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Dithmer S, Blasig IE, Fraser PA, Qin Z, Haseloff RF. The Basic Requirement of Tight Junction Proteins in Blood-Brain Barrier Function and Their Role in Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5601. [PMID: 38891789 PMCID: PMC11172262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the role of tight junction proteins at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Their expression is described, and their role in physiological and pathological processes at the BBB is discussed. Based on this, new approaches are depicted for paracellular drug delivery and diagnostics in the treatment of cerebral diseases. Recent data provide convincing evidence that, in addition to its impairment in the course of diseases, the BBB could be involved in the aetiology of CNS disorders. Further progress will be expected based on new insights in tight junction protein structure and in their involvement in signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Dithmer
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (I.E.B.)
| | - Ingolf E. Blasig
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (I.E.B.)
| | | | - Zhihai Qin
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Reiner F. Haseloff
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (I.E.B.)
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2
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Mules TC, Tang JS, Vacca F, Yumnam B, Schmidt A, Lavender B, Maclean K, Noble SL, Waugh C, van Ginkel R, Camberis M, Le Gros G, Inns S. Modulation of intestinal epithelial permeability by chronic small intestinal helminth infections. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:396-406. [PMID: 38648862 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Increased permeability of the intestinal epithelial layer is linked to the pathogenesis and perpetuation of a wide range of intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. Infecting humans with controlled doses of helminths, such as human hookworm (termed hookworm therapy), is proposed as a treatment for many of the same diseases. Helminths induce immunoregulatory changes in their host which could decrease epithelial permeability, which is highlighted as a potential mechanism through which helminths treat disease. Despite this, the influence of a chronic helminth infection on epithelial permeability remains unclear. This study uses the chronically infecting intestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus to reveal alterations in the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins and epithelial permeability during the infection course. In the acute infection phase (1 week postinfection), an increase in intestinal epithelial permeability is observed. Consistent with this finding, jejunal claudin-2 is upregulated and tricellulin is downregulated. By contrast, in the chronic infection phase (6 weeks postinfection), colonic claudin-1 is upregulated and epithelial permeability decreases. Importantly, this study also investigates changes in epithelial permeability in a small human cohort experimentally challenged with the human hookworm, Necator americanus. It demonstrates a trend toward small intestinal permeability increasing in the acute infection phase (8 weeks postinfection), and colonic and whole gut permeability decreasing in the chronic infection phase (24 weeks postinfection), suggesting a conserved epithelial response between humans and mice. In summary, our findings demonstrate dynamic changes in epithelial permeability during a chronic helminth infection and provide another plausible mechanism by which chronic helminth infections could be utilized to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mules
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jeffry S Tang
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Francesco Vacca
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bibek Yumnam
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Alfonso Schmidt
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Kate Maclean
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Inns
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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3
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Citi S, Fromm M, Furuse M, González-Mariscal L, Nusrat A, Tsukita S, Turner JR. A short guide to the tight junction. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261776. [PMID: 38712627 PMCID: PMC11128289 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are specialized regions of contact between cells of epithelial and endothelial tissues that form selective semipermeable paracellular barriers that establish and maintain body compartments with different fluid compositions. As such, the formation of TJs represents a critical step in metazoan evolution, allowing the formation of multicompartmental organisms and true, barrier-forming epithelia and endothelia. In the six decades that have passed since the first observations of TJs by transmission electron microscopy, much progress has been made in understanding the structure, function, molecular composition and regulation of TJs. The goal of this Perspective is to highlight the key concepts that have emerged through this research and the future challenges that lie ahead for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Citi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Fromm
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin,Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama Myodajii, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City 07360, México
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Mucosal Biology and Inflammation Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 4057 Biomedical Science Research Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization (ACRO),Teikyo University, Kaga 2-21-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 01125, USA
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4
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Kong L, Chen S, Huang S, Zheng A, Gao S, Ye J, Hua C. Challenges and opportunities in inflammatory bowel disease: from current therapeutic strategies to organoid-based models. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:541-562. [PMID: 38345635 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an increasingly prevalent global health concern that has garnered substantial attention. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear and the current treatments have significant limitations. Intestinal organoids provide an in vitro model to explore the pathogenesis, test the therapeutic effects, and develop regenerative treatments as well as offer the potential to transform drug discovery of IBD. METHODS To advance our understanding of the whole story of IBD spanning from the pathogenesis to the current therapeutic strategies and latest advancements, a comprehensive search of major databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted to retrieve original articles and reviews related to IBD, organoids, pathogenesis and therapy. RESULTS This review deciphers the etiopathogenesis and the current therapeutic approaches in the treatment of IBD. Notably, critical aspects of intestinal organoids in IBD, such as their potential applications, viability, cell renewal ability, and barrier functionality are highlighted. We also discuss the advances, limitations, and prospects of intestinal organoids for precision medicine. CONCLUSION The latest strides made in research about intestinal organoids help elucidate intricate aspects of IBD pathogenesis, and pave the prospective avenues for novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjie Kong
- School of the 2nd Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Siyan Chen
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Shenghao Huang
- School of the 2nd Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Anzhe Zheng
- School of the 2nd Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Sheng Gao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Jianzhong Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chunyan Hua
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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5
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López-Posadas R, Bagley DC, Pardo-Pastor C, Ortiz-Zapater E. The epithelium takes the stage in asthma and inflammatory bowel diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1258859. [PMID: 38529406 PMCID: PMC10961468 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1258859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The epithelium is a dynamic barrier and the damage to this epithelial layer governs a variety of complex mechanisms involving not only epithelial cells but all resident tissue constituents, including immune and stroma cells. Traditionally, diseases characterized by a damaged epithelium have been considered "immunological diseases," and research efforts aimed at preventing and treating these diseases have primarily focused on immuno-centric therapeutic strategies, that often fail to halt or reverse the natural progression of the disease. In this review, we intend to focus on specific mechanisms driven by the epithelium that ensure barrier function. We will bring asthma and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases into the spotlight, as we believe that these two diseases serve as pertinent examples of epithelium derived pathologies. Finally, we will argue how targeting the epithelium is emerging as a novel therapeutic strategy that holds promise for addressing these chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío López-Posadas
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universtiy Eralngen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dustin C. Bagley
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt’s House, School of Basic and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Pardo-Pastor
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt’s House, School of Basic and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Instituto Investigación Hospital Clínico-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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6
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Stepanova M, Aherne CM. Adenosine in Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function. Cells 2024; 13:381. [PMID: 38474346 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
At the intestinal front, several lines of defense are in place to resist infection and injury, the mucus layer, gut microbiome and strong epithelial junctions, to name a few. Their collaboration creates a resilient barrier. In intestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), barrier function is compromised, which results in rampant inflammation and tissue injury. In response to the destruction, the intestinal epithelium releases adenosine, a small but powerful nucleoside that functions as an alarm signal. Amidst the chaos of inflammation, adenosine aims to restore order. Within the scope of its effects is the ability to regulate intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. This review aims to define the contributions of adenosine to mucus production, microbiome-dependent barrier protection, tight junction dynamics, chloride secretion and acid-base balance to reinforce its importance in the intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Stepanova
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Carol M Aherne
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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7
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Lu W, Chen Z, Wen J. Flavonoids and ischemic stroke-induced neuroinflammation: Focus on the glial cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115847. [PMID: 38016362 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most cases worldwide, with high rate of morbidity and mortality. In the pathological process of ischemic stroke, neuroinflammation is an essential process that defines the functional prognosis. After stroke onset, microglia, astrocytes and the infiltrating immune cells contribute to a complicated neuroinflammation cascade and play the complicated roles in the pathophysiological variations of ischemic stroke. Both microglia and astrocytes undergo both morphological and functional changes, thereby deeply participate in the neuronal inflammation via releasing pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory factors. Flavonoids are plant-specific secondary metabolites and can protect against cerebral ischemia injury via modulating the inflammatory responses. For instances, quercetin can inhibit the expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, in the cerebral nervous system (CNS). Apigenin and rutin can promote the polarization of microglia to anti-inflammatory genotype and then inhibit neuroinflammation. In this review, we focused on the dual roles of activated microglia and reactive astrocyte in the neuroinflammation following ischemic stroke and discussed the anti-neuroinflammation of some flavonoids. Importantly, we aimed to reveal the new strategies for alleviating the cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Lu
- Medical Branch, Hefei Technology College, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiwu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Jiyue Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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8
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Hader H, Hering NA, Schulzke JD, Bücker R, Rosenthal R. Myrrh protects against IL-13-induced epithelial barrier breakdown in HT-29/B6 cells. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1301800. [PMID: 38044939 PMCID: PMC10691275 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1301800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The oleoresin myrrh has been used for centuries as an anti-inflammatory remedy for a variety of diseases and is said to have a protective effect on the intestinal epithelium. An intact epithelial barrier function is the prerequisite for a healthy gut. Inflammatory and infectious diseases of the intestine, in particular, lead to barrier impairment resulting in leak-flux diarrhea and mucosal immune responses. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of myrrh in an experimental inflammatory situation, namely, under the influence of IL-13, one of the key cytokines in ulcerative colitis. We used human intestinal epithelial HT-29/B6 cell monolayers for functional and molecular assessment of the epithelial barrier under IL-13 and myrrh treatment. IL-13 induced a loss in barrier function that was fully restored with myrrh treatment, as shown by transepithelial electrical resistance measurements. The molecular correlate of the IL-13-mediated barrier dysfunction could be assigned to an upregulation of the channel-forming tight junction (TJ) protein claudin-2 and to a subcellular redistribution of the TJ protein tricellulin, loosening the sealing of tricellular TJs. Moreover, IL-13 exposure leads to an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, contributing to the leak pathway of barrier dysfunction. Myrrh protected against changes in TJ deregulation and decreased the elevated apoptotic ratio under IL-13. The protective effects are mediated through the inhibition of the STAT3 and STAT6 pathway. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that myrrh exhibits antagonizing effects against IL-13-induced barrier impairment in a human intestinal cell model. These data suggest the use of myrrh as a promising option in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Hader
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina A. Hering
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Bücker
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rita Rosenthal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Schneemann M, Heils L, Moos V, Weiß F, Krug SM, Weiner J, Beule D, Gerhard R, Schulzke JD, Bücker R. A Colonic Organoid Model Challenged with the Large Toxins of Clostridioides difficile TcdA and TcdB Exhibit Deregulated Tight Junction Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:643. [PMID: 37999506 PMCID: PMC10674794 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridioides difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB are responsible for diarrhea and colitis. Lack of functional studies in organoid models of the gut prompted us to elucidate the toxin's effects on epithelial barrier function and the molecular mechanisms for diarrhea and inflammation. METHODS Human adult colon organoids were cultured on membrane inserts. Tight junction (TJ) proteins and actin cytoskeleton were analyzed for expression via Western blotting and via confocal laser-scanning microscopy for subcellular localization. RESULTS Polarized intestinal organoid monolayers were established from stem cell-containing colon organoids to apply toxins from the apical side and to perform functional measurements in the organoid model. The toxins caused a reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance in human colonic organoid monolayers with sublethal concentrations. Concomitantly, we detected increased paracellular permeability fluorescein and FITC-dextran-4000. Human colonic organoid monolayers exposed to the toxins exhibited redistribution of barrier-forming TJ proteins claudin-1, -4 and tricellulin, whereas channel-forming claudin-2 expression was increased. Perijunctional F-actin cytoskeleton organization was affected. CONCLUSIONS Adult stem cell-derived human colonic organoid monolayers were applicable as a colon infection model for electrophysiological measurements. The TJ changes noted can explain the epithelial barrier dysfunction and diarrhea in patients, as well as increased entry of luminal antigens triggering inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schneemann
- Clinical Physiology, Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucas Heils
- Clinical Physiology, Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Weiß
- Clinical Physiology, Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne M. Krug
- Clinical Physiology, Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - January Weiner
- Core Unit Bioinformatics (CUBI), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Beule
- Core Unit Bioinformatics (CUBI), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Gerhard
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Clinical Physiology, Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Bücker
- Clinical Physiology, Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Zhou L, Gu Q, Huang A, Fu G, Hu X, Jiang Z. Identification of immune-related hub genes contributing to the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and remission of ulcerative colitis by integrated bioinformatic analyses. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35277. [PMID: 37904419 PMCID: PMC10615406 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory disease ulcerative colitis (UC) is multifaceted, immune-mediated, chronic, and relapsing, which is considered to be mainly driven by dysregulated mucosal immune response. The remission of the inflammatory response is a marker of mucosal healing, relating to the low risk of hospitalizations, colorectal cancer, and colectomy. In spite of this, it is still unclear what the key immunological mechanism is which contributes to UC. Here, we explored the immune mechanism and related key genes underlying the state of inflammation in UC. Co-expression networks were constructed based on the expression profiles of immune-related genes in GSE179285. Using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis and Protein-protein interactions analysis, common hub genes were identified in the module of interest. Then, screening of real hub genes, significantly differentially expressing in inflamed UC, was carried out by Differential Expression Genes Analysis of GSE75214, GSE53306, and GSE6731datasets and immunohistochemistry of clinical samples. The diagnosis Capacity of the hub gene was identified by "glm" function in R. The potential key immune-related mechanisms were investigated using functional enrichment analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Bioinformatics tools were used to predict potential upstream transcription factors (TF), including the UCSC genome browser, correlation analyses, and JASPAR browser. The analysis revealed the blue module, consisting of 227 immune-related genes, showed the highest correlation with inflamed UC. And then, forty-three common candidates were distinguished. S100A9 was identified within the key module as a real hub gene with good diagnostic performance. The immune genes in the blue module were markedly enriched in the Cytokine-Cytokine receptor interaction. S100A9 most likely gets involved NOD-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathway. SPI1 showed the strongest likelihood to be the regulator. S100A9 was identified as the real immune-related hub gene for inflamed UC. Both diagnosis and remission may be aided by its high expression in the inflamed UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingna Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310020, China
| | - Qianru Gu
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310020, China
| | - Aihua Huang
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310020, China
| | - Guoxiang Fu
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310020, China
| | - Xiaotong Hu
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310020, China
| | - Zhinong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310020, China
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11
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Levai E, Marinovic I, Bartosova M, Zhang C, Schaefer B, Jenei H, Du Z, Drozdz D, Klaus G, Arbeiter K, Romero P, Schwenger V, Schwab C, Szabo AJ, Zarogiannis SG, Schmitt CP. Human peritoneal tight junction, transporter and channel expression in health and kidney failure, and associated solute transport. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17429. [PMID: 37833387 PMCID: PMC10575882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Next to the skin, the peritoneum is the largest human organ, essentially involved in abdominal health and disease states, but information on peritoneal paracellular tight junctions and transcellular channels and transporters relative to peritoneal transmembrane transport is scant. We studied their peritoneal localization and quantity by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy in health, in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and on peritoneal dialysis (PD), with the latter allowing for functional characterizations, in a total of 93 individuals (0-75 years). Claudin-1 to -5, and -15, zonula occludens-1, occludin and tricellulin, SGLT1, PiT1/SLC20A1 and ENaC were consistently detected in mesothelial and arteriolar endothelial cells, with age dependent differences for mesothelial claudin-1 and arteriolar claudin-2/3. In CKD mesothelial claudin-1 and arteriolar claudin-2 and -3 were more abundant. Peritonea from PD patients exhibited increased mesothelial and arteriolar claudin-1 and mesothelial claudin-2 abundance and reduced mesothelial and arteriolar claudin-3 and arteriolar ENaC. Transperitoneal creatinine and glucose transport correlated with pore forming arteriolar claudin-2 and mesothelial claudin-4/-15, and creatinine transport with mesothelial sodium/phosphate cotransporter PiT1/SLC20A1. In multivariable analysis, claudin-2 independently predicted the peritoneal transport rates. In conclusion, tight junction, transcellular transporter and channel proteins are consistently expressed in peritoneal mesothelial and endothelial cells with minor variations across age groups, specific modifications by CKD and PD and distinct associations with transperitoneal creatinine and glucose transport rates. The latter deserve experimental studies to demonstrate mechanistic links.Clinical Trial registration: The study was performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki and is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01893710).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Levai
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUNREN SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Iva Marinovic
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Bartosova
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Conghui Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Betti Schaefer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanna Jenei
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhiwei Du
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorota Drozdz
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Klaus Arbeiter
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Romero
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vedat Schwenger
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Attila J Szabo
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUNREN SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sotirios G Zarogiannis
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Claus Peter Schmitt
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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12
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Donmez-Altuntas H, Sahin Ergul S, Altin-Celik P, Bulut K, Eci Roglu H, Uzen R, Sahin GG, Ozer NT, Temel S, Arikan TB, Esmaoglu A, Yuksel RC, Sungur M, Gundogan K. Gut barrier protein levels in serial blood samples from critically ill trauma patients during and after intensive care unit stay. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2023; 49:2203-2213. [PMID: 37296330 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-023-02298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In an effort to better manage critically ill patients hospitalised in the intensive care unit (ICU) after experiencing multiple traumas, the present study aimed to assess whether plasma levels of intestinal epithelial cell barrier proteins, including occludin, claudin-1, junctional adhesion molecule (JAM-1), tricellulin and zonulin, could be used as novel biomarkers. Additional potential markers such as intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), D-lactate, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and citrulline were also evaluated. We also aimed to determine the possible relationships between the clinical, laboratory, and nutritional status of patients and the measured marker levels. METHODS Plasma samples from 29 patients (first, second, fifth and tenth days in the ICU and on days 7, 30 and 60 after hospital discharge) and 23 controls were subjected to commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing. RESULTS On first day (admission) and on the second day, plasma I-FABP, D-lactate, citrulline, occludin, claudin-1, tricellulin and zonulin levels were high in trauma patients and positively correlated with lactate, C-reactive protein (CRP), number of days of ICU hospitalisation, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score and daily Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores (P < 0.05-P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The results of the present study showed that occludin, claudin-1, tricellulin and zonulin proteins, as well as I-FABP, D-lactate and citrulline, may be used as promising biomarkers for the evaluation of disease severity in critically ill trauma patients, despite the complexity of the analysis of various barrier markers. However, our results should be supported by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serap Sahin Ergul
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
- 100/2000 CoHE PhD Scholarship Program, Institute of Health Sciences, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Pinar Altin-Celik
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
- 100/2000 CoHE PhD Scholarship Program, Institute of Health Sciences, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kadir Bulut
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hamiyet Eci Roglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
- Health Services Vocational School, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, 07425, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Uzen
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
- 100/2000 CoHE PhD Scholarship Program, Institute of Health Sciences, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Gunes Sahin
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
- 100/2000 CoHE PhD Scholarship Program, Institute of Health Sciences, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Cappadocia University, 50000, Nevşehir, Turkey
| | - Nurhayat Tugra Ozer
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
- 100/2000 CoHE PhD Scholarship Program, Institute of Health Sciences, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sahin Temel
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Turkmen Bahadir Arikan
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Aliye Esmaoglu
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Recep Civan Yuksel
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Murat Sungur
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kursat Gundogan
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38030, Kayseri, Turkey
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13
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Li B, Guo Y, Jia X, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Yang Q. Luteolin alleviates ulcerative colitis in rats via regulating immune response, oxidative stress, and metabolic profiling. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230785. [PMID: 37693835 PMCID: PMC10487402 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease and associated with metabolic imbalance. Luteolin (LUT) reportedly exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. However, its regulatory effects on metabolites remain indistinct. Here, the effects of LUT on immune response and oxidative stress in UC were determined. Serum metabolomics profiles of UC rats treated with LUT were obtained utilizing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results revealed that LUT treatment alleviated colon tissue injury, colon shortening, weight loss, and inflammatory response in UC rats. Additionally, the levels of superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity were elevated, but malondialdehyde content was reduced in serum of UC rats, while these changes were abrogated by LUT. Metabolomics analysis unveiled that l-malic acid, creatinine, l-glutamine, and l-lactic acid levels were remarkably decreased, while dimethyl sulfone, 5-methylcytosine, cysteine-S-sulfate, and jasmonic acid levels were notably increased after LUT treatment. Furthermore, differential metabolites primarily participated in d-glutamine and d-glutamate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and citrate cycle pathways. In summary, these results demonstrated that LUT improved immune response, alleviated oxidative stress, and altered metabolites in UC rats. This study lays the root for further exploring the mechanism of LUT in the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for Gastroenterology Research (Hebei), Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Turbidity Toxin Syndrome, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yuxi Guo
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xuemei Jia
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanru Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Turbidity Toxin Syndrome, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, 389 Zhongshan East Road, Chang’an District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for Gastroenterology Research (Hebei), Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Turbidity Toxin Syndrome, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, 389 Zhongshan East Road, Chang’an District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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14
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Roeb E. Interleukin-13 (IL-13)-A Pleiotropic Cytokine Involved in Wound Healing and Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12884. [PMID: 37629063 PMCID: PMC10454844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver, as a central metabolic organ, is systemically linked to metabolic-inflammatory diseases. In the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, inflammatory and metabolic interactions between the intestine, liver, and adipose tissue lead to the progression of hepatic steatosis to metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and consecutive MASH-induced fibrosis. Clinical and animal studies revealed that IL-13 might be protective in the development of MASH through both the preservation of metabolic functions and Th2-polarized inflammation in the liver and the adipose tissue. In contrast, IL-13-associated loss of mucosal gut barrier function and IL-13-associated enhanced hepatic fibrosis may contribute to the progression of MASH. However, there are only a few publications on the effect of IL-13 on metabolic diseases and possible therapies to influence them. In this review article, different aspects of IL-13-associated effects on the liver and metabolic liver diseases, which are partly contradictory, are summarized and discussed on the basis of the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Roeb
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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15
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Le Berre C, Honap S, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Ulcerative colitis. Lancet 2023; 402:571-584. [PMID: 37573077 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00966-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 195.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a lifelong inflammatory disease affecting the rectum and colon to a variable extent. In 2023, the prevalence of ulcerative colitis was estimated to be 5 million cases around the world, and the incidence is increasing worldwide. Ulcerative colitis is thought to occur in people with a genetic predisposition following environmental exposures; gut epithelial barrier defects, the microbiota, and a dysregulated immune response are strongly implicated. Patients usually present with bloody diarrhoea, and the diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical, biological, endoscopic, and histological findings. The aim of medical management is, first, to induce a rapid clinical response and normalise biomarkers and, second, to maintain clinical remission and reach endoscopic normalisation to prevent long-term disability. Treatments for inducing remission include 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs and corticosteroids. Maintenance treatments include 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs, thiopurines, biologics (eg, anti-cytokines and anti-integrins), and small molecules (Janus kinase inhibitors and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators). Although the therapeutic options are expanding, 10-20% of patients still require proctocolectomy for medically refractory disease. The keys to breaking through this therapeutic ceiling might be the combination of therapeutics with precision and personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Le Berre
- Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et Assistance Nutritionnelle, Inserm CIC 1413, Inserm UMR 1235, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sailish Honap
- Department of Gastroenterology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London UK
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Department of Gastroenterology, INFINY Institute, FHU-CURE, INSERM NGERE, Nancy University Hospital, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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16
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Ganapathy AS, Saha K, Wang A, Arumugam P, Dharmaprakash V, Yochum G, Koltun W, Nighot M, Perdew G, Thompson TA, Ma T, Nighot P. Alpha-tocopherylquinone differentially modulates claudins to enhance intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier via AhR and Nrf2 pathways. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112705. [PMID: 37393618 PMCID: PMC10528852 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in intestinal epithelial tight junctions (TJs) allow paracellular permeation of noxious luminal antigens and are important pathogenic factors in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We show that alpha-tocopherylquinone (TQ), a quinone-structured oxidation product of vitamin E, consistently enhances the intestinal TJ barrier by increasing barrier-forming claudin-3 (CLDN3) and reducing channel-forming CLDN2 in Caco-2 cell monolayers (in vitro), mouse models (in vivo), and surgically resected human colons (ex vivo). TQ reduces colonic permeability and ameliorates colitis symptoms in multiple colitis models. TQ, bifunctionally, activates both aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways. Genetic deletion studies reveal that TQ-induced AhR activation transcriptionally increases CLDN3 via xenobiotic response element (XRE) in the CLDN3 promoter. Conversely, TQ suppresses CLDN2 expression via Nrf2-mediated STAT3 inhibition. TQ offers a naturally occurring, non-toxic intervention for enhancement of the intestinal TJ barrier and adjunct therapeutics to treat intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kushal Saha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Alexandra Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Priya Arumugam
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Viszwapriya Dharmaprakash
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Gregory Yochum
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Walter Koltun
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Meghali Nighot
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Gary Perdew
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Todd A Thompson
- University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Thomas Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Prashant Nighot
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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17
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Horowitz A, Chanez-Paredes SD, Haest X, Turner JR. Paracellular permeability and tight junction regulation in gut health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023:10.1038/s41575-023-00766-3. [PMID: 37186118 PMCID: PMC10127193 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tight junctions define the paracellular permeability of the intestinal barrier. Molecules can cross the tight junctions via two distinct size-selective and charge-selective paracellular pathways: the pore pathway and the leak pathway. These can be distinguished by their selectivities and differential regulation by immune cells. However, permeability increases measured in most studies are secondary to epithelial damage, which allows non-selective flux via the unrestricted pathway. Restoration of increased unrestricted pathway permeability requires mucosal healing. By contrast, tight junction barrier loss can be reversed by targeted interventions. Specific approaches are needed to restore pore pathway or leak pathway permeability increases. Recent studies have used preclinical disease models to demonstrate the potential of pore pathway or leak pathway barrier restoration in disease. In this Review, we focus on the two paracellular flux pathways that are dependent on the tight junction. We discuss the latest evidence that highlights tight junction components, structures and regulatory mechanisms, their impact on gut health and disease, and opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Horowitz
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Sandra D Chanez-Paredes
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xenia Haest
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Heils L, Schneemann M, Gerhard R, Schulzke JD, Bücker R. CDT of Clostridioides difficile Induces MLC-Dependent Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in HT-29/B6 Epithelial Cell Monolayers. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:54. [PMID: 36668874 PMCID: PMC9866553 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Clostridioides difficile binary toxin (CDT) defines the hypervirulence of strains in nosocomial antibiotic-induced colitis with the highest mortality. The objective of our study was to investigate the impact of CDT on the intestinal epithelial barrier and to enlighten the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: Functional measurements of epithelial barrier function by macromolecular permeability and electrophysiology were performed in human intestinal HT-29/B6 cell monolayers. Molecular analysis of the spatial distribution of tight junction protein and cytoskeleton was performed by super-resolution STED microscopy. Results: Sublethal concentrations of CDT-induced barrier dysfunction with decreased TER and increased permeability for 332 Da fluorescein and 4 kDa FITC-dextran. The molecular correlate to the functional barrier defect by CDT was found to be a tight junction protein subcellular redistribution with tricellulin, occludin, and claudin-4 off the tight junction domain. This redistribution was shown to be MLCK-dependent. Conclusions: CDT compromised epithelial barrier function in a human intestinal colonic cell model, even in sublethal concentrations, pointing to barrier dysfunction in the intestine and leak flux induction as a diarrheal mechanism. However, this cannot be attributed to the appearance of apoptosis and necrosis, but rather to an opening of the paracellular leak pathway as the result of epithelial tight junction alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Heils
- Clinical Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Schneemann
- Clinical Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Gerhard
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Clinical Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Bücker
- Clinical Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Awad K, Barmeyer C, Bojarski C, Nagel O, Lee IFM, Schweiger MR, Schulzke JD, Bücker R. Impaired Intestinal Permeability of Tricellular Tight Junctions in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Mixed Bowel Habits (IBS-M). Cells 2023; 12:236. [PMID: 36672170 PMCID: PMC9856377 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is still unclear. Our aim was to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms of diarrhea, constipation, and antigen uptake in mixed-type IBS (IBS-M). METHODS Colonoscopic biopsies were obtained from IBS-M patients. Epithelial transport and barrier function of colonic mucosae were characterized in Ussing chambers using impedance spectroscopy. Mucosal permeability to macromolecules was measured. Western blotting for tight junction (TJ) proteins was performed and their subcellular localization was visualized by confocal microscopy. RNA-sequencing was performed for gene expression and signaling pathway analysis. RESULTS In IBS-M, epithelial resistance and ENaC-dependent sodium absorption were unchanged, while short-circuit current reflecting chloride secretion was reduced. Concomitantly, epithelial permeability for fluorescein and FITC-dextran-4000 increased. TJ protein expression of occludin decreased, whereas claudins were unaltered. Confocal microscopy revealed the de-localization of tricellulin from tricellular TJs. Involved pathways were detected as proinflammatory cytokine pathways, LPS, PGE2, NGF, and vitamin D. CONCLUSIONS Decreased anion secretion explains constipation in IBS-M, while ion permeability and sodium absorption were unaltered. Reduced occludin expression resulted in the delocalization of tricellulin from the tricellular TJ, leading to increased macromolecular permeability that contributes to antigen influx into the mucosa and perpetuates a low-grade inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karem Awad
- Clinical Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Barmeyer
- Clinical Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Bojarski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Nagel
- Clinical Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - In-Fah M. Lee
- Clinical Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michal R. Schweiger
- Institute for Translational Epigenetics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Clinical Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Bücker
- Clinical Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Lu M, Lee Y, Lillehoj HS. Evolution of developmental and comparative immunology in poultry: The regulators and the regulated. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:104525. [PMID: 36058383 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Avian has a unique immune system that evolved in response to environmental pressures in all aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses, including localized and circulating lymphocytes, diversity of immunoglobulin repertoire, and various cytokines and chemokines. All of these attributes make birds an indispensable vertebrate model for studying the fundamental immunological concepts and comparative immunology. However, research on the immune system in birds lags far behind that of humans, mice, and other agricultural animal species, and limited immune tools have hindered the adequate application of birds as disease models for mammalian systems. An in-depth understanding of the avian immune system relies on the detailed studies of various regulated and regulatory mediators, such as cell surface antigens, cytokines, and chemokines. Here, we review current knowledge centered on the roles of avian cell surface antigens, cytokines, chemokines, and beyond. Moreover, we provide an update on recent progress in this rapidly developing field of study with respect to the availability of immune reagents that will facilitate the study of regulatory and regulated components of poultry immunity. The new information on avian immunity and available immune tools will benefit avian researchers and evolutionary biologists in conducting fundamental and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Youngsub Lee
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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21
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Günzel D. Is there a molecular basis for solvent drag in the renal proximal tubule? Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:277-281. [PMID: 36418493 PMCID: PMC9849172 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02773-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The concept of solvent drag, i.e., water and solutes sharing the same pore and their transport being frictionally coupled, was first proposed in the early 1950s. During the following decades, it was applied to transport processes across cell membranes as well as transport along the paracellular pathway. Water-driven solute transport was proposed as the major mechanism for electrolyte and nutrient absorption in the small intestine and for Cl- and HCO3- reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule. With the discovery of aquaporins as transcellular route for water transport and the claudin protein family as the major determinant of paracellular transport properties, new mechanistic insights in transepithelial water and solute transport are emerging and call for a reassessment of the solvent drag concept. Current knowledge does not provide a molecular basis for relevant solvent drag-driven, paracellular nutrient, and inorganic anion (re-)absorption. For inorganic cation transport, in contrast, solvent drag along claudin-2-formed paracellular channels appears feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Günzel
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Zhao B, Yin Q, Fei Y, Zhu J, Qiu Y, Fang W, Li Y. Research progress of mechanisms for tight junction damage on blood-brain barrier inflammation. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1579-1590. [PMID: 32608276 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1784952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to disease pathologies by disrupting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Tight junctions (TJ) are a key component of the BBB. Following hypoxic-ischaemic or mechanical injury to the brain, inflammatory mediators are released such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Simultaneously, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are released which can degrade TJ proteins. Subsequently, the function and morphology of the BBB are disrupted, which allows immune cells an opportunity to enter into the brain parenchyma. This review summarises the information on the role of TJ protein families in the BBB and provides a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms whereby inflammation breaks down the BBB by increasing degradation of TJ proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanying Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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23
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Weiß F, Czichos C, Knobe L, Voges L, Bojarski C, Michel G, Fromm M, Krug SM. MarvelD3 Is Upregulated in Ulcerative Colitis and Has Attenuating Effects during Colitis Indirectly Stabilizing the Intestinal Barrier. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091541. [PMID: 35563847 PMCID: PMC9102383 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the impaired intestinal barrier is mainly characterized by changes in tight junction protein expression. The functional role of the tight junction-associated MARVEL protein MARVELD3 (MD3) in IBD is yet unknown. (i) In colon biopsies from IBD patients we analyzed MD3 expression and (ii) in human colon HT-29/B6 cells we studied the signaling pathways of different IBD-relevant cytokines. (iii) We generated a mouse model with intestinal overexpression of MD3 and investigated functional effects of MD3 upregulation. Colitis, graded by the disease activity index, was induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and the intestinal barrier was characterized electrophysiologically. MD3 was upregulated in human ulcerative colitis and MD3 expression could be increased in HT-29/B6 cells by IL-13 via the IL13Rα1/STAT pathway. In mice DSS colitis, MD3 overexpression had an ameliorating, protective effect. It was not based on direct enhancement of paracellular barrier properties, but rather on regulatory mechanisms not solved yet in detail. However, as MD3 is involved in regulatory functions such as proliferation and cell survival, we conclude that the protective effects are hardly targeting the intestinal barrier directly but are based on regulatory processes supporting stabilization of the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Weiß
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (F.W.); (C.C.); (L.K.); (L.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Carolina Czichos
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (F.W.); (C.C.); (L.K.); (L.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Lukas Knobe
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (F.W.); (C.C.); (L.K.); (L.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Lena Voges
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (F.W.); (C.C.); (L.K.); (L.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Christian Bojarski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Geert Michel
- Transgenic Technologies, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Michael Fromm
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (F.W.); (C.C.); (L.K.); (L.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Susanne M. Krug
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (F.W.); (C.C.); (L.K.); (L.V.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Wang X, Li J, Zhao D, Li J. |Therapeutic and preventive effects of apigenin in cerebral ischemia: a review. Food Funct 2022; 13:11425-11437. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02599j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
APG can exert various protective effects against cerebral ischemia. Moreover, APG has shown a highly promising ability to prevent cerebral ischemia in terms of regulating blood glucose, blood pressure, lipids and gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Jinjian Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Dexi Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
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25
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Weidinger C, Krug SM, Voskens C, Moschen AR, Atreya I. Editorial: Loss of Epithelial Barrier Integrity in Inflammatory Diseases: Cellular Mediators and Therapeutic Targets. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:813153. [PMID: 34957170 PMCID: PMC8696031 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.813153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Weidinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Medical Department, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne M Krug
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caroline Voskens
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander R Moschen
- Internal Medicine 2 (Gastroenterology and Hepatology), Faculty of Medicine, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Imke Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Alizadeh A, Akbari P, Garssen J, Fink-Gremmels J, Braber S. Epithelial integrity, junctional complexes, and biomarkers associated with intestinal functions. Tissue Barriers 2021; 10:1996830. [PMID: 34719339 PMCID: PMC9359365 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1996830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An intact intestinal barrier is crucial for immune homeostasis and its impairment activates the immune system and may result in chronic inflammation. The epithelial cells of the intestinal barrier are connected by tight junctions, which form an anastomosing network sealing adjacent epithelial cells. Tight junctions are composed of transmembrane and cytoplasmic scaffolding proteins. Transmembrane tight junction proteins at the apical-lateral membrane of the cell consist of occludin, claudins, junctional adhesion molecules, and tricellulin. Cytoplasmic scaffolding proteins, including zonula occludens, cingulin and afadin, provide a direct link between transmembrane tight junction proteins and the intracellular cytoskeleton. Each individual component of the tight junction network closely interacts with each other to form an efficient intestinal barrier. This review aims to describe the molecular structure of intestinal epithelial tight junction proteins and to characterize their organization and interaction. Moreover, clinically important biomarkers associated with impairment of gastrointestinal integrity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Alizadeh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Peyman Akbari
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Fink-Gremmels
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Kojima T, Shindo Y, Konno T, Kodera Y, Arai W, Miyakawa M, Ohwada K, Tanaka H, Tsujiwaki M, Sakuma Y, Kikuchi S, Ohkuni T, Takano K, Watanabe A, Kohno T. Dysfunction of epithelial permeability barrier induced by HMGB1 in 2.5D cultures of human epithelial cells. Tissue Barriers 2021; 10:1972760. [PMID: 34538217 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1972760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway and intestinal epithelial permeability barriers are crucial in epithelial homeostasis. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), increased by various stimuli, is involved in the induction of airway inflammation, as well as the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. HMGB1 enhances epithelial hyperpermeability. Two-and-a-half dimensional (2.5D) culture assays are experimentally convenient and induce cells to form a more physiological tissue architecture than 2D culture assays for molecular transfer mechanism analysis. In 2.5D culture, treatment with HMGB1 induced permeability of FITC-dextran into the lumen formed by human lung, nasal and intestinal epithelial cells. The tricellular tight junction molecule angulin-1/LSR is responsible for the epithelial permeability barrier at tricellular contacts and contributes to various human airway and intestinal inflammatory diseases. In this review, we indicate the mechanisms including angulin-1/LSR and multiple signaling in dysfunction of the epithelial permeability barrier induced by HMGB1 in 2.5D culture of human airway and intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kojima
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuma Shindo
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takumi Konno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kodera
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru Arai
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Maki Miyakawa
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,IBD Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kizuku Ohwada
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Mitsuhiro Tsujiwaki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Sakuma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shin Kikuchi
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohkuni
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Takano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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28
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Lei H, Crawford MS, McCole DF. JAK-STAT Pathway Regulation of Intestinal Permeability: Pathogenic Roles and Therapeutic Opportunities in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:840. [PMID: 34577540 PMCID: PMC8466350 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial barrier forms the interface between luminal microbes and the host immune system and is the first site of exposure to many of the environmental factors that trigger disease activity in chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Disruption of the epithelial barrier, in the form of increased intestinal permeability, is a feature of IBD and other inflammatory diseases, including celiac disease and type 1 diabetes. Variants in genes that regulate or belong to the JAK-STAT signaling pathway are associated with IBD risk. Inhibitors of the JAK-STAT pathway are now effective therapeutic options in IBD. This review will discuss emerging evidence that JAK inhibitors can be used to improve defects in intestinal permeability and how this plays a key role in resolving intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Declan F. McCole
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (H.L.); (M.S.C.)
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29
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Zou J, Liu C, Jiang S, Qian D, Duan J. Cross Talk between Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Mucosal Immunity in the Development of Ulcerative Colitis. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0001421. [PMID: 33526559 PMCID: PMC8370674 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00014-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC), a nonspecific inflammatory disease, is characterized by inflammation and mucosal damage in the colon, and its prevalence in the world is increasing. Nevertheless, the exact pathogenesis of UC is still unclear. Accumulating data have suggested that its pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, environmental factors, microbial dysbiosis, and dysregulated immune responses. Generally, UC is aroused by inappropriate immune activation based on the interaction of host and intestinal microbiota. The relationship between microbiota and host immune system in the pathogenesis of UC is complicated. However, increasing evidence indicates that the shift of microbiota composition can substantially influence intestinal immunity. In this review, we primarily focus on the delicate balance between microbiota and gut mucosal immunity during UC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Zou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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30
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Xu W, Li C, Ma B, Lu Z, Wang Y, Jiang H, Luo Y, Yang Y, Wang X, Liao T, Ji Q, Wang Y, Wei W. Identification of Key Functional Gene Signatures Indicative of Dedifferentiation in Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:641851. [PMID: 33996555 PMCID: PMC8113627 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.641851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer. Many of them can relapse to dedifferentiated thyroid cancer (DDTC) and exhibit different gene expression profiles. The underlying mechanism of dedifferentiation and the involved genes or pathways remained to be investigated. Methods: A discovery cohort obtained from patients who received surgical resection in the Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) and two validation cohorts derived from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were used to screen out differentially expressed genes in the dedifferentiation process. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was constructed to identify modules highly related to differentiation. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used to identify pathways related to differentiation, and all differentially expressed genes were grouped by function based on the GSEA and literature reviewing data. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis was used to control the number of variables in each group. Next, we used logistic regression to build a gene signature in each group to indicate differentiation status, and we computed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to evaluate the indicative performance of each signature. Results: A total of 307 upregulated and 313 downregulated genes in poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC) compared with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and normal thyroid (NT) were screened out in FUSCC cohort and validated in two GEO cohorts. WGCNA of 620 differential genes yielded the seven core genes with the highest correlation with thyroid differentiation score (TDS). Furthermore, 395 genes significantly correlated with TDS in univariate logistic regression analysis were divided into 11 groups. The areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) of the gene signature of group transcription and epigenetic modification, signal and substance transport, extracellular matrix (ECM), and metabolism in the training set [The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort] and validation set (combined GEO cohort) were both >0.75. The gene signature based on group transcription and epigenetic modification, cilia formation and movement, and proliferation can reflect the patient's disease recurrence state. Conclusion: The dedifferentiation of DTC is affected by a variety of mechanisms including many genes. The gene signature of group transcription and epigenetic modification, signal and substance transport, ECM, and metabolism can be used as biomarkers for DDTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Xu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiwei Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ben Ma
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongwu Lu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyi Jiang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichen Yang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Liao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghai Ji
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Wei
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Hu JCE, Weiß F, Bojarski C, Branchi F, Schulzke JD, Fromm M, Krug SM. Expression of tricellular tight junction proteins and the paracellular macromolecule barrier are recovered in remission of ulcerative colitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:141. [PMID: 33789594 PMCID: PMC8010963 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) has a relapsing and remitting pattern, wherein the underlying mechanisms of the relapse might involve an enhanced uptake of luminal antigens which stimulate the immune response. The tricellular tight junction protein, tricellulin, takes charge of preventing paracellular passage of macromolecules. It is characterized by downregulated expression in active UC and its correct localization is regulated by angulins. We thus analyzed the tricellulin and angulin expression as well as intestinal barrier function and aimed to determine the role of tricellulin in the mechanisms of relapse. Methods Colon biopsies were collected from controls and UC patients who underwent colonoscopy at the central endoscopy department of Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. Remission of UC was defined basing on the clinical appearance and a normal Mayo endoscopic subscore. Intestinal barrier function was evaluated by electrophysiological and paracellular flux measurements on biopsies mounted in Ussing chambers. Results The downregulated tricellulin expression in active UC was recovered in remission UC to control values. Likewise, angulins were in remission UC at the same levels as in controls. Also, the epithelial resistance which was decreased in active UC was restored in remission to the same range as in controls, along with the unaltered paracellular permeabilities for fluorescein and FITC-dextran 4 kDa. Conclusions In remission of UC, tricellulin expression level as well as intestinal barrier functions were restored to normal, after they were impaired in active UC. This points toward a re-sealing of the impaired tricellular paracellular pathway and abated uptake of antigens to normal rates in remission of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Chen E Hu
- Clinical Physiology / Nutritional Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Weiß
- Clinical Physiology / Nutritional Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Bojarski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Federica Branchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Clinical Physiology / Nutritional Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fromm
- Clinical Physiology / Nutritional Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne M Krug
- Clinical Physiology / Nutritional Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
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32
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Lobo de Sá FD, Schulzke JD, Bücker R. Diarrheal Mechanisms and the Role of Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Campylobacter Infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 431:203-231. [PMID: 33620653 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter enteritis is the most common cause of foodborne bacterial diarrhea in humans. Although various studies have been performed to clarify the pathomechanism in Campylobacter infection, the mechanism itself and bacterial virulence factors are yet not completely understood. The purpose of this chapter is to (i) give an overview on Campylobacter-induced diarrheal mechanisms, (ii) illustrate underlying barrier defects, (iii) explain the role of the mucosal immune response and (iv) weigh preventive and therapeutic approaches. Our present knowledge of pathogenetic and diarrheal mechanisms of Campylobacter jejuni is explained in the first part of this chapter. In the second part, the molecular basis for the Campylobacter-induced barrier dysfunction is compared with that of other species in the Campylobacter genus. The bacteria are capable of overcoming the intestinal epithelial barrier. The invasion into the intestinal mucosa is the initial step of the infection, followed by a second step, the epithelial barrier impairment. The extent of the impairment depends on various factors, including tight junction dysregulation and epithelial apoptosis. The disturbed intestinal epithelium leads to a loss of water and solutes, the leak flux type of diarrhea, and facilitates the uptake of harmful antigens, the leaky gut phenomenon. The barrier dysfunction is accompanied by increased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, which is partially responsible for the dysfunction. Moreover, cytokines also mediate ion channel dysregulation (e.g., epithelial sodium channel, ENaC), leading to another diarrheal mechanism, which is sodium malabsorption. Future perspectives of Campylobacter research are the clarification of molecular pathomechanisms and the characterization of therapeutic and preventive compounds to combat and prevent Campylobacter infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábia Daniela Lobo de Sá
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Bücker
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
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Nattramilarasu PK, Lobo de Sá FD, Schulzke JD, Bücker R. Immune-Mediated Aggravation of the Campylobacter concisus-Induced Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042043. [PMID: 33669494 PMCID: PMC7922099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter concisus is a human-pathogenic bacterium of the gastrointestinal tract. This study aimed at the contribution of the mucosal immune system in the context of intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by C. concisus. As an experimental leaky gut model, we used in vitro co-cultures of colonic epithelial cell monolayers (HT-29/B6-GR/MR) with M1-macrophage-like THP-1 cells on the basal side. Forty-eight hours after C. concisus infection, the decrease in the transepithelial electrical resistance in cell monolayers was more pronounced in co-culture condition and 22 ± 2% (p < 0.001) higher than the monoculture condition without THP-1 cells. Concomitantly, we observed a reduction in the expression of the tight junction proteins occludin and tricellulin. We also detected a profound increase in 4 kDa FITC-dextran permeability in C. concisus-infected cell monolayers only in co-culture conditions. This is explained by loss of tricellulin from tricellular tight junctions (tTJs) after C. concisus infection. As an underlying mechanism, we observed an inflammatory response after C. concisus infection through pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) released from THP-1 cells in the co-culture condition. In conclusion, the activation of subepithelial immune cells exacerbates colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction by C. concisus through tricellulin disruption in tTJs, leading to increased antigen permeability (leaky gut concept).
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Schlegel N, Boerner K, Waschke J. Targeting desmosomal adhesion and signalling for intestinal barrier stabilization in inflammatory bowel diseases-Lessons from experimental models and patients. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13492. [PMID: 32419327 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC) have a complex and multifactorial pathogenesis which is incompletely understood. A typical feature closely associated with clinical symptoms is impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function. Mounting evidence suggests that desmosomes, which together with tight junctions (TJ) and adherens junctions (AJ) form the intestinal epithelial barrier, play a distinct role in IBD pathogenesis. This is based on the finding that desmoglein (Dsg) 2, a cadherin-type adhesion molecule of desmosomes, is required for maintenance of intestinal barrier properties both in vitro and in vivo, presumably via Dsg2-mediated regulation of TJ. Mice deficient for intestinal Dsg2 show increased basal permeability and are highly susceptible to experimental colitis. In several cohorts of IBD patients, intestinal protein levels of Dsg2 are reduced and desmosome ultrastructure is altered suggesting that Dsg2 is involved in IBD pathogenesis. In addition to its adhesive function, Dsg2 contributes to enterocyte cohesion and intestinal barrier function. Dsg2 is also involved in enterocyte proliferation, barrier differentiation and induction of apoptosis, in part by regulation of p38MAPK and EGFR signalling. In IBD, the function of Dsg2 appears to be compromised via p38MAPK activation, which is a critical pathway for regulation of desmosomes and is associated with keratin phosphorylation in IBD patients. In this review, the current findings on the role of Dsg2 as a novel promising target to prevent loss of intestinal barrier function in IBD patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Germany
| | - Kevin Boerner
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Department I, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Munich Germany
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Bilsborough J, Fiorino MF, Henkle BW. Select animal models of colitis and their value in predicting clinical efficacy of biological therapies in ulcerative colitis. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:567-577. [PMID: 33245673 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1851185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Advancing new therapies from discovery to development usually requires proof-of-concept in animal models to justify the costs of continuing the program. While animal models are useful for understanding the mechanism of action (MOA) of a target, limitations of many published colitis models restrict their value to predict clinical efficacy.Areas covered: The authors focused their literature search on published studies of chronic animal models used to evaluate the pre-clinical efficacy of therapeutic molecules subsequently evaluated in clinical trials for UC. The UC therapies evaluated were anti-α4β7, anti-IL13, anti-IL12p40, and anti-IL23p19. The models of chronic colitis evaluating these molecules were: mdra1a-/-, chronic dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), chronic 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), and the T cell transfer model.Expert opinion: While some models provide insight into target MOA in UC, none is consistently superior in predicting efficacy. Evaluation of multiple models, with varying mechanisms of colitis induction, is needed to understand potential drug efficacy. Additional models of greater complexity, reflecting the disease chronicity/heterogeneity seen in humans, are needed. Although helpful in prioritizing targets, animal models alone will likely not improve outcomes of UC clinical trials. Transformational changes to clinical efficacy will likely only occur when precision medicine approaches are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Bilsborough
- IBD Drug Discovery and Development Unit, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marie F Fiorino
- IBD Drug Discovery and Development Unit, F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunbiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bradley W Henkle
- IBD Drug Discovery and Development Unit, F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunbiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Doxorubicin increases permeability of murine small intestinal epithelium and cultured T84 monolayers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21486. [PMID: 33293626 PMCID: PMC7722747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric bacteria and/or their products are necessary for doxorubicin (DXR)-induced small intestine mucosal damage. While DXR does not induce gross loss of epithelium, others have shown elevated serum endotoxin after DXR administration. However, the mechanism of movement is unknown. We hypothesized that DXR treatment resulted in increased paracellular translocation of bacteria or bacterial products through the small intestinal epithelium. We measured permeability after DXR administration using transepithelial resistance and macromolecular flux and assessed tight junctional gene expression and protein localization both in vitro using T84 cells and ex vivo using murine jejunum. DXR treatment increased flux of 4 kDa dextrans in mouse jejenum, but increased flux of 4, 10 and 20 kDa dextrans in T84 cells. Following DXR, we observed increased permeability, both in vitro and ex vivo, independent of bacteria. DXR induced increased expression of Cldn2 and Cldn4 in murine small intestine but increased only CLDN2 expression in T84 cells. DXR treatment induced disorganization of tight junctional proteins. We conclude that DXR increases paracellular transit of small macromolecules, including bacterial products, through the epithelium, by altering expression of tight junctional components and dynamic loosening of cellular tight junctions.
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Aguanno D, Coquant G, Postal BG, Osinski C, Wieckowski M, Stockholm D, Grill JP, Carrière V, Seksik P, Thenet S. The intestinal quorum sensing 3-oxo-C12:2 Acyl homoserine lactone limits cytokine-induced tight junction disruption. Tissue Barriers 2020; 8:1832877. [PMID: 33100129 PMCID: PMC7714502 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2020.1832877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is home to the largest microbiota community of the human body and strictly regulates its barrier function. Tight junctions (TJ) are major actors of the intestinal barrier, which is impaired in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), along with an unbalanced microbiota composition. With the aim to identify new actors involved in host-microbiota interplay in IBD, we studied N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHL), molecules of the bacterial quorum sensing, which also impact the host. We previously identified in the gut a new and prominent AHL, 3-oxo-C12:2, which is lost in IBD. We investigated how 3-oxo-C12:2 impacts the intestinal barrier function, in comparison to 3-oxo-C12, a structurally close AHL produced by the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa. Using Caco-2/TC7 cells as a model of polarized enterocytes, we compared the effects on paracellular permeability and TJ integrity of these two AHL, separately or combined with pro-inflammatory cytokines, Interferon-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, known to disrupt the barrier function during IBD. While 3-oxo-C12 increased paracellular permeability and decreased occludin and tricellulin signal at bicellular and tricellular TJ, respectively, 3-oxo-C12:2 modified neither permeability nor TJ integrity. Whereas 3-oxo-C12 potentiated the hyperpermeability induced by cytokines, 3-oxo-C12:2 attenuated their deleterious effects on occludin and tricellulin, and maintained their interaction with their partner ZO-1. In addition, 3-oxo-C12:2 limited the cytokine-induced ubiquitination of occludin and tricellulin, suggesting that this AHL prevented their endocytosis. In conclusion, the role of 3-oxo-C12:2 in maintaining TJ integrity under inflammatory conditions identifies this new AHL as a potential beneficial actor of host–microbiota interactions in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriane Aguanno
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, INSERM , Paris, France.,EPHE, PSL University , Paris, France
| | - Garance Coquant
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, INSERM , Paris, France
| | - Barbara G Postal
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, INSERM , Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Centre De Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR 1149 , Paris, France.,Biology and Genetics of Bacterial Cell Wall Unit, Pasteur Institute , Paris, France
| | - Céline Osinski
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and obesities: systemic approaches , Paris, France
| | - Margaux Wieckowski
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, INSERM , Paris, France.,EPHE, PSL University , Paris, France
| | - Daniel Stockholm
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, INSERM , Paris, France.,EPHE, PSL University , Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Grill
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, INSERM , Paris, France
| | - Véronique Carrière
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, INSERM , Paris, France
| | - Philippe Seksik
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, INSERM , Paris, France.,Département De Gastroentérologie Et Nutrition , Paris, France
| | - Sophie Thenet
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, INSERM , Paris, France.,EPHE, PSL University , Paris, France
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Hu JCE, Bojarski C, Branchi F, Fromm M, Krug SM. Leptin Downregulates Angulin-1 in Active Crohn's Disease via STAT3. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217824. [PMID: 33105684 PMCID: PMC7672602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) has an altered intestinal barrier function, yet the underlying mechanisms remain to be disclosed. The tricellular tight junction protein tricellulin is involved in the maintenance of the paracellular macromolecule barrier and features an unchanged expression level in CD but a shifted localization. As angulins are known to regulate the localization of tricellulin, we hypothesized the involvement of angulins in CD. Using human biopsies, we found angulin-1 was downregulated in active CD compared with both controls and CD in remission. In T84 and Caco-2 monolayers, leptin, a cytokine secreted by fat tissue and affected in CD, decreased angulin-1 expression. This effect was completely blocked by STAT3 inhibitors, Stattic and WP1066, but only partially by JAK2 inhibitor AG490. The effect of leptin was also seen at a functional level as we observed in Caco-2 cells an increased permeability for FITC-dextran 4 kDa indicating an impaired barrier against macromolecule uptake. In conclusion, we were able to show that in active CD angulin-1 expression is downregulated, which leads to increased macromolecule permeability and is inducible by leptin via STAT3. This suggests that angulin-1 and leptin secretion are potential targets for intervention in CD to restore the impaired intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Chen E. Hu
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Bojarski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Federica Branchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne M. Krug
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Smyth T, Veazey J, Eliseeva S, Chalupa D, Elder A, Georas SN. Diesel exhaust particle exposure reduces expression of the epithelial tight junction protein Tricellulin. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:52. [PMID: 33059747 PMCID: PMC7560077 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While exposure to diesel exhaust particles has been linked to aberrant immune responses in allergic diseases such as asthma, little attention has been paid to their effects on the airway epithelial barrier. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of diesel exhaust exposure on airway epithelial barrier function and composition using in vitro and in vivo model systems. METHODS 16HBE14o- human bronchial epithelial cells were grown on collagen coated Transwell inserts and exposed to 5 to 50 μg/cm2 SRM 2975 diesel particulate matter (DEP) suspended in cell culture medium or vehicle controls. Changes in barrier function were assessed by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability to 4 kDa FITC Dextran. Neonatal BALB/c mice were exposed to aerosolized DEP (255 ± 89 μg/m3; 2 h per day for 5 days) and changes in the tight junction protein Tricellulin were assessed 2 weeks post exposure. RESULTS A six-hour incubation of epithelial cells with diesel exhaust particles caused a significant concentration-dependent reduction in epithelial barrier integrity as measured by decreased TEER and increased permeability to 4 kDa FITC-Dextran. This reduction in epithelial barrier integrity corresponded to a significant reduction in expression of the tight junction protein Tricellulin. siRNA mediated knockdown of Tricellulin recapitulated changes in barrier function caused by DEP exposure. Neonatal exposure to aerosolized DEP caused a significant reduction in lung Tricellulin 2 weeks post exposure at both the protein and mRNA level. CONCLUSION Short term exposure to DEP causes a significant reduction in epithelial barrier integrity through a reduction in the tight junction protein Tricellulin. Neonatal exposure to aerosolized DEP caused a significant and sustained reduction in Tricellulin protein and mRNA in the lung, suggesting that early life exposure to inhaled DEP may cause lasting changes in airway epithelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Smyth
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Janelle Veazey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sophia Eliseeva
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Box 692, 601 Elmwood Ave, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - David Chalupa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alison Elder
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Steve N Georas
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Box 692, 601 Elmwood Ave, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
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40
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Kobayashi T, Siegmund B, Le Berre C, Wei SC, Ferrante M, Shen B, Bernstein CN, Danese S, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Hibi T. Ulcerative colitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020; 6:74. [PMID: 32913180 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-020-0205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 731] [Impact Index Per Article: 182.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown aetiology affecting the colon and rectum. Multiple factors, such as genetic background, environmental and luminal factors, and mucosal immune dysregulation, have been suggested to contribute to UC pathogenesis. UC has evolved into a global burden given its high incidence in developed countries and the substantial increase in incidence in developing countries. An improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying UC has led to the emergence of new treatments. Since the early 2000s, anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) treatment has significantly improved treatment outcomes. Advances in medical treatments have enabled a paradigm shift in treatment goals from symptomatic relief to endoscopic and histological healing to achieve better long-term outcomes and, consequently, diagnostic modalities have also been improved to monitor disease activity more tightly. Despite these improvements in patient care, a substantial proportion of patients, for example, those who are refractory to medical treatment or those who develop colitis-associated colorectal dysplasia or cancer, still require restorative proctocolectomy. The development of novel drugs and improvement of the treatment strategy by implementing personalized medicine are warranted to achieve optimal disease control. However, delineating the aetiology of UC is necessary to ultimately achieve disease cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kobayashi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charite-Universitatsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Catherine Le Berre
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nancy University Hospital, Inserm U1256 NGERE, Lorraine University, Lorraine, France
| | - Shu Chen Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Marc Ferrante
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bo Shen
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre and Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Silvio Danese
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS - and Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nancy University Hospital, Inserm U1256 NGERE, Lorraine University, Lorraine, France
| | - Toshifumi Hibi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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Schoultz I, Keita ÅV. The Intestinal Barrier and Current Techniques for the Assessment of Gut Permeability. Cells 2020; 9:E1909. [PMID: 32824536 PMCID: PMC7463717 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is essential in human health and constitutes the interface between the outside and the internal milieu of the body. A functional intestinal barrier allows absorption of nutrients and fluids but simultaneously prevents harmful substances like toxins and bacteria from crossing the intestinal epithelium and reaching the body. An altered intestinal permeability, a sign of a perturbed barrier function, has during the last decade been associated with several chronic conditions, including diseases originating in the gastrointestinal tract but also diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson disease. This has led to an intensified interest from researchers with diverse backgrounds to perform functional studies of the intestinal barrier in different conditions. Intestinal permeability is defined as the passage of a solute through a simple membrane and can be measured by recording the passage of permeability markers over the epithelium via the paracellular or the transcellular route. The methodological tools to investigate the gut barrier function are rapidly expanding and new methodological approaches are being developed. Here we outline and discuss, in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo techniques and how these methods can be utilized for thorough investigation of the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Schoultz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 703 62 Örebro, Sweden;
| | - Åsa V. Keita
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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Nighot P, Ma T. Endocytosis of Intestinal Tight Junction Proteins: In Time and Space. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 27:283-290. [PMID: 32497180 PMCID: PMC7813749 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells take up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding milieu and also internalize membrane proteins via a precise process of endocytosis. The role of endocytosis in diverse physiological processes such as cell adhesion, cell signaling, tissue remodeling, and healing is well recognized. The epithelial tight junctions (TJs), present at the apical lateral membrane, play a key role in cell adhesion and regulation of paracellular pathway. These vital functions of the TJ are achieved through the dynamic regulation of the presence of pore and barrier-forming proteins within the TJ complex on the plasma membrane. In response to various intracellular and extracellular clues, the TJ complexes are actively regulated by intracellular trafficking. The intracellular trafficking consists of endocytosis and recycling cargos to the plasma membrane or targeting them to the lysosomes for degradation. Increased intestinal TJ permeability is a pathological factor in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and the TJ permeability could be increased due to the altered endocytosis or recycling of TJ proteins. This review discusses the current information on endocytosis of intestinal epithelial TJ proteins. The knowledge of the endocytic regulation of the epithelial TJ barrier will provide further understanding of pathogenesis and potential targets for IBD and a wide variety of human disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Nighot
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA,Address correspondence to: Prashant Nighot, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, Room C5814B, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA. E-mail:
| | - Thomas Ma
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
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43
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Tight Junctions as Targets and Effectors of Mucosal Immune Homeostasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:327-340. [PMID: 32304780 PMCID: PMC7326733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Defective epithelial barrier function is present in maladies including epidermal burn injury, environmental lung damage, renal tubular disease, and a range of immune-mediated and infectious intestinal disorders. When the epithelial surface is intact, the paracellular pathway between cells is sealed by the tight junction. However, permeability of tight junctions varies widely across tissues and can be markedly impacted by disease. For example, tight junctions within the skin and urinary bladder are largely impermeant and their permeability is not regulated. In contrast, tight junctions of the proximal renal tubule and intestine are selectively permeable to water and solutes on the basis of their biophysical characteristics and, in the gut, can be regulated by the immune system with remarkable specificity. Conversely, modulation of tight junction barrier conductance, especially within the gastrointestinal tract, can impact immune homeostasis and diverse pathologies. Thus, tight junctions are both effectors and targets of immune regulation. Using the gastrointestinal tract as an example, this review explores current understanding of this complex interplay between tight junctions and immunity.
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44
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Piontek J, Krug SM, Protze J, Krause G, Fromm M. Molecular architecture and assembly of the tight junction backbone. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183279. [PMID: 32224152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The functional and structural concept of tight junctions has developed after discovery of claudin and TAMP proteins. Many of these proteins contribute to epi- and endothelial barrier but some, in contrast, form paracellular channels. Claudins form the backbone of tight junction (TJ) strands whereas other proteins regulate TJ dynamics. The current joined double-row model of TJ strands and channels is crucially based on the linear alignment of claudin-15 in the crystal. Molecular dynamics simulations, protein docking, mutagenesis, cellular TJ reconstitution, and electron microscopy studies largely support stability and functionality of the model. Here, we summarize in silico and in vitro data about TJ strand assembly including comparison of claudin crystal structures and alternative models. Sequence comparisons, experimental and structural data substantiate differentiation of classic and non-classic claudins differing in motifs related to strand assembly. Classic claudins seem to share a similar mechanism of strand formation. Interface variations likely contribute to TJ strand flexibility. Combined in vitro/in silico studies are expected to elucidate mechanistic keys determining TJ regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Piontek
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne M Krug
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Protze
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Krause
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany.
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45
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Kjærgaard S, Damm MMB, Chang J, Riis LB, Rasmussen HB, Hytting-Andreasen R, Krug SM, Schulzke JD, Bindslev N, Hansen MB. Altered Structural Expression and Enzymatic Activity Parameters in Quiescent Ulcerative Colitis: Are These Potential Normalization Criteria? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051887. [PMID: 32164249 PMCID: PMC7084207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal healing determined by endoscopy is currently the remission standard for ulcerative colitis (UC). However, new criteria for remission are emerging, such as histologic normalization, which appears to correlate better to the risk of relapse. Here, we study mucosal healing on a molecular and functional level in quiescent UC. We obtained endoscopic biopsies from 33 quiescent UC patients and from 17 controls. Histology was assessed using Geboes score. Protein and mRNA levels were evaluated for the tight junction proteins claudin-2, claudin-4, occludin, and tricellulin, as well as Cl−/HCO3− exchanger DRA, and cyclo-oxygenase enzymes (COX-1, COX-2). The mucosal activity of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes was assessed in modified Ussing chambers, measuring electrogenic ion transport (short-circuit current, SCC). Chronic inflammation was present in most UC patients. The protein level of claudin-4 was reduced, while mRNA-levels of claudin-2 and claudin-4 were upregulated in UC patients. Surprisingly, the mRNA level of COX-1 was downregulated, but was unaltered for COX-2. Basal ion transport was not affected, while COX-2 inhibition induced a two-fold larger decrease in SCC in UC patients. Despite being in clinical and endoscopic remission, quiescent UC patients demonstrated abnormal mucosal barrier properties at the molecular and functional level. Further exploration of mucosal molecular signature for revision of current remission standards should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kjærgaard
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (M.B.H.); Tel.: +45-71200271 (S.K.); +45-50603756 (M.B.H.)
| | - Morten M. B. Damm
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Joan Chang
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M16 8FB, UK;
| | - Lene B. Riis
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, 2730 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Hanne B. Rasmussen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (H.B.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Rasmus Hytting-Andreasen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Susanne M. Krug
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (S.M.K.); (J.-D.S.)
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (S.M.K.); (J.-D.S.)
| | - Niels Bindslev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (H.B.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Mark Berner Hansen
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (M.B.H.); Tel.: +45-71200271 (S.K.); +45-50603756 (M.B.H.)
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Huang S, Fu Y, Xu B, Liu C, Wang Q, Luo S, Nong F, Wang X, Huang S, Chen J, Zhou L, Luo X. Wogonoside alleviates colitis by improving intestinal epithelial barrier function via the MLCK/pMLC2 pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 68:153179. [PMID: 32062328 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, which involves myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activation, contributes to the occurrence and progression of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Wogonoside helps maintain intestinal homeostasis in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, but it is unclear whether it modulates intestinal barrier function. PURPOSE Here, we demonstrate that wogonoside protects against intestinal barrier dysfunction in colitis via the MLCK/pMLC2 pathway both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Caco-2 cell monolayers treated with the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α showed barrier dysfunction and were assessed in the absence and presence of wogonoside for various physiological, morphological, and biochemical parameters. Colitis was induced by 3% DSS in mice, which were used as an animal model to explore the pharmacodynamics of wogonoside. We detected MLCK/pMLC2 pathway proteins via western blot analysis, assessed the cytokines IL-13 and IFN-γ via ELISA, tested bacterial translocation via fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and a proper sampling of secondary lymphoid organs for bacterial culture. In addition, the docking affinity of wogonoside and MLCK was observed with DS2.5 software. RESULTS Wogonoside alleviated the disruption of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) in TNF-α exposured Caco-2 cell; FITC-dextran hyperpermeability; loss of the tight junction (TJ) proteins occludin, ZO-1 and claudin-1 in Caco-2 cell monolayers; and bacterial translocation in colitic mice. Moreover, wogonoside reduced the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-13 and IFN-γ to maintain intestinal immune homeostasis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed that wogonoside ameliorated the destruction of intestinal epithelial TJs. Wogonoside not only inhibited the cytoskeletal F-actin rearrangement induced by TNF-α, stabilized the cytoskeletal structure, suppressed MLCK protein expression, and reduced MLC2 phosphorylation. In addition, the results of molecular docking analysis showed that wogonoside had a high affinity for MLCK and formed hydrogen bonds with the amino acid residue LYS261 and π bonds with LYS229. CONCLUSION Collectively, our study indicates that wogonoside alleviates colitis by protecting against intestinal barrier dysfunction, and the potential mechanism may involve regulation of TJs via the MLCK/pMLC2 signaling pathway. Meanwhile, our study also explains the success of S. baicalensis in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yajun Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Nong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songyu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xia Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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Contributions of Myosin Light Chain Kinase to Regulation of Epithelial Paracellular Permeability and Mucosal Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030993. [PMID: 32028590 PMCID: PMC7037368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier function is required for the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. Barrier dysfunction is thought to promote progression of both intestinal and systemic diseases. In many cases, this barrier loss reflects increased permeability of the paracellular tight junction as a consequence of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activation and myosin II regulatory light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Although some details about MLCK activation remain to be defined, it is clear that this triggers perijunctional actomyosin ring (PAMR) contraction that leads to molecular reorganization of tight junction structure and composition, including occludin endocytosis. In disease states, this process can be triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and several related molecules. Of these, TNF has been studied in the greatest detail and is known to activate long MLCK transcription, expression, enzymatic activity, and recruitment to the PAMR. Unfortunately, toxicities associated with inhibition of MLCK expression or enzymatic activity make these unsuitable as therapeutic targets. Recent work has, however, identified a small molecule that prevents MLCK1 recruitment to the PAMR without inhibiting enzymatic function. This small molecule, termed Divertin, restores barrier function after TNF-induced barrier loss and prevents disease progression in experimental chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
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Molecular organization, regulation and function of tricellular junctions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Gonschior H, Haucke V, Lehmann M. Super-Resolution Imaging of Tight and Adherens Junctions: Challenges and Open Questions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030744. [PMID: 31979366 PMCID: PMC7037929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight junction (TJ) and the adherens junction (AJ) bridge the paracellular cleft of epithelial and endothelial cells. In addition to their role as protective barriers against bacteria and their toxins they maintain ion homeostasis, cell polarity, and mechano-sensing. Their functional loss leads to pathological changes such as tissue inflammation, ion imbalance, and cancer. To better understand the consequences of such malfunctions, the junctional nanoarchitecture is of great importance since it remains so far largely unresolved, mainly because of major difficulties in dynamically imaging these structures at sufficient resolution and with molecular precision. The rapid development of super-resolution imaging techniques ranging from structured illumination microscopy (SIM), stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, and single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) has now enabled molecular imaging of biological specimens from cells to tissues with nanometer resolution. Here we summarize these techniques and their application to the dissection of the nanoscale molecular architecture of TJs and AJs. We propose that super-resolution imaging together with advances in genome engineering and functional analyses approaches will create a leap in our understanding of the composition, assembly, and function of TJs and AJs at the nanoscale and, thereby, enable a mechanistic understanding of their dysfunction in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Gonschior
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany; (H.G.); (V.H.)
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany; (H.G.); (V.H.)
- Faculty of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany; (H.G.); (V.H.)
- Correspondence:
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