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Szeto AC, Clark PA, Ferreira AC, Heycock M, Griffiths EL, Jou E, Mannion J, Luan SL, Storrar S, Knolle MD, Kozik P, Jolin HE, Fallon PG, McKenzie AN. Mef2d potentiates type-2 immune responses and allergic lung inflammation. Science 2024; 384:eadl0370. [PMID: 38935708 PMCID: PMC7616247 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and adaptive T lymphocytes promote tissue homeostasis and protective immune responses. Their production depends on the transcription factor GATA3, which is further elevated specifically in ILC2s and T helper 2 cells to drive type-2 immunity during tissue repair, allergic disorders, and anti-helminth immunity. The control of this crucial up-regulation is poorly understood. Using CRISPR screens in ILCs we identified previously unappreciated myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2d (Mef2d)-mediated regulation of GATA3-dependent type-2 lymphocyte differentiation. Mef2d-deletion from ILC2s and/or T cells specifically protected against an allergen lung challenge. Mef2d repressed Regnase-1 endonuclease expression to enhance IL-33 receptor production and IL-33 signaling and acted downstream of calcium-mediated signaling to translocate NFAT1 to the nucleus to promote type-2 cytokine-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydan C.H. Szeto
- MRC Laboratory
of Molecular Biology,
Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Paula A. Clark
- MRC Laboratory
of Molecular Biology,
Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Ana C.F. Ferreira
- MRC Laboratory
of Molecular Biology,
Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan Heycock
- MRC Laboratory
of Molecular Biology,
Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Griffiths
- MRC Laboratory
of Molecular Biology,
Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Jou
- MRC Laboratory
of Molecular Biology,
Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Mannion
- MRC Laboratory
of Molecular Biology,
Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
- Cambridge
University Hospitals,
Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Shi-Lu Luan
- MRC Laboratory
of Molecular Biology,
Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Storrar
- MRC Laboratory
of Molecular Biology,
Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Martin D. Knolle
- MRC Laboratory
of Molecular Biology,
Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
- Cambridge
University Hospitals,
Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrycja Kozik
- MRC Laboratory
of Molecular Biology,
Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E. Jolin
- MRC Laboratory
of Molecular Biology,
Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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2
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Karnaukhov VK, Le Gac AL, Bilonda Mutala L, Darbois A, Perrin L, Legoux F, Walczak AM, Mora T, Lantz O. Innate-like T cell subset commitment in the murine thymus is independent of TCR characteristics and occurs during proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2311348121. [PMID: 38530897 PMCID: PMC10998581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311348121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
How T-cell receptor (TCR) characteristics determine subset commitment during T-cell development is still unclear. Here, we addressed this question for innate-like T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. MAIT and iNKT cells have similar developmental paths, leading in mice to two effector subsets, cytotoxic (MAIT1/iNKT1) and IL17-secreting (MAIT17/iNKT17). For iNKT1 vs iNKT17 fate choice, an instructive role for TCR affinity was proposed but recent data argue against this model. Herein, we examined TCR role in MAIT and iNKT subset commitment through scRNAseq and TCR repertoire analysis. In our dataset of thymic MAIT cells, we found pairs of T-cell clones with identical amino acid TCR sequences originating from distinct precursors, one of which committed to MAIT1 and the other to MAIT17 fates. Quantitative in silico simulations indicated that the number of such cases is best explained by lineage choice being independent of TCR characteristics. Comparison of TCR features of MAIT1 and MAIT17 clonotypes demonstrated that the subsets cannot be distinguished based on TCR sequence. To pinpoint the developmental stage associated with MAIT sublineage choice, we demonstrated that proliferation takes place both before and after MAIT fate commitment. Altogether, we propose a model of MAIT cell development in which noncommitted, intermediate-stage MAIT cells undergo a first round of proliferation, followed by TCR characteristics-independent commitment to MAIT1 or MAIT17 lineage, followed by an additional round of proliferation. Reanalyzing a published iNKT TCR dataset, we showed that this model is also relevant for iNKT cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim K. Karnaukhov
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris75005, France
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université and Université Paris Cité, Paris75005, France
| | - Anne-Laure Le Gac
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris75005, France
| | - Linda Bilonda Mutala
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris75005, France
| | - Aurélie Darbois
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris75005, France
| | - Laetitia Perrin
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris75005, France
| | - Francois Legoux
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris75005, France
- INSERM Equipe de Recherche Labellisée 1305, CNRSUMR6290, Université de Rennes, Institut de Génétique & Développement de Rennes35000, France
| | - Aleksandra M. Walczak
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université and Université Paris Cité, Paris75005, France
| | - Thierry Mora
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université and Université Paris Cité, Paris75005, France
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris75005, France
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Clinique, Département de médecine diagnostique et théranostique, Institut Curie, Paris75005, France
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique en Biothérapie Gustave-Roussy Institut Curie (CIC-BT1428), Paris75005, France
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3
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Bao K, Isik Can U, Miller MM, Brown IK, Dell'Aringa M, Dooms H, Seibold MA, Scott-Browne J, Lee Reinhardt R. A bifurcated role for c-Maf in Th2 and Tfh2 cells during helminth infection. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:357-372. [PMID: 37088263 PMCID: PMC10290510 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Differences in transcriptomes, transcription factor usage, and function have identified T follicular helper 2 (Tfh2) cells and T helper 2 (Th2) cells as distinct clusters of differentiation 4+",(CD4) T-cell subsets in settings of type-2 inflammation. Although the transcriptional programs driving Th2 cell differentiation and cytokine production are well defined, dependence on these classical Th2 programs by Tfh2 cells is less clear. Using cytokine reporter mice in combination with transcription factor inference analysis, the b-Zip transcription factor c-Maf and its targets were identified as an important regulon in both Th2 and Tfh2 cells. Conditional deletion of c-Maf in T cells confirmed its importance in type-2 cytokine expression by Th2 and Tfh2 cells. However, while c-Maf was not required for Th2-driven helminth clearance or lung eosinophilia, it was required for Tfh2-driven Immunoglobulin E production and germinal center formation. This differential regulation of cell-mediated and humoral immunity by c-Maf was a result of redundant pathways in Th2 cells that were absent in Tfh2 cells, and c-Maf-specific mechanisms in Tfh2 cells that were absent in Th2 cells. Thus, despite shared expression by Tfh2 and Th2 cells, c-Maf serves as a unique regulator of Tfh2-driven humoral hallmarks during type-2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Uryan Isik Can
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
| | - Mindy M Miller
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
| | - Ivy K Brown
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
| | - Mark Dell'Aringa
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA; Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
| | - Hans Dooms
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Max A Seibold
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - James Scott-Browne
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Richard Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA; Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.
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4
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Chetty A, Darby MG, Pillaye J, Taliep A, Cunningham AF, O’Shea MK, Katawa G, Layland LE, Ritter M, Horsnell WGC. Induction of Siglec-F hiCD101 hi eosinophils in the lungs following murine hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1170807. [PMID: 37251384 PMCID: PMC10213982 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminth-induced eosinophils accumulate around the parasite at the site of infection, or in parasite-damaged tissues well after the helminth has left the site. The role of helminth-elicited eosinophils in mediating parasite control is complex. While they may contribute to direct parasite-killing and tissue repair, their involvement in long-term immunopathogenesis is a concern. In allergic Siglec-FhiCD101hi, eosinophils are associated with pathology. Research has not shown if equivalent subpopulations of eosinophils are a feature of helminth infection. In this study, we demonstrate that lung migration of rodent hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) results in a long-term expansion of distinct Siglec-FhiCD101hi eosinophil subpopulations. Nb-elevated eosinophil populations in the bone marrow and circulation did not present this phenotype. Siglec-FhiCD101hi lung eosinophils exhibited an activated morphology including nuclei hyper-segmentation and cytoplasm degranulation. Recruitment of ST2+ ILC2s and not CD4+ T cells to the lungs was associated with the expansion of Siglec-FhiCD101hi eosinophils. This data identifies a morphologically distinct and persistent subset of Siglec-FhiCD101hi lung eosinophils induced following Nb infection. These eosinophils may contribute to long-term pathology following helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Chetty
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Matthew G. Darby
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jamie Pillaye
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - A'ishah Taliep
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K. O’Shea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gnatoulma Katawa
- Unité de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM)/Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Universite de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Laura E. Layland
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Neglected Tropical Disease, Partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - William G. C. Horsnell
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neuro-genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Orléans, France
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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5
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Giampaolo S, Chiarolla CM, Knöpper K, Vaeth M, Klein M, Muhammad A, Bopp T, Berberich-Siebelt F, Patra AK, Serfling E, Klein-Hessling S. NFATc1 induction by an intronic enhancer restricts NKT γδ cell formation. iScience 2023; 26:106234. [PMID: 36926655 PMCID: PMC10011748 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In thymus, the ablation of T cell receptor (TCR)-activated transcription factor NFATc1 or its inducible isoforms during the double-negative (DN) stages of thymocyte development leads to a marked increase in γδ thymocytes whereas the development of αβ thymocytes remains mostly unaffected. These γδ thymocytes are characterized by the upregulation of the promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger factor (PLZF), the "master regulator" of natural killer T (NKT) cell development, and the acquisition of an NKT γδ cell phenotype with higher cell survival rates. The suppressive function of NFATc1 in NKT γδ cell formation critically depends on the remote enhancer E2, which is essential for the inducible expression of NFATc1 directed by its distal promoter P1. Thus, the enhancer deciphers a strong γδ TCR signal into the expression of inducible NFATc1 isoforms resulting in high levels of NFATc1 protein that are essential to control the numbers of NKT γδ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Giampaolo
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cristina M Chiarolla
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Knöpper
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Vaeth
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Azeem Muhammad
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Friederike Berberich-Siebelt
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Amiya K Patra
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, The John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Edgar Serfling
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Klein-Hessling
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Van Eyndhoven LC, Tel J. Revising immune cell coordination: Origins and importance of single-cell variation. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1889-1897. [PMID: 36250412 PMCID: PMC10092580 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Moving from the optimalization of single-cell technologies to the interpretation of the multi-complex single-cell data, the field of immunoengineering is granted with numerous important insights into the coordination of immune cell activation and how to modulate it for therapeutic purposes. However, insights come with additional follow-up questions that challenge our perception on how immune responses are generated and fine-tuned to fight a wide array of pathogens in ever-changing and often unpredictable microenvironments. Are immune responses really either being tightly regulated by molecular determinants, or highly flexible attributed to stochasticity? What exactly makes up the basic rules by which single cells cooperate to establish tissue-level immunity? Taking the type I IFN system and its newest insights as a main example throughout this review, we revise the basic concepts of (single) immune cell coordination, redefine the concepts of noise, stochasticity and determinism, and highlight the importance of single-cell variation in immunology and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Van Eyndhoven
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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7
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Krovi SH, Loh L, Spengler A, Brunetti T, Gapin L. Current insights in mouse iNKT and MAIT cell development using single cell transcriptomics data. Semin Immunol 2022; 60:101658. [PMID: 36182863 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Innate T (Tinn) cells are a collection of T cells with important regulatory functions that have a crucial role in immunity towards tumors, bacteria, viruses, and in cell-mediated autoimmunity. In mice, the two main αβ Tinn cell subsets include the invariant NKT (iNKT) cells that recognize glycolipid antigens presented by non-polymorphic CD1d molecules and the mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells that recognize vitamin B metabolites presented by the non-polymorphic MR1 molecules. Due to their ability to promptly secrete large quantities of cytokines either after T cell antigen receptor (TCR) activation or upon exposure to tissue- and antigen-presenting cell-derived cytokines, Tinn cells are thought to act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems and have the ability to shape the overall immune response. Their swift response reflects the early acquisition of helper effector programs during their development in the thymus, independently of pathogen exposure and prior to taking up residence in peripheral tissues. Several studies recently profiled, in an unbiased manner, the transcriptomes of mouse thymic iNKT and MAIT cells at the single cell level. Based on these data, we re-examine in this review how Tinn cells develop in the mouse thymus and undergo effector differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liyen Loh
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | | | - Tonya Brunetti
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Laurent Gapin
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.
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8
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Mirlekar B. Tumor promoting roles of IL-10, TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-35: Its implications in cancer immunotherapy. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121211069012. [PMID: 35096390 PMCID: PMC8793114 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211069012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play a critical role in regulating host immune response toward cancer and determining the overall fate of tumorigenesis. The tumor microenvironment is dominated mainly by immune-suppressive cytokines that control effector antitumor immunity and promote survival and the proliferation of cancer cells, which ultimately leads to enhanced tumor growth. In addition to tumor cells, the heterogeneous immune cells present within the tumor milieu are the significant source of immune-suppressive cytokines. These cytokines are classified into a broad range; however, in most tumor types, the interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β, interleukin-4, and interleukin-35 are consistently reported as immune-suppressive cytokines that help tumor growth and metastasis. The most emerging concern in cancer treatment is hijacking and restraining the activity of antitumor immune cells in the tumor niche due to a highly immune-suppressive environment. This review summarizes the role and precise functions of interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β, interleukin-4, and interleukin-35 in modulating tumor immune contexture and its implication in developing effective immune-therapeutic approaches. CONCISE CONCLUSION Recent effort geared toward developing novel immune-therapeutic approaches faces significant challenges due to sustained mutations in tumor cells and a highly immune-suppressive microenvironment present within the tumor milieu. The cytokines play a crucial role in developing an immune-suppressive environment that ultimately dictates the fate of tumorigenesis. This review critically covers the novel aspects of predominant immune-suppressive cytokines such as interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β, interleukin-4, and interleukin-35 in dictating the fate of tumorigenesis and how targeting these cytokines can help the development of better immune-therapeutic drug regimens for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhalchandra Mirlekar
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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9
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Neuro-immune-metabolism: The tripod system of homeostasis. Immunol Lett 2021; 240:77-97. [PMID: 34655659 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic regulation of cellular and molecular processes is essential for the efficient physiological functioning of body organs. It requires an intricate balance of several networks throughout the body, most notable being the nervous, immune and metabolic systems. Several studies have reported the interactions between neuro-immune, immune-metabolic and neuro-metabolic pathways. Current review aims to integrate the information and show that neuro, immune and metabolic systems form the triumvirate of homeostasis. It focuses on the cellular and molecular interactions occurring in the extremities and intestine, which are innervated by the peripheral nervous system and for the intestine in particular the enteric nervous system. While the interdependence of neuro-immune-metabolic pathways provides a fallback mechanism in case of disruption of homeostasis, in chronic pathologies of continued disequilibrium, the collapse of one system spreads to the other interacting networks as well. Current review illustrates this domino-effect using diabetes as the main example. Together, this review attempts to provide a holistic picture of the integrated network of neuro-immune-metabolism and attempts to broaden the outlook when devising a scientific study or a treatment strategy.
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10
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Pérez-Rodríguez L, Martínez-Blanco M, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Fontecha J, Molina E, Benedé S, López-Fandiño R. Triacylglycerides and Phospholipids from Egg Yolk Differently Influence the Immunostimulating Properties of Egg White Proteins. Nutrients 2021; 13:3301. [PMID: 34684302 PMCID: PMC8539141 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of a whole egg, egg white proteins are embedded in a lipid matrix that could modify their presentation to the immune system and their allergenic properties. The present study examines the impact of the main egg lipid components, triacylglycerides and phospholipids, in the early events of sensitization to egg. To this end, BALB/c mice were exposed intragastrically to egg lipids and egg lipid fractions, alone and in mixtures with egg white proteins, and Th2-promoting and proinflammatory effects were investigated. Our results highlight that the egg lipid fraction is responsible for Th2 adjuvant effects and point at a different influence of triacylglycerides and phospholipids on the bioavailability and immunomodulating properties of egg white proteins. While triacylglycerides promote type 2 responses at the small intestine level, phospholipids reduce the solubility of EW proteins and induce Th2 skewing in lymphoid intestinal tissues, which may have a direct impact on the development of egg allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Pérez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.P.-R.); (M.M.-B.); (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Mónica Martínez-Blanco
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.P.-R.); (M.M.-B.); (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, 11-26, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Javier Fontecha
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.P.-R.); (M.M.-B.); (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Elena Molina
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.P.-R.); (M.M.-B.); (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Sara Benedé
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.P.-R.); (M.M.-B.); (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Rosina López-Fandiño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.P.-R.); (M.M.-B.); (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.B.)
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11
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Harsha Krovi S, Zhang J, Michaels-Foster MJ, Brunetti T, Loh L, Scott-Browne J, Gapin L. Thymic iNKT single cell analyses unmask the common developmental program of mouse innate T cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6238. [PMID: 33288744 PMCID: PMC7721697 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most T lymphocytes leave the thymus as naïve cells with limited functionality. However, unique populations of innate-like T cells differentiate into functionally distinct effector subsets during their development in the thymus. Here, we profiled >10,000 differentiating thymic invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells using single-cell RNA sequencing to produce a comprehensive transcriptional landscape that highlights their maturation, function, and fate decisions at homeostasis. Our results reveal transcriptional profiles that are broadly shared between iNKT and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, illustrating a common core developmental program. We further unmask a mutual requirement for Hivep3, a zinc finger transcription factor and adapter protein. Hivep3 is expressed in early precursors and regulates the post-selection proliferative burst, differentiation and functions of iNKT cells. Altogether, our results highlight the common requirements for the development of innate-like T cells with a focus on how Hivep3 impacts the maturation of these lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harsha Krovi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Evergrande Center for Immunologic diseases at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Stanford Health Care, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Tonya Brunetti
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James Scott-Browne
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
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12
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Miller MM, Patel PS, Bao K, Danhorn T, O'Connor BP, Reinhardt RL. BATF acts as an essential regulator of IL-25-responsive migratory ILC2 cell fate and function. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/43/eaay3994. [PMID: 31924686 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aay3994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A transitory, interleukin-25 (IL-25)-responsive, group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) subset induced during type 2 inflammation was recently identified as iILC2s. This study focuses on understanding the significance of this population in relation to tissue-resident nILC2s in the lung and intestine. RNA-sequencing and pathway analysis revealed the AP-1 superfamily transcription factor BATF (basic leucine zipper transcription factor, activating transcription factor-like) as a potential modulator of ILC2 cell fate. Infection of BATF-deficient mice with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis showed a selective defect in IL-25-mediated helminth clearance and a corresponding loss of iILC2s in the lung characterized as IL-17RBhigh, KLRG1high, BATFhigh, and Arg1low BATF deficiency selectively impaired iILC2s because it had no impact on tissue-resident nILC2 frequency or function. Pulmonary-associated iILC2s migrated to the lung after infection, where they represented an early source of IL-4 and IL-13. Although the composition of ILC2s in the small intestine was distinct from those in the lung, their frequency and IL-13 expression remained dependent on BATF, which was also required for optimal goblet and tuft cell hyperplasia. Findings support IL-25-responsive ILC2s as early sentinels of mucosal barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy M Miller
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
| | - Preeyam S Patel
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Katherine Bao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas Danhorn
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Brian P O'Connor
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - R Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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13
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Miller MM, Reinhardt RL. The Heterogeneity, Origins, and Impact of Migratory iILC2 Cells in Anti-helminth Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1594. [PMID: 32793230 PMCID: PMC7390839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths represent a major global health burden with infections and infection-related comorbidities causing significant reductions in the quality of life for individuals living in endemic areas. Repeated infections and chronic colonization by these large extracellular worms in mammals led to the evolution of type-2 immunity characterized by the production of the type-2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Although a number of adaptive and innate immune cells produce type-2 cytokines, a key cellular source in the context of helminth infection is group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). ILC2s promote mucosal barrier homeostasis, integrity, and repair by rapidly responding to epithelial cues in mucosal tissues. Though tissue-resident ILC2s (nILC2s) have been studied in detail over the last decade, considerably less is known with regard to a subset of inflammatory ILC2s (iILC2s) that migrate to the lungs of mice early after Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection and are potent early producers of type-2 cytokines. This review will discuss the relationship and differences between nILC2s and iILC2s that establish their unique roles in anti-helminth immunity. We have placed particular emphasis on studies investigating iILC2 origin, function, and their potential long-term contribution to tissue-resident ILC2 reservoirs in settings of helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy M Miller
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - R Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
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14
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Thymic development of unconventional T cells: how NKT cells, MAIT cells and γδ T cells emerge. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:756-770. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Brailey PM, Lebrusant‐Fernandez M, Barral P. NKT cells and the regulation of intestinal immunity: a two‐way street. FEBS J 2020; 287:1686-1699. [PMID: 32022989 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal compartment is colonised by millions of microorganisms that have a central influence on human health. Intestinal homeostasis requires a continuous dialogue between the commensal bacteria and intestinal immune cells. While interactions between host and commensal bacteria are normally beneficial, allowing training and functional tuning of immune cells, dysregulated immune system-microbiota crosstalk can favour the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, as it is the case for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Natural killer T (NKT) cells, which recognise CD1-restricted microbial and self-lipids, contribute to the regulation of mucosal immunity by controlling intestinal homeostasis and participating in the development of IBD. Here, we provide an overview of the recently identified pathways underlying the crosstalk between commensal bacteria and NKT cells and discuss the effect of these interactions in intestinal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M. Brailey
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology King’s College London UK
- The Francis Crick Institute London UK
| | - Marta Lebrusant‐Fernandez
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology King’s College London UK
- The Francis Crick Institute London UK
| | - Patricia Barral
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology King’s College London UK
- The Francis Crick Institute London UK
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16
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Pérez-Rodríguez L, Martínez-Blanco M, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Molina E, López-Fandiño R. Egg yolk augments type 2 immunity by activating innate cells. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:3245-3256. [PMID: 31903504 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Egg yolk (EY) may play a role during the sensitizing phase of egg allergy by exerting intestinal type 2-biasing effects. We aimed to identify the mechanism and role of EY in the induction of allergy to egg white (EW). METHODS BALB/c mice were exposed intragastrically to EW, EY, or the mixture of EW:EY. In addition in vitro experiments were conducted with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), dendritic cells (DCs), and T cells from naïve mice. Inflammatory and type 2 responses were evaluated. RESULTS Administration of EW upregulated duodenal expression of factors that influence epithelial barrier integrity and function, such as Muc2 and Cldn2, type 2-promoting epithelial cytokines Il33 and Il25, DC genes Irf4 and Tnfsf4, and Th2-cytokines Il14 and Il13. EW:EY further increased the expression of Il25 and Tslp in the duodenum, Il33 and Tslp in the jejunum, and the proportion of lamina propria group 2 innate immune cells (ILC2s) over EW alone. Moreover, it distinctively enhanced the expression of Irf4 and Cd1d1 in the Peyer's patches (PPs), and of Il6, Il33, Gata3, and Il13, both in PPs and mesenteric lymph nodes. In co-cultures of DCs and T cells, EW:EY induced a higher expression of Gata3, Il4, and Il13, secretion of IL-13 and expansion of CD4+ T cells expressing ST2, the IL-33 receptor, than EW or EY added individually. CONCLUSION Co-administration of EY may promote sensitization to EW through activation of innate immune cells, such as IECs, DCs and ILC2s, that are central to the progress of allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Pérez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez-Blanco
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Molina
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosina López-Fandiño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Wan J, Cai W, Wang H, Cheng J, Su Z, Wang S, Xu H. Role of type 2 innate lymphoid cell and its related cytokines in tumor immunity. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3249-3257. [PMID: 31625163 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wan
- Department of Immunology Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Immunology Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Huixuan Wang
- Department of Immunology Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Immunology Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- Department of Immunology Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
- The Central Laboratory The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
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18
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Ryu S, Park JS, Kim HY, Kim JH. Lipid-Reactive T Cells in Immunological Disorders of the Lung. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2205. [PMID: 30319649 PMCID: PMC6168663 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of T cell-mediated immunity in the lungs is critical for prevention of immune-related lung disorders and for host protection from pathogens. While the prevalent view of pulmonary T cell responses is based on peptide recognition by antigen receptors, called T cell receptors (TCR), on the T cell surface in the context of classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, novel pathways involving the presentation of lipid antigens by cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) molecules to lipid-reactive T cells are emerging as key players in pulmonary immune system. Whereas, genetic conservation of group II CD1 (CD1d) in mouse and human genomes facilitated numerous in vivo studies of CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in lung diseases, the recent development of human CD1-transgenic mice has made it possible to examine the physiological roles of group I CD1 (CD1a-c) molecules in lung immunity. Here, we discuss current understanding of the biology of CD1-reactive T cells with a specific focus on their roles in several pulmonary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwon Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Seok Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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19
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Krovi SH, Gapin L. Invariant Natural Killer T Cell Subsets-More Than Just Developmental Intermediates. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1393. [PMID: 29973936 PMCID: PMC6019445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a CD1d-restricted T cell population that can respond to lipid antigenic stimulation within minutes by secreting a wide variety of cytokines. This broad functional scope has placed iNKT cells at the frontlines of many kinds of immune responses. Although the diverse functional capacities of iNKT cells have long been acknowledged, only recently have distinct iNKT cell subsets, each with a marked functional predisposition, been appreciated. Furthermore, the subsets can frequently occupy distinct niches in different tissues and sometimes establish long-term tissue residency where they can impact homeostasis and respond quickly when they sense perturbations. In this review, we discuss the developmental origins of the iNKT cell subsets, their localization patterns, and detail what is known about how different subsets specifically influence their surroundings in conditions of steady and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Harsha Krovi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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20
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Bao K, Carr T, Wu J, Barclay W, Jin J, Ciofani M, Reinhardt RL. BATF Modulates the Th2 Locus Control Region and Regulates CD4+ T Cell Fate during Antihelminth Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4371-4381. [PMID: 27798167 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The AP-1 factor basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like (BATF) is important for CD4+ Th17, Th9, and follicular Th cell development. However, its precise role in Th2 differentiation and function remains unclear, and the requirement for BATF in nonallergic settings of type-2 immunity has not been explored. In this article, we show that, in response to parasitic helminths, Batf-/- mice are unable to generate follicular Th and Th2 cells. As a consequence, they fail to establish productive type-2 immunity during primary and secondary infection. Batf-/- CD4+ T cells do not achieve type-2 cytokine competency, which implies that BATF plays a key role in the regulation of IL-4 and IL-13. In contrast to Th17 and Th9 cell subsets in which BATF binds directly to promoter and enhancer regions to regulate cytokine expression, our results show that BATF is significantly enriched at Rad50 hypersensitivity site (RHS)6 and RHS7 of the locus control region relative to AP-1 sites surrounding type-2 cytokine loci in Th2 cells. Indeed, Batf-/- CD4+ T cells do not obtain permissive epigenetic modifications within the Th2 locus, which were linked to RHS6 and RHS7 function. In sum, these findings reveal BATF as a central modulator of peripheral and humoral hallmarks of type-2 immunity and begin to elucidate a novel mechanism by which it regulates type-2 cytokine production through its modification of the Th2 locus control region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Tiffany Carr
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Jianxuan Wu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - William Barclay
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Jingxiao Jin
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Maria Ciofani
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - R Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
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21
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Georgiev H, Ravens I, Benarafa C, Förster R, Bernhardt G. Distinct gene expression patterns correlate with developmental and functional traits of iNKT subsets. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13116. [PMID: 27721447 PMCID: PMC5062562 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells comprise a subpopulation of innate lymphocytes developing in thymus. A new model proposes subdividing murine iNKT cells into iNKT1, 2 and 17 cells. Here, we use transcriptome analyses of iNKT1, 2 and 17 subsets isolated from BALB/c and C57BL/6 thymi to identify candidate genes that may affect iNKT cell development, migration or function. We show that Fcɛr1γ is involved in generation of iNKT1 cells and that SerpinB1 modulates frequency of iNKT17 cells. Moreover, a considerable proportion of iNKT17 cells express IL-4 and IL-17 simultaneously. The results presented not only validate the usefulness of the iNKT1/2/17-concept but also provide new insights into iNKT cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristo Georgiev
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Street 1, Hannover D-30625, Germany
| | - Inga Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Street 1, Hannover D-30625, Germany
| | - Charaf Benarafa
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freisestrasse 1, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Street 1, Hannover D-30625, Germany
| | - Günter Bernhardt
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Street 1, Hannover D-30625, Germany
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22
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Domingo-Gonzalez R, Prince O, Cooper A, Khader SA. Cytokines and Chemokines in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4:10.1128/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0018-2016. [PMID: 27763255 PMCID: PMC5205539 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.tbtb2-0018-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and cytokines are critical for initiating and coordinating the organized and sequential recruitment and activation of cells into Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected lungs. Correct mononuclear cellular recruitment and localization are essential to ensure control of bacterial growth without the development of diffuse and damaging granulocytic inflammation. An important block to our understanding of TB pathogenesis lies in dissecting the critical aspects of the cytokine/chemokine interplay in light of the conditional role these molecules play throughout infection and disease development. Much of the data highlighted in this review appears at first glance to be contradictory, but it is the balance between the cytokines and chemokines that is critical, and the "goldilocks" (not too much and not too little) phenomenon is paramount in any discussion of the role of these molecules in TB. Determination of how the key chemokines/cytokines and their receptors are balanced and how the loss of that balance can promote disease is vital to understanding TB pathogenesis and to identifying novel therapies for effective eradication of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Prince
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Andrea Cooper
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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23
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NK cells activated by Interleukin-4 in cooperation with Interleukin-15 exhibit distinctive characteristics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10139-44. [PMID: 27551096 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600112113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are known to be activated by Th1-type cytokines, such as IL-2, -12, or -18, and they secrete a large amount of IFN-γ that accelerates Th1-type responses. However, the roles of NK cells in Th2-type responses have remained unclear. Because IL-4 acts as an initiator of Th2-type responses, we examined the characteristics of NK cells in mice overexpressing IL-4. In this study, we report that IL-4 overexpression induces distinctive characteristics of NK cells (B220(high)/CD11b(low)/IL-18Rα(low)), which are different from mature conventional NK (cNK) cells (B220(low)/CD11b(high)/IL-18Rα(high)). IL-4 overexpression induces proliferation of tissue-resident macrophages, which contributes to NK cell proliferation via production of IL-15. These IL-4-induced NK cells (IL4-NK cells) produce higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, and GM-CSF, and exhibit high cytotoxicity compared with cNK cells. Furthermore, incubation of cNK cells with IL-15 and IL-4 alters their phenotype to that similar to IL4-NK cells. Finally, parasitic infection, which typically causes strong Th2-type responses, induces the development of NK cells with characteristics similar to IL4-NK cells. These IL4-NK-like cells do not develop in IL-4Rα KO mice by parasitic infection. Collectively, these results suggest a novel role of IL-4 in immune responses through the induction of the unique NK cells.
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24
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Innate-like functions of natural killer T cell subsets result from highly divergent gene programs. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:728-39. [PMID: 27089380 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer T cells (NKT cells) have stimulatory or inhibitory effects on the immune response that can be attributed in part to the existence of functional subsets of NKT cells. These subsets have been characterized only on the basis of the differential expression of a few transcription factors and cell-surface molecules. Here we have analyzed purified populations of thymic NKT cell subsets at both the transcriptomic level and epigenomic level and by single-cell RNA sequencing. Our data indicated that despite their similar antigen specificity, the functional NKT cell subsets were highly divergent populations with many gene-expression and epigenetic differences. Therefore, the thymus 'imprints' distinct gene programs on subsets of innate-like NKT cells that probably impart differences in proliferative capacity, homing, and effector functions.
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