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Ma Y, Jiang T, Zhu X, Xu Y, Wan K, Zhang T, Xie M. Efferocytosis in dendritic cells: an overlooked immunoregulatory process. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1415573. [PMID: 38835772 PMCID: PMC11148234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1415573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis, the process of engulfing and removing apoptotic cells, plays an essential role in preserving tissue health and averting undue inflammation. While macrophages are primarily known for this task, dendritic cells (DCs) also play a significant role. This review delves into the unique contributions of various DC subsets to efferocytosis, highlighting the distinctions in how DCs and macrophages recognize and handle apoptotic cells. It further explores how efferocytosis influences DC maturation, thereby affecting immune tolerance. This underscores the pivotal role of DCs in orchestrating immune responses and sustaining immune equilibrium, providing new insights into their function in immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Ma
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tangxing Jiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhou Xu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingxuan Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Miaorong Xie
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Manoharan I, Shanmugam A, Ramalingam M, Patel N, Thangaraju M, Ande S, Pacholczyk R, Prasad PD, Manicassamy S. The Transcription Factor RXRα in CD11c+ APCs Regulates Intestinal Immune Homeostasis and Inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:853-861. [PMID: 37477694 PMCID: PMC10538854 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
APCs such as dendritic cells and macrophages play a pivotal role in mediating immune tolerance and restoring intestinal immune homeostasis by limiting inflammatory responses against commensal bacteria. However, cell-intrinsic molecular regulators critical for programming intestinal APCs to a regulatory state rather than an inflammatory state are unknown. In this study, we report that the transcription factor retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) signaling in CD11c+ APCs is essential for suppressing intestinal inflammation by imparting an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Using a mouse model of ulcerative colitis, we demonstrated that targeted deletion of RXRα in CD11c+ APCs in mice resulted in the loss of T cell homeostasis with enhanced intestinal inflammation and increased histopathological severity of colonic tissue. This was due to the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines that drive Th1/Th17 responses and decreased expression of immune-regulatory factors that promote regulatory T cell differentiation in the colon. Consistent with these findings, pharmacological activation of the RXRα pathway alleviated colitis severity in mice by suppressing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and limiting Th1/Th17 cell differentiation. These findings identify an essential role for RXRα in APCs in regulating intestinal immune homeostasis and inflammation. Thus, manipulating the RXRα pathway could provide novel opportunities for enhancing regulatory responses and dampening colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indumathi Manoharan
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Nikhil Patel
- Department of Pathology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Muthusamy Thangaraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Ande
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Puttur D. Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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3
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Zha C, Peng Z, Huang K, Tang K, Wang Q, Zhu L, Che B, Li W, Xu S, Huang T, Yu Y, Zhang W. Potential role of gut microbiota in prostate cancer: immunity, metabolites, pathways of action? Front Oncol 2023; 13:1196217. [PMID: 37265797 PMCID: PMC10231684 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1196217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota helps to reveal the relationship between diseases, but the role of gut microbiota in prostate cancer (PCa) is still unclear. Recent studies have found that the composition and abundance of specific gut microbiota are significantly different between PCa and non-PCa, and the gut microbiota may have common and unique characteristics between different diseases. Intestinal microorganisms are affected by various factors and interact with the host in a variety of ways. In the complex interaction model, the regulation of intestinal microbial metabolites and the host immune system is particularly important, and they play a key role in maintaining the ecological balance of intestinal microorganisms and metabolites. However, specific changes in the composition of intestinal microflora may promote intestinal mucosal immune imbalance, leading to the formation of tumors. Therefore, this review analyzes the immune regulation of intestinal flora and the production of metabolites, as well as their effects and mechanisms on tumors, and briefly summarizes that specific intestinal flora can play an indirect role in PCa through their metabolites, genes, immunity, and pharmacology, and directly participate in the occurrence, development, and treatment of tumors through bacterial and toxin translocation. We also discussed markers of high risk PCa for intestinal microbiota screening and the possibility of probiotic ingestion and fecal microbiota transplantation, in order to provide better treatment options for clinic patients. Finally, after summarizing a number of studies, we found that changes in immunity, metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zha
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zheng Peng
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kunyuan Huang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kaifa Tang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Urology & Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bangwei Che
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shenghan Xu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Mattiola I, Diefenbach A. Regulation of innate immune system function by the microbiome: Consequences for tumor immunity and cancer immunotherapy. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101724. [PMID: 36758379 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Innate effector cells are immune cells endowed with host protective features and cytotoxic functions. By sensing the tissue environment, innate cells have an important role in regulating the transition from homeostasis to inflammation and the establishment of pathological states, including the onset and development of cancer. The tumor microenvironment induces molecular and functional modifications in innate cells, dampening their capability to initiate and sustain anti-tumor immune responses. Emerging studies clearly showed a contribution of the microbiota in modulating the functions of innate cells in cancer. Commensal microorganisms can not only directly interact with innate cells in the tumor microenvironment but can also exert immunomodulatory features from non-tumor sites through the release of microbial products. The microbiota can mediate the priming of innate cells at mucosal tissues and determine the strength of immune responses mediated by such cells when they migrate to non-mucosal tissues, having an impact on cancer. Finally, several evidences reported a strong contribution of the microbiota in promoting innate immune responses during anti-cancer therapies leading to enhanced therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we considered the current knowledge on the role of the microbiota in shaping host innate immune responses in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Mattiola
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (I-MIDI), Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (I-MIDI), Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Complexification of In Vitro Models of Intestinal Barriers, A True Challenge for a More Accurate Alternative Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043595. [PMID: 36835003 PMCID: PMC9958734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of cell models is common to mimic cellular and molecular events in interaction with their environment. In the case of the gut, the existing models are of particular interest to evaluate food, toxicants, or drug effects on the mucosa. To have the most accurate model, cell diversity and the complexity of the interactions must be considered. Existing models range from single-cell cultures of absorptive cells to more complex combinations of two or more cell types. This work describes the existing solutions and the challenges that remain to be solved.
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Broccoli-Derived Glucoraphanin Activates AMPK/PGC1α/NRF2 Pathway and Ameliorates Dextran-Sulphate-Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122404. [PMID: 36552612 PMCID: PMC9774969 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As the prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) rises, the etiology of IBD draws increasing attention. Glucoraphanin (GRP), enriched in cruciferous vegetables, is a precursor of sulforaphane, known to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. We hypothesized that dietary GRP supplementation can prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in an acute colitis mouse model induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Eight-week-old mice were fed a regular rodent diet either supplemented with or without GRP. After 4 weeks of dietary treatments, half of the mice within each dietary group were subjected to 2.5% DSS treatment to induce colitis. Dietary GRP decreased DSS-induced body weight loss, disease activity index, and colon shortening. Glucoraphanin supplementation protected the colonic histological structure, suppressed inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and reduced macrophage infiltration in colonic tissues. Consistently, dietary GRP activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathways in the colonic tissues of DSS-treated mice, which was associated with increased mitochondrial DNA and decreased content of the oxidative product 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHDG), a nucleotide oxidative product of DNA. In conclusion, dietary GRP attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress induced by DSS, suggesting that dietary GRP provides a dietary strategy to alleviate IBD symptoms.
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7
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Maheshwari A. The Phylogeny, Ontogeny, and Organ-specific Differentiation of Macrophages in the Developing Intestine. NEWBORN (CLARKSVILLE, MD.) 2022; 1:340-355. [PMID: 36698382 PMCID: PMC9872774 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-11002-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are large highly motile phagocytic leukocytes that appear early during embryonic development and have been conserved during evolution. The developmental roles of macrophages were first described nearly a century ago, at about the time these cells were being identified as central effectors in phagocytosis and elimination of microbes. Since then, we have made considerable progress in understanding the development of various subsets of macrophages and the diverse roles these cells play in both physiology and disease. This article reviews the phylogeny and the ontogeny of macrophages with a particular focus on the gastrointestinal tract, and the role of these mucosal macrophages in immune surveillance, innate immunity, homeostasis, tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and repair of damaged tissues. We also discuss the importance of these macrophages in the inflammatory changes in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). This article presents a combination of our own peer-reviewed clinical and preclinical studies, with an extensive review of the literature using the databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Maheshwari
- Global Newborn Society, Clarksville, Maryland, United States of America
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Xiong Y, Xu G, Chen M, Ma H. Intestinal Uptake and Tolerance to Food Antigens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:906122. [PMID: 35757706 PMCID: PMC9226482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.906122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is a growing concern due to its increasing world-wide incidence. Strict avoidance of allergens is a passive treatment strategy. Since the mechanisms responsible for the occurrence and development of food allergy have not yet been fully elucidated, effective individualized treatment options are lacking. In this review, we summarize the pathways through which food antigens enter the intestine and review the proposed mechanisms describing how the intestine acquires and tolerates food antigens. When oral tolerance is not established, food allergy occurs. In addition, we also discuss the contribution of commensal bacteria of the gut in shaping tolerance to food antigens in the intestinal tract. Finally, we propose that elucidating the mechanisms of intestinal uptake and tolerance of food antigens will provide additional clues for potential treatment options for food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Xiong
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Guifeng Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Mingwu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hongdi Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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9
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Miko E, Csaszar A, Bodis J, Kovacs K. The Maternal–Fetal Gut Microbiota Axis: Physiological Changes, Dietary Influence, and Modulation Possibilities. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030424. [PMID: 35330175 PMCID: PMC8955030 DOI: 10.3390/life12030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prenatal period and the first years of life have a significant impact on the health issues and life quality of an individual. The appropriate development of the immune system and the central nervous system are thought to be major critical determining events. In parallel to these, establishing an early intestinal microbiota community is another important factor for future well-being interfering with prenatal and postnatal developmental processes. This review aims at summarizing the main characteristics of maternal gut microbiota and its possible transmission to the offspring, thereby affecting fetal and/or neonatal development and health. Since maternal dietary factors are potential modulators of the maternal–fetal microbiota axis, we will outline current knowledge on the impact of certain diets, nutritional factors, and nutritional modulators during pregnancy on offspring’s microbiota and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Miko
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti Street, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.C.); (J.B.); (K.K.)
- Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, 20 Ifjusag Street, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-(72)-536001 (ext. 31907)
| | - Andras Csaszar
- National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.C.); (J.B.); (K.K.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 17 Edesanyak Street, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Bodis
- National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.C.); (J.B.); (K.K.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 17 Edesanyak Street, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kalman Kovacs
- National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.C.); (J.B.); (K.K.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 17 Edesanyak Street, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Lopes TCM, Almeida GG, Souza IA, Borges DC, de Lima WG, Prazeres PHDM, Birbrair A, Arantes RME, Mosser DM, Goncalves R. High-Density-Immune-Complex Regulatory Macrophages Promote Recovery of Experimental Colitis in Mice. Inflammation 2021; 44:1069-1082. [PMID: 33394188 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01403-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages not only play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but they also play a major role in preserving intestinal homeostasis. In this work, we evaluated the role of macrophages in IBD and investigated whether the functional reprogramming of macrophages to a very specific phenotype could decrease disease pathogenesis. Thus, macrophages were stimulated in the presence of high-density immune complexes which strongly upregulate their production of IL-10 and downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines. The transfer of these high-density-immune-complex regulatory macrophages into mice with colitis was examined as a potential therapy proposal to control the disease. Animals subjected to colitis induction received these high-density-immune-complex regulatory macrophages, and then the Disease Activity Index (DAI), and macroscopic and microscopic lesions were measured. The treated group showed a dramatic improvement in all parameters analyzed, with no difference with the control group. The colon was macroscopically normal in appearance and size, and microscopically colon architecture was preserved. The immunofluorescence migration assay showed that these cells migrated to the inflamed intestine, being able to locally produce the cytokine IL-10, which could explain the dramatic improvement in the clinical and pathological condition of the animals. Thus, our results demonstrate that the polarization of macrophages to a high IL-10 producer profile after stimulation with high-density immune complexes was decisive in controlling experimental colitis, and that macrophages are a potential therapeutic target to be explored in the control of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Cristina Moreira Lopes
- Departamento de Patologia Geral-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Izabela Aparecida Souza
- Departamento de Patologia Geral-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Diego Costa Borges
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Wanderson Geraldo de Lima
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Dias Moura Prazeres
- Departamento de Patologia Geral-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Departamento de Patologia Geral-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Esteves Arantes
- Departamento de Patologia Geral-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - David M Mosser
- Laboratory of Macrophage and Host Defense - Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ricardo Goncalves
- Departamento de Patologia Geral-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Stinson LF, Sindi ASM, Cheema AS, Lai CT, Mühlhäusler BS, Wlodek ME, Payne MS, Geddes DT. The human milk microbiome: who, what, when, where, why, and how? Nutr Rev 2021; 79:529-543. [PMID: 32443154 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) contains an incredible array of microorganisms. These likely contribute to the seeding of the infant gastrointestinal microbiome, thereby influencing infant immune and metabolic development and later-life health. Given the importance of the HM microbiota in this context, there has been an increase in research efforts to characterize this in different populations and in relation to different maternal and infant characteristics. However, despite a decade of intensive research, there remain several unanswered questions in this field. In this review, the "5 W+H" approach (who, what, when, where, why, and how) is used to comprehensively describe the composition, function, and origin of the HM microbiome. Here, existing evidence will be drawn together and critically appraised to highlight avenues for further research, both basic and applied. Perhaps the most interesting of these is the potential to modulate the HM microbiome using pre/probiotics or dietary interventions. Another exciting possibility is the personalization of donor milk for women with insufficient supply. By gaining a deeper understanding of the HM microbiome, opportunities to intervene to optimize infant and lifelong health may be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa F Stinson
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Azhar S M Sindi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ali S Cheema
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Beverly S Mühlhäusler
- CSIRO, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew S Payne
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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Shi F, Li Q, Zou Z, Wang Y, Hou X, Zhang Y, Song Q, Zhou S, Li H. The changes of immune-related molecules within the ileal mucosa of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type 2. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e78. [PMID: 33016023 PMCID: PMC7533395 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteritis is one of the most frequently reported symptoms in piglets infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), but the immunopathogenesis has not been reported. Objectives This study examined the effect of a PCV2 infection on the intestinal mucosal immune function through morphological observations and immune-related molecular detection. Methods Morphological changes within the ileum of piglets during a PCV2 infection were observed. The expression of the related-molecules was analyzed using a gene chip. The immunocyte subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. The secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) content was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The PCV2 infection caused ileal villus damage, intestinal epithelial cells exfoliation, and an increase in lymphocytes in the lamina propria at 21 days post-infection. Differentially expressed genes occurred in the defense response, inflammatory response, and the complement and coagulation cascade reactions. Most of them were downregulated significantly at the induction site and upregulated at the effector site. The genes associated with SIgA production were downregulated significantly at the induction site. In contrast, the expression of the Toll-like receptor-related genes was upregulated significantly at the effector site. The frequencies of dendritic cells, B cells, and CD8+T cells were upregulated at the 2 sites. The SIgA content decreased significantly in the ileal mucosa. Conclusions PCV2 infections can cause damage to the ileum that is associated with changes in immune-related gene expression, immune-related cell subsets, and SIgA production. These findings elucidated the molecular changes in the ileum after a PCV2 infection from the perspective of intestinal mucosal immunity, which provides insights into a further study for PCV2-induced enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qiuming Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhanming Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qinye Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shuanghai Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Huanrong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
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13
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Caruso R, Lo BC, Núñez G. Host-microbiota interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:411-426. [PMID: 32005980 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian intestine is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that have co-evolved with the host in a symbiotic relationship. The presence of large numbers of symbionts near the epithelial surface of the intestine poses an enormous challenge to the host because it must avoid the activation of harmful inflammatory responses to the microorganisms while preserving its ability to mount robust immune responses to invading pathogens. In patients with inflammatory bowel disease, there is a breakdown of the multiple strategies that the immune system has evolved to promote the separation between symbiotic microorganisms and the intestinal epithelium and the effective killing of penetrant microorganisms, while suppressing the activation of inappropriate T cell responses to resident microorganisms. Understanding the complex interactions between intestinal microorganisms and the host may provide crucial insight into the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease as well as new avenues to prevent and treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Caruso
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bernard C Lo
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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14
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Yang J, Kim CJ, Go YS, Lee HY, Kim MG, Oh SW, Cho WY, Im SH, Jo SK. Intestinal microbiota control acute kidney injury severity by immune modulation. Kidney Int 2020; 98:932-946. [PMID: 32470493 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota impacts the host immune system and influences the outcomes of chronic diseases. However, it remains uncertain whether acute kidney injury (AKI) impacts intestinal microbiota or vice versa. To determine this, we investigated the mechanistic link between AKI, microbiota, and immune response in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Microbiota alteration and its biological consequences after ischemia/reperfusion injury were examined and the effect of dysbiotic microbiota on the outcome of AKI was also assessed by colonizing germ-free mice with post-AKI microbiota. The role of Th17, Th1, Tregs cells and macrophage polarization in mediating the renoprotective effect of antibiotic induced microbiota depletion in ischemia/reperfusion injury was also determined. Increase of Enterobacteriacea, decrease of Lactobacilli, and Ruminococacceae were found to be the hallmarks of ischemia/reperfusion injury induced dysbiosis and were associated with a decreased levels of short-chain fatty acids, intestinal inflammation and leaky gut. Colonizing germ-free mice with post-AKI microbiota worsened ischemia/reperfusion injury severity with exaggerated inflammation in recipient mice compared to colonizing with microbiota from sham operated mice. Microbiota depletion by oral antibiotics protected against ischemia/reperfusion injury. This renoprotective effect was associated with reduced Th 17, Th 1 response along with expansion of regulatory T cells, and M2 macrophages. Our study demonstrated a unique bidirectional relationship between the kidney and the intestine during AKI. Intestinal dysbiosis, inflammation and leaky gut are consequences of AKI but they also represent an important modifier determining post-AKI severity. Thus, targeting the intestinal microbiota might provide a novel therapeutic strategy in AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Johng Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology & Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sook Go
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Young Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Gyu Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Won Oh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Yong Cho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology & Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Kyung Jo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical College, Seoul, Korea.
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15
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Ali F, Lui K, Wang A, Day AS, Leach ST. The perinatal period, the developing intestinal microbiome and inflammatory bowel diseases: What links early life events with later life disease? J R Soc N Z 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2019.1706586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fathalla Ali
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kei Lui
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Newborn Care, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alex Wang
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Day
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Steven T. Leach
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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16
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González-González M, Díaz-Zepeda C, Eyzaguirre-Velásquez J, González-Arancibia C, Bravo JA, Julio-Pieper M. Investigating Gut Permeability in Animal Models of Disease. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1962. [PMID: 30697168 PMCID: PMC6341294 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of investigations report the association between gut permeability and intestinal or extra-intestinal disorders under the basis that translocation of gut luminal contents could affect tissue function, either directly or indirectly. Still, in many cases it is unknown whether disruption of the gut barrier is a causative agent or a consequence of these conditions. Adequate experimental models are therefore required to further understand the pathophysiology of health disorders associated to gut barrier disruption and to develop and test pharmacological treatments. Here, we review the current animal models that display enhanced intestinal permeability, and discuss (1) their suitability to address mechanistic questions, such as the association between gut barrier alterations and disease and (2) their validity to test potential treatments for pathologies that are characterized by enhanced intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela González-González
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camilo Díaz-Zepeda
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Johana Eyzaguirre-Velásquez
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camila González-Arancibia
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Javier A Bravo
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Marcela Julio-Pieper
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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17
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Yoon K, Kim N. The Effect of Microbiota on Colon Carcinogenesis. J Cancer Prev 2018; 23:117-125. [PMID: 30370256 PMCID: PMC6197845 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2018.23.3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although genetic background is known to contribute to colon carcinogenesis, the exact etiology of the disease remains elusive. The organ’s extensive interaction with microbes necessitated research on the role of microbiota on development of colon cancer. In this review, we summarized the defense mechanism of colon from foreign organism, and germ-free animal models that have been employed to elucidate microbial effect. We also comprehensively discussed the metabolic property of microbiota such as butyrate production, facilitation of heme toxicity, bile acid transformation, and nitrate reduction that has been shown to contribute to the development of the tumor. Finally, up-to-date subjects such as the effect of age and gender on microbiota are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Digestive Disease Research Institute, Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital, Gunpo, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Liu YH, Ding Y, Gao CC, Li LS, Wang YX, Xu JD. Functional macrophages and gastrointestinal disorders. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1181-1195. [PMID: 29568199 PMCID: PMC5859221 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i11.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦ) differentiate from blood monocytes and participate in innate and adaptive immunity. Because of their abilities to recognize pathogens and activate bactericidal activities, MΦ are always discovered at the site of immune defense. MΦ in the intestine are unique, such that in the healthy intestine, they possess complex mechanisms to protect the gut from inflammation. In these complex mechanisms, they produce anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β, and inhibit the inflammatory pathways mediated by Toll-like receptors. It has been demonstrated that resident MΦ play a crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, and they can be recognized by their unique markers. Nonetheless, in the inflamed intestine, the function of MΦ will change because of environmental variation, which may be one of the mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We provide further explanation about these mechanisms in our review. In addition, we review recent discoveries that MΦ may be involved in the development of gastrointestinal tumors. We will highlight the possible therapeutic targets for the management of IBD and gastrointestinal tumors, and we also discuss why more details are needed to fully understand all other effects of intestinal MΦ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hong Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yue Ding
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chen-Chen Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li-Sheng Li
- Function Platform Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yue-Xiu Wang
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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19
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Opazo MC, Ortega-Rocha EM, Coronado-Arrázola I, Bonifaz LC, Boudin H, Neunlist M, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, Riedel CA. Intestinal Microbiota Influences Non-intestinal Related Autoimmune Diseases. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:432. [PMID: 29593681 PMCID: PMC5857604 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is colonized by millions of microorganisms named microbiota that interact with our tissues in a cooperative and non-pathogenic manner. These microorganisms are present in the skin, gut, nasal, oral cavities, and genital tract. In fact, it has been described that the microbiota contributes to balancing the immune system to maintain host homeostasis. The gut is a vital organ where microbiota can influence and determine the function of cells of the immune system and contributes to preserve the wellbeing of the individual. Several articles have emphasized the connection between intestinal autoimmune diseases, such as Crohn's disease with dysbiosis or an imbalance in the microbiota composition in the gut. However, little is known about the role of the microbiota in autoimmune pathologies affecting other tissues than the intestine. This article focuses on what is known about the role that gut microbiota can play in the pathogenesis of non-intestinal autoimmune diseases, such as Grave's diseases, multiple sclerosis, type-1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders. Furthermore, we discuss as to how metabolites derived from bacteria could be used as potential therapies for non-intestinal autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Opazo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elizabeth M Ortega-Rocha
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irenice Coronado-Arrázola
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Laura C Bonifaz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Helene Boudin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1235, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1235, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad, Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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20
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Desired Turbulence? Gut-Lung Axis, Immunity, and Lung Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2017; 2017:5035371. [PMID: 29075294 PMCID: PMC5623803 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5035371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota includes different microorganisms consisting of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa distributed over many human body surfaces including the skin, vagina, gut, and airways, with the highest density found in the intestine. The gut microbiota strongly influences our metabolic, endocrine, and immune systems, as well as both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Recently, a dialogue between the gut and lung microbiota has been discovered, suggesting that changes in one compartment could impact the other compartment, whether in relation to microbial composition or function. Further, this bidirectional axis is evidenced in an, either beneficial or malignant, altered immune response in one compartment following changes in the other compartment. Stimulation of the immune system arises from the microbial cells themselves, but also from their metabolites. It can be either direct or mediated by stimulated immune cells in one site impacting the other site. Additionally, this interaction may lead to immunological boost, assisting the innate immune system in its antitumour response. Thus, this review offers an insight into the composition of these sites, the gut and the lung, their role in shaping the immune system, and, finally, their role in the response to lung cancer.
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21
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Stinson LF, Payne MS, Keelan JA. Planting the seed: Origins, composition, and postnatal health significance of the fetal gastrointestinal microbiota. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:352-369. [PMID: 27931152 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1211088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has long been assumed that establishment of the fetal microbiome commences with the birthing process. However, recent studies have found bacterial DNA in umbilical cord blood, placenta, amniotic fluid, meconium, and fetal membranes in healthy normal pregnancies, leading to suggestions that the seeding of the fetal microbiome may commence in utero long before delivery. The origins of the microbiota of the fetal gastrointestinal (GI) tract have not yet been conclusively determined, although bacterial translocation from the maternal circulation, or ascension from the vagina, are both likely to be contributing pathways. Mother-to-child efflux of bacteria during pregnancy has the potential to markedly influence postnatal health, as the composition of gut microbiota determines production of important metabolites which are absorbed systemically and which modify immune function and development. Hence, the importance of understanding the colonization of the fetal GI microbiome is becoming clear, although few studies have investigated the origins, dynamics, and timing of the fetal microbiome. This is the topic of this review. By gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underpinning fetal microbiome seeding, strategies may be developed to optimize fetal immune development and reduce the risk of adverse health and developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa F Stinson
- a The University of Western Australia, School of Women's and Infants' Health, King Edward Memorial Hospital , Subiaco , Perth , Australia
| | - Matthew S Payne
- a The University of Western Australia, School of Women's and Infants' Health, King Edward Memorial Hospital , Subiaco , Perth , Australia
| | - Jeffrey A Keelan
- a The University of Western Australia, School of Women's and Infants' Health, King Edward Memorial Hospital , Subiaco , Perth , Australia
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22
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Carlier FM, Sibille Y, Pilette C. The epithelial barrier and immunoglobulin A system in allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:1372-1388. [PMID: 27684559 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Airway and intestinal epithelial layers represent first-line physical barriers, playing a key role in mucosal immunity. Barrier dysfunction, characterized by alterations such as disruption of cell-cell apical junctions and aberrant epithelial responses, probably constitutes early and key events for chronic immune responses to environmental antigens in the skin and in the gut. For instance, barrier dysfunction drives Th2 responses in atopic disorders or eosinophilic esophagitis. Such epithelial impairment is also a salient feature of allergic asthma and growing evidence indicates that barrier alterations probably play a driving role in this disease. IgA has been identified as the most abundant immunoglobulin in mucosa, where it acts as an active barrier through immune exclusion of inhaled or ingested antigens or pathogens. Historically, it has been thought to represent the serum factor underlying reaginic activity before IgE was discovered. Despite several studies about regulation and major functions of IgA at mucosal surfaces, its role in allergy remains largely unclear. This review aims at summarizing findings about epithelial functions and IgA biology that are relevant to allergy, and to integrate the emerging concepts and the recent developments in mucosal immunology, and how these could translate to clinical observations in allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Carlier
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle Pneumologie, ORL et dermatologie, Brussels, Belgium. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pneumology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pneumology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium.
| | - Y Sibille
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle Pneumologie, ORL et dermatologie, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pneumology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - C Pilette
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle Pneumologie, ORL et dermatologie, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pneumology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology, Wavre, Belgium
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23
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Julio-Pieper M, Bravo JA. Intestinal Barrier and Behavior. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 131:127-141. [PMID: 27793215 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier function contributes to gut homeostasis by modulating absorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients from the lumen into the circulation while restricting the passage of noxious luminal substances and microorganisms. Chronic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and celiac disease are associated to intestinal barrier dysfunction. Here, the hypothesis is that a leaky intestinal wall allowing for indiscriminate passage of intraluminal compounds to the vascular compartment could in turn lead to systemic inflammation. An increasing number of studies are now investigating the association between gut permeability and CNS disorders, under the premise that translocation of intestinal luminal contents could affect CNS function, either directly or indirectly. Still, it is unknown whether disruption of intestinal barrier is a causative agent or a consequence in these situations. Here, we discuss the latest evidence pointing to an association between increased gut permeability and disrupted behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Julio-Pieper
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - J A Bravo
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de, Valparaíso, Chile.
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24
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Kim HJ, Sung NY, Yong HI, Kim H, Lim Y, Ko KH, Yun CH, Jo C. Mutagenicity and Immune Toxicity of Emulsion-type Sausage Cured with Plasma-treated Water. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2016; 36:494-8. [PMID: 27621690 PMCID: PMC5018509 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.4.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold plasma has been developed to reduce microbial contamination and to improve safety of food and medical products. In addition, the technology can be used in the manufacture of sausages without addition of nitrite. To be applied in food industry commercially, the new technology should be safe and efficient. However, toxicological test of plasma-treated food is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the mutagenicity and immune toxicity of the meat products cured with plasma-treated water (PTW) as a nitrite source. Emulsion sausages were prepared with no nitrite (control), sodium nitrite (SCS), and PTW (SCP). For a mutagenicity test, the Ames test was performed with the sausage samples. For immune toxicity test, 8-wk-old female Balb/c mice were given free access to the sausages in order to evaluate the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α level. As a result, no mutagenicity was detected in the sausages by the Ames test. The serum TNF-α values were less than 10 pg/mL in mice after feeding control and treated samples for 32 d, indicating that no inflammatory response was occurred by feeding the sausages made by PTW. Therefore, the present study opens the possibility of using plasma-treated water as a nitrite source without any toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joo Kim
- Crop Post-harvest Technol. Division, Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Suwon 16613, Korea
| | - Nak-Yun Sung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea
| | - Hae In Yong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hanwool Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Younggap Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kwang Hyun Ko
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Cheorun Jo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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25
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Abstract
Traumatic injury remains one of the most prevalent reasons for patients to be hospitalized. Burn injury accounts for 40,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually, resulting in a large burden on both the health and economic system and costing millions of dollars every year. The complications associated with postburn care can quickly cause life-threatening conditions including sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction and failure. In addition, alcohol intoxication at the time of burn injury has been shown to exacerbate these problems. One of the biggest reasons for the onset of these complications is the global suppression of the host immune system and increased susceptibility to infection. It has been hypothesized that infections after burn and other traumatic injury may stem from pathogenic bacteria from within the host's gastrointestinal tract. The intestine is the major reservoir of bacteria within the host, and many studies have demonstrated perturbations of the intestinal barrier after burn injury. This article reviews the findings of these studies as they pertain to changes in the intestinal immune system after alcohol and burn injury.
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26
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Immunity and Tolerance Induced by Intestinal Mucosal Dendritic Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3104727. [PMID: 27034589 PMCID: PMC4789473 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3104727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells present in the digestive tract are constantly exposed to environmental antigens, commensal flora, and invading pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, these cells have high tolerogenic potential, triggering differentiation of regulatory T cells to protect the host from unwanted proinflammatory immune responses to innocuous antigens or commensals. On the other hand, these cells must discriminate between commensal flora and invading pathogens and mount powerful immune response against pathogens. A potential result of unbalanced tolerogenic versus proinflammatory responses mediated by dendritic cells is associated with chronic inflammatory conditions, such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, food allergies, and celiac disease. Herein, we review the dendritic cell population involved in mediating tolerance and immunity in mucosal surfaces, the progress in unveiling their development in vivo, and factors that can influence their functions.
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27
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Gonzalez OA, Novak MJ, Kirakodu S, Stromberg A, Nagarajan R, Huang CB, Chen KC, Orraca L, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Ebersole JL. Differential Gene Expression Profiles Reflecting Macrophage Polarization in Aging and Periodontitis Gingival Tissues. Immunol Invest 2015; 44:643-64. [PMID: 26397131 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1070269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has determined a phenotypic and functional heterogeneity for macrophage populations. This plasticity of macrophage function has been related to specific properties of subsets (M1 and M2) of these cells in inflammation, adaptive immune responses and resolution of tissue destructive processes. This investigation hypothesized that targeted alterations in the distribution of macrophage phenotypes in aged individuals, and with periodontitis would be skewed towards M1 inflammatory macrophages in gingival tissues. The study used a non-human primate model to evaluate gene expression profiles as footprints of macrophage variation in healthy and periodontitis gingival tissues from animals 3-23 years of age and in periodontitis tissues in adult and aged animals. Significant increases in multiple genes reflecting overall increases in macrophage activities were observed in healthy aged tissues, and were significantly increased in periodontitis tissues from both adults and aged animals. Generally, gene expression patterns for M2 macrophages were similar in healthy young, adolescent and adult tissues. However, modest increases were noted in healthy aged tissues, similar to those seen in periodontitis tissues from both age groups. M1 macrophage gene transcription patterns increased significantly over the age range in healthy tissues, with multiple genes (e.g. CCL13, CCL19, CCR7 and TLR4) significantly increased in aged animals. Additionally, gene expression patterns for M1 macrophages were significantly increased in adult health versus periodontitis and aged healthy versus periodontitis. The findings supported a significant increase in macrophages with aging and in periodontitis. The primary increases in both healthy aged tissues and, particularly periodontitis tissues appeared in the M1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Gonzalez
- a Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - M J Novak
- a Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - S Kirakodu
- a Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - A Stromberg
- b Department of Statistics , College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - R Nagarajan
- c Department of Biostatistics , College of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico , San Juan , PR , USA
| | - C B Huang
- a Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - K C Chen
- d Microarray Core Facility, College of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico , San Juan , PR , USA
| | - L Orraca
- e School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico , San Juan , PR , USA , and
| | - J Martinez-Gonzalez
- f Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico , San Juan , PR , USA
| | - J L Ebersole
- a Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
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28
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Scott CL, Bain CC, Wright PB, Sichien D, Kotarsky K, Persson EK, Luda K, Guilliams M, Lambrecht BN, Agace WW, Milling SWF, Mowat AM. CCR2(+)CD103(-) intestinal dendritic cells develop from DC-committed precursors and induce interleukin-17 production by T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:327-39. [PMID: 25138666 PMCID: PMC4270738 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The identification of intestinal macrophages (mφs) and dendritic cells (DCs) is a matter of intense debate. Although CD103(+) mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) appear to be genuine DCs, the nature and origins of CD103(-) MPs remain controversial. We show here that intestinal CD103(-)CD11b(+) MPs can be separated clearly into DCs and mφs based on phenotype, gene profile, and kinetics. CD64(-)CD103(-)CD11b(+) MPs are classical DCs, being derived from Flt3 ligand-dependent, DC-committed precursors, not Ly6C(hi) monocytes. Surprisingly, a significant proportion of these CD103(-)CD11b(+) DCs express CCR2 and there is a selective decrease in CD103(-)CD11b(+) DCs in mice lacking this chemokine receptor. CCR2(+)CD103(-) DCs are present in both the murine and human intestine, drive interleukin (IL)-17a production by T cells in vitro, and show constitutive expression of IL-12/IL-23p40. These data highlight the heterogeneity of intestinal DCs and reveal a bona fide population of CCR2(+) DCs that is involved in priming mucosal T helper type 17 (Th17) responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Scott
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK,VIB Ghent University, Inflammation Research Centre (IRC), Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - C C Bain
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - P B Wright
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - D Sichien
- VIB Ghent University, Inflammation Research Centre (IRC), Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - K Kotarsky
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - E K Persson
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - K Luda
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Guilliams
- VIB Ghent University, Inflammation Research Centre (IRC), Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - B N Lambrecht
- VIB Ghent University, Inflammation Research Centre (IRC), Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - W W Agace
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S WF Milling
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - A M Mowat
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK,E-mail:
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Nittayananta W, Tao R, Jiang L, Peng Y, Huang Y. Oral innate immunity in HIV infection in HAART era. J Oral Pathol Med 2015; 45:3-8. [PMID: 25639844 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oral innate immunity, an important component in host defense and immune surveillance in the oral cavity, plays a crucial role in the regulation of oral health. As part of the innate immune system, epithelial cells lining oral mucosal surfaces not only provide a physical barrier but also produce different antimicrobial peptides, including human β-defensins (hBDs), secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), and various cytokines. These innate immune mediators help in maintaining oral homeostasis. When they are impaired either by local or systemic causes, various oral infections and malignancies may be developed. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and other co-infections appear to have both direct and indirect effects on systemic and local innate immunity leading to the development of oral opportunistic infections and malignancies. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the standard treatment of HIV infection, contributed to a global reduction of HIV-associated oral lesions. However, prolonged use of HAART may lead to adverse effects on the oral innate immunity resulting in the relapse of oral lesions. This review article focused on the roles of oral innate immunity in HIV infection in HAART era. The following five key questions were addressed: (i) What are the roles of oral innate immunity in health and disease?, (ii) What are the effects of HIV infection on oral innate immunity?, (iii) What are the roles of oral innate immunity against other co-infections?, (iv) What are the effects of HAART on oral innate immunity?, and (v) Is oral innate immunity enhanced by HAART?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renchuan Tao
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Lanlan Jiang
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Peng
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuxiao Huang
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
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30
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Brandl K, Schnabl B. Is intestinal inflammation linking dysbiosis to gut barrier dysfunction during liver disease? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 9:1069-76. [PMID: 26088524 PMCID: PMC4828034 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2015.1057122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the intestinal microbiota composition contribute to the pathogenesis of many disorders including gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Recent studies have broadened our understanding of the "gut-liver" axis. Dietary changes, other environmental and genetic factors can lead to alterations in the microbiota. Dysbiosis can further disrupt the integrity of the intestinal barrier leading to pathological bacterial translocation and the initiation of an inflammatory response in the liver. In this article, the authors dissect the different steps involved in disease pathogenesis to further refine approaches for the medical management of liver diseases. The authors will specifically discuss the role of dysbiosis in inducing intestinal inflammation and increasing intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, California 92093-0675, 858-822-6853,
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA,Department of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0063, University of California San Diego, 858-534-9484,
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31
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Scher JU, Abramson SB. The microbiome in rheumatic diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-09138-1.00019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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32
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Processed Aloe vera gel ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced immunotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:19342-54. [PMID: 25347273 PMCID: PMC4264114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151119342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of processed Aloe vera gel (PAG) on cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced immunotoxicity were examined in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of CP significantly reduced the total number of lymphocytes and erythrocytes in the blood. Oral administration of PAG quickly restored CP-induced lymphopenia and erythropenia in a dose-dependent manner. The reversal of CP-induced hematotoxicity by PAG was mediated by the functional preservation of Peyer’s patch cells. Peyer’s patch cells isolated from CP-treated mice, which were administered PAG, produced higher levels of T helper 1 cytokines and colony-stimulating factors (CSF) in response to concanavalin A stimulation as compared with those isolated from CP-treated control mice. PAG-derived polysaccharides directly activated Peyer’s patch cells isolated from normal mice to produce cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, interferon-γ, granulocyte-CSF, and granulocyte-macrophage-CSF. The cytokines produced by polysaccharide-stimulated Peyer’s patch cells had potent proliferation-inducing activity on mouse bone marrow cells. In addition, oral administration of PAG restored IgA secretion in the intestine after CP treatment. These results indicated that PAG could be an effective immunomodulator and that it could prevent CP-induced immunotoxic side effects.
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33
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Belkaid Y, Hand TW. Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell 2014; 157:121-41. [PMID: 24679531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2957] [Impact Index Per Article: 295.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota plays a fundamental role on the induction, training, and function of the host immune system. In return, the immune system has largely evolved as a means to maintain the symbiotic relationship of the host with these highly diverse and evolving microbes. When operating optimally, this immune system-microbiota alliance allows the induction of protective responses to pathogens and the maintenance of regulatory pathways involved in the maintenance of tolerance to innocuous antigens. However, in high-income countries, overuse of antibiotics, changes in diet, and elimination of constitutive partners, such as nematodes, may have selected for a microbiota that lack the resilience and diversity required to establish balanced immune responses. This phenomenon is proposed to account for some of the dramatic rise in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders in parts of the world where our symbiotic relationship with the microbiota has been the most affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Belkaid
- Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Timothy W Hand
- Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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34
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Vagal nerve stimulation modulates the dendritic cell profile in posthemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014; 76:610-7; discussion 617-8. [PMID: 24553526 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have established that posthemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph (PHSML) contains proinflammatory mediators, while the cellular basis of PHSML is less well characterized in acute models of injury. CD103 dendritic cells (DCs) have been identified in the mesenteric lymph (ML) in models of chronic intestinal inflammation, suggesting an important role in the gut response to injury. We have previously demonstrated the ability of vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) to prevent gut barrier failure after trauma/hemorrhagic shock (T/HS); however, the ability of VNS to alter ML DCs is unknown. We hypothesized that the CD103 MHC-II DC population would change in PHSML and that VNS would prevent injury-induced changes in this population in PHSML. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to trauma/sham shock or T/HS. T/HS was induced by midline laparotomy and 60 minutes of HS (blood pressure, 35 mm Hg), followed by fluid resuscitation. A separate cohort of animals underwent cervical VNS after the HS phase. Gut tissue was harvested at 2 hours after injury for histologic analysis. ML was collected during the pre-HS, HS, and post-HS phase. For flow cytometric analysis, ML cells were subjected to staining with CD103 and MHC-II antibodies, and this cell population was compared in the pre-HS and post-HS phase from the same animal. The CD4Foxp3 cell (T reg) population in the ML node (MLN) was also tested to determine effects of CD103 DC modulation in the ML. RESULTS VNS reduced histologic gut injury and ML flow seen after injury. The CD103 MHC-II DC population in the PHSML was significantly decreased compared with pre-HS and was associated with decreased T reg expression in the MLN. VNS prevented the injury-induced decrease in the CD103 MHC-II+ DC population in the ML and restored the T reg population in the MLN. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that VNS mediates the inflammatory responses in ML DCs and MLN T reg cells by affecting the set point of T/HS responsiveness.
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35
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Preza GC, Tanner K, Elliott J, Yang OO, Anton PA, Ochoa MT. Antigen-presenting cell candidates for HIV-1 transmission in human distal colonic mucosa defined by CD207 dendritic cells and CD209 macrophages. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:241-9. [PMID: 24134315 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A common route for HIV-1 infection is sexual transmission across colorectal mucosa, which is thought to be 10-2,000 times more vulnerable to infection than that of the female genital tract. Mucosal surfaces are the first line of defense against many pathogens but the antigen-presenting cells (APCs), key regulators of innate immunity and determinants of adaptive immunity, are not well defined in these target tissues. Using immunohistochemistry, dendritic cells expressing Langerin (CD207(+)), a lectin known to bind and internalize HIV-1, were detected in the periphery of colonic glands and sparsely scattered in the submucosa similarly in colorectal mucosa. This cell type, well known in skin, has generally not been reported in colonic/rectal mucosa. Unexpectedly, the largest APC population observed was a macrophage-like population expressing the well-characterized tissue macrophage markers CD68 and CD163. Confocal microscopy of these cells revealed colocalization of CD209 (DC-SIGN), a presumed dendritic cell marker believed to facilitate HIV-1 transmission, but not other dendritic cell markers. These results show evidence of the unconfirmed presence of Langerhans cells in colorectal mucosa and a predominance of macrophage-like APCs that express CD209 (DC-SIGN). These findings define potential target cells in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 transmission, which may have key implications for the study of early transmission events in normal colorectal mucosa, as well as other infectious diseases and primary immune diseases involving the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria C Preza
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
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36
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Joe Y, Uddin MJ, Zheng M, Kim HJ, Chen Y, Yoon NA, Cho GJ, Park JW, Chung HT. Tristetraprolin mediates anti-inflammatory effect of carbon monoxide against DSS-induced colitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88776. [PMID: 24586391 PMCID: PMC3929600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) exerts anti-inflammatory effects. Tristetraprolin (TTP) is known to destabilize pro-inflammatory transcripts. Here we found that exogenous CO enhanced the decay of TNF-α mRNA and suppressed TNF-α expression in LPS-activated macrophages from wild-type (WT) mice. However, TTP deficiency abrogated the effects of exogenous CO. While CO treatment prior to DSS administration in WT mice significantly reduced inflammatory cytokine levels and colitis, it failed to reduce the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and colitis in TTP knockout (KO) mice. Our results demonstrate that TTP is a key factor mediating the anti-inflammatory action of CO in DSS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsoo Joe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Md. Jamal Uddin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Hyo Jeong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Yingqing Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Nal Ae Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Gyeong Jae Cho
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
- * E-mail: (HTC); (JWP)
| | - Hun Taeg Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
- * E-mail: (HTC); (JWP)
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37
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Jutel M, Bartkowiak-Emeryk M, Bręborowicz A, Cichocka-Jarosz E, Emeryk A, Gawlik R, Gonerko P, Rogala B, Nowak-Węgrzyn A, Samoliński. Podjęzykowa immunoterapia alergenowa – stanowisko Sekcji Immunoterapii Polskiego Towarzystwa Alergologicznego. ALERGOLOGIA POLSKA-POLISH JOURNAL OF ALLERGOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.alergo.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
The oral cavity contains distinct mucosal surfaces, each with its own unique distribution of dendritic cell (DC) subsets. In addition to tissue-specific properties, such organization might confer differential immune outcomes guided by tissue-resident DCs, which translate in the lymph node into an overall immune response. This process is further complicated by continual exposure and colonization of the oral cavity with enormous numbers of diverse microbes, some of which might induce destructive immunity. As a central cell type constantly monitoring changes in oral microbiota and orchestrating T-cell function, oral DCs are of major importance in deciding whether to induce immunity or tolerance. In this review, an overview of the phenotype and distribution of DCs in the oral mucosa is provided. In addition, the role of the various oral DC subsets in inducing immunity vs. tolerance, as well as their involvement in several oral pathologies is discussed.
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Giordani L, Del Pinto T, Vincentini O, Felli C, Silano M, Viora M. Two wheat decapeptides prevent gliadin-dependent maturation of human dendritic cells. Exp Cell Res 2013; 321:248-54. [PMID: 24262078 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a small intestinal enteropathy, triggered in susceptible individuals by the ingestion of dietary gluten. Dendritic cells (DC) are instrumental in the generation and regulation of immune responses and oversee intestinal immune homeostasis promoting and maintaining oral tolerance to food antigens. The aim of this study was to monitor the effect of peptic-tryptic digest of gliadin (PT-gliadin) on the maturation of human monocyte-derived DC and the impact of pDAV and pRPQ decapeptides in the modulation of PT-gliadin-induced phenotypic and functional DC maturation. Immature DC (iDC) were challenged in vitro with PT-gliadin. In some experiments iDC were pre-treated with pDAV or pRPQ and after 2h PT-gliadin was added to the cultures. We found that PT-gliadin up-regulates the expression of the maturation markers HLA-DR, CD83, CD80 and CD86. The functional consequence of PT-gliadin treatment of iDC is a significant increase in IL-12, TNF-alpha production as well as in their T cell stimulatory capacity. On the contrary, the digest of zein had no effect on DC maturation. Interestingly, we found that pre-treatment of iDC with pDAV or pRPQ decapeptides significantly prevents the functional maturation of DC induced by PT-gliadin. On the other hand, pDAV and pRPQ did not revert the PT-gliadin-induced phenotypic maturation of DC. Here we report, for the first time, that naturally occurring peptides are able to prevent the gliadin-dependent DC maturation. This finding could have implication for CD, raising the perspective of a potential therapeutic strategy alternative to a gluten free diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Giordani
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Tamara Del Pinto
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Olimpia Vincentini
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Felli
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Silano
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Viora
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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de Geus ED, Vervelde L. Regulation of macrophage and dendritic cell function by pathogens and through immunomodulation in the avian mucosa. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:341-351. [PMID: 23542704 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages (MPh) and dendritic cells (DC) are members of the mononuclear phagocyte system. In chickens, markers to distinguish MPh from DC are lacking, but whether MPh and DC can be distinguished in humans and mice is under debate, despite the availability of numerous markers. Mucosal MPh and DC are strategically located to ingest foreign antigens, suggesting they can rapidly respond to invading pathogens. This review addresses our current understanding of DC and MPh function, the receptors expressed by MPh and DC involved in pathogen recognition, and the responses of DC and MPh against respiratory and intestinal pathogens in the chicken. Furthermore, potential opportunities are described to modulate MPh and DC responses to enhance disease resistance, highlighting modulation through nutraceuticals and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline D de Geus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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Nierkens S, Tel J, Janssen E, Adema GJ. Antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cell subsets: one general or all sergeants? Trends Immunol 2013; 34:361-70. [PMID: 23540650 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antigen cross-presentation describes the process through which dendritic cells (DCs) acquire exogenous antigens for presentation on MHC class I molecules. The ability to cross-present has been thought of as a feature of specialized DC subsets. Emerging data, however, suggest that the cross-presenting ability of each DC subset is tuned by and dependent on several factors, such as DC location and activation status, and the type of antigen and inflammatory signals. Thus, we argue that capacity of cross-presentation is not an exclusive trait of one or several distinct DC subtypes, but rather a common feature of the DC family in both mice and humans. Understanding DC subset activation and antigen-presentation pathways might yield improved tools and targets to exploit the unique cross-presenting capacity of DCs in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nierkens
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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42
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The quest for probiotic effector molecules—Unraveling strain specificity at the molecular level. Pharmacol Res 2013; 69:61-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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43
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Farache J, Zigmond E, Shakhar G, Jung S. Contributions of dendritic cells and macrophages to intestinal homeostasis and immune defense. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:232-9. [PMID: 23399695 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal mononuclear phagocytes have collectively emerged as key players in the maintenance of gut homeostasis, the development of gut inflammation and its resolution. Moreover, recent intense research efforts of many laboratories have revealed evidence for critical labor division between lamina propria-resident CD103(+) dendritic cells and CX3CR1(+) macrophages. In depth understanding of the respective activities of these cells in the mucosal landscape might pave the way for novel treatments of inflammatory bowel disorders (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Farache
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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44
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De Calisto J, Villablanca EJ, Mora JR. FcγRI (CD64): an identity card for intestinal macrophages. Eur J Immunol 2013; 42:3136-40. [PMID: 23255010 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are becoming increasingly recognized as key cellular players in intestinal immune homeostasis. However, differentiating between macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) is often difficult, and finding a specific phenotypic signature for intestinal macrophage identification has remained elusive. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Tamoutounour et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2012. 42: 3150-3166] identify CD64 as a specific macrophage marker that can be used to discriminate DCs from macrophages in the murine small and large intestine, under both steady-state and inflammatory conditions. The authors also propose a sequential 'monocyte-waterfall' model for intestinal macrophage differentiation, with implications for immune tolerance and inflammation at the gut mucosal interface. This Commentary will discuss the advantages and potential limitations of CD64 as a marker for intestinal macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime De Calisto
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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45
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Pyo MY, Park BK, Choi JJ, Yang M, Yang HO, Cha JW, Kim JC, Kim IS, Lee HB, Jin M. Pheophytin a and Chlorophyll a Identified from Environmentally Friendly Cultivation of Green Pepper Enhance Interleukin-2 and Interferon-γ in Peyer’s Patches ex Vivo. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 36:1747-53. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Yun Pyo
- Department of Hygiene, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University
| | - Bo-kyung Park
- Laboratory of Pathology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University
| | - Jeong June Choi
- Natural Products Research Institute, Gyeonggi Institute of Science & Technology Promotion
| | - Mihi Yang
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University
| | - Hyun Ok Yang
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institutes of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute
| | - Jin Wook Cha
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institutes of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Bio-Control Research Team, Chemical Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
| | - In Seon Kim
- Environmentally Friendly Agricultural Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University
| | - Hyang Burm Lee
- Environmentally Friendly Agricultural Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University
| | - Mirim Jin
- Laboratory of Pathology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University
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46
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Satpathy AT, Wu X, Albring JC, Murphy KM. Re(de)fining the dendritic cell lineage. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:1145-54. [PMID: 23160217 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential mediators of innate and adaptive immune responses. Study of these critical cells has been complicated by their similarity to other hematopoietic lineages, particularly monocytes and macrophages. Progress has been made in three critical areas of DC biology: the characterization of lineage-restricted progenitors in the bone marrow, the identification of cytokines and transcription factors required during differentiation, and the development of genetic tools for the visualization and depletion of DCs in vivo. Collectively, these advances have clarified the nature of the DC lineage and have provided novel insights into their function during health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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47
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Abstract
Basophils are a rare population of granulocytes that have long been associated with IgE-mediated and Th2-associated allergic diseases. However, the role of basophils in Th17 and/or Th1 diseases has not been reported. In the present study, we report that basophils can be detected in the mucosa of Th17-associated lung and inflammatory bowel disease and accumulate in inflamed colons containing large quantities of IL-33. We also demonstrate that circulating basophils increased memory Th17 responses. Accordingly, IL-3- or IL-33-activated basophils amplified IL-17 release in effector memory T cells (T(EM)), central memory T cells (T(CM)), and CCR6(+) CD4 T cells. More specifically, basophils promoted the emergence of IL-17(+)IFN-γ(-) and IL-17(+)IFN-γ(+), but not IL-17(-)IFN-γ(+) CD4 T cells in T(EM) and T(CM). Mechanistic analysis revealed that the enhancing effect of IL-17 production by basophils in T(EM) involved the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, occurred in a contact-independent manner, and was partially mediated by histamine via H(2) and H(4) histamine receptors. The results of the present study reveal a previously unknown function for basophils in augmenting Th17 and Th17/Th1 cytokine expression in memory CD4 T cells. Because basophils accumulated in inflamed inflammatory bowel disease tissues, we propose that these cells are key players in chronic inflammatory disorders beyond Th2.
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48
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Muniz LR, Knosp C, Yeretssian G. Intestinal antimicrobial peptides during homeostasis, infection, and disease. Front Immunol 2012; 3:310. [PMID: 23087688 PMCID: PMC3466489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including defensins and cathelicidins, constitute an arsenal of innate regulators of paramount importance in the gut. The intestinal epithelium is exposed to myriad of enteric pathogens and these endogenous peptides are essential to fend off microbes and protect against infections. It is becoming increasingly evident that AMPs shape the composition of the commensal microbiota and help maintain intestinal homeostasis. They contribute to innate immunity, hence playing important functions in health and disease. AMP expression is tightly controlled by the engagement of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their impairment is linked to abnormal host responses to infection and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In this review, we provide an overview of the mucosal immune barriers and the intricate crosstalk between the host and the microbiota during homeostasis. We focus on the AMPs and pay particular attention to how PRRs promote their secretion in the intestine. Furthermore, we discuss their production and main functions in three different scenarios, at steady state, throughout infection with enteric pathogens and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana R Muniz
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
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49
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Cross-presentation of IgG-containing immune complexes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:1319-34. [PMID: 22847331 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
IgG is a molecule that functionally combines facets of both innate and adaptive immunity and therefore bridges both arms of the immune system. On the one hand, IgG is created by adaptive immune cells, but can be generated by B cells independently of T cell help. On the other hand, once secreted, IgG can rapidly deliver antigens into intracellular processing pathways, which enable efficient priming of T cell responses towards epitopes from the cognate antigen initially bound by the IgG. While this process has long been known to participate in CD4(+) T cell activation, IgG-mediated delivery of exogenous antigens into a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I processing pathway has received less attention. The coordinated engagement of IgG with IgG receptors expressed on the cell-surface (FcγR) and within the endolysosomal system (FcRn) is a highly potent means to deliver antigen into processing pathways that promote cross-presentation of MHC class I and presentation of MHC class II-restricted epitopes within the same dendritic cell. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which IgG-containing immune complexes mediate such cross-presentation and the implications that this understanding has for manipulation of immune-mediated diseases that depend upon or are due to the activities of CD8(+) T cells.
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50
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Lycke N. Recent progress in mucosal vaccine development: potential and limitations. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:592-605. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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