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Tian S, Liu M, Yang C, Du W, Gao B, Li M, Pan T, Liu T, Song Q, Lin L, Zhang H, Miao Y. The impact of ACTH levels on neurotransmitters and antioxidants in patients with major depressive disorder: A novel investigation. J Affect Disord 2024; 365:587-596. [PMID: 39191311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between neurotransmitters and oxidative stress in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) patients, considering HPA axis activity and psychological and cognitive states, is unclear. This study examines changes in neurotransmitters (GABA, Glx) and antioxidants (GSH) in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) of MDD patients under varying levels of ACTH, and their relationship with psychological and cognitive conditions. METHODS Forty-five MDD patients were divided into high-ACTH (>65 pg/mL; n = 16) and normal-ACTH (7-65 pg/mL; n = 29) groups based on blood ACTH levels, along with 12 healthy controls (HC). All participants underwent HAM-D, HAM-A assessments, and most completed MMSE and MoCA tests. GABA+, Glx, and GSH levels in the dACC were measured using the MEGA-PRESS sequence. Intergroup differences and correlations between clinical factors, HPA axis activity, and metabolites were analyzed. RESULTS Compared to HC, the normal ACTH group showed higher Glx and lower GSH levels. Glx and GSH were negatively correlated with MDD severity. In the high-ACTH MDD group, Glx positively correlated with delayed memory, and GSH positively correlated with abstraction. Factors influencing GABA included ACTH levels, depression duration, and negative events. Predictive factors for HAM-D scores were GSH and GABA. LIMITATIONS The sample size is small. CONCLUSION MDD patients exhibit neurochemical differences in the brain related to HPA axis levels, MDD severity, and cognitive function. Clinical factors, neurotransmitters, and neuroendocrine levels significantly influence depression severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Tian
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Meichen Liu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bingbing Gao
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Mengying Li
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tao Pan
- Department of Interventional Therapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tieli Liu
- School of Medical Imaging, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qingwei Song
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Liangjie Lin
- Clinical and Technical Support, Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Yanwei Miao
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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Wang D, Xu J, Liang N, Xue Z, Yang X, Lu J, Ma Y. Network analysis of depressive symptoms and C-reactive protein levels in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2024:S0165-0327(24)01385-5. [PMID: 39187182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP) levels have been implicated in the severity and symptomatology of major depressive disorder (MDD). The aim of this study was to explore the structure of depressive symptoms in patients with MDD according to different groups of CRP levels using network analysis. METHODS The study included 864 individuals (mean age = 54.05, 67.48 % male) diagnosed with MDD from the 2015-2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Analyses examined how depressive symptoms and CRP level were related to each other, and how the network structure of depressive symptoms differed across groups with different CRP levels. RESULTS A direct positive correlation was observed between CRP levels and specific depressive symptoms (e.g., appetite change, energy loss, and feelings of worthlessness). Moreover, there was a stronger correlation between depressive symptoms in the medium CRP and high CRP groups compared to the low CRP group. Furthermore, it was observed that there were notable structural differences between the high-CRP and moderate-CRP groups. LIMITATIONS The study is based on cross-sectional data, which precludes the drawing of causal conclusions. Furthermore, it does not take into account confounding factors such as body mass index (BMI) and lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS The findings underscore the pivotal role of CRP as a marker of the severity of depressive symptoms. Routine CRP level testing and anti-inflammatory therapies may be beneficial for depressed patients with elevated CRP levels in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Munich, Germany
| | - Jianchang Xu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Affiliated Mental Health Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Nana Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Affiliated Mental Health Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Zhenpeng Xue
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Affiliated Mental Health Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Xiujuan Yang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Affiliated Mental Health Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Affiliated Mental Health Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China.
| | - Yuejiao Ma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Affiliated Mental Health Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China.
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Hu A, Zaongo SD, Harypursat V, Wang X, Ouyang J, Chen Y. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: key implications of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1428239. [PMID: 39155987 PMCID: PMC11327151 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1428239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is now recognized to be relatively common in people living with HIV (PLWH), and remains a common cause of cognitive impairment. Unfortunately, the fundamental pathogenic processes underlying this specific outcome of HIV infection have not as yet been fully elucidated. With increased interest in research related to the microbiota-gut-brain axis, the gut-brain axis has been shown to play critical roles in regulating central nervous system disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. PLWH are characterized by a particular affliction, referred to as gut-associated dysbiosis syndrome, which provokes an alteration in microbial composition and diversity, and of their associated metabolite composition within the gut. Interestingly, the gut microbiota has also been recognized as a key element, which both positively and negatively influences human brain health, including the functioning and development of the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, based on published evidence, we critically discuss the relevant interactions between the microbiota-gut-brain axis and the pathogenesis of HAND in the context of HIV infection. It is likely that HAND manifestation in PLWH mainly results from (i) gut-associated dysbiosis syndrome and a leaky gut on the one hand and (ii) inflammation on the other hand. In other words, the preceding features of HIV infection negatively alter the composition of the gut microbiota (microbes and their associated metabolites) and promote proinflammatory immune responses which singularly or in tandem damage neurons and/or induce inadequate neuronal signaling. Thus, HAND is fairly prevalent in PLWH. This work aims to demonstrate that in the quest to prevent and possibly treat HAND, the gut microbiota may ultimately represent a therapeutically targetable "host factor."
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhen Hu
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Silvere D. Zaongo
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Chonggang General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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4
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Haroon E, Miller AH. Rewiring the brain: Inflammation's impact on glutamate and neural networks in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024:10.1038/s41386-024-01921-3. [PMID: 39020141 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01921-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Haroon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Ste 6003, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Andrew H Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Ste 6003, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Suneson K, Söderberg Veibäck G, Lindahl J, Tjernberg J, Ståhl D, Ventorp S, Ängeby F, Lundblad K, Wolkowitz OM, Lindqvist D. Omega-3 fatty acids for inflamed depression - A match/mismatch study. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 118:192-201. [PMID: 38432599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research on the pathophysiology of depression, the development of new therapeutic interventions has been slow, and no biomarkers of treatment response have been clinically implemented. Several lines of evidence suggest that the clinical and biological heterogeneity among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) has hampered progress in this field. MDD with low-grade inflammation - "inflamed depression" - is a subtype of depression that may be associated with a superior antidepressant treatment response to anti-inflammatory compounds. Omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has anti-inflammatory properties, and preliminary data suggest that it may be particularly efficacious in inflamed depression. In this study we tested the hypothesis that add-on EPA has greater antidepressant efficacy in MDD patients with high baseline high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) compared to MDD patients with low hs-CRP. All subjects received 2.2 g EPA, 400 mg docosahexaenoic acid and 800 mg of other fatty acids daily for 8 weeks, added to stable ongoing antidepressant treatment. The primary outcome was change in the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17). Patients and raters were blind to baseline hs-CRP status. In an intention-to-treat analysis including all subjects with at least one post baseline visit (n = 101), ahs-CRPcut-off of ≥1 mg/L, but not ≥3 mg/L, was associated with a greater improvement in HAMD-17 total score. In addition to a general antidepressant effect among patients with hs-CRP ≥ 1 mg/L, adjuvant EPA treatment improved symptoms putatively related to inflamed depression such as fatigue and sleep difficulties. This adds to the mounting evidence that delineation of MDD subgroups based on inflammation may be clinically relevant to predict treatment response to anti-inflammatory interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Suneson
- Unit for Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University; Department of Adult Psychiatry, Office for Psychiatry, Habilitation and Technical Aids, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gustav Söderberg Veibäck
- Unit for Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University; Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jesper Lindahl
- Unit for Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University; Department of Adult Psychiatry, Office for Psychiatry, Habilitation and Technical Aids, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johanna Tjernberg
- Unit for Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University; Psychiatry Research Skåne, Office for Psychiatry, Habilitation and Technical Aids, Lund, Sweden
| | - Darya Ståhl
- Unit for Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University
| | - Simon Ventorp
- Unit for Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University
| | - Filip Ängeby
- Unit for Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University; Department of Adult Psychiatry, Office for Psychiatry, Habilitation and Technical Aids, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karl Lundblad
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Office for Psychiatry, Habilitation and Technical Aids, Lund, Sweden; Office for Psychiatry, Norra Stockholm Psykiatri, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Owen M Wolkowitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Lindqvist
- Unit for Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University; Psychiatry Research Skåne, Office for Psychiatry, Habilitation and Technical Aids, Lund, Sweden.
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6
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Lin J, Huang H, Si T, Chen L, Chen J, Su YA. Systemic low-grade inflammation associated with specific depressive symptoms: insights from network analyses of five independent NHANES samples. Gen Psychiatr 2024; 37:e101301. [PMID: 38686392 PMCID: PMC11057247 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2023-101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Lin
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haiming Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianmei Si
- Neuropsychopharmacology, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxu Chen
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Ai Su
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, China
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7
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Chang J, Jiang T, Shan X, Zhang M, Li Y, Qi X, Bian Y, Zhao L. Pro-inflammatory cytokines in stress-induced depression: Novel insights into mechanisms and promising therapeutic strategies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 131:110931. [PMID: 38176531 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Stress-mediated depression is one of the common psychiatric disorders with a high prevalence and suicide rate, there is a lack of effective treatment. Accordingly, effective treatments with few adverse effects are urgently needed. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) may play a key role in stress-mediated depression. Thereupon, both preclinical and clinical studies have found higher levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 in peripheral blood and brain tissue of patients with depression. Recent studies have found PICs cause depression by affecting neuroinflammation, monoamine neurotransmitters, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and neuroplasticity. Moreover, they play an important role in the symptom, development and progression of depression, maybe a potential diagnostic and therapeutic marker of depression. In addition, well-established antidepressant therapies have some relief on high levels of PICs. Importantly, anti-inflammatory drugs relieve depressive symptoms by reducing levels of PICs. Collectively, reducing PICs may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Tingcan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yujiao Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300121, China
| | - Yuhong Bian
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Lan Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China.
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Quintanilla B, Zarate CA, Pillai A. Ketamine's mechanism of action with an emphasis on neuroimmune regulation: can the complement system complement ketamine's antidepressant effects? Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02507-7. [PMID: 38575806 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Over 300 million people worldwide suffer from major depressive disorder (MDD). Unfortunately, only 30-40% of patients with MDD achieve complete remission after conventional monoamine antidepressant therapy. In recent years, ketamine has revolutionized the treatment of MDD, with its rapid antidepressant effects manifesting within a few hours as opposed to weeks with conventional antidepressants. Many research endeavors have sought to identify ketamine's mechanism of action in mood disorders; while many studies have focused on ketamine's role in glutamatergic modulation, several studies have implicated its role in regulating neuroinflammation. The complement system is an important component of the innate immune response vital for synaptic plasticity. The complement system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, and studies have shown increases in complement component 3 (C3) expression in the prefrontal cortex of suicidal individuals with depression. Given the role of the complement system in depression, ketamine and the complement system's abilities to modulate glutamatergic transmission, and our current understanding of ketamine's anti-inflammatory properties, there is reason to suspect a common link between the complement system and ketamine's mechanism of action. This review will summarize ketamine's anti- inflammatory roles in the periphery and central nervous system, with an emphasis on complement system regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi Quintanilla
- Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anilkumar Pillai
- Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
- Research and Development, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
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9
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Wang X, Zhang F, Niu L, Yan J, Liu H, Wang D, Hui J, Dai H, Song J, Zhang Z. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves depressive-like behaviors in CUMS-induced rats by modulating astrocyte GLT-1 to reduce glutamate toxicity. J Affect Disord 2024; 348:265-274. [PMID: 38159655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Impaired glutamate recycling plays an important role in the pathophysiology of depression, and it has been demonstrated that glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) on astrocytes is involved in glutamate uptake. Studies have shown that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is effective in treating depression, however, the exact mechanism of rTMS treatment remains unclear. Here, we used a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) protocol to induce depression-like behaviors in rats followed by rTMS treatment. Behavioral assessment was primarily through SPT, FST, OFT and body weight. Histological analysis focused on GFAP and GLT-1 expression, synaptic plasticity, apoptosis and PI3K/Akt/CREB pathway-related proteins. The results showed that rTMS treatment increased sucrose preference, improved locomotor activity, shortened immobility time as well as increased body weight. And rTMS intervention reversed the elevated glutamate concentration in the hippocampus of CUMS rats using an ELISA kit. Moreover, rTMS ameliorated the reduction in GFAP and GLT-1 expression, alleviated the decrease in BDNF, PSD95 and synapsin-1 expression, also reversed the expression levels of BAX and Bcl2 in the hippocampus of CUMS-induced rats. Moreover, rTMS also increased the protein phosphorylation level of PI3K/Akt/CREB pathway. These results suggest that rTMS treatment ameliorates depression-like behaviors in the rat model by reversing the reduction of GLT-1 on astrocytes and reducing glutamate accumulation in the synaptic cleft, which in turn ameliorates synaptic plasticity damage and neuronal apoptosis. The regulation of GLT-1 by rTMS may be through the PI3K/Akt/CREB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Physical Diagnostics and Treatment Technology for the Mental and Neurological Diseases, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Fuping Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Physical Diagnostics and Treatment Technology for the Mental and Neurological Diseases, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Le Niu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Weihui, Henan 453100, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Junni Yan
- Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Physical Diagnostics and Treatment Technology for the Mental and Neurological Diseases, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Di Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Physical Diagnostics and Treatment Technology for the Mental and Neurological Diseases, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Juan Hui
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Haiyue Dai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Jinggui Song
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Physical Diagnostics and Treatment Technology for the Mental and Neurological Diseases, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China.
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Weihui, Henan 453100, China.
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Cadenhead KS, Mirzakhanian H, Achim C, Reyes-Madrigal F, de la Fuente-Sandoval C. Peripheral and central biomarkers associated with inflammation in antipsychotic naïve first episode psychosis: Pilot studies. Schizophr Res 2024; 264:39-48. [PMID: 38091871 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated serum pro-inflammatory molecules have been reported in early psychosis. What is not known is whether peripheral inflammatory biomarkers are associated with CNS biomarkers. In the brain, release of pro-inflammatory molecules by microglial hyperactivity may lead to neuronal apoptosis seen in neurodegenerative disorders and account for loss of brain tissue observed in psychotic disorders. Neurochemical changes, including elevated glutamate levels, are also associated with neuroinflammation, present in early psychosis and change with antipsychotic treatment. METHODS Antipsychotic naïve patients with first episode psychosis (FEP) were studied as part of a collaborative project of neuroinflammation. In Study 1 we explored associations between plasma inflammatory molecules and neurometabolites in the dorsal caudate using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in N = 13 FEP participants. Study 2 examined the relationship between inflammatory molecules in the Plasma and CSF in N = 20 FEP participants. RESULTS In Study 1, the proinflammatory chemokine MDC/CCL22 and IL10 were significantly positively correlated with Glutamate and Glx (glutamate + glutamine) levels in the dorsal caudate. In Study 2, plasma inflammatory molecules (MIP1β/CCL4, MCP1/CCL2, Eotaxin-1/CCL11 and TNFα) were significantly correlated with CSF MIP1β/CCL4, IL10, MCP1/CCL2 and Fractalkine/CX3CL1 and symptoms ratings. DISCUSSION Plasma inflammatory biomarkers are elevated in early psychosis, associated with neurochemical markers as well as CSF inflammatory molecules found in neurodegenerative disorders. Future studies are needed that combine both peripheral and central biomarkers in both FEP and HC to better understand a potential neuroinflammatory subtype of psychosis likely to respond to targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin S Cadenhead
- University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0810, United States of America.
| | - Heline Mirzakhanian
- University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0810, United States of America.
| | - Cristian Achim
- University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0810, United States of America.
| | - Francisco Reyes-Madrigal
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, 14269 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Camilo de la Fuente-Sandoval
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, 14269 Mexico City, Mexico.
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Brooks JO, Kruse JL, Kubicki A, Hellemann G, Espinoza RT, Irwin MR, Narr KL. Structural brain plasticity and inflammation are independently related to changes in depressive symptoms six months after an index ECT course. Psychol Med 2024; 54:108-116. [PMID: 36600668 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722003555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective for treatment-resistant depression and leads to short-term structural brain changes and decreases in the inflammatory response. However, little is known about how brain structure and inflammation relate to the heterogeneity of treatment response in the months following an index ECT course. METHODS A naturalistic six-month study following an index ECT course included 20 subjects with treatment-resistant depression. Upon conclusion of the index ECT course and again after six months, structural magnetic resonance imaging scans and peripheral inflammation measures [interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein] were obtained. Voxel-based morphometry processed with the CAT-12 Toolbox was used to estimate changes in gray matter volume. RESULTS Between the end of the index ECT course and the end of follow-up, we found four clusters of significant decreases in gray matter volume (p < 0.01, FWE) and no regions of increased volume. Decreased HAM-D scores were significantly related only to reduced IL-8 level. Decreased volume in one cluster, which included the right insula and Brodmann's Area 22, was related to increased HAM-D scores over six months. IL-8 levels did not mediate or moderate the relationship between volumetric change and depression. CONCLUSIONS Six months after an index ECT course, multiple regions of decreased gray matter volume were observed in a naturalistic setting. The independent relations between brain volume and inflammation to depressive symptoms suggest novel explanations of the heterogeneity of longer-term ECT treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Brooks
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Kruse
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Antoni Kubicki
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Randall T Espinoza
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Irwin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine L Narr
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Cavanagh JT. Anti-inflammatory Drugs in the Treatment of Depression. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2024; 66:217-231. [PMID: 38112963 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2023_459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The last two decades have seen a flourishing of research into the immunobiology of psychiatric phenotypes, in particular major depressive disorder. Both preclinical and clinical data have highlighted pathways and possible mechanisms that might link changes in immunobiology, most especially inflammation, to clinically relevant behaviour. From a therapeutics perspective, a major impetus has been the action of Biologics, often monoclonal antibodies, that target specific cytokines acting as "molecular scalpels" helping to uncover the actions of those proteins. These interventions have been associated with improvements in mood and related symptoms. There are now enough studies and participants to permit meta-analytic analyses of the actions of these and other anti-inflammatory agents.In this chapter, the focus is on the evidence for the role of inflammation biology in depression and the meta-analytic data from trials. The putative mechanisms that might underpin the antidepressant effect of anti-inflammatory drugs are also explored. Lastly, I describe the more stubborn difficulties around heterogeneity, deep phenotyping and stratification as well as improved animal models and greater understanding of the biology that might be addressed by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Cavanagh
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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13
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Zaongo SD, Harypursat V, Rashid F, Dahourou DL, Ouedraogo AS, Chen Y. Influence of HIV infection on cognition and overall intelligence in HIV-infected individuals: advances and perspectives. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1261784. [PMID: 37953826 PMCID: PMC10637382 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1261784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well understood that HIV-positive individuals, even those under effective ART, tend to develop a spectrum of cognitive, motor, and/or mood conditions which are contemporarily referred to as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), and which is directly related to HIV-1 infection and HIV-1 replication in the central nervous system (CNS). As HAND is known to induce difficulties associated with attention, concentration, and memory, it is thus legitimate and pertinent to speculate upon the possibility that HIV infection may well influence human cognition and intelligence. We therefore propose herein to review the concept of intelligence, the concept of cells of intelligence, the influence of HIV on these particular cells, and the evidence pointing to differences in observed intelligence quotient (IQ) scores between HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals. Additionally, cumulative research evidence continues to draw attention to the influence of the gut on human intelligence. Up to now, although it is known that HIV infection profoundly alters both the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota and the structural integrity of the gut, the influence of the gut on intelligence in the context of HIV infection remains poorly described. As such, we also provide herein a review of the different ways in which HIV may influence human intelligence via the gut-brain axis. Finally, we provide a discourse on perspectives related to HIV and human intelligence which may assist in generating more robust evidence with respect to this issue in future studies. Our aim is to provide insightful knowledge for the identification of novel areas of investigation, in order to reveal and explain some of the enigmas related to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvere D. Zaongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Farooq Rashid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Désiré Lucien Dahourou
- Département Biomédical/Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoul-Salam Ouedraogo
- Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Souro Sanou University Hospital, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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14
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Provenzano F, Torazza C, Bonifacino T, Bonanno G, Milanese M. The Key Role of Astrocytes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Their Commitment to Glutamate Excitotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15430. [PMID: 37895110 PMCID: PMC10607805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, there has been increasing evidence supporting non-neuronal cells as active contributors to neurodegenerative disorders. Among glial cells, astrocytes play a pivotal role in driving amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progression, leading the scientific community to focus on the "astrocytic signature" in ALS. Here, we summarized the main pathological mechanisms characterizing astrocyte contribution to MN damage and ALS progression, such as neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, energy metabolism impairment, miRNAs and extracellular vesicles contribution, autophagy dysfunction, protein misfolding, and altered neurotrophic factor release. Since glutamate excitotoxicity is one of the most relevant ALS features, we focused on the specific contribution of ALS astrocytes in this aspect, highlighting the known or potential molecular mechanisms by which astrocytes participate in increasing the extracellular glutamate level in ALS and, conversely, undergo the toxic effect of the excessive glutamate. In this scenario, astrocytes can behave as "producers" and "targets" of the high extracellular glutamate levels, going through changes that can affect themselves and, in turn, the neuronal and non-neuronal surrounding cells, thus actively impacting the ALS course. Moreover, this review aims to point out knowledge gaps that deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Carola Torazza
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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15
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Mac Giollabhui N, Mischoulon D, Dunlop BW, Kinkead B, Schettler PJ, Liu RT, Okereke OI, Lamon-Fava S, Fava M, Rapaport MH. Individuals with depression exhibiting a pro-inflammatory phenotype receiving omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids experience improved motivation-related cognitive function: Preliminary results from a randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 32:100666. [PMID: 37503359 PMCID: PMC10368827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment related to major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent, debilitating and is lacking in effective treatments; dysregulated inflammatory physiology is a putative mechanism and may represent a therapeutic target. In depressed individuals exhibiting a pro-inflammatory phenotype who were enrolled in a 12-week randomized placebo-controlled trial of 3 doses of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3-FA), we examined: (i) the relationship between dysregulated inflammatory physiology and baseline cognitive impairment; (ii) improvement in cognitive impairment following treatment; and (iii) the association between baseline inflammatory biomarkers and change in cognitive impairment for those receiving treatment. We randomized 61 unmedicated adults aged 45.50 years (75% female) with DSM-5 MDD, body mass index >25 kg/m2, and C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥3.0 mg/L to three doses of ω-3-FA (1, 2, or 4 g daily) or matching placebo. Analyses focused on 45 study completers who had inflammatory biomarkers assessed [circulating CRP, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated concentrations of IL-6 and TNFα in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)] and on the highest dose ω-3-FA (4 g daily; n = 11) compared to placebo (n = 10). Impairment in motivational symptoms (e.g., alertness, energy, enthusiasm) and higher-order cognitive functions (e.g., word-finding, memory) were assessed by a validated self-report measure. Among all 45 participants at baseline, lower concentrations of IL-6 in LPS-stimulated PBMC were associated with greater impairment in higher-order cognitive functions (r = -0.35, p = .02). Based on hierarchical linear modeling, individuals receiving 4 g/day of ω-3-FA reported significant improvement in motivational symptoms compared to placebo (B = -0.07, p = .03); in the 4 g/day group, lower baseline concentrations of TNFα in LPS-stimulated PBMC were associated with significant improvement in motivational symptoms (Ρ = .71, p = .02) following treatment. In this exploratory clinical trial, daily supplementation with 4 g of ω-3-FA improves motivational symptoms in depressed individuals exhibiting an inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Mischoulon
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Boadie W. Dunlop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Becky Kinkead
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Pamela J. Schettler
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Richard T. Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia I. Okereke
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefania Lamon-Fava
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Hyman Rapaport
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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16
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Boyle CC, Bower JE, Eisenberger NI, Irwin MR. Stress to inflammation and anhedonia: Mechanistic insights from preclinical and clinical models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105307. [PMID: 37419230 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Anhedonia, as evidenced by impaired pleasurable response to reward, reduced reward motivation, and/or deficits in reward-related learning, is a common feature of depression. Such deficits in reward processing are also an important clinical target as a risk factor for depression onset. Unfortunately, reward-related deficits remain difficult to treat. To address this gap and inform the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies, it is critical to understand the mechanisms that drive impairments in reward function. Stress-induced inflammation is a plausible mechanism of reward deficits. The purpose of this paper is to review evidence for two components of this psychobiological pathway: 1) the effects of stress on reward function; and 2) the effects of inflammation on reward function. Within these two areas, we draw upon preclinical and clinical models, distinguish between acute and chronic effects of stress and inflammation, and address specific domains of reward dysregulation. By addressing these contextual factors, the review reveals a nuanced literature which might be targeted for additional scientific inquiry to inform the development of precise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe C Boyle
- Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, USA.
| | - Julienne E Bower
- Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, USA; Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael R Irwin
- Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, USA
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17
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Serretti A. Anhedonia and Depressive Disorders. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 21:401-409. [PMID: 37424409 PMCID: PMC10335915 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.23.1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Anhedonia is a core symptom of depression and of several psychiatric disorders. Anhedonia has however expanded from its original definition to encompass a spectrum of reward processing deficits that received much interest in the last decades. It is a relevant risk factor for possible suicidal behaviors, and that it may operate as an independent risk factor for suicidality apart from the episode severity. Anhedonia has also been linked to inflammation with a possible reciprocal deleterious effect on depression. Its neurophysiological bases mainly include alterations in striatal and prefrontal areas, with dopamine being the most involved neurotransmitter. Anhedonia is thought to have a significant genetic component and polygenic risk scores are a possible tool for predicting an individual's risk for developing anhedonia. Traditional antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, showed a limited benefit on anhedonia, also considering their potential pro-anhedonic effect in some subjects. Other treatments may be more effective in treating anhedonia, such as agomelatine, vortioxetine, ketamine and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Psychotherapy is also widely supported, with cognitive-behavioral therapy and behavioral activation both showing benefit. In conclusion, a large body of evidence suggests that anhedonia is, at least partially, independent from depression, therefore it needs careful assessment and targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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18
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Fenn-Moltu S, Deakin B, Drake R, Howes OD, Lawrie SM, Lewis S, Nikkheslat N, Walters JTR, MacCabe JH, Mondelli V, Egerton A. The association between peripheral inflammation, brain glutamate and antipsychotic response in Schizophrenia: Data from the STRATA collaboration. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:343-351. [PMID: 37182555 PMCID: PMC7615624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate and increased inflammation have been separately implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the extent of clinical response to antipsychotic treatment. Despite the mechanistic links between pro-inflammatory and glutamatergic pathways, the relationships between peripheral inflammatory markers and brain glutamate in schizophrenia have not yet been investigated. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that peripheral levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines would be positively associated with brain glutamate levels in schizophrenia. Secondary analyses determined whether this relationship differed according to antipsychotic treatment response. The sample consisted of 79 patients with schizophrenia, of whom 40 were rated as antipsychotic responders and 39 as antipsychotic non-responders. Brain glutamate levels were assessed in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and caudate using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and blood samples were collected for cytokine assay on the same study visit (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF- α and IFN-γ). Across the whole patient sample, there was a positive relationship between interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and caudate glutamate levels (r = 0.31, p = 0.02). In the antipsychotic non-responsive group only, there was a positive relationship between interleukin-8 (IL-8) and caudate glutamate (r = 0.46, p = 0.01). These findings provide evidence to link specific peripheral inflammatory markers and caudate glutamate in schizophrenia and may suggest that this relationship is most marked in patients who show a poor response to antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunniva Fenn-Moltu
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Bill Deakin
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Drake
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, UK; Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Shôn Lewis
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Naghmeh Nikkheslat
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James H MacCabe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alice Egerton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, UK
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19
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Suneson K, Grudet C, Ventorp F, Malm J, Asp M, Westrin Å, Lindqvist D. An inflamed subtype of difficult-to-treat depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 125:110763. [PMID: 37037323 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic low-grade inflammation may play a role in the pathophysiology of depression, at least in a subset of patients. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) has been used to define an inflamed subgroup of depression with specific clinical characteristics and symptoms. In this study we investigated biochemical and clinical characteristics in patients with difficult-to-treat depression with and without chronic low-grade inflammation. METHOD We assayed plasma levels of interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, IL-8, and vitamin D in a clinically well-characterized sample of patients with difficult-to-treat depression (n = 263) and healthy controls (n = 46). Serum hs-CRP levels were available in the patient group and were used to define "inflamed depression" (hs-CRP > 3 mg/L). Based on previous studies correlating specific depressive symptoms to inflammatory markers, we calculated a composite score of inflammatory depressive symptoms (Infl-Dep score). A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to identify patterns of variance in cytokines and vitamin D among patients. RESULTS Mean levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly higher in depressed patients compared to controls, also after adjusting for sex, smoking, BMI, and age. None of the other inflammatory markers differed significantly between depressed patients and controls. Two components were extracted using PCA; one showed general cytokine elevations and one represented a pattern where IL-6 and IL-8 were inversely related to vitamin D (IL6-IL8-VitD component). The inflamed subgroup (hs-CRP > 3, n = 51) exhibited significantly higher BMI, higher Infl-Dep scores and higher IL6-IL8-VitD component scores than uninflamed patients (hs-CRP ≤ 3, n = 212). There were no significant differences in overall depression severity or suicidality between the inflamed and uninflamed groups. CONCLUSION Our results support the hypothesis of an inflamed subgroup of depression as a meaningful construct. This subgroup may have certain biological and clinical characteristics and more studies are needed to determine potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Suneson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden; Office for Psychiatry and Habilitation, Psychiatric Clinic Helsingborg, Region Skåne, 252 23 Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Cécile Grudet
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Filip Ventorp
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden; Office for Psychiatry and Habilitation, Psychiatric Clinic Lund, Region Skåne, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Malm
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marie Asp
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden; Office for Psychiatry and Habilitation, Psychiatric Clinic Lund, Region Skåne, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Åsa Westrin
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden; Office for Psychiatry and Habilitation, Psychiatry Research Skåne, Region Skåne, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden; Office for Psychiatry and Habilitation, Psychiatry Research Skåne, Region Skåne, 221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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20
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Candee R, Wilkenson R, Schreiber M, DeCenzo M. The roles of neuroinflammation and glutamatergic excitotoxicity in treatment-resistant depression. JAAPA 2023; 36:12-17. [PMID: 36913608 DOI: 10.1097/01.jaa.0000921252.57819.4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Major depressive disorder affects nearly 20% of people during their lifetime. A growing body of evidence supports the theory that neuroinflammation plays a prominent role in the neurobiology of depression, which implicates glutamate and gamma aminobutyric acid as key factors in the pathophysiology of the disease process. This article reviews the pathologic pathways of glutamate excess in the central nervous system and how they may be implicated in the underlying disorder of treatment-resistant depression and targeted for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Candee
- Ryan Candee practices at Matthews-Vu Medical Group in Colorado Springs, Colo. Rachel Wilkenson is an integrated psychiatrist at Matthews-Vu Medical Group. Molly Schreiber practices at UCHealth in Woodland Park, Colo. Megan DeCenzo practices at Matthews-Vu Medical Group. The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise
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21
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Johnston JN, Greenwald MS, Henter ID, Kraus C, Mkrtchian A, Clark NG, Park LT, Gold P, Zarate CA, Kadriu B. Inflammation, stress and depression: An exploration of ketamine's therapeutic profile. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103518. [PMID: 36758932 PMCID: PMC10050119 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Well-established animal models of depression have described a proximal relationship between stress and central nervous system (CNS) inflammation - a relationship mirrored in the peripheral inflammatory biomarkers of individuals with depression. Evidence also suggests that stress-induced proinflammatory states can contribute to the neurobiology of treatment-resistant depression. Interestingly, ketamine, a rapid-acting antidepressant, can partially exert its therapeutic effects via anti-inflammatory actions on the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, the kynurenine pathway or by cytokine suppression. Further investigations into the relationship between ketamine, inflammation and stress could provide insight into ketamine's unique therapeutic mechanisms and stimulate efforts to develop rapid-acting, anti-inflammatory-based antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenessa N Johnston
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Maximillian S Greenwald
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ioline D Henter
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christoph Kraus
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anahit Mkrtchian
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neil G Clark
- US School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence T Park
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip Gold
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bashkim Kadriu
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Goldsmith DR, Bekhbat M, Mehta ND, Felger JC. Inflammation-Related Functional and Structural Dysconnectivity as a Pathway to Psychopathology. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:405-418. [PMID: 36725140 PMCID: PMC9895884 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Findings from numerous laboratories and across neuroimaging modalities have consistently shown that exogenous administration of cytokines or inflammatory stimuli that induce cytokines disrupts circuits and networks involved in motivation and motor activity, threat detection, anxiety, and interoceptive and emotional processing. While inflammatory effects on neural circuits and relevant behaviors may represent adaptive responses promoting conservation of energy and heightened vigilance during immune activation, chronically elevated inflammation may contribute to symptoms of psychiatric illnesses. Indeed, biomarkers of inflammation such as cytokines and acute phase reactants are reliably elevated in a subset of patients with unipolar or bipolar depression, anxiety-related disorders, and schizophrenia and have been associated with differential treatment responses and poor clinical outcomes. A growing body of literature also describes higher levels of endogenous inflammatory markers and altered, typically lower functional or structural connectivity within these circuits in association with transdiagnostic symptoms such as anhedonia and anxiety in psychiatric and at-risk populations. This review presents recent evidence that inflammation and its effects on the brain may serve as one molecular and cellular mechanism of dysconnectivity within anatomically and/or functionally connected cortical and subcortical regions in association with transdiagnostic symptoms. We also discuss the need to establish reproducible methods to assess inflammation-associated dysconnectivity in relation to behavior for use in translational studies or biomarker-driven clinical trials for novel pharmacological or behavioral interventions targeting inflammation or its effects on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Goldsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mandakh Bekhbat
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Neeti D Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer C Felger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Křenek P, Hořínková J, Bartečků E. Peripheral Inflammatory Markers in Subtypes and Core Features of Depression: A Systematized Review. Psychopathology 2023; 56:403-416. [PMID: 36812905 PMCID: PMC10568602 DOI: 10.1159/000528907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this work was to summarize relationships between two subtypes of major depressive disorder (melancholic and atypical) and four core features of depression that reflect the domains identified consistently in previous studies of major depressive disorder endophenotypes (exaggerated reactivity to negative information, altered reward processing, cognitive control deficits, and somatic symptoms) on the one hand and selected peripheral inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein [CRP], cytokines, and adipokines) on the other. METHODS A systematized review was conducted. The database used for searching articles was PubMed (MEDLINE). RESULTS According to our search, most peripheral immunological markers associated with major depressive disorder are not specific to a single depressive symptom group. The most evident examples are CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α. The strongest evidence supports the connection of peripheral inflammatory markers with somatic symptoms; weaker evidence indicates a role of immune changes in altered reward processing. The least amount of evidence was found for the role of peripheral inflammatory markers in exaggerated reactivity to negative information and cognitive control deficits. Regarding the depression subtypes, a tendency for higher CRP and adipokines was observed in atypical depression; increased IL-6 was found in melancholic depression. CONCLUSION Somatic symptoms of depression could be a manifestation of a specific immunological endophenotype of depressive disorder. Melancholic and atypical depression may be characterized by different profiles of immunological markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Křenek
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia,
| | - Jana Hořínková
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Elis Bartečků
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
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24
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Almeida SS, Oliveira MA, Medeiros R, Guerra MP, Pariante CM, Fernandes L. Emotional, inflammatory, and genetic factors of resilience and vulnerability to depression in patients with premenopausal breast cancer: A longitudinal study protocol. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279344. [PMID: 36787313 PMCID: PMC9928105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosocial stress and depressive disorder have been associated with cancer as putative contributors to worse prognosis. On the other hand, cancer diagnosis is a recognised life event that can contribute to distress and depressive states. Humoral and cellular inflammation can promote depressive disorder by means of decreased monoamine synthesis, glutamate neurotoxicity, neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and glucocorticoid resistance. This protocol objectives are to observe the interactions between psychosocial variables and biochemical and immunological biomarkers in a longitudinal, prospective design; to identify inflammation-related depression endophenotypes in breast cancer patients and to understand if early diagnosed and treated depression in this population will translate in better inflammation status and better global prognosis. METHODS Prospective observational cohort, composed by 100 consecutive premenopausal patients, diagnosed with non-distant metastatic breast carcinoma and with no history of major psychopathology or other organic illness. The participants will have an in-person assessment in three different moments, along illness treatment and follow-up, with respect to cytometric, immunologic, and psychosocial parameters and will be tested for depression vulnerability and resilience inflammation-related functional genetic polymorphisms. Additionally, at years 5 and 10 post enrollment, patients`medical records will be assessed. As a control cohort, all patients excluded due to psychiatric history or past psychiatric treatments will have their clinical records assessed at years 5 and 10 after admission. All the data will be managed with the SPSS® software. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study is an original longitudinal cohort of breast cancer premenopausal patients, with a comprehensive approach to psychosocial, clinical, inflammatory, and genetic variables. It expects to provide evidence regarding the links between genetic, cytometric, immunologic, and psychosocial factors, their potential contribution to the pathophysiology of depressive disorder, breast cancer course, progression, and prognosis. It may further contribute with data to better efficacy of the psycho-oncological interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION National Commission of Data Protection (CNPD) 13413/2017; Ethics Committee of IPOP project code CI-IPOP81/2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana S. Almeida
- Psychiatry Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Psychiatry and Psychology Service, CUF Porto Hospital, Porto, Portugal
| | - Magda A. Oliveira
- Psychiatry and Psychology Service, CUF Porto Hospital, Porto, Portugal
- Psychology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) /Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Research Center-LAB2, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University (UFP), Porto, Portugal
- Research Department, LPCC- Portuguese League Against Cancer (NRNorte), Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina P. Guerra
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto (CPUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmine M. Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lia Fernandes
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Psychiatry Service, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João (CHUSJ), Porto, Portugal
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25
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Islam MR, Sohan M, Daria S, Masud AA, Ahmed MU, Roy A, Shahriar M. Evaluation of inflammatory cytokines in drug-naïve major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2023; 37:3946320231198828. [PMID: 37625799 PMCID: PMC10467201 DOI: 10.1177/03946320231198828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Altered levels of peripheral inflammatory and proinflammatory cytokine markers affect the different clinical stages of major depressive disorder (MDD). A concrete understanding of the causal mechanism of MDD is a prerequisite in developing treatment strategies and preventive plans. Here we aimed to conduct an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing the association of C-reactive protein (CRP), INF-γ, MCP-1, and TNF-α in the peripheral fluid of drug-naïve MDD patients and healthy controls (HCs). Methods: We extracted articles from PubMed, ProQuest, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from inception until 14 February 2021, to find relevant studies. In this meta-analysis, we included a total of 23 eligible studies (1,366 MDD patients and 1,342 controls) in the final meta-analysis. The Cochran's chi-square Q-test and I2-index were applied to measure the heterogeneity and inconsistency of all combined results. We selected a random-effect model during the analysis and measured publication biases using the funnel plot. We performed Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing. Results: We found a high level of TNF-α in MDD patients than in control subjects Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) with a random-effects model: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.69-1.39, z = 5.84, p < 0.001). The levels of CRP (SMD with a random-effects model: 0.18, 95% CI: -0.85-1.23, z = 0.35, p = 0.73), INF-ɤ (SMD with a random-effects model: -0.05, 95% CI: -2.72-2.62, z = 0.03, p = 0.97), and MCP-1 (SMD with a random-effects model: 0.70, 95% CI: -0.09-1.49, z = 1.73, p = 0.08) were not significantly varies between MDD patients and HCs. Conclusion: The present study findings suggest the upregulated level of peripheral TNF-α but not CRP, INF-γ, and MCP-1 involve in depression. The elevated inflammatory cytokines confirmed the inflammatory state of depression. Therefore, inflammatory cytokines might serve as potential risk assessment markers in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rabiul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sohan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sohel Daria
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Mohammad Shahriar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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26
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Felger JC. Increased Inflammation and Treatment of Depression: From Resistance to Reuse, Repurposing, and Redesign. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 30:387-416. [PMID: 36928859 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21054-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Based on mounting clinical and translational evidence demonstrating the impact of exogenously administered inflammatory stimuli on the brain and behavior, increased endogenous inflammation has received attention as one pathophysiologic process contributing to psychiatric illnesses and particularly depression. Increased endogenous inflammation is observed in a significant proportion of depressed patients and has been associated with reduced responsiveness to standard antidepressant therapies. This chapter presents recent evidence that inflammation affects neurotransmitters and neurocircuits to contribute to specific depressive symptoms including anhedonia, motor slowing, and anxiety, which may preferentially improve after anti-cytokine therapies in patients with evidence of increased inflammation. Existing and novel pharmacological strategies that target inflammation or its downstream effects on the brain and behavior will be discussed in the context of a need for intelligent trial design in order to meaningfully translate these concepts and develop more precise therapies for depressed patients with increased inflammation.
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27
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Pan HT, Xi ZQ, Wei XQ, Wang K. A network pharmacology approach to predict potential targets and mechanisms of " Ramulus Cinnamomi (cassiae) - Paeonia lactiflora" herb pair in the treatment of chronic pain with comorbid anxiety and depression. Ann Med 2022; 54:413-425. [PMID: 35098831 PMCID: PMC8812742 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2031268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions have multiple bioactive properties. "Gui Zhi-Shao Yao" herb pair is widely used to treat chronic pain (CP), as well as anxiety and depression. However, its related targets and underlying mechanisms have not been deciphered. METHODS In this study, the network pharmacology method was used to explore the bioactive components and targets of "Gui Zhi-Shao Yao" herb pair and further elucidate its potential biological mechanisms of action in the treatment of CP with comorbid anxiety disorder (AD) and mental depression (MD). RESULTS Following a series of analyses, we identified 15 active compounds, hitting 130 potential targets. After the intersections the targets of this herb pair and CP, AD and MD - sorted by the value of degree - nine targets were identified as the vital ones: Akt1, IL6, TNF, PTGS2, JUN, CASP3, MAPK8, PPARγ and NOS3. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis results demonstrated 11 pathways, such as AGE-RAGE signalling pathway, IL-17 signalling pathway, TNF signalling pathway, which primarily participate in the pathological processes. CONCLUSIONS This study preliminarily predicted and verified the pharmacological and molecular mechanisms of "Gui Zhi-Shao Yao" herb pair for treating CP with comorbid AD and MD from a holistic perspective. In vivo and in vitro experiments will be required to further investigate the mechanisms.KEY MESSAGEA network pharmacology approach was applied to identify key targets and molecular mechanisms.Nine targets were regarded as the vital targets for chronic pain with comorbid anxiety and depression.Predicted 11 pathways were the potential therapy targets and pharmacological mechanism of "Gui Zhi-Shao Yao" herb pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Tian Pan
- Acupuncture Anesthesia Clinical Research Institute, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Qi Xi
- Acupuncture Anesthesia Clinical Research Institute, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Qiang Wei
- Acupuncture Anesthesia Clinical Research Institute, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Acupuncture Anesthesia Clinical Research Institute, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wu X, Chen B, Di Z, Jiang S, Xu H, Shi M, Hu R, Sun S, Song Z, Liu J, Ma R, Guo Q. Involvement of kynurenine pathway between inflammation and glutamate in the underlying etiopathology of CUMS-induced depression mouse model. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:62. [DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00746-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractInflammation and glutamate (GLU) are widely thought to participate in the pathogenesis of depression, and current evidence suggests that the development of depression is associated with the activation of the kynurenine pathway (KP). However, the exact mechanism of KP among the inflammation, GLU and depression remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined the involvement of KP, inflammation and GLU in depressive phenotype induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in C57B/6 J mice. Our results showed that CUMS caused depressive like-behavior in the sucrose preference test, tail suspension test and forced swimming test. From a molecular perspective, CUMS upregulated the peripheral and central inflammatory response and activated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the rate-limiting enzyme of KP, which converts tryptophan (TRP) into kynurenine (KYN). KYN is a precursor for QA in microglia, which could activate the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), increasing the GLU release, mirrored by increased IDO activity, quinolinic acid and GLU levels in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and serum. However, intervention with IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-DL-tryptophan (50 mg/kg/s.c.) and 1-methyl-L-tryptophan (15 mg/kg/i.p.) reversed the depressive-like behaviors and adjusted central and peripheral KP’s metabolisms levels as well as GLU content, but the inflammation levels were not completely affected. These results provide certain evidence that KP may be a vital pathway mediated by IDO linking inflammation and glutamate, contributing to depression.
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29
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Qu D, Ye Z, Zhang W, Dai B, Chen G, Wang L, Shao X, Xiang A, Lu Z, Shi J. Cyanidin Chloride Improves LPS-Induced Depression-Like Behavior in Mice by Ameliorating Hippocampal Inflammation and Excitotoxicity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:3023-3033. [PMID: 36254458 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a global disease that places a significant burden on human health. Neuroinflammation and disturbance of glutamate metabolism in brain regions, such as the hippocampus, play vital roles in the development of depression. Previous studies have shown that cyanidin chloride (Cycl) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with neuroprotective effects in peripheral tissues. However, the effects of Cycl on depression and the possible mechanism by which this compound targets brain regions remain less elucidated. We investigated the role of Cycl in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression and examined the influence of the drug on central inflammation and the expression of excitatory amino acid transporters in the hippocampus. We found that prophylactic i.p. application of Cycl at 20 or 40 mg/kg for 5 days significantly reduced the immobility time assessed by the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) in LPS-challenged mice, suggesting an effective antidepressant activity of the drug. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining in the hippocampus revealed that Cycl inhibited the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, and suppressed the hyperactivity of microglia induced by LPS, indicating an anti-inflammatory role in the hippocampus. Moreover, treatment with Cycl also recovered the downregulated expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST) and excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2), two members in the excitatory amino acid transporter family. The role of Cycl was also verified in cultured BV2 and U251 cells. In conclusion, the present in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate that Cycl exerts potent antidepressant action in an LPS-induced depression model and the underlying mechanism is associated with reduced hippocampal inflammation, improved neurotrophic function, and attenuated excitotoxicity induced by glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Qu
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, Shaanxi Province, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zichen Ye
- Department of Health Service, Health Service Training Base, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, Shaanxi Province, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bing Dai
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, Shaanxi Province, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaolong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - An Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zifan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Juan Shi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
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30
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West PK, Viengkhou B, Campbell IL, Hofer MJ. Microglia shield the murine brain from damage mediated by the cytokines IL-6 and IFN-α. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1036799. [PMID: 36389783 PMCID: PMC9650248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1036799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained production of elevated levels of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 or interferon (IFN)-α in the central nervous system (CNS) is detrimental and directly contributes to the pathogenesis of neurological diseases such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders or cerebral interferonopathies, respectively. Using transgenic mice with CNS-targeted production of IL-6 (GFAP-IL6) or IFN-α (GFAP-IFN), we have recently demonstrated that microglia are prominent target and effector cells and mount stimulus-specific responses to these cytokines. In order to further clarify the phenotype and function of these cells, we treated GFAP-IL6 and GFAP-IFN mice with the CSF1R inhibitor PLX5622 to deplete microglia. We examined their ability to recover from acute microglia depletion, as well as the impact of chronic microglia depletion on the progression of disease. Following acute depletion in the brains of GFAP-IL6 mice, microglia repopulation was enhanced, while in GFAP-IFN mice, microglia did not repopulate the brain. Furthermore, chronic CSF1R inhibition was detrimental to the brain of GFAP-IL6 and GFAP-IFN mice and gave rise to severe CNS calcification which strongly correlated with the absence of microglia. In addition, PLX5622-treated GFAP-IFN mice had markedly reduced survival. Our findings provide evidence for novel microglia functions to protect against IFN-α-mediated neurotoxicity and neuronal dysregulation, as well as restrain calcification as a result of both IL-6- and IFN-α-induced neuroinflammation. Taken together, we demonstrate that CSF1R inhibition may be an undesirable target for therapeutic treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases that are driven by elevated IL-6 and IFN-α production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Markus J. Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre and the Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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31
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Zheng H, Teague TK, Yeh FC, Burrows K, Figueroa-Hall LK, Aupperle RL, Khalsa SS, Paulus MP, Savitz J. C-Reactive protein and the kynurenic acid to quinolinic acid ratio are independently associated with white matter integrity in major depressive disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 105:180-189. [PMID: 35853557 PMCID: PMC9983279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KynA) and quinolinic acid (QA) are neuroactive kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites that have neuroprotective and neurotoxic properties, respectively. At least partly as a result of immune activation, the ratio of KynA to QA in the blood is reduced in major depressive disorder (MDD) and has been reported to be positively correlated with gray matter volume in depression. This study examined whether the inflammatory mediator, C-reactive protein (CRP) and the putative neuroprotective index, KynA/QA, were associated with white matter integrity in MDD, and secondly, whether any such associations were independent of each other or whether the effect of CRP was mediated by KynA/QA. One hundred and sixty-six participants in the Tulsa 1000 study with a DSM-V diagnosis of MDD completed diffusion tensor imaging and provided a serum sample for the quantification of CRP, KynA, and QA. Correlational tractography was performed using DSI Studio to map the specific white matter pathways that correlated with CRP and KynA/QA. CRP was negatively related to KynA/QA (standardized beta coefficient, SBC = -0.35 with standard error, Std.E = 0.13, p < 0.01) after controlling for nine possible confounders, i.e., age, sex, body mass index (BMI), medication status, lifetime alcohol use, severity of depression, severity of anxiety, length of illness, and smoking status. Higher concentrations of CRP were associated with decreased white matter integrity (fractional anisotropy, FA) of the bilateral cingulum and fornix after controlling for the nine potential confounders (SBC = -0.43, Std.E = 0.13, p = 0.002). Greater serum KynA/QA was associated with increased white matter integrity of the bilateral fornix, bilateral superior thalamic radiations, corpus callosum, and bilateral cingulum bundles after controlling for the same possible confounders (SBC = 0.26, Std.E = 0.09, p = 0.005). The relationship between CRP and FA was not mediated by KynA/QA. Exploratory analyses also showed that KynA/QA but not CRP was associated with self-reported positive affect, attentiveness, and fatigue measured with the PANASX (SBCs = 0.17-0.23). Taken together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that within a subgroup of MDD patients, a higher level of systemic inflammation alters the balance of KP metabolism but also raise the possibility that CRP and neuroactive KP metabolites represent independent molecular mechanisms underlying white matter alterations in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zheng
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
| | - T Kent Teague
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA
| | - Fang-Cheng Yeh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | | | | | - Robin L Aupperle
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA; Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74119, USA
| | - Sahib S Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA; Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74119, USA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA; Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74119, USA
| | - Jonathan Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA; Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74119, USA.
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Ghuman A, McEwen A, Tran KH, Mitchell N, Hanstock C, Seres P, Jhangri G, Burgess D, Baker G, Le Melledo JM. Prospective Investigation of Glutamate Levels and Percentage Gray Matter in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Females at Risk for Postpartum Depression. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1988-2000. [PMID: 35236264 PMCID: PMC9886796 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220302101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The substantial female hormone fluctuations associated with pregnancy and postpartum have been linked to a greater risk of developing depressive symptoms, particularly in high-risk women (HRW), i.e. those with histories of mood sensitivity to female hormone fluctuations. We have shown that glutamate (Glu) levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) decrease during perimenopause, a period of increased risk of developing a major depressive episode. Our team has also demonstrated that percentage gray matter (%GM), another neural correlate of maternal brain health, decreases in the MPFC during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE To investigate MPFC Glu levels and %GM from late pregnancy up to 7 weeks postpartum in HRW and healthy pregnant women (HPW). METHODS Single-voxel spectra were acquired from the MPFC of 41 HPW and 22 HRW using 3- Tesla in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at five different time points. RESULTS We observed a statistically significant interaction between time and group for the metabolite Glu, with Glu levels being lower for HRW during pregnancy and early postpartum (p<0.05). MPFC %GM was initially lower during pregnancy and then significantly increased over time in both groups (p<0.01). CONCLUSION This investigation suggests that the vulnerability towards PPD is associated with unique fluctuations of MPFC Glu levels during pregnancy and early postpartum period. Our results also suggest that the decline in MPFC %GM associated with pregnancy seems to progressively recover over time. Further investigations are needed to determine the specific role that female hormones play on the physiological changes in %GM during pregnancy and postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Ghuman
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Psychiatry, Room 1E7.14, 8440 112 street Walter Mackenzie Center, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2B7; Tel: 780-407-6578; Fax: 780-407-6672; E-mail:
| | - Alyssa McEwen
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Psychiatry, Room 1E7.14, 8440 112 street Walter Mackenzie Center, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2B7; Tel: 780-407-6578; Fax: 780-407-6672; E-mail:
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Katrinli S, Oliveira NCS, Felger JC, Michopoulos V, Smith AK. The role of the immune system in posttraumatic stress disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:313. [PMID: 35927237 PMCID: PMC9352784 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops in a subset of individuals upon exposure to traumatic stress. In addition to well-defined psychological and behavioral symptoms, some individuals with PTSD also exhibit elevated concentrations of inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Moreover, PTSD is often co-morbid with immune-related conditions, such as cardiometabolic and autoimmune disorders. Numerous factors, including lifetime trauma burden, biological sex, genetic background, metabolic conditions, and gut microbiota, may contribute to inflammation in PTSD. Importantly, inflammation can influence neural circuits and neurotransmitter signaling in regions of the brain relevant to fear, anxiety, and emotion regulation. Given the link between PTSD and the immune system, current studies are underway to evaluate the efficacy of anti-inflammatory treatments in those with PTSD. Understanding the complex interactions between PTSD and the immune system is essential for future discovery of diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyma Katrinli
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Nayara C. S. Oliveira
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,National Institute of Woman, Child, and Adolescence Health Fernandes Figueira, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil ,grid.418068.30000 0001 0723 0931Department of Violence and Health Studies Jorge Careli, National School of Public Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Jennifer C. Felger
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502The Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Alicia K. Smith
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
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Guo X, Jia J, Zhang Z, Miao Y, Wu P, Bai Y, Ren Y. Metabolomic biomarkers related to non-suicidal self-injury in patients with bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:491. [PMID: 35869468 PMCID: PMC9306041 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is an important symptom of bipolar disorder (BD) and other mental disorders and has attracted the attention of researchers lately. It is of great significance to study the characteristic markers of NSSI. Metabolomics is a relatively new field that can provide complementary insights into data obtained from genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses of psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to identify the metabolic pathways associated with BD with NSSI and assess important diagnostic and predictive indices of NSSI in BD. METHOD Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry was performed to evaluate the serum metabolic profiles of patients with BD with NSSI (n = 31), patients with BD without NSSI (n = 46), and healthy controls (n = 10). Data were analyzed using an Orthogonal Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis and a t-test. Differential metabolites were identified (VIP > 1 and p < 0.05), and further analyzed using Metabo Analyst 3.0 to identify associated metabolic pathways. RESULTS Eight metabolites in the serum and two important metabolic pathways, the urea and glutamate metabolism cycles, were found to distinguish patients with BD with NSSI from healthy controls. Eight metabolites in the serum, glycine and serine metabolism pathway, and the glucose-alanine cycle were found to distinguish patients with BD without NSSI from healthy controls. Five metabolites in the serum and the purine metabolism pathway were found to distinguish patients with BD with NSSI from those with BD without NSSI. CONCLUSIONS Abnormalities in the urea cycle, glutamate metabolism, and purine metabolism played important roles in the pathogenesis of BD with NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjie Guo
- grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiao Jia
- grid.470966.aDepartment of Psychiatry, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 99 Longcheng street, Taiyuan, 030032 Shanxi China ,grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuting Miao
- grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Peng Wu
- grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yaqin Bai
- grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 99 Longcheng street, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, China. .,Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Taiyuan, China.
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Bekhbat M, Ulukaya GB, Bhasin MK, Felger JC, Miller AH. Cellular and immunometabolic mechanisms of inflammation in depression: Preliminary findings from single cell RNA sequencing and a tribute to Bruce McEwen. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 19:100462. [PMID: 35655933 PMCID: PMC9152104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is associated with symptoms of anhedonia, a core feature of major depression (MD). We have shown that MD patients with high inflammation as measured by plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) and anhedonia display gene signatures of metabolic reprograming (e.g., shift to glycolysis) necessary to sustain cellular immune activation. To gain preliminary insight into the immune cell subsets and transcriptomic signatures that underlie increased inflammation and its relationship with behavior in MD at the single-cell (sc) level, herein we conducted scRNA-Seq on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a subset of medically-stable, unmedicated MD outpatients. Three MD patients with high CRP (>3 mg/L) before and two weeks after anti-inflammatory challenge with the tumor necrosis factor antagonist infliximab and three patients with low CRP (≤3 mg/L) were studied. Cell clusters were identified using a Single Cell Wizard pipeline, followed by pathway analysis. CD14+ and CD16+ monocytes were more abundant in MD patients with high CRP and were reduced by 29% and 55% respectively after infliximab treatment. Within CD14+ and CD16+ monocytes, genes upregulated in high CRP patients were enriched for inflammatory (phagocytosis, complement, leukocyte migration) and immunometabolic (hypoxia-inducible factor [HIF]-1, aerobic glycolysis) pathways. Shifts in CD4+ T cell subsets included ∼30% and ∼10% lower abundance of CD4+ central memory (TCM) and naïve cells and ∼50% increase in effector memory-like (TEM-like) cells in high versus low CRP patients. TCM cells of high CRP patients displayed downregulation of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway, a main energy source in this cell type. Following infliximab, changes in the number of CD14+ monocytes and CD4+ TEM-like cells predicted improvements in anhedonia scores (r = 1.0, p < 0.001). In sum, monocytes and CD4+ T cells from MD patients with increased inflammation exhibited immunometabolic reprograming in association with symptoms of anhedonia. These findings are the first step toward determining the cellular and molecular immune pathways associated with inflammatory phenotypes in MD, which may lead to novel immunomodulatory treatments of psychiatric illnesses with increased inflammation.
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Zhang W, Zou Y, Zhao F, Yang Y, Mao N, Li Y, Huang G, Yao Z, Hu B. Brain Network Alterations in Rectal Cancer Survivors With Depression Tendency: Evaluation With Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Neurol 2022; 13:791298. [PMID: 35847225 PMCID: PMC9277124 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.791298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgery and chemotherapy may increase depression tendency in patients with rectal cancer (RC). Nevertheless, few comprehensive studies are conducted on alterations of brain network induced by depression tendency in patients with RC. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were collected from 42 patients with RC with surgery and chemotherapy and 38 healthy controls (HCs). Functional network (FN) was constructed from extracting average time courses in brain regions, and structural network (SN) was established by deterministic tractography. Graph theoretical analysis was used to calculate network properties. Networks resilient of two networks were assessed. Clinical correlation analysis was explored between altered network parameters and Hamilton depression scale (HAMD) score. This study revealed impaired FN and SN at both local and global levels and changed nodal efficiency and abnormal small-worldness property in patients with RC. On the whole, all FNs are more robust than SN. Moreover, compared with HC, patients with RC show less robustness in both networks. Regions with decreased nodal efficiency were associated with HAMD score. These cognitive dysfunctions are mainly attributable to depression-related brain functional and structural network alterations. Brain network reorganization is to prevent patients with RC from more serious depression after surgery and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Zou
- Department of Information Engineering, Yantai Vocational College, Yantai, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong Technology and Business University, Yantai, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Shandong Technology and Business University, Yantai, China
| | - Ning Mao
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
- Big data and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Shandong Technology and Business University, Yantai, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Li
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Gang Huang
| | - Zhijun Yao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Zhijun Yao
| | - Bin Hu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Bin Hu
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Rahimian R, Belliveau C, Chen R, Mechawar N. Microglial Inflammatory-Metabolic Pathways and Their Potential Therapeutic Implication in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:871997. [PMID: 35782423 PMCID: PMC9245023 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.871997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the notion that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), at least in a subset of patients. By virtue of their capacity to transform into reactive states in response to inflammatory insults, microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, play a pivotal role in the induction of neuroinflammation. Experimental studies have demonstrated the ability of microglia to recognize pathogens or damaged cells, leading to the activation of a cytotoxic response that exacerbates damage to brain cells. However, microglia display a wide range of responses to injury and may also promote resolution stages of inflammation and tissue regeneration. MDD has been associated with chronic priming of microglia. Recent studies suggest that altered microglial morphology and function, caused either by intense inflammatory activation or by senescence, may contribute to depression and associated impairments in neuroplasticity. In this context, modifying microglia phenotype by tuning inflammatory pathways might have important translational relevance to harness neuroinflammation in MDD. Interestingly, it was recently shown that different microglial phenotypes are associated with distinct metabolic pathways and analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms points to an instrumental role for energy metabolism in shaping microglial functions. Here, we review various canonical pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and metabolic pathways in microglia that may provide new therapeutic opportunities to control neuroinflammation in brain disorders, with a strong focus on MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia Belliveau
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Chen
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Zhou J, Zhou J, Sun Z, Feng L, Feng Y, Xiao L, Chen X, Yang J. The association of C-reactive protein with responses to escitalopram antidepressant treatment in patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2022; 306:32-38. [PMID: 35271871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of escitalopram vary markedly among MDD patients, and approximately one-third of patients fail to respond. A poor antidepressant response might be associated with excessively high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, but the impact is not clear. We hypothesized that in adults with major depressive disorder, the peripheral biomarker, CRP, was associated with the response to escitalopram (SSRI). METHODS This was a prospective follow-up study. All 71 patients were treated with escitalopram for 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected at baseline and week 12. Remission was defined as a score of 7 or less on the HAMD-17 scale at week 12. Spearman correlations and multiple linear regressions were used to explore the relationship between continuous CRP levels and the HAMD-17 scores. Logistic regression was used to determine the predictors for remission. The restricted maximum likelihood (REML)-based mixed-effect model for repeated measures (MMRM) was used to examine the change of the HAMD-17 total scores between high and low CRP groups. RESULTS Compared with the high CRP group (≥0.8 mg/l), the low baseline CRP group had a higher remission rate (22.73% vs. 48.89%, χ2 = 4.2, p = 0.0403). Logistic regression revealed that patients with lower CRPs were 3.920 times (95% CI: 1.142, 13.460) more likely to experience remission (p = 0.0300). The multiple linear regression model showed that the HAMD-17 total score reduction (baseline to week 12) was negatively correlated with the baseline CRP level (t = -2.00, p = 0.0494). CONCLUSIONS We observed a predictive role of CRP for remission and symptomatic improvement after escitalopram treatment of MDD patients based on continuous or categorical CRP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhou
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Feng
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Le Xiao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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39
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Friend SF, Nachnani R, Powell SB, Risbrough VB. C-Reactive Protein: Marker of risk for post-traumatic stress disorder and its potential for a mechanistic role in trauma response and recovery. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:2297-2310. [PMID: 33131159 PMCID: PMC8087722 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that inflammation plays a role in PTSD and stress disorder pathophysiology. PTSD is consistently associated with higher circulating inflammatory protein levels. Rodent models demonstrate that inflammation promotes enduring avoidance and arousal behaviors after severe stressors (e.g., predator exposure and social defeat), suggesting that inflammation may play a mechanistic role in trauma disorders. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an innate acute phase reactant produced by the liver after acute infection and chronic disease. A growing number of investigations report associations with PTSD diagnosis and elevated peripheral CRP, CRP gene mutations, and CRP gene expression changes in immune signaling pathways. CRP is reasonably established as a potential marker of PTSD and trauma exposure, but if and how it may play a mechanistic role is unclear. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of immune mechanisms in PTSD with a particular focus on the innate immune signaling factor, CRP. We found that although there is consistent evidence of an association of CRP with PTSD symptoms and risk, there is a paucity of data on how CRP might contribute to CNS inflammation in PTSD, and consequently, PTSD symptoms. We discuss potential mechanisms through which CRP could modulate enduring peripheral and CNS stress responses, along with future areas of investigation probing the role of CRP and other innate immune signaling factors in modulating trauma responses. Overall, we found that CRP likely contributes to central inflammation, but how it does so is an area for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha F. Friend
- Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental HealthSan DiegoCAUSA,Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Rahul Nachnani
- Department of PharmacologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPAUSA
| | - Susan B. Powell
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA,Research ServiceVA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Victoria B. Risbrough
- Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental HealthSan DiegoCAUSA,Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
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Beckmann FE, Seidenbecher S, Metzger CD, Gescher DM, Carballedo A, Tozzi L, O'Keane V, Frodl T. C-reactive protein is related to a distinct set of alterations in resting-state functional connectivity contributing to a differential pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 321:111440. [PMID: 35131572 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies in major depressive disorder (MDD) have found inflammation, especially C-reactive protein (CRP), to be consistently associated with MDD and network dysfunction. The aim was to investigate whether CRP is linked to a distinct set of resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) alterations. METHODS For this reason, we investigated the effects of diagnosis and elevated blood plasma CRP levels on the RSFC in 63 participants (40 females, mean age 31.4 years) of which were 27 patients with a primary diagnosis of MDD and 36 healthy control-subjects (HC), utilizing a seed-based approach within five well-established RSFC networks obtained using fMRI. RESULTS Of the ten network pairs examined, five showed increased between-network RSFC-values unambiguously connected either to a diagnosis of MDD or elevated CRP levels. For elevated CRP levels, increased RSFC between DMN and AN was found. Patients showed increased RSFC within DMN areas and between the DMN and ECN and VAN, ECN and AN and AN and DAN. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show dysregulated neural circuits specifically connected to elevated plasma CRP levels and independent of other alterations of RSFC in MDD. This dysfunction in neural circuits might in turn result in a certain immune-inflammatory subtype of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fienne-Elisa Beckmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Seidenbecher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Coraline D Metzger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee M Gescher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Angela Carballedo
- Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leonardo Tozzi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Stanford, USA
| | - Veronica O'Keane
- Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Stanford, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
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Satarker S, Bojja SL, Gurram PC, Mudgal J, Arora D, Nampoothiri M. Astrocytic Glutamatergic Transmission and Its Implications in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071139. [PMID: 35406702 PMCID: PMC8997779 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative disorders involve impaired neurotransmission, and glutamatergic neurotransmission sets a prototypical example. Glutamate is a predominant excitatory neurotransmitter where the astrocytes play a pivotal role in maintaining the extracellular levels through release and uptake mechanisms. Astrocytes modulate calcium-mediated excitability and release several neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, including glutamate, and significantly modulate neurotransmission. Accumulating evidence supports the concept of excitotoxicity caused by astrocytic glutamatergic release in pathological conditions. Thus, the current review highlights different vesicular and non-vesicular mechanisms of astrocytic glutamate release and their implication in neurodegenerative diseases. As in presynaptic neurons, the vesicular release of astrocytic glutamate is also primarily meditated by calcium-mediated exocytosis. V-ATPase is crucial in the acidification and maintenance of the gradient that facilitates the vesicular storage of glutamate. Along with these, several other components, such as cystine/glutamate antiporter, hemichannels, BEST-1, TREK-1, purinergic receptors and so forth, also contribute to glutamate release under physiological and pathological conditions. Events of hampered glutamate uptake could promote inflamed astrocytes to trigger repetitive release of glutamate. This could be favorable towards the development and worsening of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, across neurodegenerative diseases, we review the relations between defective glutamatergic signaling and astrocytic vesicular and non-vesicular events in glutamate homeostasis. The optimum regulation of astrocytic glutamatergic transmission could pave the way for the management of these diseases and add to their therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairaj Satarker
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Sree Lalitha Bojja
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Prasada Chowdari Gurram
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Devinder Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.S.); (S.L.B.); (P.C.G.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Farooq RK, Alamoudi W, Alhibshi A, Rehman S, Sharma AR, Abdulla FA. Varied Composition and Underlying Mechanisms of Gut Microbiome in Neuroinflammation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040705. [PMID: 35456757 PMCID: PMC9032006 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome has been implicated in a host of bodily functions and their regulation, including brain development and cognition. Neuroinflammation is a relatively newer piece of the puzzle and is implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders. The microbiome of the gut may alter the inflammatory signaling inside the brain through the secretion of short-chain fatty acids, controlling the availability of amino acid tryptophan and altering vagal activation. Studies in Korea and elsewhere highlight a strong link between microbiome dynamics and neurocognitive states, including personality. For these reasons, re-establishing microbial flora of the gut looks critical for keeping neuroinflammation from putting the whole system aflame through probiotics and allotransplantation of the fecal microbiome. However, the numerosity of the microbiome remains a challenge. For this purpose, it is suggested that wherever possible, a fecal microbial auto-transplant may prove more effective. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of the microbiome in neuroinflammation and the various mechanism involved in this process. As an example, we have also discussed the autism spectrum disorder and the implication of neuroinflammation and microbiome in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rai Khalid Farooq
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
- Correspondence: (R.K.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Widyan Alamoudi
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
| | - Amani Alhibshi
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
| | - Suriya Rehman
- Department of Epidemic Diseases Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (R.K.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si 24252, Gangwon-do, Korea;
| | - Fuad A. Abdulla
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 2435, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Drevets WC, Wittenberg GM, Bullmore ET, Manji HK. Immune targets for therapeutic development in depression: towards precision medicine. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:224-244. [PMID: 35039676 PMCID: PMC8763135 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, compelling evidence has emerged indicating that immune mechanisms can contribute to the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) and that drugs with primary immune targets can improve depressive symptoms. Patients with MDD are heterogeneous with respect to symptoms, treatment responses and biological correlates. Defining a narrower patient group based on biology could increase the treatment response rates in certain subgroups: a major advance in clinical psychiatry. For example, patients with MDD and elevated pro-inflammatory biomarkers are less likely to respond to conventional antidepressant drugs, but novel immune-based therapeutics could potentially address their unmet clinical needs. This article outlines a framework for developing drugs targeting a novel patient subtype within MDD and reviews the current state of neuroimmune drug development for mood disorders. We discuss evidence for a causal role of immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of depression, together with targets under investigation in randomized controlled trials, biomarker evidence elucidating the link to neural mechanisms, biological and phenotypic patient selection strategies, and the unmet clinical need among patients with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne C Drevets
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Chen PS, Tang LY, Chang HH. Roles of C-reactive protein polymorphisms and life event changes on cognitive function in bipolar patients receiving valproate. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:3946320221084835. [PMID: 35377256 PMCID: PMC8984865 DOI: 10.1177/03946320221084835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) exhibit an inflamed condition that is
associated with metabolic disturbance and cognitive impairment. Whether
inflammation, represented by C-reactive protein (CRP), is causally
associated with BD and influences treatment outcome has not been
established. Methods We examined whether CRP is a causal factor for the risk of BD in drug-naïve,
depressed BD patients and investigated whether polymorphisms in
CRP and life event changes influence cognitive function
in BD patients receiving valproate (VPA) treatment. Results Our results showed that BD patients had significantly higher CRP levels and
worse cognitive function than the controls, while the frequencies of
CRP single nucleotide polymorphisms in BD patients and
in controls were not different. In addition, the life event scale score was
higher for BD patients than for controls. Furthermore, the genotypes of
CRP polymorphisms and the interactions between
polymorphisms of CRP and life event scale score had a
significant influence on cognitive performance in BD patients after 12 weeks
of VPA treatment. Conclusion Our study demonstrated the clinical utility of the application of functional
genetics in clarifying the interactions among CRP, life event stress, and BD
and suggested the important roles of CRP gene–environment
interactions in developing treatment strategies for BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, 38026National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, 38026National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yi Tang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, 38026National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui Hua Chang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, 38026National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, 38026National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, 38026National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
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Kojic M, Saelens J, Kadriu B, Zarate CA, Kraus C. Ketamine for Depression: Advances in Clinical Treatment, Rapid Antidepressant Mechanisms of Action, and a Contrast with Serotonergic Psychedelics. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 56:141-167. [PMID: 35312993 PMCID: PMC10500612 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The approval of ketamine for treatment-resistant depression has created a model for a novel class of rapid-acting glutamatergic antidepressants. Recent research into other novel rapid-acting antidepressants - most notably serotonergic psychedelics (SPs) - has also proven promising. Presently, the mechanisms of action of these substances are under investigation to improve these novel treatments, which also exhibit considerable side effects such as dissociation. This chapter lays out the historical development of ketamine as an antidepressant, outlines its efficacy and safety profile, reviews the evidence for ketamine's molecular mechanism of action, and compares it to the proposed mechanism of SPs. The evidence suggests that although ketamine and SPs act on distinct primary targets, both may lead to rapid restoration of synaptic deficits and downstream network reconfiguration. In both classes of drugs, a glutamate surge activates α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) throughput and increases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Taken together, these novel antidepressant mechanisms may serve as a framework to explain the rapid and sustained antidepressant effects of ketamine and may be crucial for developing new rapid-acting antidepressants with an improved side effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kojic
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johan Saelens
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bashkim Kadriu
- Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christoph Kraus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Bekhbat M, Treadway MT, Felger JC. Inflammation as a Pathophysiologic Pathway to Anhedonia: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 58:397-419. [PMID: 34971449 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Anhedonia, characterized by a lack of motivation, interest, or ability to experience pleasure, is a prominent symptom of depression and other psychiatric disorders and has been associated with poor response to standard therapies. One pathophysiologic pathway receiving increased attention for its potential role in anhedonia is inflammation and its effects on the brain. Exogenous administration of inflammatory stimuli to humans and laboratory animals has reliably been found to affect neurotransmitters and neurocircuits involved in reward processing, including the ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, in association with reduced motivation. Moreover, a rich literature including meta-analyses describes increased inflammation in a significant proportion of patients with depression and other psychiatric illnesses involving anhedonia, as evident by elevated inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins, chemokines, and adhesion molecules in both the periphery and central nervous system. This endogenous inflammation may arise from numerous sources including stress, obesity or metabolic dysfunction, genetics, and lifestyle factors, many of which are also risk factors for psychiatric illness. Consistent with laboratory studies involving exogenous administration of peripheral inflammatory stimuli, neuroimaging studies have further confirmed that increased endogenous inflammation in depression is associated with decreased activation of and reduced functional connectivity within reward circuits involving ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in association with anhedonia. Here, we review recent evidence of relationships between inflammation and anhedonia, while highlighting translational and mechanistic work describing the impact of inflammation on synthesis, release, and reuptake of neurotransmitters like dopamine and glutamate that affects circuits to drive motivational deficits. We will then present insight into novel pharmacological strategies that target either inflammation or its downstream effects on the brain and behavior. The meaningful translation of these concepts through appropriately designed trials targeting therapies for psychiatric patients with high inflammation and transdiagnostic symptoms of anhedonia is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandakh Bekhbat
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael T Treadway
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Felger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Guo L, Wang H, Zhou J, Tang W, Wang R, Xiao Z, Wu L, Wang J, Li L, Lei Y, Sun X, Tang Z. Magnetic resonance imaging investigations reveal that PM 2.5 exposure triggers visual dysfunction in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112866. [PMID: 34634599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate how PM2.5 exposure affects the microstructure, metabolites or functions of the visual system. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to groups exposed to the filtered air (the control group) or the concentrated ambient PM2.5 (the PM2.5 group). Visual evoked potentials (VEP), electroretinograms (ERG), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) were performed. Parameters were obtained and compared between the two groups, including latencies and amplitudes of the P1 wave, N1 wave and P2 wave from VEP, latencies and amplitudes of the a wave and b wave from ERG, fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusion (MD), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD) from DTI, visual cortex (VC) metabolites from 1H-MRS, and regional homogeneity (ReHo) from rsfMRI. RESULTS Compared with the values of the control group, the PM2.5 group showed a prolonged N1 latency (43.11 ± 7.94 ms vs. 38.75 ± 4.60 ms) and lowered P1 amplitude (5.62 ± 4.38 μV vs. 8.56 ± 5.92 μV) on VEP (all p < 0.05). On ERG, the amplitude of the a wave was lowered (- 91.39 ± 56.29 μV vs. - 138.68 ± 89.05 μV), the amplitude of the b wave was lowered (194.38 ± 126.27 μV vs. 284.72 ± 170.99 μV), and the latency of the b wave was prolonged (37.78 ± 10.72 ms vs. 33.01 ± 4.34 ms) than the values of the control group (all p < 0.05). DTI indicated FA increase in the bilateral piriform cortex (Pir), FA decrease in the bilateral somatosensory cortex (S) and the bilateral striatum (Stri), AD decrease in the bilateral VC, the right S and the bilateral Pir, MD decrease in the bilateral Pir, and RD decrease in the bilateral Pir in the PM2.5 mice (all p < 0.05, Alphasim corrected). 1H-MRS showed Glutamate (Glu) increase and Phosphocholine (PCh) increase in the VC of the PM2.5 group than those of the control group (PCh 1.63 ± 0.25 vs. 1.50 ± 0.25; PCh/total creatine(tCr) 0.19 ± 0.03 vs. 0.18 ± 0.03; Glu 10.46 ± 1.50 vs. 9.60 ± 1.19; Glu/tcr 1.23 ± 0.11 vs. 1.12 ± 0.11) (all p < 0.05). rsfMRI showed higher ReHo in the PM2.5 mice in the left superior colliculus, the left motor cortex, the hippocampus, the periaqueductal gray and the right mesencephalic reticular formation (all p < 0.01, AlphaSim corrected). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that PM2.5 exposure triggered visual dysfunction, and altered microstructure, metabolite and function in the retina and visual brain areas along the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linying Guo
- Department of Radiology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - He Wang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai 200030, China; Shanghai Typhoon Institute, CMA, Shanghai 200030, China; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weijun Tang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zebin Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 22, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Lingjie Wu
- Department of Ear, Nose & Throat, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Liping Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuan Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zuohua Tang
- Department of Radiology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Depression and obesity among females, are sex specificities considered? Arch Womens Ment Health 2021; 24:851-866. [PMID: 33880649 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-021-01123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to systematically review the relationship of obesity-depression in the female sex. We carried out a systematic search (PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase) to quantify the articles (controlled trials and randomized controlled trials) regarding obesity and depression on a female population or a mixed sample. Successively, we established whether the sex specificities were studied by the authors and if they reported on collecting data regarding factors that may contribute to the evolution of obesity and depression and that could be responsible for the greater susceptibility of females to those conditions. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we found a total of 20 articles with a female sample and 54 articles with a mixed sample. More than half of all articles (51.35%, n = 38) evaluated the relationship between depression and obesity, but only 20 (27.03%) evaluated this relationship among females; still, 80% of those (n = 16) presented supporting results. However, few articles considered confounding factors related to female hormones (12.16%, n = 9) and none of the articles focused on factors responsible for the binomial obesity-depression in the female sex. The resulting articles also supported that depression (and related impairments) influencing obesity (and related impairments) is a two-way road. This systematic review supports the concurrency of obesity-depression in females but also shows how sex specificities are ultimately under-investigated. Female sex specificity is not being actively considered when studying the binomial obesity-depression, even within a female sample. Future studies should focus on trying to understand how the female sex and normal hormonal variations influence these conditions.
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Foley ÉM, Parkinson JT, Kappelmann N, Khandaker GM. Clinical phenotypes of depressed patients with evidence of inflammation and somatic symptoms. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2021; 8:100079. [PMID: 34729541 PMCID: PMC7611902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether depressed patients with evidence of inflammation are more appropriate candidates for immunotherapies is being tested in several clinical trials, which are selecting patients based on elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and inflammation-related symptoms. However, studies of the clinical and phenotypic profile of depressed patients with elevated CRP are relatively scarce. We have investigated detailed clinical characteristics of 84 depressed patients, grouped as those with (CRP≥3 mg/L) and without (CRP<3 mg/L) inflammation. All patients met the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision criteria for current depressive episode and had somatic symptoms of depression. We report that depressed patients with inflammation are more likely to be older (P=0.04), have higher body mass index (P<0.01), and be on non-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (P=0.04). After adjusting for potential confounders, the inflammation group had higher depression severity (adjusted mean difference, 8.82; 95% CI, 3.91–13.72), somatic symptoms (adjusted mean difference, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.58–4.92), state anxiety (adjusted mean difference, 9.25; 95% CI, 3.82–14.67), perceived stress (adjusted mean difference, 4.58; 95% CI, 1.98–7.18), and fatigue (adjusted mean difference, 9.71; 95% CI, 3.09–6.33), but not anhedonia. The inflamed group also had poorer quality of life (adjusted mean difference, −0.18; 95% CI, −0.32–0.05). At individual depressive symptom level, the inflammation group had increased guilty feelings (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 7.28; 95% CI, 2.09–31.17), pessimism (adjusted OR, 5.38; 95% CI, 1.53–22.73), concentration difficulties (adjusted OR, 4.56; 95% CI, 1.32–19.02), and indecisiveness (adjusted OR, 4.21; 95% CI, 1.15–18.54). Our findings highlight the clinical features associated with inflammation in depressed patients with somatic symptoms, including poor quality of life, supporting the need for intervention targeting this group. These results could also aid patient and outcome selection in future clinical trials testing immunotherapies in depression. Replication of these findings in larger samples is required. We studied clinical features of depressed patients with somatic symptoms with/without evidence of inflammation . Elevated CRP (≥3mg/L) was associated with higher age, higher BMI, and non-SSRI treatment. Elevated CRP (≥3mg/L) was associated with higher depression severity, fatigue, state anxiety, and stress. Elevated CRP (≥3mg/L) was associated with poorer subjective wellbeing and quality of life. Elevated CRP (≥3mg/L) was associated with both somatic and psychological symptoms of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éimear M Foley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joel T Parkinson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nils Kappelmann
- Department of Research in Translational Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | - Golam M Khandaker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.,Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
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50
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Foster NN, Barry J, Korobkova L, Garcia L, Gao L, Becerra M, Sherafat Y, Peng B, Li X, Choi JH, Gou L, Zingg B, Azam S, Lo D, Khanjani N, Zhang B, Stanis J, Bowman I, Cotter K, Cao C, Yamashita S, Tugangui A, Li A, Jiang T, Jia X, Feng Z, Aquino S, Mun HS, Zhu M, Santarelli A, Benavidez NL, Song M, Dan G, Fayzullina M, Ustrell S, Boesen T, Johnson DL, Xu H, Bienkowski MS, Yang XW, Gong H, Levine MS, Wickersham I, Luo Q, Hahn JD, Lim BK, Zhang LI, Cepeda C, Hintiryan H, Dong HW. The mouse cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic network. Nature 2021; 598:188-194. [PMID: 34616074 PMCID: PMC8494639 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The cortico–basal ganglia–thalamo–cortical loop is one of the fundamental network motifs in the brain. Revealing its structural and functional organization is critical to understanding cognition, sensorimotor behaviour, and the natural history of many neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Classically, this network is conceptualized to contain three information channels: motor, limbic and associative1–4. Yet this three-channel view cannot explain the myriad functions of the basal ganglia. We previously subdivided the dorsal striatum into 29 functional domains on the basis of the topography of inputs from the entire cortex5. Here we map the multi-synaptic output pathways of these striatal domains through the globus pallidus external part (GPe), substantia nigra reticular part (SNr), thalamic nuclei and cortex. Accordingly, we identify 14 SNr and 36 GPe domains and a direct cortico-SNr projection. The striatonigral direct pathway displays a greater convergence of striatal inputs than the more parallel striatopallidal indirect pathway, although direct and indirect pathways originating from the same striatal domain ultimately converge onto the same postsynaptic SNr neurons. Following the SNr outputs, we delineate six domains in the parafascicular and ventromedial thalamic nuclei. Subsequently, we identify six parallel cortico–basal ganglia–thalamic subnetworks that sequentially transduce specific subsets of cortical information through every elemental node of the cortico–basal ganglia–thalamic loop. Thalamic domains relay this output back to the originating corticostriatal neurons of each subnetwork in a bona fide closed loop. Mesoscale connectomic mapping of the cortico–basal ganglia–thalamic network reveals key architectural and information processing features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas N Foster
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Joshua Barry
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura Korobkova
- Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luis Garcia
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lei Gao
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marlene Becerra
- Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasmine Sherafat
- Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bo Peng
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiangning Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hyeok Choi
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lin Gou
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brian Zingg
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sana Azam
- Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Darrick Lo
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neda Khanjani
- Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jim Stanis
- Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ian Bowman
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kaelan Cotter
- Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chunru Cao
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Seita Yamashita
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Tugangui
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anan Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueyan Jia
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhao Feng
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, China
| | - Sarvia Aquino
- Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hyun-Seung Mun
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Muye Zhu
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Santarelli
- Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nora L Benavidez
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Monica Song
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gordon Dan
- Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marina Fayzullina
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Ustrell
- Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Boesen
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David L Johnson
- Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hanpeng Xu
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Bienkowski
- Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - X William Yang
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hui Gong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael S Levine
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ian Wickersham
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qingming Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Joel D Hahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Byung Kook Lim
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Li I Zhang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Houri Hintiryan
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Dong
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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