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Jia Y, Ma Q, Liu Y, Zhang C, Chen T, Zhang P, Chu B, He H. Insights into the Formation Mechanism of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Interface Reaction of SO 2 on Hematite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10175-10184. [PMID: 38771930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The interplay between sulfur and iron holds significant importance in their atmospheric cycle, yet a complete understanding of their coupling mechanism remains elusive. This investigation delves comprehensively into the evolution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the interfacial reactions involving sulfur dioxide (SO2) and iron oxides under varying relative humidity conditions. Notably, the direct activation of water by iron oxide was observed to generate a surface hydroxyl radical (•OH). In comparison, the aging of SO2 was found to markedly augment the production of •OH radicals on the surface of α-Fe2O3 under humid conditions. This augmentation was ascribed to the generation of superoxide radicals (•O2-) stemming from the activation of O2 through the Fe(II)/Fe(III) cycle and its combination with the H+ ion to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the acidic surface. Moreover, the identification of moderate relative humidity as a pivotal factor in sustaining the surface acidity of iron oxide during SO2 aging underscores its crucial role in the coupling of iron dissolution, ROS production, and SO2 oxidation. Consequently, the interfacial reactions between SO2 and iron oxides under humid conditions are elucidated as atmospheric processes that enhance oxidation capacity rather than deplete ROS. These revelations offer novel insights into the mechanisms underlying •OH radical generation and oxidative potential within atmospheric interfacial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcheng Jia
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Yu C, Ji W, Li X, Yuan S, Zhang P, Pu S. Critical Role of Mineral Fe(IV) Formation in Low Hydroxyl Radical Yields during Fe(II)-Bearing Clay Mineral Oxygenation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9669-9678. [PMID: 38771965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
In subsurface environments, Fe(II)-bearing clay minerals can serve as crucial electron sources for O2 activation, leading to the sequential production of O2•-, H2O2, and •OH. However, the observed •OH yields are notably low, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the production of oxidants from oxygenation of reduced Fe-rich nontronite NAu-2 and Fe-poor montmorillonite SWy-3. Our results indicated that the •OH yields are dependent on mineral Fe(II) species, with edge-surface Fe(II) exhibiting significantly lower •OH yields compared to those of interior Fe(II). Evidence from in situ Raman and Mössbauer spectra and chemical probe experiments substantiated the formation of structural Fe(IV). Modeling results elucidate that the pathways of Fe(IV) and •OH formation respectively consume 85.9-97.0 and 14.1-3.0% of electrons for H2O2 decomposition during oxygenation, with the Fe(II)edge/Fe(II)total ratio varying from 10 to 90%. Consequently, these findings provide novel insights into the low •OH yields of different Fe(II)-bearing clay minerals. Since Fe(IV) can selectively degrade contaminants (e.g., phenol), the generation of mineral Fe(IV) and •OH should be taken into consideration carefully when assessing the natural attenuation of contaminants in redox-fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, P. R. China
| | - Songhu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, P. R. China
| | - Shengyan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, P. R. China
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3
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Deng M, Wang C, Yang C, Li X, Cheng H. Nitrogen and oxygen isotope characteristics, formation mechanism, and source apportionment of nitrate aerosols in Wuhan, Central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:170715. [PMID: 38331296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the sources and formation mechanisms of nitrate in PM2.5 is important for effective and precise prevention and control of particulate matter pollution. In this study, we detected stable nitrogen and oxygen isotope signatures of NO- 3 (expressed as δ15N-NO- 3 and δ18O-NO3-) in PM2.5 samples in Wuhan, the largest city in central China. The sources and formation pathways of NO3- were quantitatively analyzed using the modified version of the Bayesian isotope mixing (MixSIR) model, and the regional transport characteristics of NO3- were analyzed using the hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) method. The results showed that NO3- significantly contributed to the ambient PM2.5 pollution and its driving effect increased with the gradient of pollution level. The average δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- values were 4.7 ± 0.9 ‰ and 79.7 ± 2.9 ‰, respectively. δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- were more enriched in winter and increased dramatically in heavily polluted days. The reaction pathway of NO2 + OH dominated nitrate formation in summer, while the reaction pathway of N2O5+ H2O dominated in other seasons and contributed more in polluted days than clean days. The contributions of vehicle emission, coal combustion, biomass burning, biogenic soil emission, and ship emission sources to NO3- were 26.4 %, 23.4 %, 22.8 %, 15.3 %, and 12.1 %, respectively. In addition to local emissions, air mass transport from the northern China had a significant impact on particulate NO3- in Wuhan. Overall, we should pay special attention to vehicle and ship emissions and winter coal combustion emissions in future policymaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Deng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cimou Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chunmian Yang
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hairong Cheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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4
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Ma Q, Chu B, He H. Revealing the Contribution of Interfacial Processes to Atmospheric Oxidizing Capacity in Haze Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6071-6076. [PMID: 38551192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The atmospheric oxidizing capacity is the most important driving force for the chemical transformation of pollutants in the atmosphere. Traditionally, the atmospheric oxidizing capacity mainly depends on the concentration of O3 and other gaseous oxidants. However, the atmospheric oxidizing capacity based on gas-phase oxidation cannot accurately describe the explosive growth of secondary particulate matter under complex air pollution. From the chemical perspective, the atmospheric oxidizing capacity mainly comes from the activation of O2, which can be achieved in both gas-phase and interfacial processes. In the heterogeneous or multiphase formation pathways of secondary particulate matter, the enhancement of oxidizing capacity ascribed to the O2/H2O-involved interfacial oxidation and hydrolysis processes is an unrecognized source of atmospheric oxidizing capacity. Revealing the enhanced oxidizing capacity due to interfacial processes in high-concentration particulate matter environments and its contribution to the formation of secondary pollution are critical in understanding haze chemistry. The accurate evaluation of atmospheric oxidizing capacity ascribed to interfacial processes is also an important scientific basis for the implementation of PM2.5 and O3 collaborative control in China and around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Zhao J, Uhde E, Salthammer T, Antretter F, Shaw D, Carslaw N, Schieweck A. Long-term prediction of the effects of climate change on indoor climate and air quality. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 243:117804. [PMID: 38042519 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Limiting the negative impact of climate change on nature and humans is one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century. Meanwhile, people in modern society spend most of the day indoors. It is therefore surprising that comparatively little attention has been paid to indoor human exposure in relation to climate change. Heat action plans have now been designed in many regions to protect people from thermal stress in their private homes and in public buildings. However, in order to be able to plan effectively for the future, reliable information is required about the long-term effects of climate change on indoor air quality and climate. The Indoor Air Quality Climate Change (IAQCC) model is an expediant tool for estimating the influence of climate change on indoor air quality. The model follows a holistic approach in which building physics, emissions, chemical reactions, mold growth and exposure are combined with the fundamental parameters of temperature and humidity. The features of the model have already been presented in an earlier publication, and it is now used for the expected climatic conditions in Central Europe, taking into account various shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios up to the year 2100. For the test house examined in this study, the concentrations of pollutants in the indoor air will continue to rise. At the same time, the risk of mold growth also increases (the mold index rose from 0 to 4 in the worst case for very sensitive material). The biggest problem, however, is protection against heat and humidity. Massive structural improvements are needed here, including insulation, ventilation, and direct sun protection. Otherwise, the occupants will be exposed to increasing thermal discomfort, which can also lead to severe heat stress indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyue Zhao
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Riedenkamp 3, 38108, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Erik Uhde
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Riedenkamp 3, 38108, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Riedenkamp 3, 38108, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian Antretter
- C3RROlutions GmbH, Steinbrucker Str. 11, 83064, Raubling, Germany; Fraunhofer IBP, Fraunhoferstraße 10, 83626, Valley, Germany
| | - David Shaw
- University of York, Department of Environment and Geography, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- University of York, Department of Environment and Geography, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Alexandra Schieweck
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Riedenkamp 3, 38108, Braunschweig, Germany.
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6
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Li B, Wang S, Fessler M, Zou R, Su Y, Zhang Y. Differential interactions between natural clay minerals and dissolved organic matter affect reactive oxygen species formation. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 249:120984. [PMID: 38101046 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring reactive oxygen species (ROS) are widely involved in many environmental processes. Here we investigated the ROS generation associated with the interaction between complexed natural clay minerals (CMs) and dissolved organic matter (DOM). Our results showed that among the nine chemical-reduced CMs (CR-CMs), the light brown CR-CM (CR-CM 7) generated the highest ROS via oxygenation, relying on the reactive structural Fe(II) (Fe species that can transfer electrons to oxygen) instead of total structural Fe(II) as previously reported. Moreover, DOM affected the oxygenation of CR-CMs differently. The tight interaction between DOM and CR-CM 7 formed DOM-complexed Fe, while the weak interaction between DOM and the dark gold CR-CM (CR-CM 1) and the black CR-CM (CR-CM 5) exhibited decreased efficiencies. Mechanism studies revealed that ROS were generated through three pathways but all followed a similar one-electron transfer process in the presence of DOM. We further developed a three-layer geobattery model system and demonstrated that long electron transfer driven by CR-CMs/DOM could extend ROS generation to several centimetres across the oxic-anoxic interface, even without redox switching. These findings offer new insights into CMs-involved ROS generation and associated organic matter transformation in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathias Fessler
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rusen Zou
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yanyan Su
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Bjerregaardsvej 5, Valby 2500, Denmark
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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7
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Feng X, Chen Y, Chen S, Peng Y, Liu Z, Jiang M, Feng Y, Wang L, Li L, Chen J. Dominant Contribution of NO 3 Radical to NO 3- Formation during Heavy Haze Episodes: Insights from High-Time Resolution of Dual Isotopes Δ 17O and δ 18O. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20726-20735. [PMID: 38035574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
δ18O is widely used to track nitrate (NO3-) formation but overlooks NO3 radical reactions with hydrocarbons (HCs), particularly in heavily emitting hazes. This study introduces high-time resolution Δ17O-NO3- as a powerful tool to quantify NO3- formation during five hazes in three cities. Results show significant differences between Δ17O-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- in identifying NO3- formation. δ18O-NO3- results suggested N2O5 hydrolysis (62.0-88.4%) as the major pathway of NO3- formation, while Δ17O-NO3- shows the NO3- formation contributions of NO2 + OH (17.7-66.3%), NO3 + HC (10.8-49.6%), and N2O5 hydrolysis (22.9-33.3%), revealing significant NO3 + HC contribution (41.7-56%) under severe pollution. Furthermore, NO3- formation varies with temperatures, NOx oxidation rate (NOR), and pollution levels. Higher NO2 + OH contribution and lower NO3 + HC contribution were observed at higher temperatures, except for low NOR haze where higher NO2 + OH contributions were observed at low temperatures (T ← 10 °C). This emphasizes the significance of NO2 + OH in emission-dominated haze. Contributions of NO2 + OH and NO3 + HC relate to NOR as positive (fP1 = 3.0*NOR2 - 2.4*NOR + 0.8) and negative (fP2 = -2.3*NOR2 + 1.8*NOR) quadratic functions, respectively, with min/max values at NOR = 0.4. At mild pollution, NO2 + OH (58.1 ± 22.2%) dominated NO3- formation, shifting to NO3 + HC (35.5 ± 16.3%) during severe pollution. Additionally, high-time resolution Δ17O-NO3- reveals that morning-evening rush hours and high temperatures at noon promote the contributions of NO3 + HC and NO2 + OH, respectively. Our results suggested that the differences in the NO3- pathway are attributed to temperatures, NOR, and pollution levels. Furthermore, high-time resolution Δ17O-NO3- is vital for quantifying NO3 + HC contribution during severe hazes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shaofeng Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yu Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Minjun Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yanli Feng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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8
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Chen D, Zhou L, Liu S, Lian C, Wang W, Liu H, Li C, Liu Y, Luo L, Xiao K, Chen Y, Qiu Y, Tan Q, Ge M, Yang F. Primary sources of HONO vary during the daytime: Insights based on a field campaign. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166605. [PMID: 37640078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is an established precursor of hydroxyl (OH) radical and has significant impacts on the formation of PM2.5 and O3. Despite extensive research on HONO observation in recent years, knowledge regarding its sources and sinks in urban areas remains inadequate. In this study, we monitored the atmospheric concentrations of HONO and related pollutants, including gaseous nitric acid and particulate nitrate, simultaneously at a supersite in downtown Chengdu, a megacity in southwestern China during spring, when was chosen due to its tolerance for both PM2.5 and O3 pollution. Furthermore, we employed the random forest model to fill the missing data of HONO, which exhibited good predictive performance (R2 = 0.96, RMSE = 0.36 ppbv). During this campaign, the average mixing ratio of HONO was measured to be 1.0 ± 0.7 ppbv. Notably, during periods of high O3 and PM2.5 concentrations, the mixing ratio of HONO was >50 % higher compared to the clean period. We developed a comprehensive parameterization scheme for the HONO budget, and it performed well in simulating diurnal variations of HONO. Based on the HONO budget analysis, we identified different mechanisms that dominate HONO formation at different times of the day. Vehicle emissions and NO2 heterogeneous conversions were found to be the primary sources of HONO during nighttime (21.0 %, 30.2 %, respectively, from 18:00 to 7:00 the next day). In the morning (7:00-12:00), NO2 heterogeneous conversions and the reaction of NO with OH became the main sources (35.0 %, 32.2 %, respectively). However, in the afternoon (12:00-18:00), the heterogeneous photolysis of HNO3 on PM2.5 was identified as the most substantial source of HONO (contributing 52.5 %). This study highlights the significant variations in primary HONO sources throughout the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Yibin 644600, China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Yibin 644600, China.
| | - Song Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Yibin 644600, China
| | - Chaofan Lian
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hefan Liu
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Chunyuan Li
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Yibin 644600, China
| | - Yuelin Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Yibin 644600, China
| | - Lan Luo
- Sichuan province Chengdu Ecological Environment Monitoring Center Station, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Kuang Xiao
- Sichuan province Chengdu Ecological Environment Monitoring Center Station, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Sichuan province Chengdu Ecological Environment Monitoring Center Station, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- Department of Industrial Engineering, The Pittsburgh Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Yibin 644600, China
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9
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Feng J, Ren E, Hu M, Fu Q, Duan Y, Huang C, Zhao Y, Wang S. Budget of atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) during the haze and clean periods in Shanghai: Importance of heterogeneous reactions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165717. [PMID: 37482358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) plays a significant role in radical cycling and atmospheric oxidative chemistry. While the source and evolution of HONO in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region of China after 2018 remains largely unknown, this work monitored HONO and other air pollutants throughout 2019 at an urban site (Pudong, PD) and a suburban site (Qingpu, QP) in Shanghai. Episodes with high HONO mixing ratios but different PM2.5 levels, namely haze and clean episodes, were chosen for HONO budget analysis. Using an observation-based photochemical box model, relative importance of different sources and sinks of HONO were evaluated. Gas-phase reaction of NO with OH was found to be one of the most important daytime HONO formation sources, especially during the QPhaze period (accounting for 40.3 % of daytime HONO formation). In particular, heterogeneous conversion of NO2 on ground and aerosol surface was found to be the dominant source for nocturnal HONO. Photo-enhanced NO2 conversion on ground surface plays an important role in daytime HONO production (19.4 % in PDhaze vs. 27.6 % in PDclean, and 19.8 % in QPhaze vs. 25.9 % in QPclean). In addition, photo-enhanced NO2 conversion at the aerosol surface during haze episodes made more significant contributions to HONO formation compared to the clean periods (20.9 % in PDhaze vs. 17.1 % in PDclean, and 19.7 % in QPhaze vs. 11.2 % in QPclean). The role of multiphase reactions was found to be increasingly important in HONO generation with enhanced relative humidity (RH) during daytime. Significant unknown HONO source was further analyzed and found to be positively related with photolytic as well as multiphase pathways. Overall, our study sheds light on the budget of HONO in one of the biggest megacities in east China, which would help developing future mitigation strategies for urban HONO and atmospheric oxidation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ensi Ren
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Yusen Duan
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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10
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Rao Z, Fang YG, Pan Y, Yu W, Chen B, Francisco JS, Zhu C, Chu C. Accelerated Photolysis of H 2O 2 at the Air-Water Interface of a Microdroplet. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37914533 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical homolysis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) occurs widely in nature and is a key source of hydroxyl radicals (·OH). The kinetics of H2O2 photolysis play a pivotal role in determining the efficiency of ·OH production, which is currently mainly investigated in bulk systems. Here, we report considerably accelerated H2O2 photolysis at the air-water interface of microdroplets, with a rate 1.9 × 103 times faster than that in bulk water. Our simulations show that due to the trans quasiplanar conformational preference of H2O2 at the air-water interface compared to the bulk or gas phase, the absorption peak in the spectrum of H2O2 is significantly redshifted by 45 nm, corresponding to greater absorbance of photons in the sunlight spectrum and faster photolysis of H2O2. This discovery has great potential to solve current problems associated with ·OH-centered heterogeneous photochemical processes in aerosols. For instance, we show that accelerated H2O2 photolysis in microdroplets could lead to markedly enhanced oxidation of SO2 and volatile organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Rao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ye-Guang Fang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875 China
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yishuai Pan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wanchao Yu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Chongqin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875 China
| | - Chiheng Chu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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11
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Cheng D, Ding H, Tan Y, Yang D, Pan Y, Liao W, He F. Dramatically enhanced phenol degradation upon FeS oxygenation by low-molecular-weight organic acids. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132260. [PMID: 37586237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Oxidizing potential of FeS for organic contaminants degradation due to hydroxyl radicals (•OH) production has been recently documented, but the oxidizing efficiency was limited. Here, we revealed that low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) can immensely enhance phenol degradation during FeS oxygenation due to increased utilization efficiency of FeS electron for •OH production. Upon oxygenation of 0.5 g/L FeS, phenol degradation boosted from 7.1% without LMWOAs to 91.5%, 84.6% and 95.0% with the addition of 1 mM oxalate, citrate and EDTA, respectively. Electron utilization efficiency of Fe(II) for •OH production dramatically rose from 0.3% with FeS alone to respective 2.0%, 2.5% and 2.7% in the LMWOAs systems. An increase in oxalate concentrations benefited •OH formation and phenol degradation. Coexisting oxalate led to an additional •OH production pathway from Fe(II)-oxalate oxidation, which expanded the O2 reduction to H2O2 from a two- to one-electron transfer process. Meanwhile, electron transfer from FeS to dissolved Fe(III)-oxalate promoted the redox cycling of Fe(III)/Fe(II), thus supplying the Fe(II) oxidation for •OH production. Moreover, the presence of oxalate decreased the crystallinity and particles size of lepidocrocite generated from FeS oxidation. Consequently, this study shed lights on the LMWOAs-enhanced contaminant degradation in either natural or engineered FeS oxidation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Cheng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Haoran Ding
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuansen Tan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dezhi Yang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ying Pan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wenjuan Liao
- College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Feng He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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12
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Zhang S, Li G, Ma N, He Y, Zhu S, Pan X, Dong W, Zhang Y, Luo Q, Ditas J, Kuhn U, Zhang Y, Yuan B, Wang Z, Cheng P, Hong J, Tao J, Xu W, Kuang Y, Wang Q, Sun Y, Zhou G, Cheng Y, Su H. Exploring HONO formation and its role in driving secondary pollutants formation during winter in the North China Plain. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 132:83-97. [PMID: 37336612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Daytime HONO photolysis is an important source of atmospheric hydroxyl radicals (OH). Knowledge of HONO formation chemistry under typical haze conditions, however, is still limited. In the Multiphase chemistry experiment in Fogs and Aerosols in the North China Plain in 2018, we investigated the wintertime HONO formation and its atmospheric implications at a rural site Gucheng. Three different episodes based on atmospheric aerosol loading levels were classified: clean periods (CPs), moderately polluted periods (MPPs) and severely polluted periods (SPPs). Correlation analysis revealed that HONO formation via heterogeneous conversion of NO2 was more efficient on aerosol surfaces than on ground, highlighting the important role of aerosols in promoting HONO formation. Daytime HONO budget analysis indicated a large missing source (with an average production rate of 0.66 ± 0.26, 0.97 ± 0.47 and 1.45 ± 0.55 ppbV/hr for CPs, MPPs and SPPs, respectively), which strongly correlated with photo-enhanced reactions (NO2 heterogeneous reaction and particulate nitrate photolysis). Average OH formation derived from HONO photolysis reached up to (0.92 ± 0.71), (1.75 ± 1.26) and (1.82 ± 1.47) ppbV/hr in CPs, MPPs and SPPs respectively, much higher than that from O3 photolysis (i.e., (0.004 ± 0.004), (0.006 ± 0.007) and (0.0035 ± 0.0034) ppbV/hr). Such high OH production rates could markedly regulate the atmospheric oxidation capacity and hence promote the formation of secondary aerosols and pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Zhang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Guo Li
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany.
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Yao He
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Shaowen Zhu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xihao Pan
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Wenlin Dong
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Qingwei Luo
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jeannine Ditas
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Uwe Kuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zelong Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Juan Hong
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiangchuan Tao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- Gucheng Experimental Station of Ecological and Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Hang Su
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
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13
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Ringsdorf A, Edtbauer A, Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J, Pfannerstill EY, Gromov S, Kumar V, Pozzer A, Wolff S, Tsokankunku A, Soergel M, Sá MO, Araújo A, Ditas F, Poehlker C, Lelieveld J, Williams J. Inferring the diurnal variability of OH radical concentrations over the Amazon from BVOC measurements. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14900. [PMID: 37689759 PMCID: PMC10492859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The atmospheric oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) by OH radicals over tropical rainforests impacts local particle production and the lifetime of globally distributed chemically and radiatively active gases. For the pristine Amazon rainforest during the dry season, we empirically determined the diurnal OH radical variability at the forest-atmosphere interface region between 80 and 325 m from 07:00 to 15:00 LT using BVOC measurements. A dynamic time warping approach was applied showing that median averaged mixing times between 80 to 325 m decrease from 105 to 15 min over this time period. The inferred OH concentrations show evidence for an early morning OH peak (07:00-08:00 LT) and an OH maximum (14:00 LT) reaching 2.2 (0.2, 3.8) × 106 molecules cm-3 controlled by the coupling between BVOC emission fluxes, nocturnal NOx accumulation, convective turbulence, air chemistry and photolysis rates. The results were evaluated with a turbulence resolving transport (DALES), a regional scale (WRF-Chem) and a global (EMAC) atmospheric chemistry model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ringsdorf
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
| | - A Edtbauer
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Vilà-Guerau de Arellano
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Meteorology and Air Quality Section, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Y Pfannerstill
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - S Gromov
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - V Kumar
- Satellite Remote Sensing Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - A Pozzer
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - S Wolff
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - A Tsokankunku
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Soergel
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Sachgebiet Arbeitssicherheit, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M O Sá
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, CEP 69067-375, Brazil
| | - A Araújo
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) Amazonia Oriental, Belém, CEP 66095-100, Brazil
| | - F Ditas
- Department of Multiphase Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - C Poehlker
- Department of Multiphase Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Lelieveld
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 1645, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - J Williams
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 1645, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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14
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Wang Y, Huang D, Ge C, Wang X, Zhu C, Chen N, Fang G, Zhou D. Amendment of organic acids significantly enhanced hydroxyl radical production during oxygenation of paddy soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131799. [PMID: 37302186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, hydroxyl radical (•OH) production during soil redox fluctuations has been increasingly reported, but the low efficiency of contaminant degradation is the barrier for engineering remediation. The widely distributed low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) might greatly enhance •OH production due to their strong interactions with Fe(II) species, but it was less investigated. Herein, we found that LMWOAs amendment (i.e., oxalic acid (OA) and citric acid (CA)) significantly enhanced •OH production by 1.2 -19.5 times during oxygenation of anoxic paddy slurries. Compared with OA and acetic acid (AA) (78.4 -110.3 μM), 0.5 mM CA showed the highest •OH accumulation (140.2 μM) due to the elevated electron utilization efficiency derived from its strongest capacity for complexation. Besides, increasing CA concentrations (within 6.25 mM) dramatically enhanced the •OH production and imidacloprid (IMI) degradation (increased by 48.6%), and further decreased due to the extensive competition from excess CA. Compared to 0.5 mM CA, the synergistic effects of acidification and complexation induced by 6.25 mM CA rendered more formation of exchangeable Fe(II) that easily coordinated with CA, and thus significantly enhanced its oxygenation. This study proposed promising strategies for regulating natural attenuation of contaminants using LMWOAs in agricultural fields, especially soils with frequent occurrence of redox fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Danyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Chenghao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Changyin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Guodong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008 Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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15
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Chen Y, Shi Y, Ren J, You G, Zheng X, Liang Y, Simayi M, Hao Y, Xie S. VOC species controlling O 3 formation in ambient air and their sources in Kaifeng, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27595-w. [PMID: 37219773 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27595-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of ozone has been in a rising crescendo in the last decade while the fine particles (PM2.5) is gradually decreasing but still at a high level in central China. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the vital precursors of ozone and PM2.5. A total of 101 VOC species were measured in four seasons at five sites from 2019 to 2021 in Kaifeng. VOC sources and geographic origin of sources were identified by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and the hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory transport model. The source-specific OH loss rates (LOH) and ozone formation potential (OFP) were calculated to estimate the effects of each VOC source. The average mixing ratios of total VOCs (TVOC) were 43.15 parts per billion (ppb), of which the alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, halocarbons, and oxygenated VOCs respectively accounted for 49%, 12%, 11%, 14%, and 14%. Although the mixing ratios of alkenes were comparatively low, they played a dominant role in the LOH and OFP, especially ethene (0.55 s-1, 7%; 27.11 μg/m3, 10%) and 1,3-butadiene (0.74 s-1, 10%; 12.52 μg/m3, 5%). The vehicle-related source which emitted considerable alkenes ranked as the foremost contributing factor (21%). Biomass burning was probably influenced by other cities in the western and southern Henan and other provinces, Shandong and Hebei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuqi Shi
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie Ren
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guiying You
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xudong Zheng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yue Liang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Maimaiti Simayi
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yufang Hao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Shaodong Xie
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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16
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Xuan H, Zhao Y, Ma Q, Chen T, Liu J, Wang Y, Liu C, Wang Y, Liu Y, Mu Y, He H. Formation mechanisms and atmospheric implications of summertime nitrous acid (HONO) during clean, ozone pollution and double high-level PM 2.5 and O 3 pollution periods in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159538. [PMID: 36270355 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a key precursor of the hydroxyl radicals (OH) and has a significant impact on air quality. Nowadays, the source of HONO is still controversial due to its complex formation mechanisms, which is widely explored in extensive field and laboratory studies. In this study, the pollution characteristics and source contribution of HONO under different air quality conditions in summer in Beijing were analyzed. The observation periods were classified as three typical periods: clean, ozone pollution, and double high pollution (co-occurrence of high PM2.5 and O3 concentrations). The average concentrations of observed HONO were 0.38 ± 0.35 ppb, 0.21 ± 0.18 ppb, 0.26 ± 0.20 ppb and 0.54 ± 0.45 ppb during the whole, clean, ozone and double high periods, respectively. The elevated HONO levels at night were attributed to vehicle emissions and the RH-dependent heterogeneous conversion of NO2 to HONO. The average emission ratio (HONO/NOx) was 0.85 % ± 0.38 %, and the mean value of calculated nocturnal NO2 to HONO conversion frequency was 0.0076 ± 0.0031 h-1. Based on daytime HONO budget analysis, the largest potential source of HONO was the homogeneous reaction of NO and OH (0.33 and 0.34 ppb h-1), followed by the unknown source (0.11 and 0.21 ppb h-1) during clean and ozone periods, while the unknown source (0.49 ppb h-1) played the predominant role during double high period. The unknown sources of HONO could be attributed to the photo-enhanced heterogeneous conversion of NO2 and the photolysis of particulate nitrate. Furthermore, the photolysis of ozone (0.17, 0.34 and 0.44 ppb h-1) was the major contributor to primary OH during three typical periods. HONO photolysis contributed considerable amounts of primary OH (0.32 ppb h-1) during double high period. These results are helpful to further understand the linkage between HONO and air quality variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Xuan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yafei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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17
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Fan Q, Wang L, Fu Y, Li Q, Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhu H. Iron redox cycling in layered clay minerals and its impact on contaminant dynamics: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:159003. [PMID: 36155041 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A majority of clay minerals contain Fe, and the redox cycling of Fe(III)/Fe(II) in clay minerals has been extensively studied as it may fuel the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients and govern the mobility, toxicity and bioavailability of a number of environmental contaminants. There are three types of Fe in clay minerals, including structural Fe sandwiched in the lattice of clays, Fe species in interlayer space and adsorbed on the external surface of clays. They exhibit distinct reactivity towards contaminants due to their differences in redox properties and accessibility to contaminant species. In natural environments, microbially driven Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox cycling in clay minerals is thought to be important, whereas reductants (e.g., dithionite and Fe(II)) or oxidants (e.g., peroxygens) are capable of enhancing the rates and extents of redox dynamics in engineered systems. Fe(III)-containing clay minerals can directly react with oxidizable pollutants (e.g., phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)), whereas structural Fe(II) is able to react with reducible pollutants, such as nitrate, nitroaromatic compounds, chlorinated aliphatic compounds. Also structural Fe(II) can transfer electrons to oxygen (O2), peroxymonosulfate (PMS), or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), yielding reactive radicals that can promote the oxidative transformation of contaminants. This review summarizes the recent discoveries on redox reactivity of Fe in clay minerals and its links to fates of environmental contaminants. The biological and chemical reduction mechanisms of Fe(III)-clay minerals, as well as the interaction mechanism between Fe(III) or Fe(II)-containing clay minerals and contaminants are elaborated. Some knowledge gaps are identified for better understanding and modelling of clay-associated contaminant behavior and effective design of remediation solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingya Fan
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lingli Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qingchao Li
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yunjiao Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; State Key Laboratory of Mineral Processing, Beijing 102628, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai 200241, China; Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Huaiyong Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
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18
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Arsene C, Bejan IG, Roman C, Olariu RI, Minella M, Passananti M, Carena L, Vione D. Evaluation of the Environmental Fate of a Semivolatile Transformation Product of Ibuprofen Based on a Simple Two-Media Fate Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15650-15660. [PMID: 36240489 PMCID: PMC9670848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Partitioning between surface waters and the atmosphere is an important process, influencing the fate and transport of semi-volatile contaminants. In this work, a simple methodology that combines experimental data and modeling was used to investigate the degradation of a semi-volatile pollutant in a two-phase system (surface water + atmosphere). 4-Isobutylacetophenone (IBAP) was chosen as a model contaminant; IBAP is a toxic transformation product of the non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen. Here, we show that the atmospheric behavior of IBAP would mainly be characterized by reaction with •OH radicals, while degradation initiated by •NO3 or direct photolysis would be negligible. The present study underlines that the gas-phase reactivity of IBAP with •OH is faster, compared to the likely kinetics of volatilization from aqueous systems. Therefore, it might prove very difficult to detect gas-phase IBAP. Nevertheless, up to 60% of IBAP occurring in a deep and dissolved organic carbon-rich water body might be eliminated via volatilization and subsequent reaction with gas-phase •OH. The present study suggests that the gas-phase chemistry of semi-volatile organic compounds which, like IBAP, initially occur in natural water bodies in contact with the atmosphere is potentially very important in some environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Arsene
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, “Alexandru
Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(CERNESIM), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(RECENT AIR), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
| | - Iustinian G. Bejan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, “Alexandru
Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(CERNESIM), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(RECENT AIR), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
| | - Claudiu Roman
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, “Alexandru
Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(CERNESIM), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(RECENT AIR), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
| | - Romeo I. Olariu
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, “Alexandru
Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(CERNESIM), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(RECENT AIR), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
| | - Marco Minella
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125Torino, Italy
| | - Monica Passananti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125Torino, Italy
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luca Carena
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125Torino, Italy
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19
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Bottorff B, Wang C, Reidy E, Rosales C, Farmer DK, Vance ME, Abbatt JPD, Stevens P. Comparison of Simultaneous Measurements of Indoor Nitrous Acid: Implications for the Spatial Distribution of Indoor HONO Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13573-13583. [PMID: 36137564 PMCID: PMC9535926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite its importance as a radical precursor and a hazardous pollutant, the chemistry of nitrous acid (HONO) in the indoor environment is not fully understood. We present results from a comparison of HONO measurements from a time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ToF-CIMS) and a laser photofragmentation/laser-induced fluorescence (LP/LIF) instrument during the House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign. Experiments during HOMEChem simulated typical household activities and provided a dynamic range of HONO mixing ratios. The instruments measured HONO at different locations in a house featuring a typical air change rate (ACR) (0.5 h-1) and an enhanced mixing rate (∼8 h-1). Despite the distance between the instruments, measurements from the two instruments agreed to within their respective uncertainties (slope = 0.85, R2 = 0.92), indicating that the lifetime of HONO is long enough for it to be quickly distributed indoors, although spatial gradients occurred during ventilation periods. This suggests that emissions of HONO from any source can mix throughout the house and can contribute to OH radical production in sunlit regions, enhancing the oxidative capacity indoors. Measurement discrepancies were likely due to interferences with the LP/LIF instrument as well as calibration uncertainties associated with both instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Bottorff
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- School
of Environment Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Emily Reidy
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Colleen Rosales
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Air
Quality Research Center, University of California
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Marina E. Vance
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Philip
S. Stevens
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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20
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Zhang G, Hu R, Xie P, Lu K, Lou S, Liu X, Li X, Wang F, Wang Y, Yang X, Cai H, Wang Y, Liu W. Intercomparison of OH radical measurement in a complex atmosphere in Chengdu, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155924. [PMID: 35577098 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric oxidation is a driving force of complex air pollution, and accurate hydroxyl radical (OH) measurement is helpful in investigating the radical-cored photooxidation mechanism in the troposphere. A self-developed laser-induced fluorescence instrument by the Anhui Institute of Optics Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (AIOFM-LIF), was able to measure OH concentration with high sensitivity and good time resolution, and a detection limit of 1.7 × 105 cm-3 (1σ, 30 s). A long-period, multi-level intercomparison of hydroxyl radical (OH) measurements between AIOFM-LIF and PKU-LIF (the Peking University laser-induced fluorescence system) was conducted in Chengdu, China. The measurement between two instruments was in excellent agreement in the 5-min time resolution. Linear regression analysis reported a linear slope of 0.96 with a 0.68 × 106 cm-3 offset, and the correlation coefficient R2 was 0.85. The overall linearity with only a slight offset indicated a negligible influence on OH measurement. No noticeable artifacts from ozonolysis were observed under the condition of high ozone and ozonolysis-related compound concentrations. In addition to the subtraction of background signal through wavelength modulation, the dynamic correction on ozone photolysis interference ensured high intercomparison quality in both relatively constant and rapidly varying periods. Based on the reliability of OHAIOFM and OHPKU, comparisons under different oxidation-related species (NOx, VOCs, O3, PM2.5) levels and typical scenarios (rich-BVOC and high-reactivity) were carried out to evaluate the performance under complex atmospheres. A slightly higher drift was observed in a certain scenario, but the general data variability due to environmental changes did not affect the measurement accuracy. The intercomparison demonstrated that both systems are able to achieve reliable OH data under typical conditions of complex atmospheric pollution in China. Additional improvements are necessary for future intercomparisons in order to enhance the confidence in OH detection accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Renzhi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.
| | - Pinhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Yihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Xinping Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haotian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
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21
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Chen Z, Liu P, Wang W, Cao X, Liu YX, Zhang YH, Ge M. Rapid Sulfate Formation via Uncatalyzed Autoxidation of Sulfur Dioxide in Aerosol Microdroplets. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7637-7646. [PMID: 35638231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe winter haze events in Beijing and North China Plain are characterized by rapid production of sulfate aerosols with unresolved mechanisms. Oxidation of SO2 by O2 in the absence of metal catalysts (uncatalyzed autoxidation) represents the most ubiquitous SO2 conversion pathway in the atmosphere. However, this reaction has long been regarded as too slow to be atmospherically meaningful. This traditional view was based on the kinetic studies conducted in bulk dilute solutions that mimic cloudwater but deviate from urban aerosols. Here, we directly measure the sulfate formation rate via uncatalyzed SO2 autoxidation in single (NH4)2SO4 microdroplets, by using an aerosol optical tweezer coupled with a cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy technique. We find that the aqueous reaction of uncatalyzed SO2 autoxidation is accelerated by two orders of magnitude at the high ionic strength (∼36 molal) conditions in the supersaturated aerosol water. Furthermore, at acidic conditions (pH 3.5-4.5), uncatalyzed autoxidation predominately occurs on droplet surface, with a reaction rate unconstrained by SO2 solubility. With these rate enhancements, we estimate that the uncatalyzed SO2 autoxidation in aerosols can produce sulfate at a rate up to 0.20 μg m-3 hr-1, under the winter air pollution condition in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pai Liu
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | - Xue Cao
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu-Xin Liu
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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22
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Fan MY, Zhang YL, Lin YC, Hong Y, Zhao ZY, Xie F, Du W, Cao F, Sun Y, Fu P. Important Role of NO 3 Radical to Nitrate Formation Aloft in Urban Beijing: Insights from Triple Oxygen Isotopes Measured at the Tower. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6870-6879. [PMID: 34428888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Until now, there has been a lack of knowledge regarding the vertical profiles of nitrate formation in the urban boundary layer (BL) based on triple oxygen isotopes. Here, we conducted vertical measurements of the oxygen anomaly of nitrate (Δ17O-NO3-) on a 325 m meteorological tower in urban Beijing during the winter and summer. The simultaneous vertical measurements suggested different formation mechanisms of nitrate aerosols at ground level and 120 and 260 m in the winter due to the less efficient vertical mixing under stable atmospheric conditions. Particularly, different chemical processes of nitrate aerosols at the three heights were found between clean days and polluted days in the winter. On clean days, nocturnal chemistry (NO3 + HC and N2O5 uptake) contributed to nitrate production equally with OH/H2O + NO2 at ground level, while it dominated aloft (contributing 80% of nitrate production at 260 m), due to the higher aerosol liquid water content and O3 concentration there. On polluted days, nocturnal reactions dominated the formation of nitrate at the three heights. Particularly, the contribution of the OH/H2O + NO2 pathway to nitrate production increased from the ground level to 120 m might be attributed to the hydrolysis of NO2 to HONO and then further photolysis to OH radicals in the day. In contrast, the proportion of N2O5 + H2O decreased at 260 m, likely due to the low relative humidity aloft that inhibited the N2O5 hydrolysis reactions in the residual layer. Our results highlighted that the differences between meteorology and gaseous precursors could largely affect particulate nitrate formation at different heights within the polluted urban BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yi Fan
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chi Lin
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihang Hong
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu-Yu Zhao
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xie
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fang Cao
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
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23
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Zhu Q, Laughner JL, Cohen RC. Combining Machine Learning and Satellite Observations to Predict Spatial and Temporal Variation of near Surface OH in North American Cities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7362-7371. [PMID: 35302754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The hydroxyl radical (OH) is the primary cleansing agent in the atmosphere. The abundance of OH in cities initiates the removal of local pollutants; therefore, it serves as the key species describing the urban chemical environment. We propose a machine learning (ML) approach as an efficient alternative to OH simulation using a computationally expensive chemical transport model. The ML model is trained on the parameters simulated from the WRF-Chem model, and it suggests that six predictive parameters are capable of explaining 76% of the OH variability. The parameters are the tropospheric NO2 column, the tropospheric HCHO column, J(O1D), H2O, temperature, and pressure. We then use observations of the tropospheric NO2 column and HCHO column from OMI as input to the ML model to enable measurement-based prediction of daily near surface OH at 1:30 pm local time across 49 North American cities over the course of 10 years between 2005 and 2014. The result is validated by comparing the OH predictions to measurements of isoprene, which has a source that is uncorrelated with OH and is removed rapidly and almost exclusively by OH in the daytime. We demonstrate that the predicted OH is, as expected, anticorrelated with isoprene. We also show that this ML model is consistent with our understanding of OH chemistry given the solely data-driven nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qindan Zhu
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joshua L Laughner
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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24
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Wang PB, Truhlar DG, Xia Y, Long B. Temperature-dependent kinetics of the atmospheric reaction between CH 2OO and acetone. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13066-13073. [PMID: 35583864 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01118b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Criegee intermediates are important oxidants produced in the ozonolysis of alkenes in the atmosphere. Quantitative kinetics of the reactions of Criegee intermediates are required for atmospheric modeling. However, the experimental studies do not cover the full relevant range of temperature and pressure. Here we report the quantitative kinetics of CH2OO + CH3C(O)CH3 by using our recently developed dual strategy that combines coupled cluster theory with high excitation levels for conventional transition state theory and well validated levels of density functional theory for direct dynamics calculations using canonical variational transition theory including tunneling. We find that the W3X-L//DF-CCSD(T)-F12b/jun-cc-pVDZ electronic structure method can be used to obtain quantitative kinetics of the CH2OO + CH3C(O)CH3 reaction. Whereas previous investigations considered a one-step mechanistic pathway, we find that the CH2OO + CH3C(O)CH3 reaction occurs in a stepwise manner. This has implications for the modeling of Criegee-intermediate reactions with other ketones and with aldehydes. In the kinetics calculations, we show that recrossing effects of the conventional transition state are negligible for determining the rate constant of CH2OO + CH3C(O)CH3. The present findings reveal that the rate ratio between CH2OO + CH3C(O)CH3 and OH + CH3C(O)CH3 has a significant negative dependence on temperature such that the CH2OO + CH3C(O)CH3 reaction can contribute as a significant sink for atmospheric CH3C(O)CH3 at low temperature. The present findings should have broad implications in understanding the reactions of Criegee intermediates with carbonyl compounds and ketones in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Biao Wang
- Department of Physics, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, USA
| | - Yu Xia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Bo Long
- Department of Physics, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China. .,College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
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25
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The Role of Emission Sources and Atmospheric Sink in the Seasonal Cycle of CH4 and δ13-CH4: Analysis Based on the Atmospheric Chemistry Transport Model TM5. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the contribution of different CH4 sources to the seasonal cycle of δ13C during 2000–2012 by using the TM5 atmospheric transport model, including spatially varying information on isotopic signatures. The TM5 model is able to produce the background seasonality of δ13C, but the discrepancies compared to the observations arise from incomplete representation of the emissions and their source-specific signatures. Seasonal cycles of δ13C are found to be an inverse of CH4 cycles in general, but the anti-correlations between CH4 and δ13C are imperfect and experience a large variation (p=−0.35 to −0.91) north of 30° S. We found that wetland emissions are an important driver in the δ13C seasonal cycle in the Northern Hemisphere and Tropics, and in the Southern Hemisphere Tropics, emissions from fires contribute to the enrichment of δ13C in July–October. The comparisons to the observations from 18 stations globally showed that the seasonal cycle of EFMM emissions in the EDGAR v5.0 inventory is more realistic than in v4.3.2. At northern stations (north of 55° N), modeled δ13C amplitudes are generally smaller by 12–68%, mainly because the model could not reproduce the strong depletion in autumn. This indicates that the CH4 emission magnitude and seasonal cycle of wetlands may need to be revised. In addition, results from stations in northern latitudes (19–40° N) indicate that the proportion of biogenic to fossil-based emissions may need to be revised, such that a larger portion of fossil-based emissions is needed during summer.
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26
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Abstract
SignificanceOH is the critical chemical setting removal rates of local pollutants in the atmosphere. The importance of OH to tropospheric chemistry stands in stark contrast to the absence of long-term measurements. Here we synthesize a machine learning technique, satellite observations, and simulations from a state-of-the-art chemical model to estimate OH trends between 2005 and 2014 in 49 North American cities. Compared to the summertime OH in 2005, the OH in 2014 exhibits changes that range from -17 to +11% in different cities. The variation of OH over one decade can be explained by the chemical regime shifts over the years. The identification of chemical regime, in turn, sheds light on the effective policy for controlling ozone.
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27
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Lin D, Tong S, Zhang W, Li W, Li F, Jia C, Zhang G, Chen M, Zhang X, Wang Z, Ge M, He X. Formation mechanisms of nitrous acid (HONO) during the haze and non-haze periods in Beijing, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:343-353. [PMID: 35459497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an important precursor of hydroxyl radical (OH), nitrous acid (HONO) plays a significant role in atmospheric chemistry. Here, an observation of HONO and relevant air pollutants in an urban site of Beijing from 14 to 28 April, 2017 was performed. Two distinct peaks of HONO concentrations occurred during the observation. In contrast, the concentration of particulate matter in the first period (period Ⅰ) was significantly higher than that in the second period (period Ⅱ). Comparing to HONO sources in the two periods, we found that the direct vehicle emission was an essential source of the ambient HONO during both periods at night, especially in period Ⅱ. The heterogeneous reaction of NO2 was the dominant source in period Ⅰ, while the homogeneous reaction of NO with OH was more critical source at night in period Ⅱ. In the daytime, the heterogeneous reaction of NO2 was a significant source and was confirmed by the good correlation coefficients (R2) between the unknown sources (Punknown) with NO2, PM2.5, NO2 × PM2.5 in period Ⅰ. Moreover, when solar radiation and OH radicals were considered to explore unknown sources in the daytime, the enhanced correlation of Punknown with photolysis rate of NO2 and OH ( [Formula: see text] × OH) were 0.93 in period Ⅰ, 0.95 in period Ⅱ. These excellent correlation coefficients suggested that the unknown sources released HONO highly related to the solar radiation and the variation of OH radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, College of Resource and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Chinese Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Chinese Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Chinese Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weiran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Chinese Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fangjie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Chinese Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning, China
| | - Chenhui Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Chinese Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Meifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Chinese Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; College of Chemistry and Material Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Chinese Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Chinese Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Chinese Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang He
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, College of Resource and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
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Lian C, Wang W, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liu Y, Fan X, Li C, Zhan J, Lin Z, Hua C, Zhang W, Liu M, Li J, Wang X, An J, Ge M. Long-term winter observation of nitrous acid in the urban area of Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:334-342. [PMID: 35459496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The particulate matter (PM) pollution has been significantly improved by carrying out various valid emission control strategies since 2013 in China. Meanwhile the variation trend of nitrous acid (HONO) is worthy to investigate due to its vital role in the atmospheric oxidation process. In this study, field observation in the winter is conducted to investigate the concentration of HONO in an urban area of Beijing. In the winter of 2019, the mean HONO concentration is 1.38 ppbV during the whole winter. Photo-enhanced NO2 heterogeneous reactions on the ground and aerosol surfaces were found as the possible daytime sources of HONO. Compared to O3, photolysis of HONO dominates the primary OH sources during the winter time. To understand the HONO pollution patterns by years variation, multi-year data is summarized and finds that primary pollutants including CO and NO decreased, but secondary pollutants i.e., HONO (mostly generated via secondary process) increased. Our study highlights the requirement to mitigate secondary pollution by control HONO concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Lian
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chang Li
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Junlei Zhan
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhuohui Lin
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chenjie Hua
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Rashidiani M, Zahedi E, Zare K, Seif A. Theoretical investigation on the mechanism and kinetics of the OH•‒initiated atmospheric degradation of p-chloroaniline via OH•‒addition and hydrogen abstraction pathways. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 114:108198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Meng F, Qin M, Fang W, Duan J, Tang K, Zhang H, Shao D, Liao Z, Feng Y, Huang Y, Ni T, Xie P, Liu J, Liu W. Measurement of HONO flux using the aerodynamic gradient method over an agricultural field in the Huaihe River Basin, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:297-307. [PMID: 35459493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate nitrous acid (HONO) levels and potential HONO sources above crop rotation fields. The HONO fluxes were measured by the aerodynamic gradient (AG) method from 14 December 2019 to 2 January 2020 over an agricultural field in the Huaihe River Basin. The ambient HONO levels were measured at two different heights (0.15 and 1.5 m), showing a typical diurnal cycle with low daytime levels and high nighttime levels. The upward HONO fluxes were mostly observed during the day, whereas deposition dominated at night. The diurnal variation of HONO flux followed solar radiation, with a noontime maximum of 0.2 nmol/(m2∙sec). The average upward HONO flux of 0.06 ± 0.17 nmol/(m2∙sec) indicated that the agricultural field was a net source for atmospheric HONO. The higher HONO/NO2 ratio and NO2-to-HONO conversion rate close to the surface suggested that nocturnal HONO was formed and released near the ground. The unknown HONO source was derived from the daytime HONO budget analysis, with an average strength of 0.31 ppbV/hr at noontime. The surface HONO flux, which was highly correlated with the photolysis frequency J(NO2) (R2 = 0.925) and the product of J(NO2) × NO2 (R2 = 0.840), accounted for ∼23% of unknown daytime HONO source. The significant correlation between HONO fluxes and J(NO2) suggests a light-driven HONO formation mechanism responsible for the surface HONO flux during daytime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanhao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Min Qin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Wu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Helu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Dou Shao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhitang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Anhui Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Science and Satellite Remote Sensing, Hefei 230031, China; Shouxian National Climatology Observatory, Huaihe River Basin Typical Farm Eco-meteorological Experiment Field of China Meteorological Administration, Shouxian 232200, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Anhui Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Science and Satellite Remote Sensing, Hefei 230031, China; Shouxian National Climatology Observatory, Huaihe River Basin Typical Farm Eco-meteorological Experiment Field of China Meteorological Administration, Shouxian 232200, China
| | - Ting Ni
- Anhui Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Science and Satellite Remote Sensing, Hefei 230031, China; Shouxian National Climatology Observatory, Huaihe River Basin Typical Farm Eco-meteorological Experiment Field of China Meteorological Administration, Shouxian 232200, China
| | - Pinhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Zhang G, Hu R, Xie P, Lou S, Wang F, Wang Y, Qin M, Li X, Liu X, Wang Y, Liu W. Observation and simulation of HOx radicals in an urban area in Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:152275. [PMID: 34902401 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A continuous wintertime observation of ambient OH and HO2 radicals was first carried out in Shanghai, in 2019. This effort coincided with the second China International Import Expo (CIIE), during which strict emission controls were implemented in Shanghai, resulting in an average PM2.5 concentration of less than 35 μg/m3. The self-developed instrument based on the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique reported that the average OH radical concentration at noontime (11:00-13:00) was 2.7 × 106 cm-3, while the HO2 concentration was 0.8 × 108 cm-3. A chemical box model utilizing the Regional Atmospheric Chemical Mechanism 2 (RACM2), which is used to simulate pollutant reactions and other processes in the troposphere and which incorporates the Leuven isoprene mechanism (LIM1), reproduced the OH concentrations on most days. The HO2 concentration was underestimated, and the observed-to-modelled ratio demonstrated poor performance by the model, especially during the elevated photochemistry period. Missing primary peroxy radical sources or unknown behaviors of RO2 for high-NOx regimes are possible reasons for the discrepancy. The daytime ROx production was controlled by various sources. HONO photolysis accounted for more than one half (0.83 ppb/h), and the contribution from formaldehyde, OVOCs and ozone photolysis was relatively similar. Active oxidation paths accelerated the rapid ozone increase in winter. The average ozone production rate was 15.1 ppb/h, which is comparable to that of a Beijing suburb (10 ppb/h for the 'BEST-ONE') but much lower than that of Beijing's center (39 ppb/h in 'PKU' and 71 ppb/h in 'APHH') in wintertime. Cumulative local ozone based on observed peroxy radicals was five times higher than the value simulated by the current model due to the underprediction of HO2 and RO2 under the high-NOx regime. This analysis provides crucial information for subsequent pollution control policies in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Renzhi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.
| | - Pinhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China.
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Yihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Min Qin
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
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Björnsdotter MK, Yeung LWY, Kärrman A, Jogsten IE. Mass Balance of Perfluoroalkyl Acids, Including Trifluoroacetic Acid, in a Freshwater Lake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:251-259. [PMID: 34927432 PMCID: PMC8733927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are highly persistent chemicals that are ubiquitously found in the environment. The atmospheric degradation of precursor compounds has been identified as a source of PFAAs and might be an important pathway for contamination. Lake Vättern is one of Sweden's largest lakes and is an important source for drinking water. In addition to contamination via atmospheric deposition, the lake is subject to several potential contamination sources via surface water inflow. The relevance of different sources is not well understood. A mass balance of selected PFAAs was assembled based on measured concentrations in atmospheric deposition, surface water from streams that constitute the main inflow and outflow, and surface water in the lake. The largest input was seen for trifluoroacetic acid (150 kg/year), perfluoropropanoic acid (1.6 kg/year), perfluorobutanoic acid (4.0 kg/year), and perfluoro-octanoic acid (1.5 kg/year). Both atmospheric deposition and surface water inflow was found to be important input pathways. There was a positive correlation between the input of most perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids via atmospheric deposition and global radiation and between the input via surface water inflow and catchment area. These findings highlight the importance of atmospheric oxidation of volatile precursor compounds for contamination in surface waters.
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Li M, Mao C, Ling L. In Situ Visualization on Surface Oxidative Corrosion with Free Radicals: Black Phosphorus Nanoflake as an Example. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:361-367. [PMID: 34913333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Free radicals exert a significant impact on the fate of redox-active substances and play a crucial role in the surface corrosion of solid in environment. Dynamic visualization on the response of the surface to the free radicals at nanoscale is essential to explore the mechanism. Environmental transmission electron microscopy will be a powerful tool for dynamic changes of the interface redox process of solid surface with electron beams induced free radicals, to simulate the redox process of a solid in the environment. Black phosphorus (BP), an environment-sensitive material, is selected as an example to visualize the degradation pathways with environmental transmission electron microscopy. The distribution of the corrosion initiation points, formation and growth of corrosion areas, and the eventual splintering and disappearance of BP nanoflakes are recorded vividly. In situ results are substantiated by the ex situ experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Results show that degradation originates at the edges and defect structures when the humidity reaches high enough. The microscopic structural oxidative etching of solid surface with radicals in natural light is simulated with radicals produced by electron beam irradiation on suspending medium O2 and H2O for the first time. This method will offer unprecedented details and valuable insights into the mechanism involved in the oxidative etching with natural light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chengliang Mao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Lan Ling
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Björnsdotter MK, Hartz WF, Kallenborn R, Ericson Jogsten I, Humby JD, Kärrman A, Yeung LWY. Levels and Seasonal Trends of C 1-C 4 Perfluoroalkyl Acids and the Discovery of Trifluoromethane Sulfonic Acid in Surface Snow in the Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15853-15861. [PMID: 34779623 PMCID: PMC8655978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
C1-C4 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are highly persistent chemicals that have been found in the environment. To date, much uncertainty still exists about their sources and fate. The importance of the atmospheric degradation of volatile precursors to C1-C4 PFAAs were investigated by studying their distribution and seasonal variation in remote Arctic locations. C1-C4 PFAAs were measured in surface snow on the island of Spitsbergen in the Norwegian Arctic during January-August 2019. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), perfluoropropanoic acid (PFPrA), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), and trifluoromethane sulfonic acid (TFMS) were detected in most samples, including samples collected at locations presumably receiving PFAA input solely from long-range processes. The flux of TFA, PFPrA, PFBA, and TFMS per precipitation event was in the ranges of 22-1800, 0.79-16, 0.19-170, and 1.5-57 ng/m2, respectively. A positive correlation between the flux of TFA, PFPrA, and PFBA with downward short-wave solar radiation was observed. No correlation was observed between the flux of TFMS and solar radiation. These findings suggest that atmospheric transport of volatile precursors and their subsequent degradation plays a major role in the global distribution of C2-C4 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and their consequential deposition in Arctic environments. The discovery of TFMS in surface snow at these remote Arctic locations suggests that TFMS is globally distributed. However, the transport mechanism to the Arctic environment remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K. Björnsdotter
- Man-Technology-Environment
Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - William F. Hartz
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, United Kingdom
- Department
of Arctic Geology, University Centre in
Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen, Svalbard NO-9171, Norway
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås NO-1432, Norway
- Department
of Arctic Technology, University Centre
in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen, Svalbard NO-9171, Norway
| | - Ingrid Ericson Jogsten
- Man-Technology-Environment
Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Jack D. Humby
- Ice Dynamics
and Paleoclimate, British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United
Kingdom
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment
Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Leo W. Y. Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment
Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
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35
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Liu P, Ye C, Zhang C, He G, Xue C, Liu J, Liu C, Zhang Y, Song Y, Li X, Wang X, Chen J, He H, Herrmann H, Mu Y. Photochemical Aging of Atmospheric Fine Particles as a Potential Source for Gas-Phase Hydrogen Peroxide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15063-15071. [PMID: 34705458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as an important oxidant, plays a key role in atmospheric sulfate formation, affecting the global radiation budget and causing acid rain deposition. The disproportionation reactions of hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2) in both gas and aqueous phases have long been considered as dominant sources for atmospheric H2O2. However, these known sources cannot explain the significant formation of H2O2 in polluted areas under the conditions of high NO levels and low ambient relative humidity (RH). Here, we show that under relatively dry conditions during daytime, atmospheric fine particles directly produce abundant gas-phase H2O2. The formation of H2O2 is verified to be by a reaction between the particle surface -OH group and HO2 radicals formed by photooxidation of chromophoric dissolved organic matters (CDOMs), which is slightly influenced by the presence of high NO levels but remarkably accelerated by water vapor and O2. In contrast to aqueous-phase chemistry, transition metal ions (TMIs) are found to significantly suppress H2O2 formation from the atmospheric fine particles. The H2O2 formed from relatively dry particles can be directly involved in in situ SO2 oxidation, leading to sulfate formation. As CDOMs are ubiquitous in atmospheric fine particles, their daytime photochemistry is expected to play important roles in formation of H2O2 and sulfate worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Can Ye
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangzhi He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengtang Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifei Song
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuran Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hong He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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36
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Qiao X, Yan C, Li X, Guo Y, Yin R, Deng C, Li C, Nie W, Wang M, Cai R, Huang D, Wang Z, Yao L, Worsnop DR, Bianchi F, Liu Y, Donahue NM, Kulmala M, Jiang J. Contribution of Atmospheric Oxygenated Organic Compounds to Particle Growth in an Urban Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13646-13656. [PMID: 34585932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) can contribute substantially to the growth of newly formed particles. However, the characteristics of OOMs and their contributions to particle growth rate are not well understood in urban areas, which have complex anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric conditions. We performed long-term measurement of gas-phase OOMs in urban Beijing during 2018-2019 using nitrate-based chemical ionization mass spectrometry. OOM concentrations showed clear seasonal variations, with the highest in the summer and the lowest in the winter. Correspondingly, calculated particle growth rates due to OOM condensation were highest in summer, followed by spring, autumn, and winter. One prominent feature of OOMs in this urban environment was a high fraction (∼75%) of nitrogen-containing OOMs. These nitrogen-containing OOMs contributed only 50-60% of the total growth rate led by OOM condensation, owing to their slightly higher volatility than non-nitrate OOMs. By comparing the calculated condensation growth rates and the observed particle growth rates, we showed that sulfuric acid and its clusters are the main contributors to the growth of sub-3 nm particles, with OOMs significantly promoting the growth of 3-25 nm particles. In wintertime Beijing, however, there are missing contributors to the growth of particles above 3 nm, which remain to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - YiShuo Guo
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Rujing Yin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chenjuan Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chang Li
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Runlong Cai
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yao
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerodyne Research Incoporated, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, P. R. China
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37
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Chen D, Xavier C, Clusius P, Nieminen T, Roldin P, Qi X, Pichelstorfer L, Kulmala M, Rantala P, Aalto J, Sarnela N, Kolari P, Keronen P, Rissanen MP, Taipale D, Foreback B, Baykara M, Zhou P, Boy M. A modelling study of OH, NO 3 and H 2SO 4 in 2007-2018 at SMEAR II, Finland: analysis of long-term trends. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2021; 1:449-472. [PMID: 34604756 PMCID: PMC8459646 DOI: 10.1039/d1ea00020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Major atmospheric oxidants (OH, O3 and NO3) dominate the atmospheric oxidation capacity, while H2SO4 is considered as a main driver for new particle formation. Although numerous studies have investigated the long-term trend of ozone in Europe, the trends of OH, NO3 and H2SO4 at specific sites are to a large extent unknown. The one-dimensional model SOSAA has been applied in several studies at the SMEAR II station and has been validated by measurements in several projects. Here, we applied the SOSAA model for the years 2007-2018 to simulate the atmospheric chemical components, especially the atmospheric oxidants OH and NO3, as well as H2SO4 at SMEAR II. The simulations were evaluated with observations from several shorter and longer campaigns at SMEAR II. Our results show that daily OH increased by 2.39% per year and NO3 decreased by 3.41% per year, with different trends of these oxidants during day and night. On the contrary, daytime sulfuric acid concentrations decreased by 2.78% per year, which correlated with the observed decreasing concentration of newly formed particles in the size range of 3-25 nm with 1.4% per year at SMEAR II during the years 1997-2012. Additionally, we compared our simulated OH, NO3 and H2SO4 concentrations with proxies, which are commonly applied in case a limited number of parameters are measured and no detailed model simulations are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Chen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Carlton Xavier
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Petri Clusius
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Tuomo Nieminen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland .,Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Pontus Roldin
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University P.O. Box 118 SE-22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Ximeng Qi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Lukas Pichelstorfer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Pekka Rantala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Juho Aalto
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Nina Sarnela
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Pasi Kolari
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Petri Keronen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Matti P Rissanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Ditte Taipale
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Benjamin Foreback
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Metin Baykara
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland .,Climate and Marine Sciences Department, Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University Maslak 34469 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Putian Zhou
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Michael Boy
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki Finland
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38
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Zhou S, Kowal SF, Cregan AR, Kahan TF. Factors affecting wavelength-resolved ultraviolet irradiance indoors and their impacts on indoor photochemistry. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1187-1198. [PMID: 33373097 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We measured wavelength-resolved ultraviolet (UV) irradiance in multiple indoor environments and quantified the effects of variables such as light source, solar angles, cloud cover, window type, and electric light color temperature on indoor photon fluxes. The majority of the 77 windows and window samples investigated completely attenuated sunlight at wavelengths shorter than 320 nm; despite variations among individual windows leading to differences in indoor HONO photolysis rate constants (JHONO ) and local hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations of up to a factor of 50, wavelength-resolved transmittance was similar between windows in residential and non-residential buildings. We report mathematical relationships that predict indoor solar UV irradiance as a function of solar zenith angle, incident angle of sunlight on windows, and distance from windows and surfaces for direct and diffuse sunlight. Using these relationships, we predict elevated indoor steady-state OH concentrations (0.80-7.4 × 106 molec cm-3 ) under illumination by direct and diffuse sunlight and fluorescent tubes near windows or light sources. However, elevated OH concentrations at 1 m from the source are only predicted under direct sunlight. We predict that reflections from indoor surfaces will have minor contributions to room-averaged indoor UV irradiance. These results may improve parameterization of indoor chemistry models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shawn F Kowal
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Alyssa R Cregan
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Tara F Kahan
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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39
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Yang L, Nie W, Liu Y, Xu Z, Xiao M, Qi X, Li Y, Wang R, Zou J, Paasonen P, Yan C, Xu Z, Wang J, Zhou C, Yuan J, Sun J, Chi X, Kerminen VM, Kulmala M, Ding A. Toward Building a Physical Proxy for Gas-Phase Sulfuric Acid Concentration Based on Its Budget Analysis in Polluted Yangtze River Delta, East China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6665-6676. [PMID: 33960763 PMCID: PMC8154357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is a crucial precursor for secondary aerosol formation, particularly for new particle formation (NPF) that plays an essential role in the global number budget of aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei. Due to technology challenges, global-wide and long-term measurements of gaseous H2SO4 are currently very challenging. Empirical proxies for H2SO4 have been derived mainly based on short-term intensive campaigns. In this work, we performed comprehensive measurements of H2SO4 and related parameters in the polluted Yangtze River Delta in East China during four seasons and developed a physical proxy based on the budget analysis of gaseous H2SO4. Besides the photo-oxidation of SO2, we found that primary emissions can contribute considerably, particularly at night. Dry deposition has the potential to be a non-negligible sink, in addition to condensation onto particle surfaces. Compared with the empirical proxies, the newly developed physical proxy demonstrates extraordinary stability in all the seasons and has the potential to be widely used to improve the understanding of global NPF fundamentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Yang
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu
Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu
Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuliang Liu
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu
Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhengning Xu
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu
Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mao Xiao
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Ximeng Qi
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu
Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu
Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ruoxian Wang
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu
Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu
Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Pauli Paasonen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zheng Xu
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu
Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiaping Wang
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu
Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu
Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian Yuan
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu
Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jianning Sun
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu
Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xuguang Chi
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu
Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Veli-Matti Kerminen
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu
Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, 210023, China
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40
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Sulfate formation is dominated by manganese-catalyzed oxidation of SO 2 on aerosol surfaces during haze events. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1993. [PMID: 33790274 PMCID: PMC8012371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation mechanism of aerosol sulfate during wintertime haze events in China is still largely unknown. As companions, SO2 and transition metals are mainly emitted from coal combustion. Here, we argue that the transition metal-catalyzed oxidation of SO2 on aerosol surfaces could be the dominant sulfate formation pathway and investigate this hypothesis by integrating chamber experiments, numerical simulations and in-field observations. Our analysis shows that the contribution of the manganese-catalyzed oxidation of SO2 on aerosol surfaces is approximately one to two orders of magnitude larger than previously known routes, and contributes 69.2% ± 5.0% of the particulate sulfur production during haze events. This formation pathway could explain the missing source of sulfate and improve the understanding of atmospheric chemistry and climate change. Sulfate aerosols are an important component of wintertime haze events in China, but their production mechanisms are not well known. Here, the authors show that transition metal-catalyzed oxidation of SO2 on aerosol surfaces could be the dominant sulfate formation pathway in Northern China.
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41
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Zhang C, Wang X, Du J, Gu Z, Zhao Y. Reactive Oxygen Species-Regulating Strategies Based on Nanomaterials for Disease Treatment. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002797. [PMID: 33552863 PMCID: PMC7856897 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an essential role in physiological and pathological processes. Studies on the regulation of ROS for disease treatments have caused wide concern, mainly involving the topics in ROS-regulating therapy such as antioxidant therapy triggered by ROS scavengers and ROS-induced toxic therapy mediated by ROS-elevation agents. Benefiting from the remarkable advances of nanotechnology, a large number of nanomaterials with the ROS-regulating ability are developed to seek new and effective ROS-related nanotherapeutic modalities or nanomedicines. Although considerable achievements have been made in ROS-based nanomedicines for disease treatments, some fundamental but key questions such as the rational design principle for ROS-related nanomaterials are held in low regard. Here, the design principle can serve as the initial framework for scientists and technicians to design and optimize the ROS-regulating nanomedicines, thereby minimizing the gap of nanomedicines for biomedical application during the design stage. Herein, an overview of the current progress of ROS-associated nanomedicines in disease treatments is summarized. And then, by particularly addressing these known strategies in ROS-associated therapy, several fundamental and key principles for the design of ROS-associated nanomedicines are presented. Finally, future perspectives are also discussed in depth for the development of ROS-associated nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and NanosafetyInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and NanosafetyInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Department of Medical ImagingShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and NanosafetyInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology of ChinaChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for NanotechnologyGuangdong510700China
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42
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Gao HY, Huang CH, Mao L, Shao B, Shao J, Yan ZY, Tang M, Zhu BZ. First Direct and Unequivocal Electron Spin Resonance Spin-Trapping Evidence for pH-Dependent Production of Hydroxyl Radicals from Sulfate Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14046-14056. [PMID: 33064470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the sulfate radical (SO4•-) has been found to exhibit broad application prospects in various research fields such as chemical, biomedical, and environmental sciences. It has been suggested that SO4•- could be transformed into a more reactive hydroxyl radical (•OH); however, no direct and unequivocal experimental evidence has been reported yet. In this study, using an electron spin resonance (ESR) secondary radical spin-trapping method coupled with the classic spin-trapping agent 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) and the typical •OH-scavenging agent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), we found that •OH can be produced from three SO4•--generating systems from weakly acidic (pH = 5.5) to alkaline conditions (optimal at pH = 13.0), while SO4•- is the predominant radical species at pH < 5.5. A comparative study with three typical •OH-generating systems strongly supports the above conclusion. This is the first direct and unequivocal ESR spin-trapping evidence for •OH formation from SO4•- over a wide pH range, which is of great significance to understand and study the mechanism of many SO4•--related reactions and processes. This study also provides an effective and direct method for unequivocally distinguishing •OH from SO4•-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ying Gao
- Science and Technology College, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071051, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Hua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Li Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bo Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jie Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhu-Ying Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Miao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ben-Zhan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Joint Institute of Environmental Sciences of Hong Kong Baptist University and the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
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Freeling F, Behringer D, Heydel F, Scheurer M, Ternes TA, Nödler K. Trifluoroacetate in Precipitation: Deriving a Benchmark Data Set. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11210-11219. [PMID: 32806887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Although precipitation is considered to be the most important diffuse source of trifluoroacetate (TFA) to the nonmarine environment, information regarding the wet deposition of TFA as well as general data on the spatial and temporal variations in TFA concentration in precipitation is scarce. This is the first study to provide a comprehensive overview of the occurrence of TFA in precipitation by a systematic and nation-wide field monitoring campaign. In total, 1187 precipitation samples, which were collected over the course of 12 consecutive months at eight locations across Germany, were analyzed. The median, the estimated average, and the precipitation-weighted average TFA concentration of all analyzed wet deposition samples were 0.210, 0.703, and 0.335 μg/L, respectively. For Germany, an annual wet deposition flux of 190 μg/m2 or approximately 68 t was calculated for the sampling period from February 2018 to January 2019. The campaign revealed a pronounced seasonality of the TFA concentration and wet deposition flux of collected samples. Correlation analysis suggested an enhanced transformation of TFA precursors in the troposphere in the summertime due to higher concentrations of photochemically generated oxidants such as hydroxyl radicals, ultimately leading to an enhanced atmospheric deposition of TFA during summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finnian Freeling
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Strasse 84, 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - David Behringer
- Öko-Recherche Büro für Umweltforschung und-beratung GmbH, Münchener Strasse 23a, 60329 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Felix Heydel
- Öko-Recherche Büro für Umweltforschung und-beratung GmbH, Münchener Strasse 23a, 60329 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Marco Scheurer
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Strasse 84, 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Karsten Nödler
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Strasse 84, 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Jia C, Tong S, Zhang W, Zhang X, Li W, Wang Z, Wang L, Liu Z, Hu B, Zhao P, Ge M. Pollution characteristics and potential sources of nitrous acid (HONO) in early autumn 2018 of Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 735:139317. [PMID: 32473443 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous Acid (HONO) is an important precursor of hydroxyl radical (OH) and has significant impacts on the formation of Ozone (O3) and Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA). The atmospheric concentrations of HONO were measured during early autumn in downtown, Beijing (China). This study investigated HONO pollution characteristics and potential sources during day and night. The maximum hourly HONO levels reached 5.16 ppb, with 1.23 ppb on average. HONO concentration exhibited typical diurnal variation characteristics, with maximum at nighttime and minimum at daytime. The potential sources mainly included vehicle emission, heterogeneous reaction of NO2 on aerosol surfaces (Photo-enhanced at the daytime) and photolysis of particulate nitrate (NO3-) in Beijing. Vehicle emission was an important HONO source, particular at the morning rush period and lower HONO concentration. The simulated results highlighted that the main contribution of HONO was NO2 heterogeneous reaction on aerosol surfaces. The photolysis of particulate NO3- was also an important daytime HONO source, particularly in the pollution period. The main loss routine was the photolysis of HONO and dry deposition at day and night, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Weiran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Pusheng Zhao
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100089, PR China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
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45
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Wang G, Jia S, Li R, Ma S, Chen X, Wu Z, Shi G, Niu X. Seasonal variation characteristics of hydroxyl radical pollution and its potential formation mechanism during the daytime in Lanzhou. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:58-64. [PMID: 32653193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl free radicals (OH radicals) play the main role in atmospheric chemistry and their involving reactions are the dominant rate determining step in the formation of secondary fine particulate matter and in the removal of air pollutants from the atmosphere. In this paper, we studied the seasonal variation characteristics of OH radicals during the daytime in Lanzhou and explored the potential formation mechanism of high concentration OH radicals. We found that the OH radicals in four seasons was 2.7 × 106, 2.6 × 106, 3.1 × 106, and 2.2 × 106 cm-3, respectively. Since the rainfall was concentrated in summer, the wet deposition had a significant effect on removing OH radicals. Among the four pollutants (including ozone (O3), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5)), the variation of OH radicals were closely related to ozone concentration especially in spring and summer. In autumn, the correlation between PM2.5 and OH radicals were the closest among the observing pollutants and its formation mechanism was different conventional regeneration pathway. In Event 1, high concentration of ozone was the main source of OH radicals; under the high humidity condition, except for ozone, the multiple factors including VOCs, NO2 and PM2.5 interplayed and leaded to the Event 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Wang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Shiming Jia
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Ruihong Li
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Shangrong Ma
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xuefu Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (Peking University), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Gaofeng Shi
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xiuli Niu
- Gansu Food Inspection and Research Institute, Lanzhou 730030, China
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46
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Atmospheric Pollutant Dispersion over Complex Terrain: Challenges and Needs for Improving Air Quality Measurements and Modeling. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11060646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pollutant dispersion processes over complex terrain are much more complicated than over flat areas, as they are affected by atmospheric interactions with the orography at different spatial scales. This paper reviews recent findings and progress in this field, focusing on both experimental and modeling perspectives. It highlights open questions and challenges to our capability for better understanding and representing atmospheric processes controlling the fate of pollutants over mountainous areas. In particular, attention is focused on new measurement techniques for the retrieval of spatially distributed turbulence information and air quality parameters, and on challenges for meteorological and dispersion models to reproduce fine-scale processes influenced by the orography. Finally, specific needs in this field are discussed, along with possible directions for future research efforts.
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Li X, Zhao B, Zhou W, Shi H, Yin R, Cai R, Yang D, Dällenbach K, Deng C, Fu Y, Qiao X, Wang L, Liu Y, Yan C, Kulmala M, Zheng J, Hao J, Wang S, Jiang J. Responses of gaseous sulfuric acid and particulate sulfate to reduced SO 2 concentration: A perspective from long-term measurements in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137700. [PMID: 32197281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
SO2 concentration decreased rapidly in recent years in China due to the implementation of strict control policies by the government. Particulate sulfate (pSO42-) and gaseous H2SO4 (SA) are two major products of SO2 and they play important roles in the haze formation and new particle formation (NPF), respectively. We examined the change in pSO42- and SA concentrations in response to reduced SO2 concentration using long-term measurement data in Beijing. Simulations from the Community Multiscale Air Quality model with a 2-D Volatility Basis Set (CMAQ/2D-VBS) were used for comparison. From 2013 to 2018, SO2 concentration in Beijing decreased by ~81% (from 9.1 ppb to 1.7 ppb). pSO42- concentration in submicrometer particles decreased by ~60% from 2012-2013 (monthly average of ~10 μg·m-3) to 2018-2019 (monthly average of ~4 μg·m-3). Accordingly, the fraction of pSO42- in these particles decreased from 20-30% to <10%. Increased sulfur oxidation ratio was observed both in the measurements and the CMAQ/2D-VBS simulations. Despite the reduction in SO2 concentration, there was no obvious decrease in SA concentration based on data from several measuring periods from 2008 to 2019. This was supported by the increased SA:SO2 ratio with reduced SO2 concentration and condensation sink. NPF frequency in Beijing between 2004 and 2019 remains relatively constant. This constant NPF frequency is consistent with the relatively stable SA concentration in Beijing, while different from some other cities where NPF frequency was reported to decrease with decreased SO2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongrong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rujing Yin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Runlong Cai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dongsen Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Kaspar Dällenbach
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chenjuan Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yueyun Fu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
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48
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Feng X, Li Q, Tao Y, Ding S, Chen Y, Li XD. Impact of Coal Replacing Project on atmospheric fine aerosol nitrate loading and formation pathways in urban Tianjin: Insights from chemical composition and 15N and 18O isotope ratios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:134797. [PMID: 31784160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The 'Coal Replacing Project' (CRP), replacing coal with cleaner energy like natural gas and electricity, was implemented in North China to curb PM2.5 pollution; therefore, it is important to explore the sources and transformation mechanisms of PM2.5 nitrate under this strategy for examining its effectiveness. In this study, daytime and nighttime PM2.5 samples of one summer (Jul-2016, C1) and two winters (Jan-2017, C2 and Jan-2018, C3, before and during the CRP, respectively) were collected in urban Tianjin. Concentrations of PM2.5 and water-soluble inorganic ions were analyzed, and δ15N and δ18O were used to calculate the contributions of different NOX sources to nitrate based on a Bayesian mixing model. The results showed that the average concentrations of PM2.5 and its dominant inorganic ions (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+) in C3 during the CRP, compared to C2, decreased by 62.13%, 79.69%, 55.14% and 38.84%, respectively, attesting the improvement of air quality during the CRP. According to the correlation between [NO3-/SO42-] and [NH4+/SO42-] as well as δ18O variations, the homogeneous formation pathway might be dominant in C1, while the heterogeneous pathway would be primary in C2 and C3 during the formation of nitrate. Moreover, the heterogeneous pathway contributed more in C3 than in C2. The dominant sources in C1 were biogenic soil emission (37.0% ± 9.9%) and mobile emission (25.7% ± 19.1%), while coal combustion (42.4% ± 13.8% in C2 and 34.9% ± 14.4% in C3) and biomass burning (31.0% ± 21.2% and 34.7% ± 22.7%) were the main sources in C2 and C3. In the winter, the contribution of coal combustion dropped by about 8% during the CRP (C3) in comparison with that in C2, suggesting the implementation of CRP played an important role in reducing NOX from coal combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Feng
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Qinkai Li
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Yuele Tao
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Shiyuan Ding
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
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49
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Han W, Sun H, Zhang S, Zhao Q, Zhang X, Ma Y, Chen J, Li H. Hydroxyl radical oxidation of cyclic methylsiloxanes D4 ∼ D6 in aqueous phase. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125200. [PMID: 31683163 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic methylsiloxanes (CMS) were listed as candidates of substances of very high concerns in 2018 by the REACH. These compounds can enter environmental waters, and potentially cause harmful effects to aquatic organisms and human beings. Until now, reaction mechanisms of these pollutants with hydroxyl radicals (HO) in aqueous phase were unknown. In this study, reaction mechanisms of three typical CMS (D4 ∼ D6) with HO in aqueous phase were investigated by employing both UV/H2O2 experiments and density functional theoretical calculations. Bimolecular reaction rate constants (kHO·) of D4 ∼ D6 with HO were determined as kHO·(D4) = 8kHO·(D5) = 12kHO·(D6) = 6.6 × 108 L mol-1 s-1. Half-lives of HO oxiding D4 ∼ D6 ranged from 12 to 140 days at [HO] = 10-15 mol L-1 in sunlit surface water, and were comparable to (D4, D5) or much shorter (D6) than hydrolytic half-lives. The reactivity to HO decreased with the increasing size of siloxane ring in aqueous phase, in an order totally opposite to that in gaseous phase. Calculation results indicated that HO oxidation of the three CMS proceeded spontaneously through an exothermic H-abstraction process at the first step. Water molecules participated into H-abstraction of CMS and caused energy barrier of D5 higher than that of D4. Thus, H-bonds formed by water molecules were responsible for the reverse reactivity of CMS in aqueous phase. This work provided basic evidences suggesting environmental persistence of CMS in aqueous phase completely different from that in gaseous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuqin Ma
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Haibo Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
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50
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Abstract
The atmosphere is composed of nitrogen, oxygen and argon, a variety of trace gases, and particles or aerosols from a variety of sources. Reactive, trace gases have short mean residence time in the atmosphere and large spatial and temporal variations in concentration. Many trace gases are removed by reaction with hydroxyl radical and deposition in rainfall or dryfall at the Earth's surface. The upper atmosphere, the stratosphere, contains ozone that screens ultraviolet light from the Earth's surface. Chlorofluorocarbons released by humans lead to the loss of stratospheric ozone, which might eventually render the Earth's land surface uninhabitable. Changes in the composition of the atmosphere, especially rising concentrations of CO2, CH4, and N2O, will lead to climatic changes over much of the Earth's surface.
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