do not regenerate and podocyte injury leads to podocyte loss. Herein, we investigated the utility of immunostaining for early growth response 1 (EGR1), which is expressed in injured podocytes from the early stages of injury in animal experiments, as a podocyte injury marker in human glomerular diseases. Methods This study included 102 patients with biopsy-proven glomerular diseases between 2018 and 2021. The proportion of EGR1 expression in podocytes (%EGR1pod) was analyzed in relation to clinical and histopathological features, including glomerular and urinary podocyte-specific markers. Results %EGR1pod correlated significantly with the urinary protein:creatinine ratio, urinary nephrin and podocin mRNA levels, and glomerular podocin staining (rho = 0.361, 0.514, 0.487 and -0.417, respectively; adjusted P = .002, <.001, <.001 and <.001, respectively). Additionally, %EGR1pod correlated with cellular/fibrocellular crescents (rho = 0.479, adjusted P <.001). %EGR1pod was high in patients with glomerulonephritis, such as immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), lupus nephritis and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis, and in those with podocytopathies, such as membranous nephropathy and primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, while %EGR1pod was low in patients with minimal change disease. In a subgroup analysis of IgAN, %EGR1pod was higher in Oxford C1 patients than in C0 patients. However, unexpectedly, patients with higher %EGR1pod were more prone to attain proteinuria remission, suggesting that EGR1 in the context of IgAN reflects reversible early injury. Conclusions Our findings indicate that EGR1 is a promising potential marker for identifying active early podocyte injury in human glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Okabe
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Koike
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izumi Yamamoto
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Tsuboi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Departments of Basic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Zhou Z, Zhang D, Wang Y, Liu C, Wang L, Yuan Y, Xu X, Jiang Y. Urinary exosomes: a promising biomarker of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1251839. [PMID: 37809338 PMCID: PMC10556478 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1251839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced nephrotoxicity (DIN) is a big concern for clinical medication, but the clinical use of certain nephrotoxic drugs is still inevitable. Current testing methods make it hard to detect early renal injury accurately. In addition to understanding the pathogenesis and risk factors of drug-induced nephrotoxicity, it is crucial to identify specific renal injury biomarkers for early detection of DIN. Urine is an ideal sample source for biomarkers related to kidney disease, and urinary exosomes have great potential as biomarkers for predicting DIN, which has attracted the attention of many scholars. In the present paper, we will first introduce the mechanism of DIN and the biogenesis of urinary exosomes. Finally, we will discuss the changes in urinary exosomes in DIN and compare them with other predictive indicators to enrich and boost the development of biomarkers of DIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunzhen Zhou
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dailiang Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongjing Wang
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chongzhi Liu
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Orthopedic Department, Dazhou Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital, Dazhou Second People’s Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Xu
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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12
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Khandpur S, Srivastava M, Sharma R, Asif S, Bhadauria DS, Mishra P, Purty AJ, Tiwari S. Association of Wilms tumor-1 protein in urinary exosomes with kidney injury: a population-based cross-sectional study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1220309. [PMID: 37795410 PMCID: PMC10545876 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1220309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Loss of Wilms tumor-1 (WT1) protein, a podocytopathy marker, through urine exosome (uE), could be an early indication of kidney injury. We examined WT1 in uE (uE-WT1), along with other urine markers of glomerular and kidney tubule injury, in individuals without chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methodology The cross-sectional study included individuals who reported having no evidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were used to assess kidney function. eGFR was calculated using the 2009 CKD-EPI (CKD-Epidemiological) equation. WT1 was analyzed in uE from humans and Wistar rats (before and after the 9th week of diabetes, n = 20). uE-WT1, urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were estimated using ELISA. The Kruskal-Wallis H test, Mann-Whitney U test, and stepwise multivariable linear regression were performed. Results Urine NGAL and ACR increase with uE-WT1 quartiles (n = 146/quarter). Similarly, uE-WT1, KIM-1, and NGAL were positively associated with ACR. Furthermore, KIM-1, NGAL, and uE-WT1 correlated with ACR. uE-WT1 outperformed KMI-1 and NGAL to explain ACR variability (25% vs. 6% or 9%, respectively). Kidney injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was associated with a significant rise in uE-WT1. Moreover, the findings were confirmed by the histopathology of kidney tissues from rats. Conclusion uE-WT1 was strongly associated with kidney function in rats. In individuals without CKD, uE-WT1 outperformed NGAL as a determinant of differences in ACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhanshi Khandpur
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Medha Srivastava
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajni Sharma
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Shafaque Asif
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Dharmendra S. Bhadauria
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Prabhaker Mishra
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Anil J. Purty
- Department of Community Medicine, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences (A Unit of Madras Medical Mission), Puducherry, India
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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13
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Agborbesong E, Bissler J, Li X. Liquid Biopsy at the Frontier of Kidney Diseases: Application of Exosomes in Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1367. [PMID: 37510273 PMCID: PMC10379367 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the era of precision medicine, liquid biopsy techniques, especially the use of urine analysis, represent a paradigm shift in the identification of biomarkers, with considerable implications for clinical practice in the field of nephrology. In kidney diseases, the use of this non-invasive tool to identify specific and sensitive biomarkers other than plasma creatinine and the glomerular filtration rate is becoming crucial for the diagnosis and assessment of a patient's condition. In recent years, studies have drawn attention to the importance of exosomes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in kidney diseases. Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles with a lipid bilayer structure, composed of a variety of biologically active substances. In the context of kidney diseases, studies have demonstrated that exosomes are valuable carriers of information and are delivery vectors, rendering them appealing candidates as biomarkers and drug delivery vehicles with beneficial therapeutic outcomes for kidney diseases. This review summarizes the applications of exosomes in kidney diseases, emphasizing the current biomarkers of renal diseases identified from urinary exosomes and the therapeutic applications of exosomes with reference to drug delivery and immunomodulation. Finally, we discuss the challenges encountered when using exosomes for therapeutic purposes and how these may affect its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewud Agborbesong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - John Bissler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Pediatric Medicine Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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14
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Oh S, Lee CM, Kwon SH. Extracellular Vesicle MicroRNA in the Kidney. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4833-4850. [PMID: 37358511 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Most cells in our body release membrane-bound, nano-sized particles into the extracellular milieu through cellular metabolic processes. Various types of macromolecules, reflecting the physiological and pathological status of the producing cells, are packaged into such so-called extracellular vesicles (EVs), which can travel over a distance to target cells, thereby transmitting donor cell information. The short, noncoding ribonucleic acid (RNA) called microRNA (miRNA) takes a crucial part in EV-resident macromolecules. Notably, EVs transferring miRNAs can induce alterations in the gene expression profiles of the recipient cells, through genetically instructed, base-pairing interaction between the miRNAs and their target cell messenger RNAs (mRNAs), resulting in either nucleolytic decay or translational halt of the engaged mRNAs. As in other body fluids, EVs released in urine, termed urinary EVs (uEVs), carry specific sets of miRNA molecules, which indicate either normal or diseased states of the kidney, the principal source of uEVs. Studies have therefore been directed to elucidate the contents and biological roles of miRNAs in uEVs and moreover to utilize the gene regulatory properties of miRNA cargos in ameliorating kidney diseases through their delivery via engineered EVs. We here review the fundamental principles of the biology of EVs and miRNA as well as our current understanding of the biological roles and applications of EV-loaded miRNAs in the kidney. We further discuss the limitations of contemporary research approaches, suggesting future directions to overcome the difficulties to advance both the basic biological understanding of miRNAs in EVs and their clinical applications in treating kidney diseases. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4833-4850, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekyung Oh
- Department of Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Chang M Lee
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sang-H Kwon
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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15
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Liu T, Liu N, Wang Y, Li T, Zhang M. Differential expression of coagulation pathway-related proteins in diabetic urine exosomes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:145. [PMID: 37349729 PMCID: PMC10288686 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coagulation function monitoring is important for the occurrence and development of diabetes. A total of 16 related proteins are involved in coagulation, but how these proteins change in diabetic urine exosomes is unclear. To explore the expression changes of coagulation-related proteins in urine exosomes and their possible roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes, we performed proteomic analysis and finally applied them to the noninvasive monitoring of diabetes. METHODS Subject urine samples were collected. LC-MS/MS was used to collect the information on coagulation-related proteins in urine exosomes. ELISA, mass spectrometry and western blotting were used to further verify the differential protein expression in urine exosomes. Correlations with clinical indicators were explored, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn to evaluate the value of differential proteins in diabetes monitoring. RESULTS Analyzing urine exosome proteomics data, eight coagulation-related proteins were found in this study. Among them, F2 was elevated in urine exosomes of diabetic patients compared with healthy controls. The results of ELISA, mass spectrometry and western blotting further verified the changes in F2. Correlation analysis showed that the expression of urine exosome F2 was correlated with clinical lipid metabolism indexes, and the concentration of F2 was strongly positively correlated with blood TG levels (P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that F2 protein in urine exosomes had a good monitoring value for diabetes. CONCLUSION Coagulation-related proteins were expressed in urine exosomes. Among them, F2 was increased in diabetic urine exosomes and may be a potential biomarker for monitoring diabetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianci Liu
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Na Liu
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yizhao Wang
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Tao Li
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, 100038, China.
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Laboratory Technology Innovation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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16
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Yu Y, Wang P, Ren Z, Xue Y, Jia Y, Wang W, Liu M, Pan K, Xiao L, Ji D, Wang X. A low-salt diet with candesartan administration is associated with acute kidney injury in nephritis by increasing nitric oxide. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114484. [PMID: 36921530 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A low-salt diet may activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and is often applied simultaneously with RAAS inhibitors, especially for treatment of proteinuric nephritis. To explore the effect of a low-salt diet combined with angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) on kidney function, the proteinuric nephritis model was induced by single intravenous injection of doxorubicin, and then the SD rats were administrated with candesartan intraperitoneal injection and fed with different salt diets. Rats with low-salt plus candesartan, not either alone, experienced acute kidney injury (AKI) at day 7 and could not self-restore when extending the experiment time from 7 days to 21 days, unless switching low-salt to normal-salt. Among three nitric oxide synthetases (NOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS) was obviously elevated and PI3K-Akt-eNOS signal pathway was activated. NG-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME), an eNOS inhibitor, reversed the decreased blood pressure and recovered the kidney dysfunction induced by low-salt with candesartan. The increased TUNEL-positive cells, Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved-caspase3 protein abundance was ameliorated by L-NAME in vivo. In vitro, sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor, can also increase Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved-caspase3 protein level in HK-2 cell. Thus, low-salt diet combined with candesartan in nephritis rats led to AKI, and the mechanism involved the increase of eNOS/NO, which linked to the decrease of blood pressure and the increase of apoptosis. This study provides practical guidance for salt intake in cases of RAS inhibitor usage clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Nephrology, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- The Core Laboratory, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyun Ren
- The Core Laboratory, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Xue
- The Core Laboratory, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yutao Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwan Wang
- The Core Laboratory, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingda Liu
- The Core Laboratory, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kueiching Pan
- Department of Nursing, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Leijuan Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Daxi Ji
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Core Laboratory, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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17
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Sridharan B, Lim HG. Exosomes and ultrasound: The future of theranostic applications. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100556. [PMID: 36756211 PMCID: PMC9900624 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials and pertaining formulations have been very successful in various diagnostic and therapeutic applications because of its ability to overcome pharmacological limitations. Some of them have gained significant focus in the recent decade for their theranostic properties. Exosomes can be grouped as biomaterials, since they consist of various biological micro/macromolecules and possess all the properties of a stable biomaterial with size in nano range. Significant research has gone into isolation and exploitation of exosomes as potential theranostic agent. However, the limitations in terms of yield, efficacy, and target specificity are continuously being addressed. On the other hand, several nano/microformulations are responsive to physical or chemical alterations and were successfully stimulated by tweaking the physical characteristics of the surrounding environment they are in. Some of them are termed as photodynamic, sonodynamic or thermodynamic therapeutic systems. In this regard, ultrasound and acoustic systems were extensively studied for its ability towards altering the properties of the systems to which they were applied on. In this review, we have detailed about the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of exosomes and ultrasound separately, consisting of their conventional applications, drawbacks, and developments for addressing the challenges. The information were categorized into various sections that provide complete overview of the isolation strategies and theranostic applications of exosomes in various diseases. Then the ultrasound-based disease diagnosis and therapy were elaborated, with special interest towards the use of ultrasound in enhancing the efficacy of nanomedicines and nanodrug delivery systems, Finally, we discussed about the ability of ultrasound in enhancing the diagnostic and therapeutic properties of exosomes, which could be the future of theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hae Gyun Lim
- Corresponding author. Biomedical Ultrasound Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Tepus M, Tonoli E, Verderio EAM. Molecular profiling of urinary extracellular vesicles in chronic kidney disease and renal fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1041327. [PMID: 36712680 PMCID: PMC9877239 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1041327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term kidney damage caused by gradual loss of essential kidney functions. A global health issue, CKD affects up to 16% of the population worldwide. Symptoms are often not apparent in the early stages, and if left untreated, CKD can progress to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), also known as kidney failure, when the only possible treatments are dialysis and kidney transplantation. The end point of nearly all forms of CKD is kidney fibrosis, a process of unsuccessful wound-healing of kidney tissue. Detection of kidney fibrosis, therefore, often means detection of CKD. Renal biopsy remains the best test for renal scarring, despite being intrinsically limited by its invasiveness and sampling bias. Urine is a desirable source of fibrosis biomarkers as it can be easily obtained in a non-invasive way and in large volumes. Besides, urine contains biomolecules filtered through the glomeruli, mirroring the pathological state. There is, however, a problem of highly abundant urinary proteins that can mask rare disease biomarkers. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs), which originate from renal cells and carry proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, are an attractive source of potential rare CKD biomarkers. Their cargo consists of low-abundant proteins but highly concentrated in a nanosize-volume, as well as molecules too large to be filtered from plasma. Combining molecular profiling data (protein and miRNAs) of uEVs, isolated from patients affected by various forms of CKD, this review considers the possible diagnostic and prognostic value of uEVs biomarkers and their potential application in the translation of new experimental antifibrotic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Tepus
- Centre for Health, Ageing and the Understanding of Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Tonoli
- Centre for Health, Ageing and the Understanding of Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabetta A. M. Verderio
- Centre for Health, Ageing and the Understanding of Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Hun M, Wen H, Han P, Vun T, Zhao M, He Q. Bibliometric analysis of scientific papers on extracellular vesicles in kidney disease published between 1999 and 2022. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1070516. [PMID: 36684427 PMCID: PMC9849820 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1070516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using extracellular vesicles (EVs) as potential therapeutic agents or natural drug delivery systems in kidney-related diseases. However, a detailed and targeted report on the current condition of extracellular vesicle research in kidney-related diseases is lacking. Therefore, this prospective study was designed to investigate the use of bibliometric analysis to comprehensively overview the current state of research and frontier trends on extracellular vesicle research in kidney-related diseases using visualization tools. Methods: The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was searched to identify publications related to extracellular vesicle research in kidney-related diseases since 1999. Citespace, Microsoft Excel 2019, VOSviewer software, the R Bibliometrix Package, and an online platform were used to analyze related research trends to stratify the publication data and collaborations. Results: From 1 January 1999 to 26 June 2022, a total of 1,122 EV-related articles and reviews were published, and 6,486 authors from 1,432 institutions in 63 countries or regions investigated the role of extracellular vesicles in kidney-related diseases. We found that the number of articles on extracellular vesicles in kidney-related diseases increased every year. Dozens of publications were from China and the United States. China had the most number of related publications, in which the Southeast University (China) was the most active institution in all EV-related fields. Liu Bi-cheng published the most papers on extracellular vesicles, while Clotilde Théry had the most number of co-citations. Most papers were published by The International Journal of Molecular Sciences, while Kidney International was the most co-cited journal for extracellular vesicles. We found that exosome-related keywords included exosome, exosm, expression, extracellular vesicle, microRNA, microvesicle, and liquid biopsy, while disease- and pathological-related keywords included biomarker, microRNA, apoptosis, mechanism, systemic lupus erythematosus, EGFR, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease. Acute kidney disease (AKI), CKD, SLE, exosome, liquid biopsy, and extracellular vesicle were the hotspot in extracellular vesicle and kidney-related diseases research. Conclusion: The field of extracellular vesicles in kidney-related disease research is rapidly growing, and its domain is likely to expand in the next decade. The findings from this comprehensive analysis of extracellular vesicles in kidney-related disease research could help investigators to set new diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic ideas or methods in kidney-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marady Hun
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huai Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Phanna Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tharith Vun
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingyi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Mingyi Zhao, ; Qingnan He,
| | - Qingnan He
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Mingyi Zhao, ; Qingnan He,
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Li G, Huang D, Zou Y, Kidd J, Gehr TWB, Li N, Ritter JK, Li PL. Impaired autophagic flux and dedifferentiation in podocytes lacking Asah1 gene: Role of lysosomal TRPML1 channel. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119386. [PMID: 36302466 PMCID: PMC9869931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Podocytopathy and associated nephrotic syndrome have been reported in a mouse strain (Asah1fl/fl/Podocre) with a podocyte-specific deletion of α subunit (the main catalytic subunit) of acid ceramidase (Ac). However, the pathogenesis of podocytopathy in these mice remains unclear. The present study tested whether Ac deficiency impairs autophagic flux in podocytes through blockade of transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) channel as a potential pathogenic mechanism of podocytopathy in Asah1fl/fl/Podocre mice. We first demonstrated that impairment of autophagic flux occurred in podocytes lacking Asah1 gene, which was evidenced by autophagosome accumulation and reduced lysosome-autophagosome interaction. TRPML1 channel agonists recovered lysosome-autophagosome interaction and attenuated autophagosome accumulation in podocytes from Asah1fl/fl/Podocre mice, while TRPML1 channel inhibitors impaired autophagic flux in WT/WT podocytes and worsened autophagic deficiency in podocytes lacking Asah1 gene. The effects of TRPML1 channel agonist were blocked by dynein inhibitors, indicating a critical role of dynein activity in the control of lysosome movement due to TRPML1 channel-mediated Ca2+ release. It was also found that there is an enhanced phenotypic transition to dedifferentiation status in podocytes lacking Asah1 gene in vitro and in vivo. Such podocyte phenotypic transition was inhibited by TRPML1 channel agonists but enhanced by TRPML1 channel inhibitors. Moreover, we found that TRPML1 gene silencing induced autophagosome accumulation and dedifferentiation in podocytes. Based on these results, we conclude that Ac activity is essential for autophagic flux and maintenance of differentiated status of podocytes. Dysfunction or deficiency of Ac may impair autophagic flux and induce podocyte dedifferentiation, which may be an important pathogenic mechanism of podocytopathy and associated nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Dandan Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yao Zou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jason Kidd
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Todd W B Gehr
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ningjun Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Joseph K Ritter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Tang H, Hu Y, Deng J. Extracellular Vesicles and Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1418:69-80. [PMID: 37603273 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1443-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension implicates multiple organs and systems, accounting for the majority of cardiovascular diseases and cardiac death worldwide. Extracellular vesicles derived from various types of cells could transfer a variety of substances such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids from cells to cells, playing essential roles in both physiological and pathological processes. Extracellular vesicles are demonstrated to be closely associated with the development of essential hypertension by mediating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and crosstalk between multiple vascular cells. Extracellular vesicles also participate in various kinds of pathogenesis of secondary hypertensions including acute kidney injury, renal parenchymal diseases, kidney transplantation, secretory diseases (primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, Cushing's syndrome), and obstructive sleep apnea. Extracellular vesicles have been proved to have the potential to be served as new biomarkers in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis assessment of hypertension. In the future, large multicenter cohorts are highly in demand for further verifying the sensitivity and specificity of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxue Hu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiali Deng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Tenchov R, Sasso JM, Wang X, Liaw WS, Chen CA, Zhou QA. Exosomes─Nature's Lipid Nanoparticles, a Rising Star in Drug Delivery and Diagnostics. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17802-17846. [PMID: 36354238 PMCID: PMC9706680 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subgroup of nanosized extracellular vesicles enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane and secreted by most eukaryotic cells. They represent a route of intercellular communication and participate in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. The biological roles of exosomes rely on their bioactive cargos, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which are delivered to target cells. Their distinctive properties─innate stability, low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and good biomembrane penetration capacity─allow them to function as superior natural nanocarriers for efficient drug delivery. Another notably favorable clinical application of exosomes is in diagnostics. They hold various biomolecules from host cells, which are indicative of pathophysiological conditions; therefore, they are considered vital for biomarker discovery in clinical diagnostics. Here, we use data from the CAS Content Collection and provide a landscape overview of the current state and delineate trends in research advancement on exosome applications in therapeutics and diagnostics across time, geography, composition, cargo loading, and development pipelines. We discuss exosome composition and pathway, from their biogenesis and secretion from host cells to recipient cell uptake. We assess methods for exosome isolation and purification, their clinical applications in therapy and diagnostics, their development pipelines, the exploration goals of the companies, the assortment of diseases they aim to treat, development stages of their research, and publication trends. We hope this review will be useful for understanding the current knowledge in the field of medical applications of exosomes, in an effort to further solve the remaining challenges in fulfilling their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiana Tenchov
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United
States
| | - Janet M. Sasso
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United
States
| | - Xinmei Wang
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United
States
| | - Wen-Shing Liaw
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United
States
| | - Chun-An Chen
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United
States
| | - Qiongqiong Angela Zhou
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United
States
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23
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Activating Transcription Factor 3 Based Early Alarm Model of Acute Kidney Injury after Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Adults. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:8076718. [PMID: 36267462 PMCID: PMC9578882 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8076718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for cardiac surgery, and there is no effective treatment. This study was aimed at constructing an early warning model of AKI after CPB in adults and investigating the performance of this model. Patients who underwent CPB in the Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, from January 2018 to December 2019 were recruited into the present study. Blood and urine samples were collected preoperatively (0 h) and 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after surgery, and the creatinine and activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) were detected. According to the diagnostic criteria of AKI, patients were divided into the AKI group and the non-AKI group, and the risk factors for AKI after CPB were screened. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the optimal biomarkers for the establishment of early warning model of AKI after CPB. Finally, the performance of this model was further verified. A total of 83 patients were included in this study, 42 of whom developed AKI after surgery. After CPB, the serum and urine levels of creatinine and ATF3 increased to different degrees, and the increase in urine ATF3 was the most obvious in the AKI group. The area under ROC (AUC) of urine ATF3 at 12 h after surgery was 0.691 (95% CI: 0.576-0.807). When ATF3 was higher than 1216 pg/mL, the sensitivity and specificity of ATF3 in the diagnosis of AKI were 0.43 and 0.85, respectively. The height, conjugated bilirubin on the surgery day, urine ATF3 12 h after surgery, and serum creatinine 24 h after surgery were independent risk factors for postoperative AKI. Urine ATF3 and other factors were used to establish AKI warning model after CPB, which showed good fitting and accuracy. In conclusion, ATF3 is an early biomarker of post-CPB AKI. Addition of urine ATF3 to AKI risk factors can improve the accuracy of early AKI prediction.
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Wu A, Wolley MJ, Fenton RA, Stowasser M. Using human urinary extracellular vesicles to study physiological and pathophysiological states and regulation of the sodium chloride cotransporter. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:981317. [PMID: 36105401 PMCID: PMC9465297 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.981317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC), expressed in the renal distal convoluted tubule, plays a major role in Na+, Cl- and K+ homeostasis and blood pressure as exemplified by the symptoms of patients with non-functional NCC and Gitelman syndrome. NCC activity is modulated by a variety of hormones, but is also influenced by the extracellular K+ concentration. The putative "renal-K+ switch" mechanism is a relatively cohesive model that links dietary K+ intake to NCC activity, and may offer new targets for blood pressure control. However, a remaining hurdle for full acceptance of this model is the lack of human data to confirm molecular findings from animal models. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted attention from the scientific community due to their potential roles in intercellular communication, disease pathogenesis, drug delivery and as possible reservoirs of biomarkers. Urinary EVs (uEVs) are an excellent sample source for the study of physiology and pathology of renal, urothelial and prostate tissues, but the diverse origins of uEVs and their dynamic molecular composition present both methodological and data interpretation challenges. This review provides a brief overview of the state-of-the-art, challenges and knowledge gaps in current uEV-based analyses, with a focus on the application of uEVs to study the "renal-K+ switch" and NCC regulation. We also provide recommendations regarding biospecimen handling, processing and reporting requirements to improve experimental reproducibility and interoperability towards the realisation of the potential of uEV-derived biomarkers in hypertension and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Wu
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Martin J. Wolley
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Michael Stowasser
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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A cryostat-based frozen section method to increase the yield of extracellular vesicles extracted from different tissues. Biotechniques 2022; 73:90-98. [PMID: 35946315 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2022-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles mediating intercellular communications that have been widely used in disease diagnosis. Extracting EVs from tissues is of great importance, but current approaches are finite and the EV yield is limited. Here, the authors introduced a new method to increase EV yield based on frozen sectioning. With a standardized, semiautomated tissue-slicing procedure in a cryostat, the authors successfully isolated EVs from hearts, kidneys and stomachs. The morphology, size distribution and purity of those isolated EVs were evaluated. Additionally, compared with the traditional scalpel section method, they confirmed the higher yield of tissue-derived EVs with the cryostat-based method. The authors believe that the new method they developed would largely facilitate the research and clinical application of EVs.
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Evaluation of Four eGFR Calculating Formulae in Predicting Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury in Adult Patients Undergoing Open-Heart Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2022; 2022:6929758. [PMID: 35935325 PMCID: PMC9300297 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6929758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective There are four widely-used formulae to calculate the perioperative glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. We assessed the predictive values of these formulae in the occurrence of postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI). Methods Patients who underwent open-heart valvular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass from January 2015 to October 2017 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Demographic data and perioperative serum creatinine levels were collected. The estimated GFR (eGFR) was calculated using four formulae: Cockcroft Gault (CG), body surface area (BSA) corrected CG, simplified modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD), and chronic kidney disease-epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula. The incidence of post-operative AKI was calculated and the predictive capability of these formulae was evaluated. Results A total of 290 patients were included. 136 patients (46.90%) developed AKI after surgery. The eGFR in the AKI group was significantly lower than those in the non-AKI group at all investigated time points. In addition, the eGFR in the non-AKI group increased temporarily on the day of operation, then decreased on the following days, and returned to preoperative level about one week after surgery. However, in the AKI group, the eGFR decreased from the day of operation, which still did not recover to the preoperative level by the end of the first week after surgery. The eGFR calculated by the BSA-standardized CG formula had the highest AUC ROC curves of 0.699 and 0.774 before operation and on the day of operation, respectively. While eGFR calculated by CKD-EPI formula had the highest AUC ROC of 0.874 and 0.887 at the first and second postoperative day. Conclusions The eGFR formula is a powerful tool for perioperative renal function assessment. The BSA-corrected CG and CKD-EPI formula have better performance in predicting postoperative AKI after cardiopulmonary bypass than serum creatinine level and other formulae.
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Thongboonkerd V, Kanlaya R. The divergent roles of exosomes in kidney diseases: Pathogenesis, diagnostics, prognostics and therapeutics. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 149:106262. [PMID: 35787447 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are the self-packed nanoscale vesicles (nanovesicles) derived from late endosomes and released from the cells to the extracellular milieu. Exosomal biogenesis is based on endosomal pathway to form the nanovesicles surrounded by membrane originated from plasma membranes of the parental cells. During biogenesis, exosomes selectively encapsulate an array of biomolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, metabolites, etc.), thereby conveying diverse messages for cell-cell communications. Once released, these exosomal contents trigger signaling and trafficking that play roles in cell growth, development, immune responses, homeostasis, remodeling, etc. Recent advances in exosomal research have provided a wealth of useful information that enhances our knowledge on the roles for exosomes in pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases involving a wide variety of organ systems. In the kidney, exosomes play divergent roles, ranging from pathogenesis to therapeutics, based on their original sources and type of interventions. Herein, we summarize and update the current knowledge on the divergent roles of exosomes involving the pathogenesis, diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics in various groups of kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury, immune-mediated kidney diseases (e.g., IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, membranous nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis), chronic kidney disease (caused by diabetic nephropathy and others), renal cell carcinoma, nephrolithiasis, kidney transplantation and related complications, and polycystic kidney disease. Finally, the future perspectives on research in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Rattiyaporn Kanlaya
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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28
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Li X, Yang L. Urinary exosomes: Emerging therapy delivery tools and biomarkers for urinary system diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113055. [PMID: 35658226 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary exosomes (UE) are small circular membranous vesicles with a lipid bilayer with a diameter of 40-160 nm secreted by epithelial cells of the kidney and genitourinary system, which can reflect the physiological and functional status of secretory cells. Protein and RNA in exosomes can be used as markers for diseases diagnosis. Urine specimens are available and non-invasive. The protein and RNA in UE are more stable than the soluble protein and RNA in urine, which have broad application prospects in the diagnosis of urinary system diseases. This article reviews the recent advances in the application of protein or RNA in UE as markers to the diagnosis of urinary system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Departments of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Departments of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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29
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are released by the majority of cell types and circulate in body fluids. They function as a long-distance cell-to-cell communication mechanism that modulates the gene expression profile and fate of target cells. Increasing evidence has established a central role of extracellular vesicles in kidney physiology and pathology. Urinary extracellular vesicles mediate crosstalk between glomerular and tubular cells and between different segments of the tubule, whereas circulating extracellular vesicles mediate organ crosstalk and are involved in the amplification of kidney damage and inflammation. The molecular profile of extracellular vesicles reflects the type and pathophysiological status of the originating cell so could potentially be exploited for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. In addition, robust preclinical data suggest that administration of exogenous extracellular vesicles could promote kidney regeneration and reduce inflammation and fibrosis in acute and chronic kidney diseases. Stem cells are thought to be the most promising source of extracellular vesicles with regenerative activity. Extracellular vesicles are also attractive candidates for drug delivery and various engineering strategies are being investigated to alter their cargo and increase their efficacy. However, rigorous standardization and scalable production strategies will be necessary to enable the clinical application of extracellular vesicles as potential therapeutics. In this Review, the authors discuss the roles of extracellular vesicles in kidney physiology and disease as well as the beneficial effects of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in preclinical models of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. They also highlight current and future clinical applications of extracellular vesicles in kidney diseases. Urinary extracellular vesicles have roles in intra-glomerular, glomerulo-tubular and intra-tubular crosstalk, whereas circulating extracellular vesicles might mediate organ crosstalk; these mechanisms could amplify kidney damage and contribute to disease progression. Urinary extracellular vesicles could potentially be analysed using multiplex diagnostic platforms to identify pathological processes and the originating cell types; technological advances including single extracellular vesicle analysis might increase the specificity of bulk analysis of extracellular vesicle preparations. Robust standardization and validation in large patient cohorts are required to enable clinical application of extracellular vesicle-based biomarkers. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles have been shown to improve renal recovery, limit progression of injury and reduce fibrosis in animal models of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Various engineering approaches can be used to load extracellular vesicles with therapeutic molecules and increase their delivery to the kidney. A small clinical trial that tested the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicle administration in patients with chronic kidney disease reported promising results; however, therapeutic application of extracellular vesicles is limited by a lack of scalable manufacturing protocols and clear criteria for standardization.
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30
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Zhu X, Tang L, Mao J, Hameed Y, Zhang J, Li N, Wu D, Huang Y, Li C. Decoding the Mechanism behind the Pathogenesis of the Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1941038. [PMID: 35693262 PMCID: PMC9175094 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1941038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a chronic glomerular disease associated with podocyte injury which is named after the pathologic features of the kidney. The aim of this study is to decode the key changes in gene expression and regulatory network involved in the formation of FSGS. Integrated network analysis included Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between FSGS patients and healthy donors. Bioinformatics analysis was used to identify the roles of the DEGs and included the development of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, Gene Ontology (GO), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses, and the key modules were assured. The expression levels of DEGs were validated using the additional dataset. Eventually, transcription factors and ceRNA networks were established to illuminate the regulatory relationships in the formation of FSGS. 1130 DEGs including 475 upregulated genes and 655 downregulated genes with functional enrichment analysis were determined. Further analysis uncovered that the validated hub genes were defined as candidate genes, including Complement C3a Receptor 1 (C3AR1), C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 1(CCR1), C-X3-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 (CX3CL1), Melatonin Receptor 1A (MTNR1A), and Purinergic Receptor P2Y13 (P2RY13). More importantly, we identified transcription factors and mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA regulatory networks associated with the candidate genes. The candidate genes and regulatory networks discovered in this study can help to comprehend the molecular mechanism of FSGS and supply potential targets for the diagnosis and therapy of FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Liping Tang
- The Eighth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jingxin Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yasir Hameed
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524024, China
| | - Ning Li
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524024, China
| | - Danny Wu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524024, China
| | - Yongmei Huang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524024, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
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Tackling the effects of extracellular vesicles in fibrosis. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151221. [PMID: 35405464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a physiological process of tissue repair that turns into pathological when becomes chronic, damaging the functional structure of the tissue. In this review we outline the current status of extracellular vesicles as modulators of the fibrotic process at different levels. In adipose tissue, extracellular vesicles mediate the intercellular communication not only between adipocytes, but also between adipocytes and other cells of the stromal vascular fraction. Thus, they could be altering essential processes for the functionality of adipose tissue, such as adipocyte hypertrophy/hyperplasia, tissue plasticity, adipogenesis and/or inflammation, and ultimately trigger fibrosis. This process is particularly important in obesity, and may eventually, influence the development of obesity-associated alterations. In this regard, obesity is now recognized as an independent risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease, although the role of extracellular vesicles in this connection has not been explored so far. Nonetheless, the role of extracellular vesicles in the onset and progression of renal fibrosis has been highlighted due to the critical role of fibrosis as a common feature of kidney diseases. In fact, the content of extracellular vesicles disturbs cellular signaling cascades involved in fibrosis in virtually all types of renal cells. What is certain is that the study of extracellular vesicles is complex, as their isolation and manipulation is still difficult to reproduce, which complicates the overview of their physiopathological effects. Nevertheless, new strategies have been developed to exploit the potential of extracellular vesicles and their cargo, both as biomarkers and as therapeutic tools to prevent the progression of fibrosis towards an irreversible event.
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Rashmi P, Sur S, Sigdel TK, Boada P, Schroeder AW, Damm I, Kretzler M, Hodgin J, Sarwal MM. Multiplexed droplet single-cell sequencing (Mux-Seq) of normal and transplant kidney. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:876-885. [PMID: 34687145 PMCID: PMC8897263 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of systemic homeostasis by kidney requires the coordinated response of diverse cell types. The use of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) for patient tissue samples remains fraught with difficulties with cell isolation, purity, and experimental bias. The ability to characterize immune and parenchymal cells during transplant rejection will be invaluable in defining transplant pathology where tissue availability is restricted to needle biopsy fragments. Herein, we present feasibility data for multiplexing approach for droplet scRNAseq (Mux-Seq). Mux-Seq has the potential to minimize experimental batch bias and variation even with very small sample input. In this first proof-of-concept study for this approach, explant tissues from six normal and two transplant recipients after multiple early post-transplant rejection episodes leading to nephrectomy due to aggressive antibody mediated rejection, were pooled for Mux-Seq. A computational tool, Demuxlet was applied for demultiplexing the individual cells from the pooled experiment. Each sample was also applied individually in a single microfluidic run (singleplex) to correlate results with the pooled data from the same sample. Our applied protocol demonstrated that data from Mux-Seq correlated highly with singleplex (Pearson coefficient 0.982) sequencing results, with the ability to identify many known and novel kidney cell types including different infiltrating immune cells. Trajectory analysis of proximal tubule and endothelial cells demonstrated separation between healthy and injured kidney from transplant explant suggesting evolving stages of cell- specific differentiation in alloimmune injury. This study provides the technical groundwork for understanding the pathogenesis of alloimmune injury and host tissue response in transplant rejection and normal human kidney and provides a protocol for optimized processing precious and low input human kidney biopsy tissue for larger scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Rashmi
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Swastika Sur
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tara K. Sigdel
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Patrick Boada
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Andrew W. Schroeder
- Department of Internal Medicine/Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Izabella Damm
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Department of Internal Medicine/Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jeff Hodgin
- Department of Internal Medicine/Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Minnie M. Sarwal
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Corresponding author: Minnie Sarwal, MD, PhD, MRCP, FRCP, Professor in Residence, Surgery/Medicine/Pediatrics, UCSF, Medical Director, Kidney Pancreas Transplant Program, UCSF, Co-Director, T32 Training Program, Transplant Surgery, UCSF, Director, Precision Transplant Medicine, UCSF,
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Rana R, Kant R, Kaul D, Sachdev A, Ganguly NK. Integrated view of molecular diagnosis and prognosis of dengue viral infection: future prospect of exosomes biomarkers. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:815-832. [PMID: 35059925 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENVs) are the viruses responsible for dengue infection which affects lungs, liver, heart and also other organs of individuals. DENVs consist of the group of four serotypically diverse dengue viruses transmitted in tropical and sub-tropical countries of world. Aedes mosquito is the principal vector which spread the infection from infected person to healthy humans. DENVs can cause different syndromes depending on serotype of virus which range from undifferentiated mild fever to dengue hemorrhagic fever resulting in vascular leakage due to release of cytokine and Dengue shock syndrome with fluid loss and hypotensive shock, or other severe manifestations such as bleeding and organ failure. Increase in dengue cases in pediatric population is a major concern. Transmission of dengue depends on various factors like temperature, rainfall, and distribution of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The present review describes a comprehensive overview of dengue, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment with an emphasis on potential of exosomes as biomarkers for early prediction of dengue in pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Rana
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India.
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Dinesh Kaul
- Department of Pediatrics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Anil Sachdev
- Department of Pediatrics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
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Zhou H, Yan ZH, Yuan Y, Xing C, Jiang N. The Role of Exosomes in Viral Hepatitis and Its Associated Liver Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:782485. [PMID: 34881274 PMCID: PMC8645545 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.782485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, the important carriers between cells, can carry proteins, micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and other molecules to mediate cellular information transduction. They also play an important role in the pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment of viral hepatitis and its associated liver diseases. Several studies have reported that viral hepatitis and its associated liver diseases, including hepatitis A, B, C and E; hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, were closely associated with exosomes. Exploring the role of exosomes in viral hepatitis and associated liver diseases will enhance our understanding of these diseases. Therefore, this review mainly summarised the role of exosomes in viral hepatitis and its associated liver diseases to identify new strategies for liver diseases in clinical practise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Han Yan
- Department of Hepatology, Wuxi Fifth People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Xing
- Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Dongtai City, Dongtai, China
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35
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Kumar S, Kumar P, Kodidela S, Duhart B, Cernasev A, Nookala A, Kumar A, Singh UP, Bissler J. Racial Health Disparity and COVID-19. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:729-742. [PMID: 34499313 PMCID: PMC8426163 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and resultant coronavirus diseases-19 (COVID-19) disproportionally affects minorities, especially African Americans (AA) compared to the Caucasian population. The AA population is disproportionally affected by COVID-19, in part, because they have high prevalence of underlying conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, which are known to exacerbate not only kidney diseases, but also COVID-19. Further, a decreased adherence to COVID-19 guidelines among tobacco smokers could result in increased infection, inflammation, reduced immune response, and lungs damage, leading to more severe form of COVID-19. As a result of high prevalence of underlying conditions that cause kidney diseases in the AA population coupled with tobacco smoking make the AA population vulnerable to severe form of both COVID-19 and kidney diseases. In this review, we describe how tobacco smoking interact with SARS-CoV-2 and exacerbates SARS-CoV-2-induced kidney diseases including renal failure, especially in the AA population. We also explore the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in COVID-19 patients who smoke tobacco. EVs, which play important role in tobacco-mediated pathogenesis in infectious diseases, have also shown to be important in COVID-19 pathogenesis and organ injuries including kidney. Further, we explore the potential role of EVs in biomarker discovery and therapeutics, which may help to develop early diagnosis and treatment of tobacco-induced renal injury in COVID-19 patients, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sunitha Kodidela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Benjamin Duhart
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Alina Cernasev
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Asit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Udai P Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John Bissler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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36
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Wu X, Qiu F, Jin X, Zhou J, Zang W. ATF3: a novel biomarker for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1655. [PMID: 34988164 PMCID: PMC8667156 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-5231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background To investigate the expression of ATF3 in the blood and urine of adult patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery and to identify the changes during the perioperative period of CPB, and to determine whether ATF3 can be used as a biological marker for the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI). Methods We prospectively studied 83 patients who underwent elective CPB (ECB). Relevant clinical information was collected. Blood and urine samples were collected preoperatively (T0) and at 2 h (T1), 6 h (T2), 12 h (T3), 24 h (T4), and 48 h (T5) after surgery, and grouped according to the occurrence of AKI. The changes in ATF3 levels were observed, and the accuracy of the diagnosis of AKI was compared through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Factors influencing the expression of ATF3 at baseline were also analyzed. Results A total of 83 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB were included, and 42 of them developed AKI. The levels of serum ATF3 (sATF3) in the AKI group were significantly higher than those in the non-AKI group 24 h after surgery, and the difference was statistically significant (662.62±204.72 vs. 586.93±175.87; P=0.0345). Urinary ATF3 (uATF3) increased significantly 6 h after surgery, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for diagnosing AKI 12 h after surgery was 0.691 (95% CI: 0.576–0.807). When uATF3 was higher than 1,216 pg/mL, the sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of AKI were 0.43 and 0.85, respectively. On the other hand, the preoperative expression of ATF3 was negatively correlated with the preoperative creatinine level, but not affected by the patient’s age, weight, gender, preoperative cardiac function, preoperative blood routine examination and liver function. Conclusions ATF3 can be expressed early in the blood and urine of patients after CPB and can be used as a diagnostic marker for AKI after CPB in adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University and Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianglan Jin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wangfu Zang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University and Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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37
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Soliman HM, Ghonaim GA, Gharib SM, Chopra H, Farag AK, Hassanin MH, Nagah A, Emad-Eldin M, Hashem NE, Yahya G, Emam SE, Hassan AEA, Attia MS. Exosomes in Alzheimer's Disease: From Being Pathological Players to Potential Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10794. [PMID: 34639135 PMCID: PMC8509246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (EXOs) were given attention as an extracellular vesicle (EV) with a pivotal pathophysiological role in the development of certain neurodegenerative disorders (NDD), such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease (AD). EXOs have shown the potential to carry pathological and therapeutic cargo; thus, researchers have harnessed EXOs in drug delivery applications. EXOs have shown low immunogenicity as natural drug delivery vehicles, thus ensuring efficient drug delivery without causing significant adverse reactions. Recently, EXOs provided potential drug delivery opportunities in AD and promising future clinical applications with the diagnosis of NDD and were studied for their usefulness in disease detection and prediction prior to the emergence of symptoms. In the future, the microfluidics technique will play an essential role in isolating and detecting EXOs to diagnose AD before the development of advanced symptoms. This review is not reiterative literature but will discuss why EXOs have strong potential in treating AD and how they can be used as a tool to predict and diagnose this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar M. Soliman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (G.A.G.); (S.M.G.); (A.K.F.); (M.H.H.); (A.N.); (N.E.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Ghada A. Ghonaim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (G.A.G.); (S.M.G.); (A.K.F.); (M.H.H.); (A.N.); (N.E.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Shaza M. Gharib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (G.A.G.); (S.M.G.); (A.K.F.); (M.H.H.); (A.N.); (N.E.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Aya K. Farag
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (G.A.G.); (S.M.G.); (A.K.F.); (M.H.H.); (A.N.); (N.E.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Mohamed H. Hassanin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (G.A.G.); (S.M.G.); (A.K.F.); (M.H.H.); (A.N.); (N.E.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Abdalrazeq Nagah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (G.A.G.); (S.M.G.); (A.K.F.); (M.H.H.); (A.N.); (N.E.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Mahmoud Emad-Eldin
- Department of Clinical, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Nevertary E. Hashem
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (G.A.G.); (S.M.G.); (A.K.F.); (M.H.H.); (A.N.); (N.E.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Sherif E. Emam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (G.A.G.); (S.M.G.); (A.K.F.); (M.H.H.); (A.N.); (N.E.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Abdalla E. A. Hassan
- Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center & Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed S. Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (G.A.G.); (S.M.G.); (A.K.F.); (M.H.H.); (A.N.); (N.E.H.); (S.E.E.)
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Oh S, Kwon SH. Extracellular Vesicles in Acute Kidney Injury and Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8913. [PMID: 34445618 PMCID: PMC8396174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI)--the sudden loss of kidney function due to tissue damage and subsequent progression to chronic kidney disease--has high morbidity and mortality rates and is a serious worldwide clinical problem. Current AKI diagnosis, which relies on measuring serum creatinine levels and urine output, cannot sensitively and promptly report on the state of damage. To address the shortcomings of these traditional diagnosis tools, several molecular biomarkers have been developed to facilitate the identification and ensuing monitoring of AKI. Nanosized membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) in body fluids have emerged as excellent sources for discovering such biomarkers. Besides this diagnostic purpose, EVs are also being extensively exploited to deliver therapeutic macromolecules to damaged kidney cells to ameliorate AKI. Consequently, many successful AKI biomarker findings and therapeutic applications based on EVs have been made. Here, we review our understanding of how EVs can help with the early identification and accurate monitoring of AKI and be used therapeutically. We will further discuss where current EV-based AKI diagnosis and therapeutic applications fall short and where future innovations could lead us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekyung Oh
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea;
| | - Sang-Ho Kwon
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Huda MN, Nafiujjaman M, Deaguero IG, Okonkwo J, Hill ML, Kim T, Nurunnabi M. Potential Use of Exosomes as Diagnostic Biomarkers and in Targeted Drug Delivery: Progress in Clinical and Preclinical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2106-2149. [PMID: 33988964 PMCID: PMC8147457 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles containing heterogeneous active biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, mRNAs, receptors, immune regulatory molecules, and nucleic acids. They typically range in size from 30 to 150 nm in diameter. An exosome's surfaces can be bioengineered with antibodies, fluorescent dye, peptides, and tailored for small molecule and large active biologics. Exosomes have enormous potential as a drug delivery vehicle due to enhanced biocompatibility, excellent payload capability, and reduced immunogenicity compared to alternative polymeric-based carriers. Because of active targeting and specificity, exosomes are capable of delivering their cargo to exosome-recipient cells. Additionally, exosomes can potentially act as early stage disease diagnostic tools as the exosome carries various protein biomarkers associated with a specific disease. In this review, we summarize recent progress on exosome composition, biological characterization, and isolation techniques. Finally, we outline the exosome's clinical applications and preclinical advancement to provide an outlook on the importance of exosomes for use in targeted drug delivery, biomarker study, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurul Huda
- Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Md Nafiujjaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Isaac G Deaguero
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Jude Okonkwo
- John A Paulson School of Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Meghan L. Hill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Taeho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
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40
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Kato Y, Tonomura Y, Hanafusa H, Nishimura K, Fukushima T, Ueno M. Adult Zebrafish Model for Screening Drug-Induced Kidney Injury. Toxicol Sci 2021; 174:241-253. [PMID: 32040193 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced kidney injury is a serious safety issue in drug development. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of adult zebrafish as a small in vivo system for detecting drug-induced kidney injury. We first investigated the effects of typical nephrotoxicants, gentamicin and doxorubicin, on adult zebrafish. We found that gentamicin induced renal tubular necrosis with increased lysosome and myeloid bodies, and doxorubicin caused foot process fusion of glomerular podocytes. These findings were similar to those seen in mammals, suggesting a common pathogenesis. Second, to further evaluate the performance of the model in detecting drug-induced kidney injury, adult zebrafish were treated with 28 nephrotoxicants or 14 nonnephrotoxicants for up to 4 days, euthanized 24 h after the final treatment, and examined histopathologically. Sixteen of the 28 nephrotoxicants and none of the 14 nonnephrotoxicants caused drug-induced kidney injury in zebrafish (sensitivity, 57%; specificity, 100%; positive predictive value, 100%; negative predictive value, 54%). Finally, we explored genomic biomarker candidates using kidneys isolated from gentamicin- and cisplatin-treated zebrafish using microarray analysis and identified 3 candidate genes, egr1, atf3, and fos based on increased expression levels and biological implications. The expression of these genes was upregulated dose dependently in cisplatin-treated groups and was > 25-fold higher in gentamicin-treated than in the control group. In conclusion, these results suggest that the adult zebrafish has (1) similar nephrotoxic response to those of mammals, (2) considerable feasibility as an experimental model for toxicity studies, and (3) applicability to pathological examination and genomic biomarker evaluation in drug-induced kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kato
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi and Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tonomura
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi and Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hanafusa
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi and Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Kyohei Nishimura
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi and Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tamio Fukushima
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi and Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Motonobu Ueno
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi and Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
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Jia X, Yin Y, Chen Y, Mao L. The Role of Viral Proteins in the Regulation of Exosomes Biogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:671625. [PMID: 34055668 PMCID: PMC8155792 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.671625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles of endocytic origin, secreted into the extracellular milieu, in which various biological components such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids reside. A variety of external stimuli can regulate the formation and secretion of exosomes, including viruses. Viruses have evolved clever strategies to establish effective infections by employing exosomes to cloak their viral genomes and gain entry into uninfected cells. While most recent exosomal studies have focused on clarifying the effect of these bioactive vesicles on viral infection, the mechanisms by which the virus regulates exosomes are still unclear and deserve further attention. This article is devoted to studying how viral components regulate exosomes biogenesis, composition, and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Jia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yiqian Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Perocheau D, Touramanidou L, Gurung S, Gissen P, Baruteau J. Clinical applications for exosomes: Are we there yet? Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2375-2392. [PMID: 33751579 PMCID: PMC8432553 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles essential for cell-cell communication in health and disease with the ability to transport nucleic acids, functional proteins and other metabolites. Their clinical use as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic carriers has become a major field of research over recent years, generating rapidly expanding scientific interest and financial investment. Their reduced immunogenicity compared to liposomes or viral vectors and their ability to cross major physiological barriers like the blood-brain barrier make them an appealing and innovative option as biomarkers and therapeutic agents. Here, we review the latest clinical developments of exosome biotechnology for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including the most recent COVID-19-related exosome-based clinical trials. We present current exosome engineering strategies for optimal clinical safety and efficacy, and assess the technology developed for good manufacturing practice compliant scaling up and storage approaches along with their limitations in pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Perocheau
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Loukia Touramanidou
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sonam Gurung
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Gissen
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Metabolic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Julien Baruteau
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Metabolic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Lee SA, Choi C, Yoo TH. Extracellular vesicles in kidneys and their clinical potential in renal diseases. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2021; 40:194-207. [PMID: 33866768 PMCID: PMC8237124 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.20.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, are cell-derived lipid bilayer membrane particles, which deliver information from host cells to recipient cells. EVs are involved in various biological processes including the modulation of the immune response, cell-to-cell communications, thrombosis, and tissue regeneration. Different types of kidney cells are known to release EVs under physiologic as well as pathologic conditions, and recent studies have found that EVs have a pathophysiologic role in different renal diseases. Given the recent advancement in EV isolation and analysis techniques, many studies have shown the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of EVs in various renal diseases, such as acute kidney injury, polycystic kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, kidney transplantation, and renal cell carcinoma. This review updates recent clinical and experimental findings on the role of EVs in renal diseases and highlights the potential clinical applicability of EVs as novel diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sul A Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, MetroWest Medical Center, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Chulhee Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Cimmino I, Bravaccini S, Cerchione C. Urinary Biomarkers in Tumors: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2292:3-15. [PMID: 33651347 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1354-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that urine is a useful noninvasive tool for the identification of urogenital tumors, including bladder, prostate, kidney, and other nonurological cancers. As a liquid biopsy, urine represents an important source for the improvement of new promising biomarkers, a suitable tool to identify indolent cancer and avoid overtreatment. Urine is enriched with DNAs, RNAs, proteins, circulating tumor cells, exosomes, and other small molecules which can be detected with several diagnostic methodologies.We provide an overview of the ongoing state of urinary biomarkers underlying both their potential utilities to improve cancer prognosis, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategy and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Bravaccini
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Claudio Cerchione
- Hematology Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy.
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Gang D, Yu CJ, Zhu S, Zhu P, Nasser MI. Application of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in kidney diseases. Cell Immunol 2021; 364:104358. [PMID: 33839596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Kidney injury (KI) has high morbidity and mortality; there has been no ideal practical treatment available in clinical practice until now. Exosomes are formed from fusing multisubunit body membranes and are secreted into the extracellular matrix, intercellular communication membracusses. As a cell-free treatment, it offers a new approach to the treatment of KI. Exosomes are spherical vesicles with or no separator cup that shapes proteins, and RNA acts on the target cells through various means to promote tissue damage and mitigate apoptosis, both inflammation and oxidative stress. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have a paracrine function in promoting tissue repair and immune regulation. The MSC-Exos provide specific benefits over the MSCs. The urinary exosomes closely follow the functions and diseases of the kidneys. Though much of the research in this field is only at the preliminary stages, previous research has demonstrated that MSC-Exos damaged tissues to offer proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs as remedies for kidney injury. Although exosomes' role in tissue repair is currently is greatly debated, several key issues remain unaddressed. This is a summarization of the work done concerning MSC in the treatment of KI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Gang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chang Jiang Yu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Shuoji Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China.
| | - M I Nasser
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China.
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Kurian TK, Banik S, Gopal D, Chakrabarti S, Mazumder N. Elucidating Methods for Isolation and Quantification of Exosomes: A Review. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:249-266. [PMID: 33492613 PMCID: PMC7940341 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are the smallest extracellular vesicles present in most of the biological fluids. They are found to play an important role in cell signaling, immune response, tumor metastasis, etc. Studies have shown that these vesicles also have diagnostic and therapeutic roles for which their accurate detection and quantification is essential. Due to the complexity in size and structure of exosomes, even the gold standard methods face challenges. This comprehensive review discusses the various standard methods such as ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, size-exclusion chromatography, precipitation, immunoaffinity, and microfluidic technologies for the isolation of exosomes. The principle of isolation of each method is described, as well as their specific advantages and disadvantages. Quantification of exosomes by nanoparticle tracking analysis, flow cytometry, tunable resistive pulse sensing, electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and microfluidic devices are also described, along with the applications of exosomes in various biomedical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talitha Keren Kurian
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Soumyabrata Banik
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Dharshini Gopal
- Department of Bioinformatics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Shweta Chakrabarti
- Department of Bioinformatics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
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Panfoli I, Granata S, Candiano G, Verlato A, Lombardi G, Bruschi M, Zaza G. Analysis of urinary exosomes applications for rare kidney disorders. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 17:735-749. [PMID: 33395324 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1866993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Exosomes are nanovesicles that play important functions in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. They are powerful cell-to-cell communication tool thanks to the protein, mRNA, miRNA, and lipid cargoes they carry. They are also emerging as valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker sources. Urinary exosomes carry information from all the cells of the urinary tract, downstream of the podocyte. Rare kidney diseases are a subset of an inherited diseases whose genetic diagnosis can be unclear, and presentation can vary due to genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Areas covered: In this review, we focus on a group of rare and often neglected kidney diseases, for which we have sufficient available literature data on urinary exosomes. The analysis of their content can help to comprehend pathological mechanisms and to identify biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic targets. Expert opinion: The foreseeable large-scale application of system biology approach to the profiling of exosomal proteins as a source of renal disease biomarkers will be also useful to stratify patients with rare kidney diseases whose penetrance, phenotypic presentation, and age of onset vary sensibly. This can ameliorate the clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy-DIFAR, University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Granata
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona , Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Candiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Verlato
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona , Verona, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Lombardi
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona , Verona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bruschi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona , Verona, Italy
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Ugarte F, Santapau D, Gallardo V, Garfias C, Yizmeyián A, Villanueva S, Sepúlveda C, Rocco J, Pasten C, Urquidi C, Cavada G, San Martin P, Cano F, Irarrázabal CE. Urinary Extracellular Vesicles as a Source of NGAL for Diabetic Kidney Disease Evaluation in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:654269. [PMID: 35046888 PMCID: PMC8762324 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.654269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tubular damage has a role in Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD). We evaluated the early tubulointerstitial damage biomarkers in type-1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) pediatric participants and studied the correlation with classical DKD parameters. METHODS Thirty-four T1DM and fifteen healthy participants were enrolled. Clinical and biochemical parameters [Glomerular filtration Rate (GFR), microalbuminuria (MAU), albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)] were evaluated. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α), and Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells-5 (NFAT5) levels were studied in the supernatant (S) and the exosome-like extracellular vesicles (E) fraction from urine samples. RESULTS In the T1DM, 12% had MAU >20 mg/L, 6% ACR >30 mg/g, and 88% had eGFR >140 ml/min/1.72 m2. NGAL in the S (NGAL-S) or E (NGAL-E) fraction was not detectable in the control. The NGAL-E was more frequent (p = 0.040) and higher (p = 0.002) than NGAL-S in T1DM. The T1DM participants with positive NGAL had higher age (p = 0.03), T1DM evolution (p = 0.03), and serum creatinine (p = 0.003) than negative NGAL. The NGAL-E correlated positively with tanner stage (p = 0.0036), the median levels of HbA1c before enrollment (p = 0.045) and was independent of ACR, MAU, and HbA1c at the enrollment. NFAT5 and HIF-1α levels were not detectable in T1DM or control. CONCLUSION Urinary exosome-like extracellular vesicles could be a new source of early detection of tubular injury biomarkers of DKD in T1DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Ugarte
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Pediatric Service, Clinica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Departament of Pediatrics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Dr. Exequiel González Cortés, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Santapau
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vivian Gallardo
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Dr. Exequiel González Cortés, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Garfias
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Pediatric Service, Clinica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anahí Yizmeyián
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Dr. Exequiel González Cortés, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soledad Villanueva
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Dr. Exequiel González Cortés, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Sepúlveda
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Dr. Exequiel González Cortés, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jocelyn Rocco
- Programa de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Consuelo Pasten
- Programa de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cinthya Urquidi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Studies, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriel Cavada
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela San Martin
- School of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Cano
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Pediatric Service, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackennna, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos E. Irarrázabal
- Programa de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Carlos E. Irarrázabal,
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Gebeyehu A, Kommineni N, Bagde A, Meckes DG, Sachdeva MS. Role of Exosomes for Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Drugs. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2021; 38:53-97. [PMID: 34375513 PMCID: PMC8691065 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2021036301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are endogenous extracellular vesicles (30-100 nm) composed with membrane lipid bilayer which carry vesicular proteins, enzymes, mRNA, miRNA and nucleic acids. They act as messengers for intra- and inter-cellular communication. In addition to their physiological roles, exosomes have the potential to encapsulate and deliver small chemotherapeutic drugs and biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acid-based drugs to the recipient tissue or organs. Due to their biological properties, exosomes have better organotropism, homing capacity, cellular uptake and cargo release ability than other synthetic nano-drug carriers such as liposomes, micelles and nanogels. The secretion of tumor-derived exosomes is increased in the hypoxic and acidic tumor microenvironment, which can be used as a target for nontoxic and nonimmunogenic drug delivery vehicles for various cancers. Moreover, exosomes have the potential to carry both hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemotherapeutic drugs, bypass RES effect and bypass BBB. Exosomes can be isolated from other types of EVs and cell debris based on their size, density and specific surface proteins through ultracentrifugation, density gradient separation, precipitation, immunoaffinity interaction and gel filtration. Drugs can be loaded into exosomes at the biogenesis stage or with the isolated exosomes by incubation, electroporation, extrusion or sonication methods. Finally, exosomal cargo vehicles can be characterized by ultrastructural microscopic analysis. In this review we intend to summarize the inception, structure and function of the exosomes, role of exosomes in immunological regulation and cancer, methods of isolation and characterization of exosomes and products under clinical trials. This review will provide an inclusive insight of exosomes in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aragaw Gebeyehu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Nagavendra Kommineni
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Arvind Bagde
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - David G. Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Mandip Singh Sachdeva
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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Exosomes: Their Role in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010084. [PMID: 33396739 PMCID: PMC7795854 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current scientific evidence concerning the role played by exosomes in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The potential use of exosomes as delivery vectors for small-molecule therapeutic agents will be discussed. In addition, a special emphasis will be placed on the involvement of exosomes in oncological diseases, as well as to their potential therapeutic application as liquid biopsy tools mainly in cancer diagnosis. A better understanding of exosome biology could improve the results of clinical interventions using exosomes as therapeutic agents. Abstract Exosomes are lipid bilayer particles released from cells into their surrounding environment. These vesicles are mediators of near and long-distance intercellular communication and affect various aspects of cell biology. In addition to their biological function, they play an increasingly important role both in diagnosis and as therapeutic agents. In this paper, we review recent literature related to the molecular composition of exosomes, paying special attention to their role in pathogenesis, along with their application as biomarkers and as therapeutic tools. In this context, we analyze the potential use of exosomes in biomedicine, as well as the limitations that preclude their wider application.
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