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Feng Y, Zhi D, Zhu Y, Guo X, Luo X, Dang C, Liu L, Sui J, Sun L. Symptom-guided multimodal neuroimage fusion patterns in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its potential "brain structure-function-cognition-behavior" pathological pathways. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:2141-2152. [PMID: 37777608 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The "brain-cognition-behavior" process is an important pathological pathway in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Symptom guided multimodal neuroimaging fusion can capture behaviorally relevant and intrinsically linked structural and functional features, which can help to construct a systematic model of the pathology. Analyzing the multimodal neuroimage fusion pattern and exploring how these brain features affect executive function (EF) and leads to behavioral impairment is the focus of this study. Based on gray matter volume (GMV) and fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (fALFF) for 152 ADHD and 102 healthy controls (HC), the total symptom score (TO) was set as a reference to identify co-varying components. Based on the correlation between the identified co-varying components and EF, further mediation analysis was used to explore the relationship between brain image features, EF and clinical symptoms. This study found that the abnormalities of GMV and fALFF in ADHD are mainly located in the default mode network (DMN) and prefrontal-striatal-cerebellar circuits, respectively. GMV in ADHD influences the TO through Metacognition Index, while fALFF in HC mediates the TO through behavior regulation index (BRI). Further analysis revealed that GMV in HC influences fALFF, which further modulates BRI and subsequently affects hyperactivity-impulsivity score. To conclude, structural brain abnormalities in the DMN in ADHD may affect local brain function in the prefrontal-striatal-cerebellar circuit, making it difficult to regulate EF in terms of inhibit, shift, and emotional control, and ultimately leading to hyperactive-impulsive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Feng
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, No.51, North Huayuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dongmei Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, No.51, North Huayuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaojie Guo
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, No.51, North Huayuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiangsheng Luo
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, No.51, North Huayuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chen Dang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, No.51, North Huayuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, No.51, North Huayuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jing Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100088, China.
| | - Li Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, No.51, North Huayuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China.
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2
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Wang J, Gu R, Kong X, Luan S, Luo YLL. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and post-GWAS analyses of impulsivity: A systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 132:110986. [PMID: 38430953 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Impulsivity is related to a host of mental and behavioral problems. It is a complex construct with many different manifestations, most of which are heritable. The genetic compositions of these impulsivity manifestations, however, remain unclear. A number of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and post-GWAS analyses have tried to address this issue. We conducted a systematic review of all GWAS and post-GWAS analyses of impulsivity published up to December 2023. Available data suggest that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in more than a dozen of genes (e.g., CADM2, CTNNA2, GPM6B) are associated with different measures of impulsivity at genome-wide significant levels. Post-GWAS analyses further show that different measures of impulsivity are subject to different degrees of genetic influence, share few genetic variants, and have divergent genetic overlap with basic personality traits such as extroversion and neuroticism, cognitive ability, psychiatric disorders, substance use, and obesity. These findings shed light on controversies in the conceptualization and measurement of impulsivity, while providing new insights on the underlying mechanisms that yoke impulsivity to psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangzhen Kong
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Psychiatry of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 Qingchundong Road, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Shenghua Luan
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu L L Luo
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China.
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3
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Cui S, Jiang P, Cheng Y, Cai H, Zhu J, Yu Y. Molecular mechanisms underlying resting-state brain functional correlates of behavioral inhibition. Neuroimage 2023; 283:120415. [PMID: 37863277 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous literature has established the presence of sex differences in behavioral inhibition as well as its neural substrates and related disease risk. However, there is limited evidence that speaks directly to the question of whether or not there are sex-dependent associations between behavioral inhibition and resting-state brain function and, if so, how they are modulated by the underlying molecular mechanisms. We computed functional connectivity density (FCD) using resting-state functional MRI data to examine their associations with behavioral inhibition ability measured using a Go/No-Go task across a large cohort of 510 healthy young adults. Then, we examined the spatial relationships of the FCD correlates of behavioral inhibition with gene expression and neurotransmitter atlases to explore their potential genetic architecture and neurochemical basis. A significant negative correlation between behavioral inhibition and FCD in the left superior parietal lobule was found in females but not males. Further spatial correlation analyses demonstrated that the identified neural correlates of behavioral inhibition were associated with expression of gene categories predominantly implicating essential components of the cerebral cortex (glial cell, neuron, axon, dendrite, and synapse) and ion channel activity, as well as were linked to the serotonergic system. Our findings may not only yield important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the female-specific neural substrates of behavioral inhibition, but also provide a critical context for understanding how biological sex might contribute to variation in behavioral inhibition and its related disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunshun Cui
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Huanhuan Cai
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiajia Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China.
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4
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Arnatkeviciute A, Lemire M, Morrison C, Mooney M, Ryabinin P, Roslin NM, Nikolas M, Coxon J, Tiego J, Hawi Z, Fornito A, Henrik W, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Artiges E, Garavan H, Nigg J, Friedman NP, Burton C, Schachar R, Crosbie J, Bellgrove MA. Trans-ancestry meta-analysis of genome wide association studies of inhibitory control. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4175-4184. [PMID: 37500827 PMCID: PMC10827666 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in effective executive function, including inhibitory control are associated with risk for a number of psychiatric disorders and significantly impact everyday functioning. These complex traits have been proposed to serve as endophenotypes, however, their genetic architecture is not yet well understood. To identify the common genetic variation associated with inhibitory control in the general population we performed the first trans-ancestry genome wide association study (GWAS) combining data across 8 sites and four ancestries (N = 14,877) using cognitive traits derived from the stop-signal task, namely - go reaction time (GoRT), go reaction time variability (GoRT SD) and stop signal reaction time (SSRT). Although we did not identify genome wide significant associations for any of the three traits, GoRT SD and SSRT demonstrated significant and similar SNP heritability of 8.2%, indicative of an influence of genetic factors. Power analyses demonstrated that the number of common causal variants contributing to the heritability of these phenotypes is relatively high and larger sample sizes are necessary to robustly identify associations. In Europeans, the polygenic risk for ADHD was significantly associated with GoRT SD and the polygenic risk for schizophrenia was associated with GoRT, while in East Asians polygenic risk for schizophrenia was associated with SSRT. These results support the potential of executive function measures as endophenotypes of neuropsychiatric disorders. Together these findings provide the first evidence indicating the influence of common genetic variation in the genetic architecture of inhibitory control quantified using objective behavioural traits derived from the stop-signal task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurina Arnatkeviciute
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mathieu Lemire
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claire Morrison
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioural Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael Mooney
- Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Peter Ryabinin
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nicole M Roslin
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Molly Nikolas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - James Coxon
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeggan Tiego
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ziarih Hawi
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Fornito
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Walter Henrik
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Developmental trajectories & psychiatry" Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Developmental trajectories & psychiatry" Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 "Developmental trajectories & psychiatry" Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Etablissement Public de Santé (EPS) Barthélemy Durand, 91700, Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Joel Nigg
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Naomi P Friedman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioural Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christie Burton
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Russell Schachar
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Crosbie
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Graczyk MM, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW, Ersche KD. Genotype-by-diagnosis interaction influences self-control in human cocaine addiction. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:51. [PMID: 36774338 PMCID: PMC9922269 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Not everyone who uses drugs loses control over their intake, which is a hallmark of addiction. Although familial risk studies suggest significant addiction heritability, the genetic basis of vulnerability to drug addiction remains largely unknown. In the present study, we investigate the relationship between self-control, cocaine use, and the rs36024 single nucleotide polymorphism of the noradrenaline transporter gene (SLC6A2). We hypothesize that C-allele-carrying adults show impaired self-control, as measured by the stop-signal task and demonstrated previously in adolescents, and further exacerbated by chronic cocaine use. Patients with cocaine use disorder (CUD, n = 79) and healthy unrelated participants with no history of drug abuse (n = 54) completed the stop-signal task. All participants were genotyped for rs36024 allelic variants (CC/TT homozygotes, CT heterozygotes). We measured mean stop-signal reaction time, reflecting the ability to inhibit ongoing motor responses, reaction times to go stimuli, and the proportion of successful stops. CUD patients showed prolonged stop-signal reaction time, however, there was no main effect of rs36024 genotype. Importantly, there was a significant genotype-by-diagnosis interaction such that CUD patients with CC genotype had longer stop-signal reaction time and fewer successful stops compared with CC healthy controls and TT CUD patients. CT CUD patients showed an intermediate performance. Self-control deficits were associated with cocaine use disorder diagnosis, which interacts with the noradrenaline transporter rs36024 polymorphism. Our findings suggest that rs36024 may represent a potential genetic vulnerability marker, which facilitates the transition from first cocaine use to addiction by weakening the inhibitory control over behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal M Graczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen D Ersche
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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Wessel JR, Diesburg DA, Chalkley NH, Greenlee JDW. A causal role for the human subthalamic nucleus in non-selective cortico-motor inhibition. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3785-3791.e3. [PMID: 35841891 PMCID: PMC9511894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Common cortico-basal ganglia models of motor control suggest a key role for the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in motor inhibition.1-3 In particular, when already-initiated actions have to be suddenly stopped, the STN is purportedly recruited via a hyperdirect pathway to net inhibit the cortico-motor system in a broad, non-selective fashion.4 Indeed, the suppression of cortico-spinal excitability (CSE) during rapid action stopping extends beyond the stopped muscle and affects even task-irrelevant motor representations.5,6 Although such non-selective CSE suppression has long been attributed to the broad inhibitory influence of STN on the motor system, causal evidence for this association is hitherto lacking. Here, 20 Parkinson's disease patients treated with STN deep-brain stimulation (DBS) and 20 matched healthy controls performed a verbal stop-signal task while CSE was measured from a task-unrelated hand muscle. DBS allowed a causal manipulation of STN, while CSE was measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over primary motor cortex and concurrent electromyography. In patients OFF-DBS and controls, the CSE of the hand was non-selectively suppressed when the verbal response was successfully stopped. Crucially, this effect disappeared when STN was disrupted via DBS in the patient group. Using this unique combination of DBS and TMS during human behavior, the current study provides first causal evidence that STN is likely involved in non-selectively suppressing the physiological excitability of the cortico-motor system during action stopping. This confirms a core prediction of long-held cortico-basal ganglia circuit models of movement. The absence of cortico-motor inhibition during STN-DBS may also provide potential insights into the common side effects of STN-DBS, such as increased impulsivity.7-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R Wessel
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA; Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Darcy A Diesburg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA; Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA
| | - Nathan H Chalkley
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA
| | - Jeremy D W Greenlee
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Working memory and reaction time variability mediate the relationship between polygenic risk and ADHD traits in a general population sample. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:5028-5037. [PMID: 36151456 PMCID: PMC9763105 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endophenotypes are heritable and quantifiable traits indexing genetic liability for a disorder. Here, we examined three potential endophenotypes, working memory function, response inhibition, and reaction time variability, for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) measured as a dimensional latent trait in a large general population sample derived from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study. The genetic risk for ADHD was estimated using polygenic risk scores (PRS) whereas ADHD traits were quantified as a dimensional continuum using Bartlett factor score estimates, derived from Attention Problems items from the Child Behaviour Checklist and Effortful Control items from the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised. The three candidate cognitive endophenotypes were quantified using task-based performance measures. Higher ADHD PRSs were associated with higher ADHD traits, as well as poorer working memory performance and increased reaction time variability. Lower working memory performance, poorer response inhibition, and increased reaction time variability were associated with more pronounced ADHD traits. Working memory and reaction time variability partially statistically mediated the relationship between ADHD PRS and ADHD traits, explaining 14% and 16% of the association, respectively. The mediation effect was specific to the genetic risk for ADHD and did not generalise to genetic risk for four other major psychiatric disorders. Together, these findings provide robust evidence from a large general population sample that working memory and reaction time variability can be considered endophenotypes for ADHD that mediate the relationship between ADHD PRS and ADHD traits.
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Bacanlı A, Unsel-Bolat G, Suren S, Yazıcı KU, Callı C, Aygunes Jafari D, Kosova B, Rohde LA, Ercan ES. Effects of the dopamine transporter gene on neuroimaging findings in different attention deficit hyperactivity disorder presentations. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:1103-1114. [PMID: 33469789 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00437-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a phenotipically and neurobiologically heterogeneous disorder. Deficiencies at different levels in response inhibition, differences in dopamine transporter genotype (DAT1) and various symptomatic presentations contribute to ADHD heterogeneity. Integrating these three aspects into a functional neuroimaging research could help unreval specific neurobiological components of more phenotipically homogeneous groups of patients with ADHD. During the Go-NoGo trial, we investigated the effect of the DAT1 gene using 3 T MRI in 72 ADHD cases and 24 (TD) controls that typically developed between the ages 8 and 15 years. In the total ADHD group, DAT1 predicted homozygosity for the 10R allele and hypoactivation in the anterior cingulate cortex and paracingulate cortex. There were no significant activation differences between DAT1 10R/10R homozygotes and 9R carriers in TD controls. Subjects with predominantly inattentive ADHD (ADHD-I) presentation with DAT1 10R/10R homozygous reduced neuronal activation during Go trial particularly in the frontal regions and insular cortex, and in the parietal regions during NoGo trial (brain regions reported as part of Default Mode Network- DMN). Additionally, DAT1 10R/10R homozygousness was associated with increased occipital zone activation during only the Go trial in the ADHD combined presentation (ADHD-C) group. Our results point the three main findings: 1) The DAT1 gene is 10R homozygous for differentiated brain activation in ADHD cases but not in the TD controls, supporting the DAT1 gene as a potential marker for ADHD, 2) The relationship between the DAT1 gene and the occipital regions in ADHD-C group which may reflect compensatory mechanisms, 3) The relationship between DAT1 gene and the reduced DMN suppression for 9R carriers probabaly stems from the ADHD-I group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bacanlı
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Zubeyde Hanim Training and Research Hospital, Başkent University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gul Unsel-Bolat
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey.
| | - Serkan Suren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Park Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Kemal Utku Yazıcı
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Cem Callı
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Duygu Aygunes Jafari
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Buket Kosova
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eyup Sabri Ercan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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9
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Tremblay LK, Hammill C, Ameis SH, Bhaijiwala M, Mabbott DJ, Anagnostou E, Lerch JP, Schachar RJ. Tracking Inhibitory Control in Youth With ADHD: A Multi-Modal Neuroimaging Approach. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:00831. [PMID: 33329071 PMCID: PMC7710692 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A decreased ability to inhibit a speeded motor response is a well-studied deficit in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and has been proposed as an endophenotype. Inhibitory control has been assessed reliably with the Stop Signal Task (SST) and is associated with prior documented differences in regional brain function using f-MRI. Here, we advance on these findings by examining their structural connectivity and white matter integrity with the goal of identifying a network underlying a core cognitive deficit in ADHD. METHODS Healthy controls (N=16) and youth diagnosed with ADHD (N=60) were recruited through the Province of Ontario Neurodevelopmental Disorders Network (POND) and the Hospital for Sick Children. An f-MRI activation difference map was co-registered with each participant's white matter imaging data, representing the specific network nodes where ADHD youth diverged significantly from controls while performing the SST. Probabilistic tractography was applied from these nodes, and white matter integrity indices such as fractional anisotropy (FA) within the tracts of interest were contrasted between the groups and correlated with SST output measures, including the measure of inhibitory control, the stop signal reaction time (SSRT). RESULTS The tracts that connected the network nodes belonged primarily to the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) and cingulum. ADHD subjects showed trend differences in FA compared to controls between right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and right superior temporal gyrus (P= 0.09), right IFG and right posterior cingulate (P= 0.01), right anterior cingulate to posterior cingulate (p= 0.08), and between left middle temporal gyrus (BA 39) and left posterior cingulate (P=0.02). A trend correlation was found between radial diffusivity within IFG to STG white matter (IFOF) and SSRT. CONCLUSIONS We identified potential white matter tracts related to deficient inhibitory control, elucidating the brain mechanisms of an important cognitive deficit in ADHD. These findings could be integrated into future endophenotypic biomarker studies, incorporating altogether brain structure, function, and behavior for future studies of ADHD and other psychiatric conditions that exhibit this deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lescia K Tremblay
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher Hammill
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie H Ameis
- The Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mehereen Bhaijiwala
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donald J Mabbott
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Department of Paediatrics, Holland Bloorview Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Russell J Schachar
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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10
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Wang L, Yuan Y, Wang J, Shen Y, Zhi Y, Li J, Wang M, Zhang K. Allelic variant in SLC6A3 rs393795 affects cerebral regional homogeneity and gait dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's disease. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7957. [PMID: 31720106 PMCID: PMC6836753 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims We sought to explore the role of the SLC6A3rs393795 allelic variant in cerebral spontaneous activity and clinical features in Parkinson’s disease (PD) via imaging genetic approach. Methods Our study recruited 50 PD and 45 healthy control (HC) participants to provide clinical, genetic, and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data. All subjects were separated into 16 PD-AA, 34 PD-CA/CC, 14 HC-AA, and 31 HC-CA/CC four subgroups according to SLC6A3rs393795 genotyping. Afterwards, main effects and interactions of groups (PD versus HC) and genotypes (AA versus CA/CC) on cerebral function reflected by regional homogeneity (ReHo) were explored using two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) after controlling age and gender. Finally, Spearman’ s correlations were employed to investigate the relationships between significantly interactive brain regions and clinical manifestations in PD subgroups. Results Compared with HC subjects, PD patients exhibited increased ReHo signals in left middle temporal gyrus and decreased ReHo signals in left pallidum. Compared with CA/CC carriers, AA genotype individuals showed abnormal increased ReHo signals in right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and supplementary motor area (SMA). Moreover, significant interactions (affected by both disease factor and allelic variation) were detected in right inferior temporal gyrus (ITG). Furthermore, aberrant increased ReHo signals in right ITG were observed in PD-AA in comparison with PD-CA/CC. Notably, ReHo values in right ITG were negatively associated with Tinetti Mobility Test (TMT) gait subscale scores and positively related to Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOG-Q) scores in PD-AA subgroup. Conclusions Our findings suggested that SLC6A3rs393795 allelic variation might have a trend to aggravate the severity of gait disorders in PD patients by altering right SMA and IFG function, and ultimately result in compensatory activation of right ITG. It could provide us with a new perspective for exploring deeply genetic mechanisms of gait disturbances in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongsheng Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuting Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junyi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Letourneau NL, de Koning APJ, Sekhon B, Ntanda HN, Kobor M, Deane AJ, Morin AM, Dewey D, Campbell TS, Giesbrecht GF. Parenting Interacts With Plasticity Genes in Predicting Behavioral Outcomes in Preschoolers. Can J Nurs Res 2019; 52:290-307. [PMID: 31403319 DOI: 10.1177/0844562119863612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public health and pediatric nurses typically focus on supporting parenting to reduce the likelihood of children's behavioral problems. Studies have identified interactions between early exposures to stress in caregiving and child genotype in predicting children's behavioral problems, such that certain genotypes connote greater differential susceptibility or plasticity to environmental stressors. We sought to uncover the interaction between observational measures of parent-child relationship quality and genotype in predicting early-onset behavioral problems in 24-month-olds, using prospective methods. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of data collected on a subsample of 176 women and their infants enrolled during pregnancy in the ongoing Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) cohort study. Inclusion criteria required mothers to be ≥18 years of age, English speaking and ≤22 weeks gestational age at enrollment. Genetic data were obtained from blood leukocytes and buccal epithelial cell samples, collected from infants at three months of age. For each child, the presence of plasticity alleles was determined for BDNF, CNR1, DRD2/ANKK1, DRD4, DAT1, 5-HTTLPR, and MAOA and an overall index was calculated to summarize the number of plasticity alleles present. Observational assessments of parent-child relationship quality (sensitivity, controlling, and unresponsiveness) were conducted at six months of age. Children's internalizing (e.g., emotionally reactive, anxious/depressed, somatic complaint, withdrawn) and externalizing (e.g., aggression, inattention) behaviors were assessed at 24 months of age. After extracting genetic data, a maximum likelihood method for regressions was employed with Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) for model selection. RESULTS When parents were less responsive and children possessed more plasticity alleles, children were more likely to be emotionally reactive, anxious/depressed, report somatic complaints, and withdrawn, while when parents were less responsive and children possessed fewer plasticity alleles, children were less likely to display these internalizing behaviors, in a differentially susceptible manner. Furthermore, when parents were more responsive, and children possessed more plasticity alleles, children were less likely to display internalizing behaviors (P = 0.034). Similarly, children who possessed either the CNR1-A plasticity allele (P = 0.010) or DAT1 9-repeat plasticity allele (P = 0.036) and experienced more/less parental control displayed more/fewer externalizing problems, respectively, in a differentially susceptible manner. CONCLUSIONS The plasticity index score interacted with parental unresponsiveness in predicting anxiety and depressive behavioral problems in children, while individual genetic variants interacted with parental controlling behavior in predicting aggression and inattention in children, suggestive of differential susceptibility to caregiving. Especially in the context of nursing interventions designed to support childrearing and children's development, nurses need to be aware of the interactions between child genotype and parenting in understanding how well interventions will work in promoting optimal child behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Letourneau
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada.,Departments of Psychiatry and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | | | | | - Henry N Ntanda
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Michael Kobor
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrea J Deane
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Alexander M Morin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Deborah Dewey
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Gerald F Giesbrecht
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
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Corrêa T, Feltes BC, Riegel M. Integrated analysis of the critical region 5p15.3-p15.2 associated with cri-du-chat syndrome. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 42:186-196. [PMID: 30985858 PMCID: PMC6687350 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cri-du-chat syndrome (CdCs) is one of the most common contiguous gene syndromes, with an incidence of 1:15,000 to 1:50,000 live births. To better understand the etiology of CdCs at the molecular level, we investigated theprotein-protein interaction (PPI) network within the critical chromosomal region 5p15.3-p15.2 associated with CdCs using systemsbiology. Data were extracted from cytogenomic findings from patients with CdCs. Based on clinical findings, molecular characterization of chromosomal rearrangements, and systems biology data, we explored possible genotype-phenotype correlations involving biological processes connected with CdCs candidate genes. We identified biological processes involving genes previously found to be associated with CdCs, such as TERT, SLC6A3, and CTDNND2, as well as novel candidate proteins with potential contributions to CdCs phenotypes, including CCT5, TPPP, MED10, ADCY2, MTRR, CEP72, NDUFS6, and MRPL36. Although further functional analyses of these proteins are required, we identified candidate proteins for the development of new multi-target genetic editing tools to study CdCs. Further research may confirm those that are directly involved in the development of CdCs phenotypes and improve our understanding of CdCs-associated molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Corrêa
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno César Feltes
- Institute of Informatics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande
do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariluce Riegel
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto
Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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13
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Beu ND, Burns NR, Baetu I. Polymorphisms in dopaminergic genes predict proactive processes of response inhibition. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:1127-1148. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D. Beu
- The School of Psychology University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Nicholas R. Burns
- The School of Psychology University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Irina Baetu
- The School of Psychology University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
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14
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Shang CY, Lin HY, Tseng WY, Gau SS. A haplotype of the dopamine transporter gene modulates regional homogeneity, gray matter volume, and visual memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Med 2018; 48:2530-2540. [PMID: 29433615 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) and visual memory deficits have been consistently reported to be associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to examine whether a DAT1 haplotype affected functional and structural brain alterations in children with ADHD and whether those alterations were associated with visual memory. METHOD We recruited a total of 37 drug-naïve children with ADHD (17 with the DAT1 rs27048 (C)/rs429699 (T) haplotype and 20 without the CT haplotype) and 37 typically developing children (17 with the CT haplotype and 20 without the CT haplotype). Visual memory was assessed by the pattern recognition memory (PRM) and spatial recognition memory (SRM) tasks. We analyzed functional and structural brain architecture with regional homogeneity (ReHo) and gray matter volume (GMV). RESULTS The CT haplotype was associated with decreased ReHo in the left superior occipital gyrus, cuneus, and precuneus; and decreased GMV in the left superior occipital gyrus, cuneus, and precuneus, and in the right angular gyrus. Significant interactions of ADHD and the CT haplotype were found in the right postcentral gyrus for ReHo and in the right supplementary motor area for GMV. For the ADHD-CT group, we found negative correlations of total correct responses in PRM and SRM and positive correlations of mean latency of correct responses in PRM with the GMV in the left superior occipital gyrus, cuneus, and precuneus. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the DAT1-related GMV alterations in the posterior cortical regions may contribute to visual memory performance in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Shang
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - H Y Lin
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - W Y Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences,National Taiwan University,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - S S Gau
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
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15
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Fernández-Jaén A, Albert J, Fernández-Mayoralas DM, López-Martín S, Fernández-Perrone AL, Jimenez de la Peña M, Calleja-Pérez B, Recio Rodríguez M, López Arribas S. Cingulate Cortical Thickness and Dopamine Transporter ( DAT1) Genotype in Children and Adolescents With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:651-660. [PMID: 27160695 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716647483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the influence of dopamine transporter gene ( DAT1) 3'UTR genotype on cingulate cortical thickness in a large sample of children and adolescents with ADHD. METHOD Brain MRIs were acquired from 46 ADHD patients with homozygosity for the 10-repeat allele and 52 ADHD patients with a single copy or no copy of the allele. The cingulate cortex of each MRI scan was automatically parceled into sulci and gyri as well as into Brodmann areas (BA). RESULTS There were no group differences in age, gender, full-scale intelligence quotient, symptom severity, treatment status, comorbidity, or mean overall cortical thickness. Sulcus/gyrus- and BA-based analyses revealed that patients homozygous for the 10-repeat allele showed significantly greater thickness in right cingulate gyrus and right BA 24 compared with 9-repeat carriers. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that thickness of cingulate cortex is influenced by the presence of the 10-repeat allele in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sara López-Martín
- 4 Univesidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,5 Centro Neuromottiva, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Salatino-Oliveira A, Rohde LA, Hutz MH. The dopamine transporter role in psychiatric phenotypes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:211-231. [PMID: 28766921 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) is one of the most relevant and investigated neurotransmitter transporters. DAT is a plasma membrane protein which plays a homeostatic role, controlling both extracellular and intracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA). Since unbalanced DA levels are known to be involved in numerous mental disorders, a wealth of investigations has provided valuable insights concerning DAT role into normal brain functioning and pathological processes. Briefly, this extensive but non-systematic review discusses what is recently known about the role of SLC6A3 gene which encodes the dopamine transporter in psychiatric phenotypes. DAT protein, SLC6A3 gene, animal models, neuropsychology, and neuroimaging investigations are also concisely discussed. To conclude, current challenges are reviewed in order to provide perspectives for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis A Rohde
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Institute for Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara H Hutz
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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17
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Rincón-Pérez I, Sánchez-Carmona AJ, Albert J, Hinojosa JA. The association of monoamine-related gene polymorphisms with behavioural correlates of response inhibition: A meta-analytic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 84:49-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Hernaus D, Quaedflieg CWEM, Offermann JS, Casales Santa MM, van Amelsvoort T. Neuroendocrine stress responses predict catecholamine-dependent working memory-related dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:114-123. [PMID: 29087511 PMCID: PMC5793733 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally thought that the effect of acute stress on higher-order functions such as working memory is, for an important part, mediated by central catecholamine activity. However, little is known about the association between neuroendocrine stress responses and catecholamine-dependent working memory-related brain function in the absence of stress. Here, we investigate for the first time in healthy humans (n = 18) how neuroendocrine responses to stress (cortisol and alpha-amylase) relate to fronto-parietal working memory activity changes in response to atomoxetine, a noradrenaline transporter inhibitor that selectively increases extracellular cortical dopamine and noradrenaline. We observed positive correlations between stress-induced cortisol (Pearson's r = 0.75, P < 0.001) and alpha amylase (r = 0.69, P = 0.02) increases and catecholamine-dependent working memory-related activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Stress-induced cortisol increases furthermore correlated with supramarginal gyrus working memory-related activity (r = 0.79, P < 0.001). Comparing high vs low stress responders revealed that these correlations were driven by decreased working memory activity on placebo and greater working memory activity increases following atomoxetine in high stress responders. These results further corroborate the notion that neuroendocrine responses to stress are an informative proxy of catecholamine function relevant to higher order functions and provide novel hints on the complex relationship between acute stress, catecholamine function and working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Hernaus
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Conny W E M Quaedflieg
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Stefan Offermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, School for Mental Health and NeuroScience MHeNS Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marta M Casales Santa
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, School for Mental Health and NeuroScience MHeNS Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thérèse van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, School for Mental Health and NeuroScience MHeNS Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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19
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Dopaminergic medication shifts the balance between going and stopping in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2018; 109:262-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Weafer J, Gray JC, Hernandez K, Palmer AA, MacKillop J, de Wit H. Hierarchical investigation of genetic influences on response inhibition in healthy young adults. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2017; 25:512-520. [PMID: 29251981 PMCID: PMC5737791 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poor inhibitory control is a known risk factor for substance use disorders, making it a priority to identify the determinants of these deficits. The aim of the current study was to identify genetic associations with inhibitory control using the stop signal task in a large sample (n = 934) of healthy young adults of European ancestry. We genotyped the subjects genome-wide and then used a hierarchical approach in which we tested seven a priori single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with stop signal task performance, approximately 9,000 SNPs designated as high-value addiction (HVA) markers by the SmokeScreen array, and approximately five million genotyped and imputed SNPs, followed by a gene-based association analysis using the resultant p values. A priori SNP analyses revealed nominally significant associations between response inhibition and one locus in HTR2A (rs6313; p = .04, dominance model, uncorrected) in the same direction as prior findings. A nominally significant association was also found in one locus in ANKK1 (rs1800497; p = .03, uncorrected), although in the opposite direction of previous reports. After accounting for multiple comparisons, the HVA, genome-wide, and gene-based analyses yielded no significant findings. This study implicates variation in serotonergic and dopaminergic genes while underscoring the difficulty of detecting the influence of individual SNPs, even when biological information is used to prioritize testing. Although such small effect sizes suggest limited utility of individual SNPs in predicting risk for addiction or other impulse control disorders, they may nonetheless shed light on complex biological processes underlying poor inhibitory control. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago
| | - Joshua C. Gray
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University
| | | | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University,Homewood Research Institute, Homewood Health Centre
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago,Corresponding author: Harriet de Wit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, MC 3077, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, Phone: 773-702-1537, Fax: 773-834-7698,
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Lundwall RA, Sgro J, Wade T. SLC6A3 Is Associated With Relational Aggression in Children. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Understanding the genetic influence on aggressive behavior in children is one way to understand pathways to the development of aggression in adults. While aggression is likely under some environmental influence, it is also likely under some genetic influence. Overt aggression associates with a variety of genes including dopaminergic and serotonergic genes. Dopaminergic and serotonergic genes are known to be associated with overt aggression. However, little is known regarding the genetic pathways associated with relational aggression. Detecting genetic associates of relational aggression is important to eventually understand pathways to socially aggressive behaviors in children. Therefore, we attempted to determine if relational aggression was also associated with dopaminergic and serotonergic genes. We invited the parents of 327 children to complete a modified version of the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire (HBQ-P), which has a subscale for relational aggression. We used logistic regression models that predicted relational aggression after controlling for covariates. One genetic predictor was added at a time until there was no model improvement. The covariates were overt aggression scores obtained from the HBQ-P and age. The final (best) model included as a significant predictor of relational aggression one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on SLC6A3 (rs2617605) and the covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan Sgro
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Tyson Wade
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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22
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Rauscher E. Plastic and immobile: Unequal intergenerational mobility by genetic sensitivity score within sibling pairs. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2017; 65:112-129. [PMID: 28599766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to traditional biological arguments, the differential susceptibility model suggests genotype may moderate rather than mediate parent-child economic similarity. Using family fixed effects models of Add Health sibling data, I investigate the relationship between an index of sensitive genotypes and intergenerational mobility. Full, same sex sibling comparisons hold constant parental characteristics and address the non-random distribution of genotype that reduces internal validity in nationally representative samples. Across multiple measures of young adult financial standing, those with more copies of sensitive genotypes achieve lower economic outcomes than their sibling if they are from a low income context but fare better from a high income context. This genetic sensitivity to parental income entails lower intergenerational mobility. Results support the differential susceptibility model and contradict simplistic genetic explanations for intergenerational inequality, suggesting sensitive genotypes are not inherently positive or negative but rather increase dependence on parental income and reduce mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rauscher
- University of Kansas, 716 Fraser Hall, 1415 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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Klein M, van Donkelaar M, Verhoef E, Franke B. Imaging genetics in neurodevelopmental psychopathology. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:485-537. [PMID: 29984470 PMCID: PMC7170264 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders are defined by highly heritable problems during development and brain growth. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), and intellectual disability (ID) are frequent neurodevelopmental disorders, with common comorbidity among them. Imaging genetics studies on the role of disease-linked genetic variants on brain structure and function have been performed to unravel the etiology of these disorders. Here, we reviewed imaging genetics literature on these disorders attempting to understand the mechanisms of individual disorders and their clinical overlap. For ADHD and ASD, we selected replicated candidate genes implicated through common genetic variants. For ID, which is mainly caused by rare variants, we included genes for relatively frequent forms of ID occurring comorbid with ADHD or ASD. We reviewed case-control studies and studies of risk variants in healthy individuals. Imaging genetics studies for ADHD were retrieved for SLC6A3/DAT1, DRD2, DRD4, NOS1, and SLC6A4/5HTT. For ASD, studies on CNTNAP2, MET, OXTR, and SLC6A4/5HTT were found. For ID, we reviewed the genes FMR1, TSC1 and TSC2, NF1, and MECP2. Alterations in brain volume, activity, and connectivity were observed. Several findings were consistent across studies, implicating, for example, SLC6A4/5HTT in brain activation and functional connectivity related to emotion regulation. However, many studies had small sample sizes, and hypothesis-based, brain region-specific studies were common. Results from available studies confirm that imaging genetics can provide insight into the link between genes, disease-related behavior, and the brain. However, the field is still in its early stages, and conclusions about shared mechanisms cannot yet be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Donkelaar
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Verhoef
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Richards JS, Vásquez AA, van Rooij D, van der Meer D, Franke B, Hoekstra PJ, Heslenfeld DJ, Oosterlaan J, Faraone SV, Hartman CA, Buitelaar JK. Testing differential susceptibility: Plasticity genes, the social environment, and their interplay in adolescent response inhibition. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:308-321. [PMID: 27170266 PMCID: PMC5435559 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2016.1173724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Impaired inhibitory control is a key feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We investigated gene-environment interaction (GxE) as a possible contributing factor to response inhibition variation in context of the differential susceptibility theory. This states individuals carrying plasticity gene variants will be more disadvantaged in negative, but more advantaged in positive environments. METHODS Behavioural and neural measures of response inhibition were assessed during a Stop-signal task in participants with (N = 197) and without (N = 295) ADHD, from N = 278 families (age M = 17.18, SD =3.65). We examined GxE between candidate plasticity genes (DAT1, 5-HTT, DRD4) and social environments (maternal expressed emotion, peer affiliation). RESULTS A DRD4 × Positive peer affiliation interaction was found on the right fusiform gyrus (rFG) activation during successful inhibition. Further, 5-HTT short allele carriers showed increased rFG activation during failed inhibitions. Maternal warmth and positive peer affiliation were positively associated with right inferior frontal cortex activation during successful inhibition. Deviant peer affiliation was positively related to the error rate. CONCLUSIONS While a pattern of differential genetic susceptibility was found, more clarity on the role of the FG during response inhibition is warranted before firm conclusions can be made. Positive and negative social environments were related to inhibitory control. This extends previous research emphasizing adverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Richards
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias Vásquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Heslenfeld
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- SUNY Upstate Medical University Center, Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, Syracuse, USA and the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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25
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Silberstein RB, Pipingas A, Farrow M, Levy F, Stough CK. Dopaminergic modulation of default mode network brain functional connectivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00582. [PMID: 28032005 PMCID: PMC5167011 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent evidence suggests that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a range of brain functional connectivity abnormalities, with one of the most prominent being reduced inhibition of the default mode network (DMN) while performing a cognitive task. In this study, we examine the effects of a methylphenidate dose on brain functional connectivity in boys diagnosed with ADHD while they performed a cognitive task. METHOD Brain functional connectivity was estimated using steady-state visual evoked potential partial coherence before and 90 min after the administration of a methylphenidate dose to 42 stimulant drug-naïve boys newly diagnosed with ADHD while they performed the A-X version of the continuous performance task (CPT A-X). RESULTS Methylphenidate robustly reversed the transient functional connectivity increase in the A-X interval seen premedication to a postmedication decrease during this interval. In addition, methylphenidate-induced reductions in individual reaction time were correlated with corresponding reductions in functional connectivity. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that methylphenidate suppresses the increased functional connectivity observed in ADHD and that such suppression is associated with improved performance. Our findings support the suggestion that the increased functional connectivity we have observed in ADHD is associated with abnormal DMN activity. In addition, we comment on the significance of specific frequency channels mediating top-down communication within the cortex and the extent to which our findings are selectively sensitive to top-down intracortical communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Silberstein
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology Swinburne University Hawthorn Vic.Australia; Neuro-Insight Pty Ltd Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Andrew Pipingas
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology Swinburne University Hawthorn Vic. Australia
| | - Maree Farrow
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre University of Tasmania Hobart Australia
| | - Florence Levy
- Head Child and Family East Prince of Wales Hospital and School of Psychiatry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Con K Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology Swinburne University Hawthorn Vic. Australia
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26
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Cope LM, Hardee JE, Soules ME, Burmeister M, Zucker RA, Heitzeg MM. Reduced brain activation during inhibitory control in children with COMT Val/Val genotype. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00577. [PMID: 28032000 PMCID: PMC5167006 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Behavioral undercontrol is a well-established risk factor for substance use disorder, identifiable at an early age well before the onset of substance use. However, the biological mechanistic structure underlying the behavioral undercontrol/substance use relationship is not well understood. The enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) catabolizes dopamine and norepinephrine in the prefrontal cortex and striatum, brain regions involved in behavioral control. The goal of this work was to investigate the association between genetic variation in COMT functioning and fronto-striatal brain functioning during successful inhibitory control, a critical aspect of behavioral control. METHODS Participants were 65 (22 female) 7-12 year olds who were genotyped for the functional COMT Val158Met (rs4680) single-nucleotide polymorphism and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a go/no-go task. The majority of the sample (80%) had at least one parent with a history of alcohol use disorder and were thus at heightened risk for substance use disorders. RESULTS There was a significant main effect of genotype on brain activation in left and right putamen during successful versus failed inhibition and in right inferior frontal gyrus/insula during successful inhibition versus baseline. Follow-up tests revealed that Met homozygotes had greater activation in each region relative to Val homozygotes. CONCLUSIONS These results are relevant for understanding how specific genes influence brain functioning related to underlying risk factors for substance use disorders and other disinhibitory psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora M Cope
- Department of Psychiatry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA; Addiction Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Jillian E Hardee
- Department of Psychiatry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA; Addiction Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Mary E Soules
- Department of Psychiatry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA; Addiction Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Margit Burmeister
- Department of Psychiatry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA; Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA; Department of Human Genetics University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Robert A Zucker
- Department of Psychiatry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA; Addiction Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Mary M Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA; Addiction Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
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Research Domain Criteria versus DSM V: How does this debate affect attempts to model corticostriatal dysfunction in animals? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 76:301-316. [PMID: 27826070 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
For decades, the nosology of mental illness has been based largely upon the descriptions in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM). A recent challenge to the DSM approach to psychiatric nosology from the National Institute on Mental Health (USA) defines Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) as an alternative. For RDoC, psychiatric illnesses are not defined as discrete categories, but instead as specific behavioral dysfunctions irrespective of DSM diagnostic categories. This approach was driven by two primary weaknesses noted in the DSM: (1) the same symptoms occur in very different disease states; and (2) DSM criteria lack grounding in the underlying biological causes of mental illness. RDoC intends to ground psychiatric nosology in those underlying mechanisms. This review addresses the suitability of RDoC vs. DSM from the view of modeling mental illness in animals. A consideration of all types of psychiatric dysfunction is beyond the scope of this review, which will focus on models of conditions associated with frontostriatal dysfunction.
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28
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Rae CL, Nombela C, Rodríguez PV, Ye Z, Hughes LE, Jones PS, Ham T, Rittman T, Coyle-Gilchrist I, Regenthal R, Sahakian BJ, Barker RA, Robbins TW, Rowe JB. Atomoxetine restores the response inhibition network in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2016; 139:2235-48. [PMID: 27343257 PMCID: PMC4958901 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease impairs the inhibition of responses, and whilst impulsivity is mild for some patients, severe impulse control disorders affect ∼10% of cases. Based on preclinical models we proposed that noradrenergic denervation contributes to the impairment of response inhibition, via changes in the prefrontal cortex and its subcortical connections. Previous work in Parkinson's disease found that the selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine could improve response inhibition, gambling decisions and reflection impulsivity. Here we tested the hypotheses that atomoxetine can restore functional brain networks for response inhibition in Parkinson's disease, and that both structural and functional connectivity determine the behavioural effect. In a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study, 19 patients with mild-to-moderate idiopathic Parkinson's disease underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a stop-signal task, while on their usual dopaminergic therapy. Patients received 40 mg atomoxetine or placebo, orally. This regimen anticipates that noradrenergic therapies for behavioural symptoms would be adjunctive to, not a replacement for, dopaminergic therapy. Twenty matched control participants provided normative data. Arterial spin labelling identified no significant changes in regional perfusion. We assessed functional interactions between key frontal and subcortical brain areas for response inhibition, by comparing 20 dynamic causal models of the response inhibition network, inverted to the functional magnetic resonance imaging data and compared using random effects model selection. We found that the normal interaction between pre-supplementary motor cortex and the inferior frontal gyrus was absent in Parkinson's disease patients on placebo (despite dopaminergic therapy), but this connection was restored by atomoxetine. The behavioural change in response inhibition (improvement indicated by reduced stop-signal reaction time) following atomoxetine correlated with structural connectivity as measured by the fractional anisotropy in the white matter underlying the inferior frontal gyrus. Using multiple regression models, we examined the factors that influenced the individual differences in the response to atomoxetine: the reduction in stop-signal reaction time correlated with structural connectivity and baseline performance, while disease severity and drug plasma level predicted the change in fronto-striatal effective connectivity following atomoxetine. These results suggest that (i) atomoxetine increases sensitivity of the inferior frontal gyrus to afferent inputs from the pre-supplementary motor cortex; (ii) atomoxetine can enhance downstream modulation of frontal-subcortical connections for response inhibition; and (iii) the behavioural consequences of treatment are dependent on fronto-striatal structural connections. The individual differences in behavioural responses to atomoxetine highlight the need for patient stratification in future clinical trials of noradrenergic therapies for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Rae
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK 2 Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Cristina Nombela
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | | | - Zheng Ye
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Laura E Hughes
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK 2 Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - P Simon Jones
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Timothy Ham
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Timothy Rittman
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Ian Coyle-Gilchrist
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Ralf Regenthal
- 3 Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- 4 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK 5 Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- 4 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK 6 Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EB, Cambridge, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK 2 Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK 4 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
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29
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van Wouwe NC, Kanoff KE, Claassen DO, Spears CA, Neimat J, van den Wildenberg WPM, Wylie SA. Dissociable Effects of Dopamine on the Initial Capture and the Reactive Inhibition of Impulsive Actions in Parkinson's Disease. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:710-23. [PMID: 26836515 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine plays a key role in a range of action control processes. Here, we investigate how dopamine depletion caused by Parkinson disease (PD) and how dopamine restoring medication modulate the expression and suppression of unintended action impulses. Fifty-five PD patients and 56 healthy controls (HCs) performed an action control task (Simon task). PD patients completed the task twice, once withdrawn from dopamine medications and once while taking their medications. PD patients experienced similar susceptibility to making fast errors in conflict trials as HCs, but PD patients were less proficient compared with HCs at suppressing incorrect responses. Administration of dopaminergic medications had no effect on impulsive error rates but significantly improved the proficiency of inhibitory control in PD patients. We found no evidence that dopamine precursors and agonists affected action control in PD differently. Additionally, there was no clear evidence that individual differences in baseline action control (off dopamine medications) differentially responded to dopamine medications (i.e., no evidence for an inverted U-shaped performance curve). Together, these results indicate that dopamine depletion and restoration therapies directly modulate the reactive inhibitory control processes engaged to suppress interference from the spontaneously activated response impulses but exert no effect on an individual's susceptibility to act on impulses.
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30
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Ettinger U, Merten N, Kambeitz J. Meta-analysis of the association of the SLC6A3 3'-UTR VNTR with cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 60:72-81. [PMID: 26593110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gene coding for the dopamine transporter (DAT), SLC6A3, contains a 40-base pair variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism (rs28363170) in its 3' untranslated region. This VNTR has been associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and has been investigated in relation to cognition and brain function. Here, we report the results of a comprehensive meta-analysis with meta-regression examining the association of the VNTR with different domains of cognition in healthy adults. We extracted data from 28 independent studies and carried out meta-analyses for associations with working memory (k=10 samples, N=1193 subjects), inhibition (k=8 samples, N=829 subjects), executive functions including inhibition (k=10 samples, N=984 subjects), attention (k=6 samples, N=742 subjects) and declarative long-term memory (k=5 samples, N=251 subjects). None of the investigated dimensions showed significant associations with the VNTR (all p>0.26). Meta-regression including year of publication, gender, age, ethnicity and percentage of 10R-homozygotes similarly did not attain significance. We conclude that there is no evidence that rs28363170 may be a significant predictor of cognitive function in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Ettinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | | | - Joseph Kambeitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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31
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van Rooij D, Hoekstra PJ, Bralten J, Hakobjan M, Oosterlaan J, Franke B, Rommelse N, Buitelaar JK, Hartman CA. Influence of DAT1 and COMT variants on neural activation during response inhibition in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls. Psychol Med 2015; 45:3159-3170. [PMID: 26073896 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment of response inhibition has been implicated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Dopamine neurotransmission has been linked to the behavioural and neural correlates of response inhibition. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship of polymorphisms in two dopamine-related genes, the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (COMT) and the dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3 or DAT1), with the neural and behavioural correlates of response inhibition. METHOD Behavioural and neural measures of response inhibition were obtained in 185 adolescents with ADHD, 111 of their unaffected siblings and 124 healthy controls (mean age 16.9 years). We investigated the association of DAT1 and COMT variants on task performance and whole-brain neural activation during response inhibition in a hypothesis-free manner. Additionally, we attempted to explain variance in previously found ADHD effects on neural activation during response inhibition using these DAT1 and COMT polymorphisms. RESULTS The whole-brain analyses demonstrated large-scale neural activation changes in the medial and lateral prefrontal, subcortical and parietal regions of the response inhibition network in relation to DAT1 and COMT polymorphisms. Although these neural activation changes were associated with different task performance measures, no relationship was found between DAT1 or COMT variants and ADHD, nor did variants in these genes explain variance in the effects of ADHD on neural activation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dopamine-related genes play a role in the neurobiology of response inhibition. The limited associations between gene polymorphisms and task performance further indicate the added value of neural measures in linking genetic factors and behavioural measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D van Rooij
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Groningen,University Medical Center Groningen,Groningen,The Netherlands
| | - P J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Groningen,University Medical Center Groningen,Groningen,The Netherlands
| | - J Bralten
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience,Radboud University Medical Center,Donders Institute for Brain,Cognition and Behaviour,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - M Hakobjan
- Department of Human Genetics,Radboud University Medical Center,Donders Institute for Brain,Cognition and Behaviour,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - J Oosterlaan
- Department of Neuropsychology,VU University Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - B Franke
- Department of Human Genetics,Radboud University Medical Center,Donders Institute for Brain,Cognition and Behaviour,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - N Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry,Radboud University Medical Center,Donders Institute for Brain,Cognition and Behaviour,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - J K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience,Radboud University Medical Center,Donders Institute for Brain,Cognition and Behaviour,Nijmegen,The Netherlands
| | - C A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Groningen,University Medical Center Groningen,Groningen,The Netherlands
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32
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Berse T, Rolfes K, Barenberg J, Dutke S, Kuhlenbäumer G, Völker K, Winter B, Wittig M, Knecht S. Acute physical exercise improves shifting in adolescents at school: evidence for a dopaminergic contribution. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:196. [PMID: 26283937 PMCID: PMC4517060 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The executive function of shifting between mental sets demands cognitive flexibility. Based on evidence that physical exercise fostered cognition, we tested whether acute physical exercise can improve shifting in an unselected sample of adolescents. Genetic polymorphisms were analyzed to gain more insight into possibly contributing neurophysiological processes. We examined 297 students aged between 13 and 17 years in their schools. Physical exercise was manipulated by an intense incremental exercise condition using bicycle ergometers and a control condition which involved watching an infotainment cartoon while sitting calm. The order of conditions was counterbalanced between participants. Shifting was assessed by a switching task after both conditions. Acute intense physical exercise significantly improved shifting as indicated by reduced switch costs. Exercise-induced performance gains in switch costs were predicted by a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) targeting the Dopamine Transporter (DAT1/SLCA6A3) gene suggesting that the brain dopamine system contributed to the effect. The results demonstrate the potential of acute physical exercise to improve cognitive flexibility in adolescents. The field conditions of the present approach suggest applications in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Berse
- Psychology of Learning in Education and Instruction Group, Institute for Psychology in Education, Department of Psychology, University of Münster Münster, Germany
| | - Kathrin Rolfes
- Performance Physiology Group, Institute for Sports Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Münster Münster, Germany
| | - Jonathan Barenberg
- Psychology of Learning in Education and Instruction Group, Institute for Psychology in Education, Department of Psychology, University of Münster Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Dutke
- Psychology of Learning in Education and Instruction Group, Institute for Psychology in Education, Department of Psychology, University of Münster Münster, Germany
| | - Gregor Kuhlenbäumer
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Kiel Kiel, Germany
| | - Klaus Völker
- Performance Physiology Group, Institute for Sports Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Münster Münster, Germany
| | - Bernward Winter
- Department of Social Sciences, Catholic University of Applied Sciences North Rhine-Westphalia Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Wittig
- Genetics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Knecht
- Preventive and Rehabilitative Neurology at Mauritius Hospital and Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
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Bastiaansen JA, Cummins TDR, Riese H, van Roon AM, Nolte IM, Oldehinkel AJ, Bellgrove MA. A Population Based Study of the Genetic Association between Catecholamine Gene Variants and Spontaneous Low-Frequency Fluctuations in Reaction Time. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126461. [PMID: 25978426 PMCID: PMC4433112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The catecholamines dopamine and noradrenaline have been implicated in spontaneous low-frequency fluctuations in reaction time, which are associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and subclinical attentional problems. The molecular genetic substrates of these behavioral phenotypes, which reflect frequency ranges of intrinsic neuronal oscillations (Slow-4: 0.027-0.073 Hz; Slow-5: 0.010-0.027 Hz), have not yet been investigated. In this study, we performed regression analyses with an additive model to examine associations between low-frequency fluctuations in reaction time during a sustained attention task and genetic markers across 23 autosomal catecholamine genes in a large young adult population cohort (n = 964), which yielded greater than 80% power to detect a small effect size (f2 = 0.02) and 100% power to detect a small/medium effect size (f2 = 0.15). At significance levels corrected for multiple comparisons, none of the gene variants were associated with the magnitude of low-frequency fluctuations. Given the study’s strong statistical power and dense coverage of the catecholamine genes, this either indicates that associations between low-frequency fluctuation measures and catecholamine gene variants are absent or that they are of very small effect size. Nominally significant associations were observed between variations in the alpha-2A adrenergic receptor gene (ADRA2A) and the Slow-5 band. This is in line with previous reports of an association between ADRA2A gene variants and general reaction time variability during response selection tasks, but the specific association of these gene variants and low-frequency fluctuations requires further confirmation. Pharmacological challenge studies could in the future provide convergent evidence for the noradrenergic modulation of both general and time sensitive measures of intra-individual variability in reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jojanneke A. Bastiaansen
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Harriëtte Riese
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arie M. van Roon
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Bellgrove
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Heitzeg MM, Cope LM, Martz ME, Hardee JE. Neuroimaging Risk Markers for Substance Abuse: Recent Findings on Inhibitory Control and Reward System Functioning. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2015; 2:91-103. [PMID: 26236575 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-015-0048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rates of alcohol and other drug use rise sharply throughout adolescence and peak in the early 20s. Likewise, prevalence of first-time substance use disorder (SUD) and past-year SUD both peak between ages 18-23. SUD is associated with a host of negative outcomes and is a serious health concern. Understanding the mechanisms that precede the onset and escalation of substance use is crucial in order to develop more effective prevention and intervention strategies for children and adolescents at risk for SUD. In this review, we discuss recent findings from functional neuroimaging studies in children, adolescents, and emerging adults that focus on uncovering the neural underpinnings of SUD risk. The focus is on inhibitory control and reward circuitry due to their involvement in risk-taking behaviors, which are heightened in adolescence and may facilitate substance use. We discuss convergences in the literature and highlight findings suggesting that the association between SUD risk and neurofunctioning may be moderated by age, gender, and history of substance use. Recommendations for future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Research Center, The University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lora M Cope
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Research Center, The University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meghan E Martz
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Research Center, The University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; Department of Psychology, The University of Michigan, 2044 East Hall, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Jillian E Hardee
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Research Center, The University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Tong JHS, Cummins TDR, Johnson BP, McKinley LA, Pickering HE, Fanning P, Stefanac NR, Newman DP, Hawi Z, Bellgrove MA. An association between a dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) haplotype and ADHD symptom measures in nonclinical adults. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168B:89-96. [PMID: 25656223 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous genetic studies have postulated that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) should be regarded as the extreme end of a set of behavioural traits that can be continuously measured in the general population. The current study adopted a quantitative trait approach to examine the relationship between dopamine gene variants and self-reported ADHD symptoms in 517 nonclinical adults. Although genetic associations with variants of both the dopamine transporter (DAT1; SLC6A3) and D4 receptor (DRD4) genes have been reliably reported in children, results in adults are less consistent. We probed two potentially functional variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms in the 3'UTR and intron 8 of DAT1, the 10-repeat and 6-repeat alleles of which respectively form a haplotype (10/6 DAT1 haplotype) that is associated with childhood ADHD. We also genotyped the exon 3 VNTR of DRD4, the 7-repeat allele of which is also an established risk factor for childhood ADHD. Permutation analysis showed an influence of the 10/6 DAT1 haplotype on both CAARS-G and CAARS-H (DSM-IV ADHD Symptoms Total and ADHD Index respectively), such that ADHD symptom scores increased with each additional copy of the 10/6 DAT1 haplotype. This result survived corrections for multiple comparisons both at the level of genotype and phenotype. A nominal association with CAARS-G was also found for the 7-repeat allele of the DRD4 VNTR however this did not survive multiple comparison correction. Our results provide further support for the influence of variation in the 10/6 DAT1 haplotype and individual differences in ADHD symptoms in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette H S Tong
- Monash University, School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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The prefrontal cortex achieves inhibitory control by facilitating subcortical motor pathway connectivity. J Neurosci 2015; 35:786-94. [PMID: 25589771 PMCID: PMC4293423 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3093-13.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication between the prefrontal cortex and subcortical nuclei underpins the control and inhibition of behavior. However, the interactions in such pathways remain controversial. Using a stop-signal response inhibition task and functional imaging with analysis of effective connectivity, we show that the lateral prefrontal cortex influences the strength of communication between regions in the frontostriatal motor system. We compared 20 generative models that represented alternative interactions between the inferior frontal gyrus, presupplementary motor area (preSMA), subthalamic nucleus (STN), and primary motor cortex during response inhibition. Bayesian model selection revealed that during successful response inhibition, the inferior frontal gyrus modulates an excitatory influence of the preSMA on the STN, thereby amplifying the downstream polysynaptic inhibition from the STN to the motor cortex. Critically, the strength of the interaction between preSMA and STN, and the degree of modulation by the inferior frontal gyrus, predicted individual differences in participants' stopping performance (stop-signal reaction time). We then used diffusion-weighted imaging with tractography to assess white matter structure in the pathways connecting these three regions. The mean diffusivity in tracts between preSMA and the STN, and between the inferior frontal gyrus and STN, also predicted individual differences in stopping efficiency. Finally, we found that white matter structure in the tract between preSMA and STN correlated with effective connectivity of the same pathway, providing important cross-modal validation of the effective connectivity measures. Together, the results demonstrate the network dynamics and modulatory role of the prefrontal cortex that underpin individual differences in inhibitory control.
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The COMT Val/Met polymorphism modulates effects of tDCS on response inhibition. Brain Stimul 2014; 8:283-8. [PMID: 25496958 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is increasingly discussed as a new option to support the cognitive rehabilitation in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the therapeutic impact of tDCS is limited by high inter-individual variability. Genetic factors most likely contribute to this variability by modulating the effects of tDCS. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the influence of the COMT Val(108/158)Met polymorphism on cathodal tDCS effects on executive functioning. METHODS Cathodal tDCS was applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during the performance of a parametric Go/No-Go test. RESULTS We demonstrate an impairing effect of cathodal tDCS to the dlPFC on response inhibition. This effect was only found in individuals homozygous for the Val-allele of the COMT Val(108/158)Met polymorphism. No effects of stimulation on executive functions in Met-allele carriers were detected. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that i) cathodal, excitability reducing tDCS, interferes with inhibitory cognitive control, ii) the left dlPFC is critically involved in the neuronal network underlying the control of response inhibition, and iii) the COMT Val(108/158)Met polymorphism modulates the impact of cathodal tDCS on inhibitory control. Together with our previous finding that anodal tDCS selectively impairs set-shifting abilities in COMT Met/Met homozygous individuals, these results indicate that genetic factors modulate effects of tDCS on cognitive performance. Therefore, future tDCS research should account for genetic variability in the design and analysis of neurocognitive as well as therapeutic applications to reduce the variability of results and facilitate individualized neurostimulation approaches.
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Levy F. Applications of pharmacogenetics in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2014; 7:349-56. [PMID: 25404861 PMCID: PMC4230702 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s52844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review examines molecular genetic studies shown to be of importance in the etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and contrasts prefrontal versus sub-cortical mechanisms. Although these mechanisms are not completely dissociated, an understanding of prefrontal dopaminergic/noradrenergic versus subcortical D1/D2 receptor mechanisms is useful for studies of diagnosis versus potential adverse effects. Dopamine physiology, dopamine receptor studies, alpha-2 agonist studies, and dopamine transporter and potential new therapies are reviewed. Further understandings of molecular mechanisms involved in etiology versus treatment and adverse effects should help personalize the treatment of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Levy
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales and Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Loos M, Mueller T, Gouwenberg Y, Wijnands R, van der Loo RJ, Birchmeier C, Smit AB, Spijker S. Neuregulin-3 in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex regulates impulsive action. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:648-55. [PMID: 24703509 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A deficit in impulse control is a prominent, heritable symptom in several psychiatric disorders, such as addiction, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Here, we aimed to identify genes regulating impulsivity, specifically of impulsive action, in mice. METHODS Using the widely used 5-choice serial reaction time task, we measured impulsive action in 1) a panel of 41 BXD recombinant inbred strains of mice (n = 13.7 ± .8 per strain; n = 654 total) to detect underlying genetic loci; 2) congenic mice (n = 23) to replicate the identified locus; 3) mice overexpressing the Nrg3 candidate gene in the medial prefrontal cortex (n = 21); and 4) a Nrg3 loss-of-function mutant (n = 59) to functionally implicate the Nrg3 candidate gene in impulsivity. RESULTS Genetic mapping of impulsive action in the BXD panel identified a locus on chromosome 14 (34.5-41.4 Mb), syntenic with the human 10q22-q23 schizophrenia-susceptibility locus. Congenic mice carrying the impulsivity locus (Impu1) confirmed its influence on impulsive action. Increased impulsivity was associated with increased Nrg3 gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Viral overexpression of Nrg3 in the mPFC increased impulsivity, whereas a constitutive Nrg3 loss-of-function mutation decreased it. CONCLUSIONS The causal relation between Nrg3 expression in the mPFC and level of impulsive action shown here provides a mechanism by which polymorphism in NRG3 in humans contributes to a specific cognitive deficit seen in several psychiatric diseases, such as addiction, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Loos
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam; Sylics (Synaptologics BV), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Department of Developmental Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvonne Gouwenberg
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam
| | - Ruud Wijnands
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam; Sylics (Synaptologics BV), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rolinka J van der Loo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam; Sylics (Synaptologics BV), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Department of Developmental Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam
| | - Sabine Spijker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam.
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Mulligan RC, Kristjansson SD, Reiersen AM, Parra AS, Anokhin AP. Neural correlates of inhibitory control and functional genetic variation in the dopamine D4 receptor gene. Neuropsychologia 2014; 62:306-18. [PMID: 25107677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) has been implicated in psychiatric disorders in which deficits of self-regulation are a prominent feature (e.g., attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders) and in dopamine D4 receptor insensitivity within prefrontal regions of the brain. Our hypothesis was that carriers of 7-repeats in the Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) of DRD4 (7R+) would recruit prefrontal brain regions involved in successful inhibitory control to a lesser degree than non-carriers (7R-) and demonstrate less inhibitory control as confirmed by observation of locally reduced blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) % signal change and lower accuracy while performing "No-Go" trials of a Go/No-Go task. METHODS Participants (age=18, n=62, 33 females) were recruited from the general population of the St. Louis, Missouri region. Participants provided a blood or saliva sample for genotyping, completed drug and alcohol-related questionnaires and IQ testing, and performed a Go/No-Go task inside of a 3T fMRI scanner. RESULTS Go/No-Go task performance did not significantly differ between 7R+ and 7R- groups. Contrast of brain activity during correct "No-Go" trials with a non-target letter baseline revealed significant BOLD activation in a network of brain regions previously implicated in inhibitory control including bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal, inferior frontal, middle frontal, medial prefrontal, subcortical, parietal/temporal, and occipital/cerebellar brain regions. Mean BOLD % signal change during "No-Go" trials was significantly modulated by DRD4 genotype, with 7R+ showing a lower hemodynamic response than 7R- in right anterior prefrontal cortex/inferior frontal gyrus, left premotor cortex, and right occipital/cerebellar areas. Follow-up analyses suggested that 7-repeat status accounted for approximately 5-6% of the variance in the BOLD response during "No-Go" trials. DISCUSSION The DRD4 7-repeat allele may alter dopaminergic function in brain regions involved in inhibitory control. When individuals must inhibit a prepotent motor response, presence of this allele may account for 5-6% of the variance in BOLD signal in brain regions critically associated with inhibitory control, but its influence may be associated with a greater effect on brain than on behavior in 18-year-olds from the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Mulligan
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Sean D Kristjansson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Pason Systems Corporation, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Angela M Reiersen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andres S Parra
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrey P Anokhin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Mergy MA, Gowrishankar R, Davis GL, Jessen TN, Wright J, Stanwood GD, Hahn MK, Blakely RD. Genetic targeting of the amphetamine and methylphenidate-sensitive dopamine transporter: on the path to an animal model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurochem Int 2014; 73:56-70. [PMID: 24332984 PMCID: PMC4177817 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in dopamine (DA) signaling underlie the most widely held theories of molecular and circuit level perturbations that lead to risk for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The DA transporter (DAT), a presynaptic reuptake protein whose activity provides critical support for DA signaling by limiting DA action at pre- and postsynaptic receptors, has been consistently associated with ADHD through pharmacological, behavioral, brain imaging and genetic studies. Currently, the animal models of ADHD exhibit significant limitations, stemming in large part from their lack of construct validity. To remedy this situation, we have pursued the creation of a mouse model derived from a functional nonsynonymous variant in the DAT gene (SLC6A3) of ADHD probands. We trace our path from the identification of these variants to in vitro biochemical and physiological studies to the production of the DAT Val559 mouse model. We discuss our initial findings with these animals and their promise in the context of existing rodent models of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Mergy
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Raajaram Gowrishankar
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gwynne L Davis
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tammy N Jessen
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jane Wright
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gregg D Stanwood
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maureen K Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Randy D Blakely
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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van Velzen LS, Vriend C, de Wit SJ, van den Heuvel OA. Response inhibition and interference control in obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:419. [PMID: 24966828 PMCID: PMC4052433 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, motor response inhibition and interference control have received considerable scientific effort and attention, due to their important role in behavior and the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Results of neuroimaging studies indicate that motor response inhibition and interference control are dependent on cortical–striatal–thalamic–cortical (CSTC) circuits. Structural and functional abnormalities within the CSTC circuits have been reported for many neuropsychiatric disorders, including obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette’s syndrome, and trichotillomania. These disorders also share impairments in motor response inhibition and interference control, which may underlie some of their behavioral and cognitive symptoms. Results of task-related neuroimaging studies on inhibitory functions in these disorders show that impaired task performance is related to altered recruitment of the CSTC circuits. Previous research has shown that inhibitory performance is dependent upon dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin signaling, neurotransmitters that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of these disorders. In this narrative review, we discuss the common and disorder-specific pathophysiological mechanisms of inhibition-related dysfunction in OCD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S van Velzen
- GGZ InGeest , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Chris Vriend
- GGZ InGeest , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Stella J de Wit
- GGZ InGeest , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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Wu Z, Yang L, Wang Y. Applying Imaging Genetics to ADHD: the Promises and the Challenges. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:449-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kaplan N, Vituri A, Korczyn AD, Cohen OS, Inzelberg R, Yahalom G, Kozlova E, Milgrom R, Laitman Y, Friedman E, Rosset S, Hassin-Baer S. Sequence variants in SLC6A3, DRD2, and BDNF genes and time to levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 53:183-8. [PMID: 24633632 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) present a common but elusive complication of levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD). In order to identify genetic factors associated with LID, 352 (213 males) levodopa-treated Israeli PD patients were genotyped for 34 polymorphisms within three candidate genes affecting dopaminergic activity and synaptic plasticity: dopamine transporter gene (DAT1 or SLC6A3) [14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 40-bp variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)], DRD2 [11 SNPs and dinucleotide CA short tandem repeat (STR)], and BDNF (7 SNPs). A comparison of patients with and without LID was performed by applying a time-oriented approach, with survival analyses evaluating LID development hazard rate over time [Cox proportional hazards and accelerated failure time (AFT) lognormal models]. Overall, 192 (54.5 %) participants developed LID, with a mean latency of 5.0 (±4.5) years. After adjusting for gender, age at PD onset, duration of symptoms prior to levodopa exposure, and multiple testing correction, one SNP in SLC6A3 (with 81 % genotyping success) was significantly associated with LID latency: the C allele of the rs393795 extended the time to LID onset, time ratio = 4.96 (95 % CI, 2.3-10.9; p = 4.1 × 10(-5)). This finding should be validated in larger, ethnically diverse PD populations, and the biological mechanism should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Kaplan
- The Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology and Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Potential contribution of dopaminergic gene variants in ADHD core traits and co-morbidity: a study on eastern Indian probands. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:549-64. [PMID: 24585059 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Association of dopaminergic genes, mainly receptors and transporters, with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been investigated throughout the world due to the importance of dopamine (DA) in various physiological functions including attention, cognition and motor activity, traits. However, till date, etiology of ADHD remains unknown. We explored association of functional variants in the DA receptor 2 (rs1799732 and rs6278), receptor 4 (exon 3 VNTR and rs914655), and transporter (rs28363170 and rs3836790) with hyperactivity, cognitive deficit, and co-morbid disorders in eastern Indian probands. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-IV was followed for recruitment of nuclear families with ADHD probands (N = 160) and ethnically matched controls (N = 160). Cognitive deficit and hyperactive traits were measured using Conner's parents/teachers rating scale. Peripheral blood was collected after obtaining informed written consent and used for genomic DNA isolation. Genetic polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR-based methods followed by population- as well as family-based statistical analyses. Association between genotypes and cognitive/hyperactivity traits and co-morbidities was analyzed by the Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) software. Case-control analysis showed statistically significant difference for rs6278 and rs28363170 (P = 0.004 and 1.332e-007 respectively) while family-based analysis exhibited preferential paternal transmission of rs28363170 '9R' allele (P = 0.04). MDR analyses revealed independent effects of rs1799732, rs6278, rs914655, and rs3836790 in ADHD. Significant independent effects of different sites on cognitive/hyperactivity traits and co-morbid disorders were also noticed. It can be summarized from the present investigation that these gene variants may influence cognitive/hyperactive traits, thereby affecting the disease etiology and associated co-morbid features.
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McAuley T, Crosbie J, Charach A, Schachar R. The persistence of cognitive deficits in remitted and unremitted ADHD: a case for the state-independence of response inhibition. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2014; 55:292-300. [PMID: 24261515 PMCID: PMC4263232 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Response inhibition, working memory, and response variability are possible endophenotypes of ADHD based on their association with the disorder and evidence of heritability. One of the critical although rarely studied criteria for a valid endophenotype is that it persists despite waxing and waning of the overt manifestations of the disorder, a criterion known as state-independence. This study examined whether these aspects of cognition exhibit state-independence in ADHD. METHODS One hundred and seventy-nine children diagnosed with ADHD in a rigorous baseline assessment were contacted for follow-up assessment in adolescence. Of this sample, 130 (73%) were reascertained. At follow-up, children previously diagnosed with ADHD were identified as remittent (n = 24), persistent (n = 64), or in partial remission (n = 42) based on symptoms and impairment of the disorder. Response inhibition, working memory, and response variability were assessed both in childhood (baseline) and adolescence (follow-up) and were compared with age-matched controls (40 children and 28 adolescents) seen at either time point. RESULTS Relative to controls, ADHD children showed baseline deficits in response inhibition, working memory, and response variability. Only the group difference in response inhibition remained significant in adolescence. In general, cognitive performance among ADHD participants improved with age and did so regardless of changes in ADHD symptoms and impairment. Within the ADHD group, however, cognitive performance in childhood and in adolescence did not differ amongst those with persistent, remittent, and partially remittent forms of the disorder. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrate that response inhibition not only distinguishes ADHD children from their unaffected peers but is also state-independent, such that deficits remain present irrespective of changes in the disease phenotype. In other words, inhibitory deficits measured in childhood persist into adolescence even when the ADHD phenotype remits. These findings provide further evidence that the ability to stop prepotent actions is an endophenotype of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara McAuley
- Department of Psychology, University of WaterlooWaterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Crosbie
- Department of Psychiatry Research, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alice Charach
- Department of Psychiatry Research, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Russell Schachar
- Department of Psychiatry Research, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, ON, Canada
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Thissen AJAM, Rommelse NNJ, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman C, Heslenfeld D, Luman M, van Lieshout M, Franke B, Oosterlaan J, Buitelaar JK. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and executive functioning in affected and unaffected adolescents and their parents: challenging the endophenotype construct. Psychol Med 2014; 44:881-892. [PMID: 23721667 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results of twin and sibling studies suggest that executive functioning is a prime candidate endophenotype in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, studies have not assessed the co-segregation of executive function (EF) deficits from parents to offspring directly, and it is unclear whether executive functioning is an ADHD endophenotype in adolescents, given the substantial changes in prefrontal lobe functioning, EF and ADHD symptoms during adolescence. METHOD We recruited 259 ADHD and 98 control families with an offspring average age of 17.3 years. All participants were assessed for ADHD and EF [inhibition, verbal (VWM) and visuospatial working memory (VsWM)]. Data were analysed using generalized estimating equations (GEEs). RESULTS Parental ADHD was associated with offspring ADHD and parental EF was associated with offspring EF but there were no cross-associations (parental ADHD was not associated with offspring EF or vice versa). Similar results were found when siblings were compared. EF deficits were only found in affected adolescents and not in their unaffected siblings or (un)affected parents. CONCLUSIONS The core EFs proposed to be aetiologically related to ADHD, that is working memory and inhibition, seem to be aetiologically independent of ADHD in adolescence. EF deficits documented in childhood in unaffected siblings were no longer present in adolescence, suggesting that children 'grow out' of early EF deficits. This is the first study to document ADHD and EF in a large family sample with adolescent offspring. The results suggest that, after childhood, the majority of influences on ADHD are independent from those on EF. This has potential implications for current aetiological models of causality in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J A M Thissen
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - N N J Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Luman
- VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - B Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - J K Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Crosbie J, Arnold P, Paterson A, Swanson J, Dupuis A, Li X, Shan J, Goodale T, Tam C, Strug LJ, Schachar RJ. Response inhibition and ADHD traits: correlates and heritability in a community sample. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 41:497-507. [PMID: 23315233 PMCID: PMC3600128 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-012-9693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Endophenotypes or intermediate phenotypes are of great interest in neuropsychiatric genetics because of their potential for facilitating gene discovery. We evaluated response inhibition, latency and variability measures derived from the stop task as endophenotypes of ADHD by testing whether they were related to ADHD traits in the general population, heritable and shared genetic risk with ADHD traits. Participants were 16,099 children and adolescents, ages 6 to 18 years who visited a local science center. We measured ADHD traits using the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-symptoms and Normal-Behavior (SWAN) rating scale and performance on the stop signal task (SST)-response inhibition (SSRT), response latency (GoRT), and response variability (GoRTSD). Regression analysis was used to assess the relationship of cognitive measures and ADHD traits while controlling for family, age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and treatment status. Heritability of ADHD and cognitive traits was estimated using SOLAR in 7,483 siblings from 3,507 families that included multiple siblings. Bivariate relationships between pairs of variables were examined. Individuals with greater ADHD trait scores had worse response inhibition, slower response latency, and greater variability. Younger participants and girls had inferior performance although the gender effects were minimal and evident in youngest participants. Inhibition, latency, variability, total ADHD traits, inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity scores were significantly heritable. ADHD traits and inhibition, but not latency or variability were coheritable. In the largest study in the general population, we found support for the validity of response inhibition as an endophenotype of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Crosbie
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON Canada M5G 1X8
| | - P. Arnold
- Genetics and Genomic Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON Canada M5G 1X8
| | - A. Paterson
- Genetics and Genomic Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - J. Swanson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Florida International University, University Park, FL USA
- Sackler Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Weill College of Medicine at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - A. Dupuis
- Research Operations, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - X. Li
- Genetics and Genomic Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - J. Shan
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - T. Goodale
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - C. Tam
- Genetics and Genomic Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - L. J. Strug
- Research Operations, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - R. J. Schachar
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON Canada M5G 1X8
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Bevilacqua L, Goldman D. Genetics of impulsive behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120380. [PMID: 23440466 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity, defined as the tendency to act without foresight, comprises a multitude of constructs and is associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders. Dissecting different aspects of impulsive behaviour and relating these to specific neurobiological circuits would improve our understanding of the etiology of complex behaviours for which impulsivity is key, and advance genetic studies in this behavioural domain. In this review, we will discuss the heritability of some impulsivity constructs and their possible use as endophenotypes (heritable, disease-associated intermediate phenotypes). Several functional genetic variants associated with impulsive behaviour have been identified by the candidate gene approach and re-sequencing, and whole genome strategies can be implemented for discovery of novel rare and common alleles influencing impulsivity. Via deep sequencing an uncommon HTR2B stop codon, common in one population, was discovered, with implications for understanding impulsive behaviour in both humans and rodents and for future gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bevilacqua
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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