1
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Allartz P, Hotop SK, Muntau B, Schlaphof A, Thomé-Bolduan C, Gabriel M, Petersen N, Lintzel M, Behrens C, Eggert P, Pörtner K, Steiner J, Brönstrup M, Tappe D. Detection of bornavirus-reactive antibodies and BoDV-1 RNA only in encephalitis patients from virus endemic areas: a comparative serological and molecular sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and disease duration correlation study. Infection 2024; 52:59-71. [PMID: 37253816 PMCID: PMC10228883 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human Borna disease virus (BoDV-1) encephalitis is an emerging disease in Germany. This study investigates the spectrum of human BoDV-1 infection, characterizes anti-BoDV-1-antibodies and kinetics, and compares laboratory test performances. METHODS Three hundred four encephalitis cases, 308 nation-wide neuropsychiatric conditions, 127 well-defined psychiatric cases from Borna disease-endemic areas, and 20 persons with contact to BoDV-1 encephalitis patients or animals were tested for BoDV-1 infections by serology and PCR. RESULTS BoDV-1 infections were only found in encephalitis patients with residence in, or recent travel to, virus-endemic areas. Antibodies were detected as early as 12 days after symptom onset. Serum antibody levels correlated with disease duration. Serology was ordered after 50% of the disease duration had elapsed, reflecting low awareness. BoDV-1-antibodies were of IgG1 subclass, and the epitope on BoDV-1 antigens was determined. Specificity of the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and lineblot (LB) from serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as PCR testing from CSF, was 100%. Sensitivity, depending on first or all samples, reached 75-86% in serum and 92-94% in CSF for the IFAT, and 33-57% in serum and 18-24% in CSF for the LB. Sensitivity for PCR in CSF was 25-67%. Positive predictive values were 100% each, while negative predictive values were 99% (IFAT), 91-97% (LB), and 90% (PCR). CONCLUSIONS There is no hint that BoDV-1 causes other diseases than encephalitis in humans. Awareness has to be increased in virus-endemic areas. Tests are robust but lack sensitivity. Detection of IgG1 against specific peptides may facilitate diagnosis. Screening of healthy individuals is likely not beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Allartz
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Muntau
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schlaphof
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Thomé-Bolduan
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Gabriel
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Petersen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maren Lintzel
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Behrens
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Eggert
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Pörtner
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany.
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2
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Huhndorf M, Juhasz J, Wattjes MP, Schilling A, Schob S, Kaden I, Klaß G, Tappe D. Magnetic resonance imaging of human variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) encephalitis reveals diagnostic pattern indistinguishable from Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) encephalitis but typical for bornaviruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2179348. [PMID: 36757188 PMCID: PMC9980399 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2179348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Human bornavirus encephalitis is an emerging disease caused by the variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) and the Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1). While characteristic brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes have been described for BoDV-1 encephalitis, only scarce diagnostic data in VSBV-1 encephalitis exist. We systematically analysed brain MRI scans from all known VSBV-1 encephalitis patients. Initial and follow-up scans demonstrated characteristic T2 hyperintense lesions in the limbic system and the basal ganglia, followed by the brainstem. No involvement of the cerebellar cortex was seen. Deep white matter affection occurred in a later stage of the disease. Strict symmetry of pathologic changes was seen in 62%. T2 hyperintense areas were often associated with low T1 signal intensity and with mass effect. Sinusitis in three patients on the first MRI and an early involvement of the limbic system suggest an olfactory route of VSBV-1 entry. The viral spread could occur per continuitatem to adjacent anatomical brain regions or along specific neural tracts to more distant brain regions. The number and extent of lesions did not correlate with the length of patients' survivals. The overall pattern closely resembles that described for BoDV-1 encephalitis. The exact bornavirus species can thus not be deduced from imaging results alone, and molecular testing and serology should be performed to confirm the causative bornavirus. As VSBV-1 is likely of tropical origin, and MRI investigations are increasingly available globally, imaging techniques might be helpful to facilitate an early presumptive diagnosis of VSBV-1 encephalitis when molecular and/or serological testing is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Huhndorf
- Clinic of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Juhasz
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mike P. Wattjes
- Institut für diagnostische und interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schob
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Radiologie Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ingmar Kaden
- BG Klinikum Bergmannstrost, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany, Dennis Tappe Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Riccò M, Zanella I, Satta E, Ranzieri S, Corrado S, Marchesi F, Peruzzi S. BoDV-1 Infection in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pediatr Rep 2023; 15:512-531. [PMID: 37755407 PMCID: PMC10534910 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric15030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) can cause a severe human syndrome characterized by meningo-myeloencephalitis. The actual epidemiology of BoDV-1 remains disputed, and our study summarized prevalence data among children and adolescents (<18-year-old). Through systematic research on three databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MedRxiv), all studies, including seroprevalence rates for BoDV-1 antigens and specific antibodies, were retrieved, and their results were summarized. We identified a total of six studies for a total of 2692 subjects aged less than 18 years (351 subjects sampled for BoDV-1 antibodies and 2557 for antigens). A pooled seroprevalence of 6.09% (95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] 2.14 to 16.17) was eventually calculated for BoDV-1 targeting antibodies and 0.76% (95% CI 0.26 to 2.19) for BoDV-1 antigens. Both estimates were affected by substantial heterogeneity. Seroprevalence rates for BoDV-1 in children and adolescents suggested that a substantial circulation of the pathogen does occur, and as infants and adolescents have relatively scarce opportunities for being exposed to hosts and animal reservoirs, the potential role of unknown vectors cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Riccò
- Occupational Health and Safety Service on the Workplace/Servizio di Prevenzione e Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), Department of Public Health, AUSL–IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (I.Z.); (E.S.); (S.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Elia Satta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (I.Z.); (E.S.); (S.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Silvia Ranzieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (I.Z.); (E.S.); (S.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Silvia Corrado
- ASST Rhodense, Dipartimento Della Donna e Area Materno-Infantile, UOC Pediatria, 20024 Garbagnate Milanese, Italy;
| | - Federico Marchesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (I.Z.); (E.S.); (S.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Simona Peruzzi
- Laboratorio Analisi Chimico Cliniche e Microbiologiche, Ospedale Civile di Guastalla, AUSL—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42016 Guastalla, Italy;
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4
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Teng D, Ueda K, Honda T. Impact of Borna Disease Virus Infection on the Transcriptome of Differentiated Neuronal Cells and Its Modulation by Antiviral Treatment. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040942. [PMID: 37112922 PMCID: PMC10145824 DOI: 10.3390/v15040942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BoDV-1) is a highly neurotropic RNA virus that causes neurobehavioral disturbances such as abnormal social activities and memory impairment. Although impairments in the neural circuits caused by BoDV-1 infection induce these disturbances, the molecular basis remains unclear. Furthermore, it is unknown whether anti-BoDV-1 treatments can attenuate BoDV-1-mediated transcriptomic changes in neuronal cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of BoDV-1 infection on neuronal differentiation and the transcriptome of differentiated neuronal cells using persistently BoDV-1-infected cells. Although BoDV-1 infection did not have a detectable effect on intracellular neuronal differentiation processes, differentiated neuronal cells exhibited transcriptomic changes in differentiation-related genes. Some of these transcriptomic changes, such as the decrease in the expression of apoptosis-related genes, were recovered by anti-BoDV-1 treatment, while alterations in the expression of other genes remained after treatment. We further demonstrated that a decrease in cell viability induced by differentiation processes in BoDV-1-infected cells can be relieved with anti-BoDV-1 treatment. This study provides fundamental information regarding transcriptomic changes after BoDV-1 infection and the treatment in neuronal cells.
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Grants
- JP18H02664 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP18K19449 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP21H02738 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP22K19436 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- none Takeda Science Foundation
- none Kobayashi International Scholarship Foundation
- none Naito Foundation
- none Suzuken Memorial Foundation
- none SEI Group CSR Foundation
- none Ryobi Teien Memory Foundation
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Teng
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiji Ueda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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5
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Widerspick L, Steffen JF, Tappe D, Muñoz-Fontela C. Animal Model Alternatives in Filovirus and Bornavirus Research. Viruses 2023; 15:158. [PMID: 36680198 PMCID: PMC9863967 DOI: 10.3390/v15010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The order Mononegavirales contains a variety of highly pathogenic viruses that may infect humans, including the families Filoviridae, Bornaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Rhabodoviridae. Animal models have historically been important to study virus pathogenicity and to develop medical countermeasures. As these have inherent shortcomings, the rise of microphysiological systems and organoids able to recapitulate hallmarks of the diseases caused by these viruses may have enormous potential to add to or partially replace animal modeling in the future. Indeed, microphysiological systems and organoids are already used in the pharmaceutical R&D pipeline because they are prefigured to overcome the translational gap between model systems and clinical studies. Moreover, they may serve to alleviate ethical concerns related to animal research. In this review, we discuss the value of animal model alternatives in human pathogenic filovirus and bornavirus research. The current animal models and their limitations are presented followed by an overview of existing alternatives, such as organoids and microphysiological systems, which might help answering open research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Widerspick
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- National Reference Center for Tropical Pathogens, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - César Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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6
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Rubbenstroth D. Avian Bornavirus Research—A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071513. [PMID: 35891493 PMCID: PMC9321243 DOI: 10.3390/v14071513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian bornaviruses constitute a genetically diverse group of at least 15 viruses belonging to the genus Orthobornavirus within the family Bornaviridae. After the discovery of the first avian bornaviruses in diseased psittacines in 2008, further viruses have been detected in passerines and aquatic birds. Parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) possess the highest veterinary relevance amongst the avian bornaviruses as the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). PDD is a chronic and often fatal disease that may engulf a broad range of clinical presentations, typically including neurologic signs as well as impaired gastrointestinal motility, leading to proventricular dilatation. It occurs worldwide in captive psittacine populations and threatens private bird collections, zoological gardens and rehabilitation projects of endangered species. In contrast, only little is known about the pathogenic roles of passerine and waterbird bornaviruses. This comprehensive review summarizes the current knowledge on avian bornavirus infections, including their taxonomy, pathogenesis of associated diseases, epidemiology, diagnostic strategies and recent developments on prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
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7
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Guo Y, Xu X, Tang T, Sun L, Zhang X, Shen X, Li D, Wang L, Zhao L, Xie P. miR-505 inhibits replication of Borna disease virus 1 via inhibition of HMGB1-mediated autophagy. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35060474 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is a highly neurotropic RNA virus which was recently demonstrated to cause deadly human encephalitis. Viruses can modulate microRNA expression, in turn modulating cellular immune responses and regulating viral replication. A previous study indicated that BoDV-1 infection down-regulated the expression of miR-505 in rats. However, the underlying mechanism of miR-505 during BoDV-1 infection remains unknown. In this study, we found that miR-505 can inhibit autophagy activation by down-regulating the expression of its target gene HMGB1, and ultimately inhibit the replication of BoDV-1. Specifically, we found that the expression of miR-505 was significantly down-regulated in rat primary neurons stably infected with BoDV-1. Overexpression of miR-505 can inhibit the replication of BoDV-1 in cells. Bioinformatics analysis and dual luciferase reporter gene detection confirmed that during BoDV-1 infection, the high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) that mediates autophagy is the direct target gene of miR-505. The expression of HMGB1 was up-regulated after BoDV-1 infection, and overexpression of miR-505 could inhibit the expression of HMGB1. Autophagy-related detection found that after infection with BoDV-1, the expression of autophagy-related proteins and autophagy-related marker LC3 in neuronal cells was significantly up-regulated. Autophagy flow experiments and transmission electron microscopy also further confirmed that BoDV-1 infection activated HMGB1-mediated autophagy. Further regulating the expression of miR-505 found that overexpression of miR-505 significantly inhibited HMGB1-mediated autophagy. The discovery of this mechanism may provide new ideas and directions for the prevention and treatment of BoDV-1 infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Tian Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jintang First People’s Hospital, West China Hospital Sichuan University JinTang Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain, The First People’s Hospital of Chongqing Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xia Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Libo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Peng Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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8
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Guo L, Zhang T, Li R, Cui ZQ, Du J, Yang JB, Xue F, Chen YH, Tan QR, Peng ZW. Alterations in the Plasma Lipidome of Adult Women With Bipolar Disorder: A Mass Spectrometry-Based Lipidomics Research. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:802710. [PMID: 35386518 PMCID: PMC8978803 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.802710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipidomics has become a pivotal tool in biomarker discovery for the diagnosis of psychiatric illnesses. However, the composition and quantitative analysis of peripheral lipids in female patients with bipolar disorder (BD) have been poorly addressed. In this study, plasma samples from 24 female patients with BD and 30 healthy controls (HCs) were analyzed by comprehensive lipid profiling and quantitative validation based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Clinical characteristics and a correlation between the level of lipid molecules and clinical symptoms were also observed. We found that the quantitative alterations in several lipid classes, including acylcarnitine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, GM2, sphingomyelin, GD2, triglyceride, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol phosphate, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and lysophosphatidylinositol, were remarkably upregulated or downregulated in patients with BD and were positively or negatively correlated with the severity of psychotic, affective, or mania symptoms. Meanwhile, the composition of different carbon chain lengths and degrees of fatty acid saturation for these lipid classes in BD were also different from those of HCs. Moreover, 55 lipid molecules with significant differences and correlations with the clinical parameters were observed. Finally, a plasma biomarker set comprising nine lipids was identified, and an area under the curve of 0.994 was obtained between patients with BD and the HCs. In conclusion, this study provides a further understanding of abnormal lipid metabolism in the plasma and suggests that specific lipid species can be used as complementary biomarkers for the diagnosis of BD in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi-Quan Cui
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Bin Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Fen Xue
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi-Huan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qing-Rong Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng-Wu Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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9
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López-Ojeda W, Hurley RA. Enigmatic Neural Pathways: Potentiating Viral Neuroinvasion Into the CNS. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 33:260-265. [PMID: 34709060 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.21060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo López-Ojeda
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and Research and Academic Affairs Service Line, W.G. Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (López-Ojeda, Hurley); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C. (López-Ojeda); Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C. (Hurley); and the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Hurley)
| | - Robin A Hurley
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and Research and Academic Affairs Service Line, W.G. Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (López-Ojeda, Hurley); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C. (López-Ojeda); Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C. (Hurley); and the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Hurley)
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10
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Eisermann P, Rubbenstroth D, Cadar D, Thomé-Bolduan C, Eggert P, Schlaphof A, Leypoldt F, Stangel M, Fortwängler T, Hoffmann F, Osterman A, Zange S, Niller HH, Angstwurm K, Pörtner K, Frank C, Wilking H, Beer M, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Tappe D. Active Case Finding of Current Bornavirus Infections in Human Encephalitis Cases of Unknown Etiology, Germany, 2018-2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1371-1379. [PMID: 33900167 PMCID: PMC8084505 DOI: 10.3201/eid2705.204490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bornavirus encephalitis is a severe and often fatal infection caused by variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) and Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1). We conducted a prospective study of bornavirus etiology of encephalitis cases in Germany during 2018-2020 by using a serologic testing scheme applied along proposed graded case definitions for VSBV-1, BoDV-1, and unspecified bornavirus encephalitis. Of 103 encephalitis cases of unknown etiology, 4 bornavirus infections were detected serologically. One chronic case was caused by VSBV-1 after occupational-related contact of a person with exotic squirrels, and 3 acute cases were caused by BoDV-1 in virus-endemic areas. All 4 case-patients died. Bornavirus etiology could be confirmed by molecular methods. Serologic testing for these cases was virus specific, discriminatory, and a practical diagnostic option for living patients if no brain tissue samples are available. This testing should be guided by clinical and epidemiologic suspicions, such as residence in virus-endemic areas and animal exposure.
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11
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Guo Y, He P, Sun L, Zhang X, Xu X, Tang T, Zhou W, Li Q, Zou D, Bode L, Xie P. Full-length genomic sequencing and characterization of Borna disease virus 1 isolates: Lessons in epidemiology. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3125-3137. [PMID: 32343416 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus that infects mammals including humans. BoDV-1 strains occur globally, dominate the species Mammalian 1 bornavirus, and display highly conserved genomes and persistent infection (brain, blood). Subclinical infections prevail but the rare fatal outcomes even in people need awareness and risk assessment. Although BoDV-1 strains were successfully isolated, only limited full genomic sequences are available. In this study, the entire genomes of two natural BoDV-1 isolates (Hu-H2, Equ-Cres) and one vaccine strain (DessVac) were sequenced. They were compared with 20 genomes and 20 single-gene sequences (N and P) of worldwide human strains from psychiatric and neurologic patients and animal strains from horses with Borna disease available at GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed a low divergence not exceeding 5.55%, 5.34%, and 4.94% at the genome, P-gene, and N-gene level, respectively, characteristic of BoDV-1. Human viruses tended to cluster at the country level but appeared to be independent of hosts' diseases and/or time of isolation. Notably, our data also indicated that human viruses provided individual genetic signatures but exhibited no distinct genotypes that separated them from animal strains. Sequence similarities thus occurred between different host species and distant geographic regions, supporting global BoDV-1 prevalence. Overall low genetic divergence among BoDV-1 viruses shown here also argued against zoonotic concepts, requiring further clarification beyond sequence similarities. Finally, unlike shared sequence conservation, phenotyping of natural and laboratory variants revealed that they manipulated host cells differently, underpinning the authenticity of the human BoDV-1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Laboratory medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dezhi Zou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liv Bode
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Joint Senior Scientists, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peng Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Tappe D, Frank C, Homeier-Bachmann T, Wilking H, Allendorf V, Schlottau K, Muñoz-Fontela C, Rottstegge M, Port JR, Rissland J, Eisermann P, Beer M, Schmidt-Chanasit J. Analysis of exotic squirrel trade and detection of human infections with variegated squirrel bornavirus 1, Germany, 2005 to 2018. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 30808439 PMCID: PMC6446953 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.8.1800483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Following the discovery in 2015 of the variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) in fatal encephalitis cases among exotic squirrel breeders and a zoo animal caretaker in Germany, a case definition was developed. It was employed during trace-back animal trade investigations and sero-epidemiological studies among breeders and zoo animal caretakers of holdings with VSBV-1 infected squirrels. During the investigation, two possible human cases who had died of encephalitis were identified retrospectively among the squirrel breeders. Moreover, one probable human case was detected among the breeders who had a positive memory T-cell response to VSBV-1 antigen and antibodies against VSBV-1. The low rate of seropositivity found among living persons in risk groups that handle exotic squirrels privately or at zoos may reflect rareness of exposure to VSBV-1 during animal contact, a high lethality of infection or a combination of these factors. As a precaution against human exposure, testing of exotic squirrels for VSBV-1 infection and/or avoiding direct contact with exotic squirrels in zoos and private holdings is strongly advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Kore Schlottau
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald/Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Julia R Port
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rissland
- Institut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald/Insel Riems, Germany
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13
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Nobach D, Müller J, Tappe D, Herden C. Update on immunopathology of bornavirus infections in humans and animals. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:159-222. [PMID: 32711729 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge on bornaviruses has expanded tremendously during the last decade through detection of novel bornaviruses and endogenous bornavirus-like elements in many eukaryote genomes, as well as by confirmation of insectivores as reservoir species for classical Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1). The most intriguing finding was the demonstration of the zoonotic potential of lethal human bornavirus infections caused by a novel bornavirus of different squirrel species (variegated squirrel 1 bornavirus, VSBV-1) and by BoDV-1 known as the causative agent for the classical Borna disease in horses and sheep. Whereas a T cell-mediated immunopathology has already been confirmed as key disease mechanism for infection with BoDV-1 by experimental studies in rodents, the underlying pathomechanisms remain less clear for human bornavirus infections, infection with other bornaviruses or infection of reservoir species. Thus, an overview of current knowledge on the pathogenesis of bornavirus infections focusing on immunopathology is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nobach
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jana Müller
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; Center for Brain, Mind and Behavior, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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14
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Rubbenstroth D, Niller HH, Angstwurm K, Schwemmle M, Beer M. Are human Borna disease virus 1 infections zoonotic and fatal? - Authors' reply. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:651. [PMID: 32473135 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Hans H Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klemens Angstwurm
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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15
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Dietrich DE, Bode L, Spannhuth CW, Hecker H, Ludwig H, Emrich HM. Antiviral treatment perspective against Borna disease virus 1 infection in major depression: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:12. [PMID: 32066504 PMCID: PMC7027224 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-0391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whether Borna disease virus (BDV-1) is a human pathogen remained controversial until recent encephalitis cases showed BDV-1 infection could even be deadly. This called to mind previous evidence for an infectious contribution of BDV-1 to mental disorders. Pilot open trials suggested that BDV-1 infected depressed patients benefitted from antiviral therapy with a licensed drug (amantadine) which also tested sensitive in vitro. Here, we designed a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial (RCT) which cross-linked depression and BDV-1 infection, addressing both the antidepressant and antiviral efficacy of amantadine. Methods The interventional phase II RCT (two 7-weeks-treatment periods and a 12-months follow-up) at the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Germany, assigned currently depressed BDV-1 infected patients with either major depression (MD; N = 23) or bipolar disorder (BD; N = 13) to amantadine sulphate (PK-Merz®; twice 100 mg orally daily) or placebo treatment, and contrariwise, respectively. Clinical changes were assessed every 2–3 weeks by the 21-item Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAMD) (total, single, and combined scores). BDV-1 activity was determined accordingly in blood plasma by enzyme immune assays for antigens (PAG), antibodies (AB) and circulating immune complexes (CIC). Results Primary outcomes (≥25% HAMD reduction, week 7) were 81.3% amantadine vs. 35.3% placebo responder (p = 0.003), a large clinical effect size (ES; Cohen’s d) of 1.046, and excellent drug tolerance. Amantadine was safe reducing suicidal behaviour in the first 2 weeks. Pre-treatment maximum infection levels were predictive of clinical improvement (AB, p = 0.001; PAG, p = 0.026; HAMD week 7). Respective PAG and CIC levels correlated with AB reduction (p = 0,001 and p = 0.034, respectively). Follow-up benefits (12 months) correlated with dropped cumulative infection measures over time (p < 0.001). In vitro, amantadine concentrations as low as 2.4–10 ng/mL (50% infection-inhibitory dose) prevented infection with human BDV Hu-H1, while closely related memantine failed up to 100,000-fold higher concentration (200 μg/mL). Conclusions Our findings indicate profound antidepressant efficacy of safe oral amantadine treatment, paralleling antiviral effects at various infection levels. This not only supports the paradigm of a link of BDV-1 infection and depression. It provides a novel possibly practice-changing low cost mental health care perspective for depressed BDV-1-infected patients addressing global needs. Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Registry on 04th of March 2015. The trial ID is DRKS00007649; https://www.drks.de/drks_web/setLocale_EN.do
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef E Dietrich
- Department of Psychiatry, Burghof-Clinic, Ritterstr. 19, 31737, Rinteln, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hanover, Germany. .,Department of Mental Health, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Liv Bode
- Joint Senior Scientists, Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Beerenstr. 41, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carsten W Spannhuth
- Department of Mental Health, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hecker
- Department of Biometrics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Joint Senior Scientists, Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Beerenstr. 41, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hinderk M Emrich
- Department of Mental Health, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
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16
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Avian Bornaviral Ganglioneuritis: Current Debates and Unanswered Questions. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:6563723. [PMID: 32411340 PMCID: PMC7212328 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6563723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian bornaviral ganglioneuritis, often referred to as parrot wasting disease, is associated with a newly discovered avian virus from the taxonomic family Bornaviridae. Research regarding the pathogenesis and treatment for this disease is ongoing, with implications for understanding other emerging human and nonhuman diseases, as well as the health and ecology of wildlife. At this time, numerous questions remain unanswered regarding the transmission of the disease, best practices for diagnostic sampling and testing, and whether currently used drug therapies are effective or harmful for afflicted birds. The pathogenesis of the disease also remains unclear with many birds showing resistance to the effects of the virus and being able to remain clinically unaffected for years, while other birds succumb to its effects. New research findings regarding avian bornaviral ganglioneuritis are discussed and important as yet unanswered questions are identified.
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17
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Niller HH, Angstwurm K, Rubbenstroth D, Schlottau K, Ebinger A, Giese S, Wunderlich S, Banas B, Forth LF, Hoffmann D, Höper D, Schwemmle M, Tappe D, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Nobach D, Herden C, Brochhausen C, Velez-Char N, Mamilos A, Utpatel K, Evert M, Zoubaa S, Riemenschneider MJ, Ruf V, Herms J, Rieder G, Errath M, Matiasek K, Schlegel J, Liesche-Starnecker F, Neumann B, Fuchs K, Linker RA, Salzberger B, Freilinger T, Gartner L, Wenzel JJ, Reischl U, Jilg W, Gessner A, Jantsch J, Beer M, Schmidt B. Zoonotic spillover infections with Borna disease virus 1 leading to fatal human encephalitis, 1999-2019: an epidemiological investigation. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:467-477. [PMID: 31924550 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2018-19, Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), the causative agent of Borna disease in horses, sheep, and other domestic mammals, was reported in five human patients with severe to fatal encephalitis in Germany. However, information on case frequencies, clinical courses, and detailed epidemiological analyses are still lacking. We report the occurrence of BoDV-1-associated encephalitis in cases submitted to the Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany, and provide a detailed description of newly identified cases of BoDV-1-induced encephalitis. METHODS All brain tissues from 56 encephalitis cases from Bavaria, Germany, of putative viral origin (1999-2019), which had been submitted for virological testing upon request of the attending clinician and stored for stepwise diagnostic procedure, were systematically screened for BoDV-1 RNA. Two additional BoDV-1-positive cases were contributed by other diagnostic centres. Positive results were confirmed by deep sequencing, antigen detection, and determination of BoDV-1-reactive antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Clinical and epidemiological data from infected patients were collected and analysed. FINDINGS BoDV-1 RNA and bornavirus-reactive antibodies were detected in eight newly analysed encephalitis cases and the first human BoDV-1 isolate was obtained from an unequivocally confirmed human BoDV-1 infection from the endemic area. Six of the eight BoDV-1-positive patients had no record of immunosuppression before the onset of fatal disease, whereas two were immunocompromised after solid organ transplantation. Typical initial symptoms were headache, fever, and confusion, followed by various neurological signs, deep coma, and severe brainstem involvement. Seven of nine patients with fatal encephalitis of unclear cause were BoDV-1 positive within one diagnostic centre. BoDV-1 sequence information and epidemiological analyses indicated independent spillover transmissions most likely from the local wild animal reservoir. INTERPRETATION BoDV-1 infection has to be considered as a potentially lethal zoonosis in endemic regions with reported spillover infections in horses and sheep. BoDV-1 infection can result in fatal encephalitis in immunocompromised and apparently healthy people. Consequently, all severe encephalitis cases of unclear cause should be tested for bornaviruses especially in endemic regions. FUNDING German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klemens Angstwurm
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kore Schlottau
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Arnt Ebinger
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sebastian Giese
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Silke Wunderlich
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Banas
- Department of Nephrology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Leonie F Forth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Nobach
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Mamilos
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Utpatel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Saida Zoubaa
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Viktoria Ruf
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Rieder
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Traunstein, Traunstein, Germany
| | - Mario Errath
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Traunstein, Traunstein, Germany
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical & Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schlegel
- Department of Neuropathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Bernhard Neumann
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kornelius Fuchs
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Salzberger
- Infectious Diseases, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Freilinger
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Passau, Passau, Germany; Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Gartner
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Passau, Passau, Germany
| | - Jürgen J Wenzel
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reischl
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Jilg
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
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18
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Viral Equine Encephalitis, a Growing Threat to the Horse Population in Europe? Viruses 2019; 12:v12010023. [PMID: 31878129 PMCID: PMC7019608 DOI: 10.3390/v12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders represent an important sanitary and economic threat for the equine industry worldwide. Among nervous diseases, viral encephalitis is of growing concern, due to the emergence of arboviruses and to the high contagiosity of herpesvirus-infected horses. The nature, severity and duration of the clinical signs could be different depending on the etiological agent and its virulence. However, definite diagnosis generally requires the implementation of combinations of direct and/or indirect screening assays in specialized laboratories. The equine practitioner, involved in a mission of prevention and surveillance, plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis of viral encephalitis. The general management of the horse is essentially supportive, focused on controlling pain and inflammation within the central nervous system, preventing injuries and providing supportive care. Despite its high medical relevance and economic impact in the equine industry, vaccines are not always available and there is no specific antiviral therapy. In this review, the major virological, clinical and epidemiological features of the main neuropathogenic viruses inducing encephalitis in equids in Europe, including rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae), Equid herpesviruses (Herpesviridae), Borna disease virus (Bornaviridae) and West Nile virus (Flaviviridae), as well as exotic viruses, will be presented.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail: (DR); (MS); (MB)
| | - Kore Schlottau
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (DR); (MS); (MB)
| | - Jürgen Rissland
- Institute of Virology/Public Health Laboratory Saarland - University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail: (DR); (MS); (MB)
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20
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Bornavirus. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2019; 62:519-532. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-019-02904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Korn K, Coras R, Bobinger T, Herzog SM, Lücking H, Stöhr R, Huttner HB, Hartmann A, Ensser A. Fatal Encephalitis Associated with Borna Disease Virus 1. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:1375-1377. [PMID: 30281979 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc1800724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Korn
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Coras
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Bobinger
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Hannes Lücking
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Stöhr
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hagen B Huttner
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Armin Ensser
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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22
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Schlottau K, Forth L, Angstwurm K, Höper D, Zecher D, Liesche F, Hoffmann B, Kegel V, Seehofer D, Platen S, Salzberger B, Liebert UG, Niller HH, Schmidt B, Matiasek K, Riemenschneider MJ, Brochhausen C, Banas B, Renders L, Moog P, Wunderlich S, Seifert CL, Barreiros A, Rahmel A, Weiss J, Tappe D, Herden C, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Schwemmle M, Rubbenstroth D, Schlegel J, Pietsch C, Hoffmann D, Jantsch J, Beer M. Fatal Encephalitic Borna Disease Virus 1 in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:1377-1379. [PMID: 30281984 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc1803115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kore Schlottau
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Leonie Forth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Höper
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Barreiros
- DSO German Organ Transplantation Foundation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Axel Rahmel
- DSO German Organ Transplantation Foundation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jutta Weiss
- DSO German Organ Transplantation Foundation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
- Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Donata Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Arab A, Mohebbi A, Afshar H, Moradi A. Multi-factorial Etiology of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia in Iran: No Evidence of Borna Disease Virus Genome. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.12.5.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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24
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The Association Between Borna Disease Virus and Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/archneurosci.57779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Lucchese G, Stahl B. Peptide Sharing Between Viruses and DLX Proteins: A Potential Cross-Reactivity Pathway to Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:150. [PMID: 29618965 PMCID: PMC5871705 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study seeks to determine potential associations between viral infections and neuropsychiatric diseases. To address this issue, we investigated the peptide commonalities between viruses that have been related to psychiatric and neurological disorders—such as rubella, human immunodeficiency virus, and herpesviruses—and human distal-less homeobox (DLX) proteins expressed in developing brain—namely, DLX1, DLX2, DLX5, and DLX6. Peptide matching analyses revealed a high degree of pentapeptide sharing. From an immunological perspective, this overlap is relevant because pentapeptides are endowed with immunogenicity and antigenicity—that is, they are immune determinants. Moreover, infection-induced immune cross-reactions might have functional, spatial, and temporal implications related to the functions and expression patterns of DLX1 and DLX5 in the fetal and adult human brain. In sum, our data support the hypothesis that viral infections may be linked to neuropsychiatric diseases through autoimmune cross-reactions caused by molecular mimicry between viral proteins and brain-specific DLX self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Lucchese
- Brain Language Laboratory, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Benjamin Stahl
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Schlottau K, Jenckel M, van den Brand J, Fast C, Herden C, Höper D, Homeier-Bachmann T, Thielebein J, Mensing N, Diender B, Hoffmann D, Ulrich RG, Mettenleiter TC, Koopmans M, Tappe D, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Reusken CBEM, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Variegated Squirrel Bornavirus 1 in Squirrels, Germany and the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:477-481. [PMID: 28221112 PMCID: PMC5382762 DOI: 10.3201/eid2303.161061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We screened squirrels in Germany and the Netherlands for the novel zoonotic variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1). The detection of VSBV-1 in 11 squirrels indicates a considerable risk for transmission to humans handling those animals. Therefore, squirrels in contact with humans should routinely be tested for VSBV-1.
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27
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Hyndman TH, Shilton CM, Stenglein MD, Wellehan JFX. Divergent bornaviruses from Australian carpet pythons with neurological disease date the origin of extant Bornaviridae prior to the end-Cretaceous extinction. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006881. [PMID: 29462190 PMCID: PMC5834213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue samples from Australian carpet pythons (Morelia spilota) with neurological disease were screened for viruses using next-generation sequencing. Coding complete genomes of two bornaviruses were identified with the gene order 3'-N-X-P-G-M-L, representing a transposition of the G and M genes compared to other bornaviruses and most mononegaviruses. Use of these viruses to search available vertebrate genomes enabled recognition of further endogenous bornavirus-like elements (EBLs) in diverse placental mammals, including humans. Codivergence patterns and shared integration sites revealed an ancestral laurasiatherian EBLG integration (77 million years ago [MYA]) and a previously identified afrotherian EBLG integration (83 MYA). The novel python bornaviruses clustered more closely with these EBLs than with other exogenous bornaviruses, suggesting that these viruses diverged from previously known bornaviruses prior to the end-Cretaceous (K-Pg) extinction, 66 MYA. It is possible that EBLs protected mammals from ancient bornaviral disease, providing a selective advantage in the recovery from the K-Pg extinction. A degenerate PCR primer set was developed to detect a highly conserved region of the bornaviral polymerase gene. It was used to detect 15 more genetically distinct bornaviruses from Australian pythons that represent a group that is likely to contain a number of novel species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H. Hyndman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Catherine M. Shilton
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Resources, Northern Territory Government, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Mark D. Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James F. X. Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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28
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Huang H, Zhang H, Li D, Chen S, Zhou C, Li Q, He P, Fang L, Zhang Y, Li X, Zhou J, Sun L, Liu S, Guo Y, Huang Y, Xie P. Different inhibitory effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of human and laboratory Borna disease virus‑infected human neuroblastoma SH‑SY5Y cells in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:925-931. [PMID: 29115502 PMCID: PMC5780172 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic and non‑cytolytic virus, which causes behavioral disorders in a wide range of warm‑blooded species. It is well established that BDV induces neurodegeneration by impairing neurogenesis and interfering with neuronal functioning in the limbic system. In the present study, the potential role of BDV infection in SH‑SY5Y cells was identified, and comparisons of two original BDV strains (the human Hu‑H1 and the laboratory Strain V) were performed to further elucidate the phenotypes of BDV pathogenesis with strain differences. Cell Counting Kit‑8 and flow cytometric analyses revealed that the two BDV strain‑infected groups exhibited marked anti‑proliferation and cell cycle arrest compared with the control group, and the Hu‑H1 strain caused more evident effects. However, the Hu‑H1 strain did not exert effects on the apoptosis of SH‑SH5Y cells, while Strain V led to a marked increase in apoptosis upon initial infection. Western blot analysis confirmed the upregulation of apoptosis regulator BAX protein and the downregulation of apoptosis regulator Bcl‑2 protein caused by the two BDV strains. The results of the present study provided evidence that infection with BDV suppressed SH‑SY5Y cellular functioning and exhibited divergent antiproliferative and apoptotic roles in cells between the two strains. The present study provided an insight for future investigation of strain differences and underlying pathomechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shigang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Chanjuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peng He
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Siwen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
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Oliveira J, Oliveira‐Maia AJ, Tamouza R, Brown AS, Leboyer M. Infectious and immunogenetic factors in bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2017; 136:409-423. [PMID: 28832904 PMCID: PMC7159344 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the evidence supporting the association between infection and bipolar disorder (BD), the genetic vulnerability that mediates its effects has yet to be clarified. A genetic origin for the immune imbalance observed in BD, possibly involved in the mechanisms of pathogen escape, has, however, been suggested in recent studies. METHOD Here, we present a critical review based on a systematic literature search of articles published until December 2016 on the association between BD and infectious/immunogenetic factors. RESULTS We provide evidence suggesting that infectious insults could act as triggers of maladaptive immune responses in BD and that immunogenetic vulnerability may amplify the effects of such environmental risk factors, increasing susceptibility to subsequent environmental encounters. Quality of evidence was generally impaired by scarce attempt of replication, small sample sizes and lack of high-quality environmental measures. CONCLUSION Infection has emerged as a potential preventable cause of morbidity in BD, urging the need to better investigate components of the host-pathogen interaction in patients and at-risk subjects, and thus opening the way to novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Oliveira
- Champalimaud Clinical CentreChampalimaud Centre for the UnknownLisboaPortugal,Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - A. J. Oliveira‐Maia
- Champalimaud Clinical CentreChampalimaud Centre for the UnknownLisboaPortugal,Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthCentro Hospitalar de Lisboa OcidentalLisboaPortugal,Champalimaud ResearchChampalimaud Centre for the UnknownLisboaPortugal,Faculdade de Ciências MédicasNOVA Medical SchoolUniversidade Nova de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - R. Tamouza
- Hôpital Saint LouisINSERM U1160Université Paris DiderotParisFrance,Fondation FondamentalCréteilFrance
| | - A. S. Brown
- Columbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - M. Leboyer
- Fondation FondamentalCréteilFrance,Department of PsychiatryAP‐HP, DHU PePSYHôpital Henri MondorUniversité Paris‐Est‐CréteilCréteilFrance,Translational PsychiatryINSERM U955CréteilFrance
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30
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin‐Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Dhollander S, Beltrán‐Beck B, Kohnle L, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): Borna disease. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04951. [PMID: 32625602 PMCID: PMC7009998 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of Borna disease to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of Borna disease according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to Borna disease. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, Borna disease cannot be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL because there was no compliance on criterion 5 A(v). Consequently, the assessment on compliance of Borna disease with the criteria as in Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in Article 9(1) is not applicable, as well as which animal species can be considered to be listed for Borna disease according to Article 8(3) of the AHL.
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Central Nervous System Infection with Borna Disease Virus Causes Kynurenine Pathway Dysregulation and Neurotoxic Quinolinic Acid Production. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00673-17. [PMID: 28446679 PMCID: PMC5487560 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00673-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system infection of neonatal and adult rats with Borna disease virus (BDV) results in neuronal destruction and behavioral abnormalities with differential immune-mediated involvement. Neuroactive metabolites generated from the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation have been implicated in several human neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we report that brain expression of key enzymes in the kynurenine pathway are significantly, but differentially, altered in neonatal and adult rats with BDV infection. Gene expression analysis of rat brains following neonatal infection showed increased expression of kynurenine amino transferase II (KATII) and kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) enzymes. Additionally, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression was only modestly increased in a brain region- and time-dependent manner in neonatally infected rats; however, its expression was highly increased in adult infected rats. The most dramatic impact on gene expression was seen for KMO, whose activity promotes the production of neurotoxic quinolinic acid. KMO expression was persistently elevated in brain regions of both newborn and adult BDV-infected rats, with increases reaching up to 86-fold. KMO protein levels were increased in neonatally infected rats and colocalized with neurons, the primary target cells of BDV infection. Furthermore, quinolinic acid was elevated in neonatally infected rat brains. We further demonstrate increased expression of KATII and KMO, but not IDO, in vitro in BDV-infected C6 astroglioma cells. Our results suggest that BDV directly impacts the kynurenine pathway, an effect that may be exacerbated by inflammatory responses in immunocompetent hosts. Thus, experimental models of BDV infection may provide new tools for discriminating virus-mediated from immune-mediated impacts on the kynurenine pathway and their relative contribution to neurodegeneration.IMPORTANCE BDV causes persistent, noncytopathic infection in vitro yet still elicits widespread neurodegeneration of infected neurons in both immunoincompetent and immunocompetent hosts. Here, we show that BDV infection induces expression of key enzymes of the kynurenine pathway in brains of newborn and adult infected rats and cultured astroglioma cells, shunting tryptophan degradation toward the production of neurotoxic quinolinic acid. Thus, our findings newly implicate this metabolic pathway in BDV-induced neurodegeneration. Given the importance of the kynurenine pathway in a wide range of human infections and neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, animal models of BDV infection may serve as important tools for contrasting direct viral and indirect antiviral immune-mediated impacts on kynurenine pathway dysregulation and the ensuing neurodevelopmental and neuropathological consequences.
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Shatizadeh-Malekshahi S, Ahmadkhaniha HR, Kiani SJ, Nejati A, Janani L, Yavarian J. No molecular evidence of Borna disease virus among schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 9:112-118. [PMID: 29214003 PMCID: PMC5715276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Viruses have been suggested as one of the risk factors for psychiatric disorders. Among infectious agents Borna disease virus (BDV) has been known as a neurotropic virus which is able to cause neurological disorders in different animals. Recently there were controversial findings about BDV association with pathogenesis of human psychotic disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here we performed a nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for detection of BDV P40 RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples of schizophrenia (SC), bipolar disorder (BD) patients and healthy controls (HCs). RESULTS Only one out of 120 (0.8 %) psychiatric patients and two samples (2.7%) in 75 HCs showed positive results. There were no significant molecular evidence of BDV infection in 120 psychotic patients (60 SC and 60 BD) and 75 matched HCs. CONCLUSION Our findings showed no association between BDV infection and pathogenesis of these psychiatric disorders. This is an interesting issue given both the as yet un-clarified role of BDV in human mental disorders and addressing patients in the so far under-investigating Middle East era.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamid Reza Ahmadkhaniha
- Mental Health Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Iran Mental Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Kiani
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nejati
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Janani
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Jila Yavarian MD, PhD, Porsina Ave, Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Telefax: 00982188962343
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Honda T, Sofuku K, Matsunaga H, Tachibana M, Mohri I, Taniike M, Tomonaga K. Detection of Antibodies against Borna Disease Virus Proteins in an Autistic Child and Her Mother. Jpn J Infect Dis 2017; 70:225-227. [PMID: 27795475 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2016.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Honda
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University
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Zaliunaite V, Steibliene V, Bode L, Podlipskyte A, Bunevicius R, Ludwig H. Primary psychosis and Borna disease virus infection in Lithuania: a case control study. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:369. [PMID: 27809822 PMCID: PMC5093928 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothesis that microbial infections may be linked to mental disorders has long been addressed for Borna disease virus (BDV), but clinical and epidemiological evidence remained inconsistent due to non-conformities in detection methods. BDV circulating immune complexes (CIC) were shown to exceed the prevalence of serum antibodies alone and to comparably screen for infection in Europe (DE, CZ, IT), the Middle East (IR) and Asia (CN), still seeking general acceptance. METHODS We used CIC and antigen (Ag) tests to investigate BDV infection in Lithuania through a case-control study design comparing in-patients suffering of primary psychosis with blood donors. One hundred and six acutely psychotic in-patients with no physical illness, consecutively admitted to the regional mental hospital, and 98 blood donors from the Blood Donation Centre, Lithuania, were enrolled in the study. The severity of psychosis was assessed twice, prior and after acute antipsychotic therapy, by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). BDV-CIC and Ag markers were tested once after therapy was terminated. RESULTS What we found was a significantly higher prevalence of CIC, indicating a chronic BDV infection, in patients with treated primary psychosis than in blood donor controls (39.6 % vs. 22.4 %, respectively). Free BDV Ag, indicating currently active infection, did not show significant differences among study groups. Higher severity of psychosis prior to treatment was inversely correlated to the presence of BDV Ag (42.6 vs. 34.1 BPRS, respectively; p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS The study concluded significantly higher BDV infection rates in psychotic than in healthy Lithuanians, thus supporting similar global trends for other mental disorders. The study raised awareness to consider the integration of BDV infection surveillance in psychiatry research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Zaliunaite
- Behavioral Medicine Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Vyduno str. 4, Palanga, LT-00135, Lithuania.
| | - Vesta Steibliene
- Psychiatry Clinic, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus str. 9, Kaunas, LT-44307 Lithuania
| | - Liv Bode
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Joint Senior Scientists, Beerenstr. 41, Berlin, D-14163 Germany
| | - Aurelija Podlipskyte
- Behavioral Medicine Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Vyduno str. 4, Palanga, LT-00135 Lithuania
| | - Robertas Bunevicius
- Behavioral Medicine Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Vyduno str. 4, Palanga, LT-00135 Lithuania
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Joint Senior Scientists, Beerenstr. 41, Berlin, D-14163 Germany
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Zhang H, He P, Huang R, Sun L, Liu S, Zhou J, Guo Y, Yang D, Xie P. Identification and bioinformatic analysis of dysregulated microRNAs in human oligodendroglial cells infected with borna disease virus. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4715-4722. [PMID: 27748825 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized as important regulators of gene expression via translational depression or mRNA degradation. Previously, dysregulated miRNAs have been found in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic, negative single‑stranded RNA virus, which may be a cause of human neuropsychiatric disease. BDV is regarded as an ideal model to analyze the molecular mechanisms of mental disorders caused by viral infection. In the present study, 10 miRNAs were dysregulated in human oligodendrocytes (OL cells) infected with the BDV strain, Hu‑H1 (OL/BDV). The predicted target genes of those different miRNAs were closely associated with DNA binding, receptor activity, cytoplasm and membrane, biopolymer metabolic process and signal transduction, which were ranked highest using Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, and were predominantly involved in 'Immune system and adaptive Immune system pathways' on pathway analysis. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that seven miRNAs (miR‑1290, miR‑1908, miR‑146a‑5p, miR‑424‑5p, miR‑3676‑3p, miR‑296‑3p and miR‑7‑5p) were significantly downregulated in the OL/BDV cells, whereas two miRNAs (miR‑1244 and miR‑4521) showed no significant differences between the two groups. The present study revealed for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the miRNA profile of BDV Hu‑H1‑infected human OL cells. Based on GO and pathway analyses, further investigation of the signaling processes in BDV‑infected oligodendrocytes may offer particular promise in improving understanding of the neuropathogenesis of BDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Rongzhong Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Siwen Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Deyu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
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Abstract
AbstractNatural bornavirus infections and their resulting diseases are largely restricted to horses and sheep in Central Europe. The disease also occurs naturally in cats, and can be induced experimentally in laboratory rodents and numerous other mammals. Borna disease virus-1 (BoDV-1), the cause of most cases of mammalian Borna disease, is a negative-stranded RNA virus that replicates within the nucleus of target cells. It causes severe, often lethal, encephalitis in susceptible species. Recent events, especially the discovery of numerous new species of bornaviruses in birds and a report of an acute, lethal bornaviral encephalitis in humans, apparently acquired from squirrels, have revived interest in this remarkable family of viruses. The clinical manifestations of the bornaviral diseases are highly variable. Thus, in addition to acute lethal encephalitis, they can cause persistent neurologic disease associated with diverse behavioral changes. They also cause a severe retinitis resulting in blindness. In this review, we discuss both the pathological lesions observed in mammalian bornaviral disease and the complex pathogenesis of the neurologic disease. Thus infected neurons may be destroyed by T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. They may die as a result of excessive inflammatory cytokine release from microglia. They may also die as a result of a ‘glutaminergic storm’ due to a failure of infected astrocytes to regulate brain glutamate levels.
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Honda T, Yamamoto Y, Daito T, Matsumoto Y, Makino A, Tomonaga K. Long-term expression of miRNA for RNA interference using a novel vector system based on a negative-strand RNA virus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26154. [PMID: 27189575 PMCID: PMC4870639 DOI: 10.1038/srep26154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a promising technique for gene therapy. However, the safe and long-term expression of small RNA molecules is a major concern for the application of RNAi therapies in vivo. Borna disease virus (BDV), a non-segmented, negative-strand RNA virus, establishes a persistent infection without obvious cytopathic effects. Unique among animal non-retroviral RNA viruses, BDV persistently establishes a long-lasting persistent infection in the nucleus. These features make BDV ideal for RNA virus vector persistently expressing small RNAs. Here, we demonstrated that the recombinant BDV (rBDV) containing the miR-155 precursor, rBDV-miR-155, persistently expressed miR-155 and efficiently silenced its target gene. The stem region of the miR-155 precursor in rBDV-miR-155 was replaceable by any miRNA sequences of interest and that such rBDVs efficiently silence the expression of target genes. Collectively, BDV vector would be a novel RNA virus vector enabling the long-term expression of miRNAs for RNAi therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Honda
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takuji Daito
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsumoto
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akiko Makino
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Center for Emerging Virus Research, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Tumor Viruses, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Lennartz F, Bayer K, Czerwonka N, Lu Y, Kehr K, Hirz M, Steinmetzer T, Garten W, Herden C. Surface glycoprotein of Borna disease virus mediates virus spread from cell to cell. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:340-54. [PMID: 26332529 PMCID: PMC7162304 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a non-segmented negative-stranded RNA virus that maintains a strictly neurotropic and persistent infection in affected end hosts. The primary target cells for BDV infection are brain cells, e.g. neurons and astrocytes. The exact mechanism of how infection is propagated between these cells and especially the role of the viral glycoprotein (GP) for cell-cell transmission, however, are still incompletely understood. Here, we use different cell culture systems, including rat primary astrocytes and mixed cultures of rat brain cells, to show that BDV primarily spreads through cell-cell contacts. We employ a highly stable and efficient peptidomimetic inhibitor to inhibit the furin-mediated processing of GP and demonstrate that cleaved and fusion-active GP is strictly necessary for the cell-to-cell spread of BDV. Together, our quantitative observations clarify the role of Borna disease virus-glycoprotein for viral dissemination and highlight the regulation of GP expression as a potential mechanism to limit viral spread and maintain persistence. These findings furthermore indicate that targeting host cell proteases might be a promising approach to inhibit viral GP activation and spread of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Lennartz
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karen Bayer
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Czerwonka
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yinghui Lu
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kristine Kehr
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manuela Hirz
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Garten
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Neurotropic virus infections as the cause of immediate and delayed neuropathology. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:159-184. [PMID: 26659576 PMCID: PMC4713712 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of viruses from different virus families in different geographical areas, may cause immediate or delayed neuropathological changes and neurological manifestations in humans and animals. Infection by neurotropic viruses as well as the resulting immune response can irreversibly disrupt the complex structural and functional architecture of the central nervous system, frequently leaving the patient or affected animal with a poor or fatal prognosis. Mechanisms that govern neuropathogenesis and immunopathogenesis of viral infections are highlighted, using examples of well-studied virus infections that are associated with these alterations in different populations throughout the world. A better understanding of the molecular, epidemiological and biological characteristics of these infections and in particular of mechanisms that underlie their clinical manifestations may be expected to provide tools for the development of more effective intervention strategies and treatment regimens.
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Scordel C, Coulpier M. [The Borna disease virus phosphoprotein alters the development of human GABAergic neurons]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:1060-3. [PMID: 26672653 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153112003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Scordel
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and GeneCenter, Feodor-Lynen Strasse 25, Munich, Allemagne
| | - Muriel Coulpier
- INRA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 7, avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France - ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie, 7, avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France - Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, 7, avenue du Gal de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
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41
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A novel intranuclear RNA vector system for long-term stem cell modification. Gene Ther 2015; 23:256-62. [PMID: 26632671 PMCID: PMC4777691 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified stem and progenitor cells have emerged as a promising regenerative platform in the treatment of genetic and degenerative disorders, highlighted by their successful therapeutic use in inherent immunodeficiencies. However, biosafety concerns over insertional mutagenesis resulting from integrating recombinant viral vectors have overshadowed the widespread clinical applications of genetically modified stem cells. Here, we report an RNA-based episomal vector system, amenable for long-term transgene expression in stem cells. Specifically, we used a unique intranuclear RNA virus, Borna disease virus (BDV), as the gene transfer vehicle, capable of persistent infections in various cell types. BDV-based vectors allowed for long-term transgene expression in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) without affecting cellular morphology, cell surface CD105 expression, or the adipogenicity of MSCs. Similarly, replication-defective BDV vectors achieved long-term transduction of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), while maintaining the ability to differentiate into three embryonic germ layers. Thus, the BDV-based vectors offer a genomic modification-free, episomal RNA delivery system for sustained stem cell transduction.
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Persistent human Borna disease virus infection modifies the acetylome of human oligodendroglia cells towards higher energy and transporter levels. Virology 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Jo WK, Zhang Y, Emrich HM, Dietrich DE. Glia in the cytokine-mediated onset of depression: fine tuning the immune response. Front Cell Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26217190 PMCID: PMC4498101 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mood disorder of multifactorial origin affecting millions of people worldwide. The alarming estimated rates of prevalence and relapse make it a global public health concern. Moreover, the current setback of available antidepressants in the clinical setting is discouraging. Therefore, efforts to eradicate depression should be directed towards understanding the pathomechanisms involved in the hope of finding cost-effective treatment alternatives. The pathophysiology of MDD comprises the breakdown of different pathways, including the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the glutamatergic system, and monoaminergic neurotransmission, affecting cognition and emotional behavior. Inflammatory cytokines have been postulated to be the possible link and culprit in the disruption of these systems. In addition, evidence from different studies suggests that impairment of glial functions appears to be a major contributor as well. Thus, the intricate role between glia, namely microglia and astrocytes, and the central nervous system's (CNSs) immune response is briefly discussed, highlighting the kynurenine pathway as a pivotal player. Moreover, evaluations of different treatment strategies targeting the inflammatory response are considered. The immuno-modulatory properties of vitamin D receptor (VDR) suggest that vitamin D is an attractive and plausible candidate in spite of controversial findings. Further research investigating the role of VDR in mood disorders is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy K Jo
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Clinic for Mental Health, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Hinderk M Emrich
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover, Germany ; Clinic for Mental Health, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlef E Dietrich
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover, Germany ; Clinic for Mental Health, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany ; Burghof-Klinik Rinteln, Germany
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Hoffmann B, Tappe D, Höper D, Herden C, Boldt A, Mawrin C, Niederstraßer O, Müller T, Jenckel M, van der Grinten E, Lutter C, Abendroth B, Teifke JP, Cadar D, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Ulrich RG, Beer M. A Variegated Squirrel Bornavirus Associated with Fatal Human Encephalitis. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:154-62. [PMID: 26154788 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1415627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Between 2011 and 2013, three breeders of variegated squirrels (Sciurus variegatoides) had encephalitis with similar clinical signs and died 2 to 4 months after onset of the clinical symptoms. With the use of a metagenomic approach that incorporated next-generation sequencing and real-time reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), the presence of a previously unknown bornavirus was detected in a contact squirrel and in brain samples from the three patients. Phylogenetic analyses showed that this virus, tentatively named variegated squirrel 1 bornavirus (VSBV-1), forms a lineage separate from that of the known bornavirus species. (Funded by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture [Germany] and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Hoffmann
- From the Institute of Diagnostic Virology (B.H., D.H., M.J., B.A., M.B.), Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management (J.P.T.), and Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (R.G.U.), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg (D.T., D.C., J.S.-C.), German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (D.T., D.C., J.S.-C.), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Bergmannstrost Hospital (A.B., O.N.), and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Halle (Saale) (T.M.), Halle (Saale), Institute of Neuropathology, Otto-von-Guericke Universität, Magdeburg (C.M.), State Institute for Consumer Protection of Saxony-Anhalt, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Stendal (E.v.d.G.), and Special Service for Veterinarian Affairs and Consumer Protection, Salzlandkreis, Bernburg (Saale) (C.L.) - all in Germany
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Guo J, Liu C, Wang Y, Feng B, Zhang X. Role of T helper lymphokines in the immune-inflammatory pathophysiology of schizophrenia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Nord J Psychiatry 2015; 69:364-72. [PMID: 25529895 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2014.986761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is highly complex multifactorial psychiatric disorder with poorly defined etiopathophysiology, which also has manifestations in the immune system. AIMS The aim of this review is to meta-analyze the available evidence regarding the role of immune activation indicated by the T helper cells in order to evaluate etiopathophysiological links between the immune system and schizophrenia. METHODS A literature search was performed in multiple electronic databases for relevant research papers published between 1990 and May 2014. Meta-analyses were conducted under both random- (REM) and fixed-effect models (FEM) by calculating weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was assessed with the I(2) index. RESULTS Twenty-one studies were selected after observing inclusion and exclusion criteria. In vitro interferon-gamma (INF-γ) and interleukin (IL)-2 production was significantly lower in the schizophrenic patients compared with non-schizophrenic control individuals under both FEM and REM. Serum levels of IL-2 and serum/in vitro IL-4 were not significantly different in both groups under both FEM and REM. Overall Th1:Th2 ratio (INF-γ:IL-4 and IL-2:IL-4) in the serum samples was significantly deflected towards Th2 under both models in the serum samples (- 0.33 [- 0.59 to - 0.06]; P < 0.03, FEM and - 2.44 [- 4.27 to - 0.60]; P < 0.009, REM) but in vitro production Th1:Th2 ratio (INF-γ:IL-4 and IL-2:IL-4) was deflected towards Th1 under both the models (1.11 [0.45-1.78]; P < 0.002, FEM and 6.68 [0.72-12.64]; P < 0.03, REM). CONCLUSIONS Whereas the Th1:Th2 ratio in the serum samples deflected towards T2, in vitro Th1:Th2 ratio favored Th1 when the individual study data were meta-analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Jing Guo, M.D., Clinical Laboratory, The 261st Hospital of The People's Liberation Army , Beijing , China
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46
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Scordel C, Huttin A, Cochet-Bernoin M, Szelechowski M, Poulet A, Richardson J, Benchoua A, Gonzalez-Dunia D, Eloit M, Coulpier M. Borna disease virus phosphoprotein impairs the developmental program controlling neurogenesis and reduces human GABAergic neurogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004859. [PMID: 25923687 PMCID: PMC4414417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that persistent viral infection may impair cellular function of specialized cells without overt damage. This concept, when applied to neurotropic viruses, may help to understand certain neurologic and neuropsychiatric diseases. Borna disease virus (BDV) is an excellent example of a persistent virus that targets the brain, impairs neural functions without cell lysis, and ultimately results in neurobehavioral disturbances. Recently, we have shown that BDV infects human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) and impairs neurogenesis, revealing a new mechanism by which BDV may interfere with brain function. Here, we sought to identify the viral proteins and molecular pathways that are involved. Using lentiviral vectors for expression of the bdv-p and bdv-x viral genes, we demonstrate that the phosphoprotein P, but not the X protein, diminishes human neurogenesis and, more particularly, GABAergic neurogenesis. We further reveal a decrease in pro-neuronal factors known to be involved in neuronal differentiation (ApoE, Noggin, TH and Scg10/Stathmin2), demonstrating that cellular dysfunction is associated with impairment of specific components of the molecular program that controls neurogenesis. Our findings thus provide the first evidence that a viral protein impairs GABAergic human neurogenesis, a process that is dysregulated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. They improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which a persistent virus may interfere with brain development and function in the adult. When a virus enters the brain, it most often induces inflammation, fever, and brain injury, all signs that are indicative of acute encephalitis. Under certain conditions, however, some neurotropic viruses may cause disease in a subtler manner. The Borna disease virus (BDV) is an excellent example of this second class of viruses, as it impairs neural function without cell lysis and induces neurobehavioral disturbances. Recently, we have shown that BDV infects human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) and impairs neurogenesis, revealing a new mechanism by which BDV may interfere with brain function. In the present study, we identify that a singled-out BDV protein called P causes similar impairment of human neurogenesis, and further show that it leads to diminution in the genesis of a particular neuronal subtype, the GABAergic neurons. We have also found that the expression of several genes involved in the generation and the maturation of neurons is dysregulated by this viral protein, which strongly suggests their implication in P-induced impairment of GABAergic neurogenesis. This study is the first to demonstrate that a viral protein interferes with human GABAergic neurogenesis, a process that is frequently impaired in neuropsychiatric disorders. It may thus contribute to elucidating the molecular bases of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Scordel
- INRA, UMR 1161, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alexandra Huttin
- INRA, UMR 1161, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marielle Cochet-Bernoin
- INRA, UMR 1161, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marion Szelechowski
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1043, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jennifer Richardson
- INRA, UMR 1161, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Daniel Gonzalez-Dunia
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1043, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Eloit
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Pasteur Institute, Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM U1117, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Coulpier
- INRA, UMR 1161, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
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Liu X, Bode L, Zhang L, Wang X, Liu S, Zhang L, Huang R, Wang M, Yang L, Chen S, Li Q, Zhu D, Ludwig H, Xie P. Health care professionals at risk of infection with Borna disease virus - evidence from a large hospital in China (Chongqing). Virol J 2015; 12:39. [PMID: 25888756 PMCID: PMC4357222 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human Borna disease virus (BDV) infections have recently been reported in China. BDV causes cognitive and behavioural disturbances in animals. The impact on human mental disorders is subject to debate, but previous studies worldwide have found neuropsychiatric patients more frequently infected than healthy controls. A few isolates were recovered from severely depressed patients, but contagiousness of BDV strain remains unknown. Method We addressed the risk of infection in health care settings at the first affiliated hospital of Chongqing Medical University (CQMU), located in downtown Chongqing, a megacity in Southwest China. Between February 2012 and March 2013, we enrolled 1529 participants, of whom 534 were outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD), 615 were hospital personnel, and 380 were healthy controls who underwent a health check. Infection was determined through BDV-specific circulating immune complexes (CIC), RNA, and selective antibodies (blood). Results One-fifth of the hospital staff (21.8%) were found to be infected (CIC positive), with the highest prevalence among psychiatry and oncology personnel, which is twice as many as were detected in the healthy control group (11.1%), and exceeds the prevalence detected in MDD patients (18.2%). Conclusion BDV circulates unnoticed in hospital settings in China, putting medical staff at risk and warranting clarification of infection modes and introduction of prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, P.R. China, Shanghai, 200063, China.
| | - Liv Bode
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Siwen Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Lujun Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Rongzhong Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Mingju Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Shigang Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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The Role of Infections and Autoimmune Diseases for Schizophrenia and Depression: Findings from Large-Scale Epidemiological Studies. CURRENT TOPICS IN NEUROTOXICITY 2015. [PMCID: PMC7122152 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13602-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An immunologic component to schizophrenia and depression has been increasingly recognized, which has led to extensive research into the associations with infections and autoimmune diseases. Large-scale nationwide epidemiological studies have displayed an increased prevalence of both autoimmune diseases and infections among persons with schizophrenia and depression. Autoimmune diseases, and especially the number of infections requiring hospitalization, increase the risk of schizophrenia and depression in a dose–response relationship. Infections are a common exposure and a broad spectrum of infections are associated with schizophrenia and depression. Particularly the autoimmune diseases with a potential presence of brain-reactive antibodies were associated with psychiatric disorders. However, the associations seem to be bidirectional, since the risk of autoimmune diseases and infections is also increased after diagnosis with schizophrenia and depression. The risk of autoimmune diseases was particularly increased in individuals with prior hospital contacts for infections. It has been suggested that inflammation and autoimmunity could be involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of some patients with symptoms of schizophrenia and depression. The psychiatric symptoms can be directly triggered by immune components, such as brain-reactive antibodies and cytokines, or infections reaching the central nervous system (CNS), or be secondary to systemic inflammation indirectly affecting the brain. However, the associations could also be caused by shared genetic factors, other environmental factors, or common etiological components. Nonetheless, autoimmune diseases and infections should be considered by clinicians in the treatment of individuals with psychiatric symptoms, since treatment would probably improve the psychiatric symptoms, quality of life, and the survival of the individuals.
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Reconceptualizing major depressive disorder as an infectious disease. BIOLOGY OF MOOD & ANXIETY DISORDERS 2014; 4:10. [PMID: 25364500 PMCID: PMC4215336 DOI: 10.1186/2045-5380-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this article, I argue for a reconceptualization of major depressive disorder (major depression) as an infectious disease. I suggest that major depression may result from a parasitic, bacterial, or viral infection and present examples that illustrate possible pathways by which these microorganisms could contribute to the etiology of major depression. I also argue that the reconceptualization of the human body as an ecosystem for these microorganisms and the human genome as a host for non-human exogenous sequences may greatly amplify the opportunity to discover genetic links to the illness. Deliberately speculative, this article is intended to stimulate novel research approaches and expand the circle of researchers taking aim at this vexing illness.
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Mazaheri-Tehrani E, Maghsoudi N, Shams J, Soori H, Atashi H, Motamedi F, Bode L, Ludwig H. Borna disease virus (BDV) infection in psychiatric patients and healthy controls in Iran. Virol J 2014; 11:161. [PMID: 25186971 PMCID: PMC4167498 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Borna disease virus (BDV) is an evolutionary old RNA virus, which infects brain and blood cells of humans, their primate ancestors, and other mammals. Human infection has been correlated to mood disorders and schizophrenia, but the impact of BDV on mental-health still remains controversial due to poor methodological and cross-national comparability. Method This first report from the Middle East aimed to determine BDV infection prevalence in Iranian acute psychiatric disorder patients and healthy controls through circulating immune complexes (CIC), antibodies (Ab) and antigen (pAg) in blood plasma using a standardized triple enzyme immune assay (EIA). Samples of 314 subjects (114 psychiatric cases, 69 blood donors, and 131 healthy controls) were assayed and data analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Results CICs revealed a BDV prevalence of one third (29.5%) in healthy Iranian controls (27.5% controls; 33.3% blood donors). In psychiatric patients CIC prevalence was higher than in controls (40.4%) and significantly correlating with bipolar patients exhibiting overt clinical symptoms (p = 0.005, OR = 1.65). CIC values were significantly elevated in bipolar (p = 0.001) and major depressive disorder (p = 0.029) patients as compared to controls, and in females compared to males (p = 0.031). Conclusion This study supports a similarly high prevalence of subclinical human BDV infections in Iran as reported for central Europe, and provides again an indication for the correlation of BDV infection and mood disorders. Further studies should address the morbidity risk for healthy carriers and those with elevated CIC levels, along with gender disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mazaheri-Tehrani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P,O, Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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