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Ma Z, Luo Y, Dong J, Liu Y, Zhang D, Li W, Li C, Wei Y, Jiang Q, Li X, Yin H, Dravid VP, Zhang Q, Chen S, Yan Q, Yang J, Kanatzidis MG. Synergistic Performance of Thermoelectric and Mechanical in Nanotwinned High-Entropy Semiconductors AgMnGePbSbTe 5. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2407982. [PMID: 39246135 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202407982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Introducing nanotwins in thermoelectric materials represents a promising approach to achieving such a synergistic combination of thermoelectric properties and mechanical properties. By increasing configurational entropy, a sharply reduced stacking fault energy in a new nanotwinned high-entropy semiconductor AgMnGePbSbTe5 is reached. Dense coherent nanotwin boundaries in this system provide an efficient phonon scattering barrier, leading to a high figure of merit ZT of ≈2.46 at 750 K and a high average ZT of ≈1.54 (300-823 K) with the presence of Ag2Te nanoprecipitate in the sample. More importantly, owing to the dislocation pinning caused by coherent nanotwin boundaries and the chemical short-range disorder caused by the high configurational entropy effect, AgMnGePbSbTe5 also exhibits robust mechanical properties, with flexural strength of 82 MPa and Vickers hardness of 210 HV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yubo Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yukun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Dan Zhang
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Wang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Chengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yingchao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Qinghui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Huabing Yin
- Institute for Computational Materials Science, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Shaoping Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Qingyu Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Junyou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Gammer C, Issa I, Minor AM, Ritchie RO, Kiener D. Strain Field Around Individual Dislocations Controls Failure. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400654. [PMID: 39240006 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Understanding material failure on a fundamental level is a key aspect in the design of robust structural materials, especially for metals and alloys capable to undergo plastic deformation. In the last decade, significant progress is made in quantifying the stresses associated with failure in both experiments and simulations. Nonetheless, the processes occurring on the most essential level of individual dislocations that govern semi-brittle and ductile fracture are still experimentally not accessible, limiting the failure prediction capabilities. Therefore, in the present work, a one-of-a-kind nanoscale fracture experiment is conducted on a single crystalline Cr bending beam in situ in the transmission electron microscope and for the first time quantify the transient strains around individual dislocations, as well as of the whole dislocation network during crack opening. The results reveal the importance of both pre-existing and newly emitted dislocations for crack-tip shielding via their intrinsic strain field and provide guidelines to design more damage tolerant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gammer
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstrasse 12, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
| | - Inas Issa
- Department Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Jahnstrasse 12, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
| | - Andrew M Minor
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Daniel Kiener
- Department Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Jahnstrasse 12, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
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Prihar A, Gupta S, Esmaeeli HS, Moini R. Tough double-bouligand architected concrete enabled by robotic additive manufacturing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7498. [PMID: 39209811 PMCID: PMC11362293 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Nature has developed numerous design motifs by arranging modest materials into complex architectures. The damage-tolerant, double-bouligand architecture found in the coelacanth fish scale is comprised of collagen fibrils helically arranged in a bilayer manner. Here, we exploit the toughening mechanisms of double-bouligand designs by engineering architected concrete using a large-scale two-component robotic additive manufacturing process. The process enables intricate fabrication of the architected concrete components at large-scale. The double-bouligand designs are benchmarked against bouligand and conventional rectilinear counterparts and monolithic casts. In contrast to cast concrete, double-bouligand design demonstrates a non-brittle response and a rising R-curve, due to a hypothesized bilayer crack shielding mechanism. In addition, interlocking behind and crack deflection ahead of the crack tip in bilayer double-bouligand architected concrete elicits a 63% increase in fracture toughness compared to cast counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Prihar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Shashank Gupta
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Hadi S Esmaeeli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Reza Moini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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Pignon F, Guilbert E, Mandin S, Hengl N, Karrouch M, Jean B, Putaux JL, Gibaud T, Manneville S, Narayanan T. Orthotropic organization of a cellulose nanocrystal suspension realized via the combined action of frontal ultrafiltration and ultrasound as revealed by in situ SAXS. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 659:914-925. [PMID: 38219310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Rodlike cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) exhibit significant potential as building blocks for creating uniform, sustainable materials. However, a critical hurdle lies in the need to enhance existing or devise novel processing that provides improved control over the alignment and arrangement of CNCs across a wide spatial range. Specifically, the challenge is to achieve orthotropic organization in a single-step processing, which entails creating non-uniform CNC orientations to generate spatial variations in anisotropy. EXPERIMENTS A novel processing method combining frontal ultrafiltration (FU) and ultrasound (US) has been developed. A dedicated channel-cell was designed to simultaneously generate (1) a vertical acoustic force thanks to a vibrating blade at the top and (2) a transmembrane pressure force at the bottom. Time-resolved in situ small-angle X-ray scattering permitted to probe the dynamical structural organization/orientation of CNCs during the processing. FINDINGS For the first time, a typical three-layer orthotropic structure that resembles the articular cartilage organization was achieved in one step during the FU/US process: a first layer composed of CNCs having their director aligned parallel to the horizontal membrane surface, a second intermediate isotropic layer, and a third layer of CNCs with their director vertically oriented along the direction of US wave propagation direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Pignon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Emilie Guilbert
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Samuel Mandin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Hengl
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Mohamed Karrouch
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Jean
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Putaux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Gibaud
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Sebastien Manneville
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, F-69342 Lyon, France; Institut Universitaire de France, France
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Gavryushkin PN, Rečnik A, Donskikh KG, Banaev MV, Sagatov NE, Rashchenko S, Volkov S, Aksenov S, Mikhailenko D, Korsakov A, Daneu N, Litasov KD. The intrinsic twinning and enigmatic twisting of aragonite crystals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2311738121. [PMID: 38300859 PMCID: PMC10861921 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311738121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that aragonite crystals of biogenic origin are characterized by significantly higher twin densities compared to samples formed during geological processes. Based on our single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study of aragonite crystals from various localities, we show that in geological aragonites, the twin densities are comparable to those of the samples from crossed lamellar zones of molluscs shells. The high twin density is consistent with performed calculations, according to which the Gibbs free energy of twin-free aragonite is close to that of periodically twinned aragonite structure. In some cases, high twin densities result in the appearance of diffuse scattering in SCXRD patterns. The obtained TEM and optical micrographs show that besides the twin boundaries (TBs) of growth origin, there are also TBs and especially stacking faults that were likely formed as the result of local strain compensation. SCXRD patterns of the samples from Tazouta, in addition to diffuse scattering lines, show Debye arcs in the [Formula: see text] plane. These Debye arcs are present only on one side of the Bragg reflections and have an azimuthal extent of nearly 30°, making the whole symmetry of the diffraction pattern distinctly chiral, which has not yet been reported for aragonite. By analogy with biogenic calcite crystals, we associate these arcs with the presence of misoriented subgrains formed as a result of crystal twisting during growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel N. Gavryushkin
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk630090, Russia
| | - Aleksander Rečnik
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana1000, Slovenia
| | - Katerina G. Donskikh
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk630090, Russia
| | - Maksim V. Banaev
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk630090, Russia
| | - Nursultan E. Sagatov
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk630090, Russia
| | - Sergey Rashchenko
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk630090, Russia
| | - Sergey Volkov
- Laboratory of Arctic Mineralogy and Material Sciences, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity184209, Russia
| | - Sergey Aksenov
- Laboratory of Arctic Mineralogy and Material Sciences, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity184209, Russia
| | - Denis Mikhailenko
- Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg620002, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Korsakov
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk630090, Russia
| | - Nina Daneu
- Advanced Materials Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana1000, Slovenia
| | - Konstantin D. Litasov
- Vereshchagin Institute for High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow108840, Russia
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6
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Meng YF, Yu CX, Zhou LC, Shang LM, Yang B, Wang QY, Meng XS, Mao LB, Yu SH. Nanograded artificial nacre with efficient energy dissipation. Innovation (N Y) 2023; 4:100505. [PMID: 37744177 PMCID: PMC10514212 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The renowned mechanical performance of biological ceramics can be attributed to their hierarchical structures, wherein structural features at the nanoscale play a crucial role. However, nanoscale features, such as nanogradients, have rarely been incorporated in biomimetic ceramics because of the challenges in simultaneously controlling the material structure at multiple length scales. Here, we report the fabrication of artificial nacre with graphene oxide nanogradients in its aragonite platelets through a matrix-directed mineralization method. The gradients are formed via the spontaneous accumulation of graphene oxide nanosheets on the surface of the platelets during the mineralization process, which then induces a lateral residual stress field in the platelets. Nanoindentation tests and mercury intrusion porosimetry demonstrate that the material's energy dissipation is enhanced both intrinsically and extrinsically through the compressive stress near the platelet surface. The energy dissipation density reaches 0.159 ± 0.007 nJ/μm3, and the toughness amplification is superior to that of the most advanced ceramics. Numerical simulations also agree with the finding that the stress field notably contributes to the overall energy dissipation. This work demonstrates that the energy dissipation of biomimetic ceramics can be further increased by integrating design principles spanning multiple scales. This strategy can be readily extended to the combinations of other structural models for the design and fabrication of structural ceramics with customized and optimized performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Meng
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Cheng-Xin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Li-Chuan Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Li-Mei Shang
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qing-Yue Wang
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiang-Sen Meng
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Li-Bo Mao
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Institute of Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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7
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Prasad A, Varshney V, Nepal D, Frank GJ. Bioinspired Design Rules from Highly Mineralized Natural Composites for Two-Dimensional Composite Design. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:500. [PMID: 37887631 PMCID: PMC10604232 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Discoveries of two-dimensional (2D) materials, exemplified by the recent entry of MXene, have ushered in a new era of multifunctional materials for applications from electronics to biomedical sensors due to their superior combination of mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties. MXene, for example, can be designed for specialized applications using a plethora of element combinations and surface termination layers, making them attractive for highly optimized multifunctional composites. Although multiple critical engineering applications demand that such composites balance specialized functions with mechanical demands, the current knowledge of the mechanical performance and optimized traits necessary for such composite design is severely limited. In response to this pressing need, this paper critically reviews structure-function connections for highly mineralized 2D natural composites, such as nacre and exoskeletal of windowpane oysters, to extract fundamental bioinspired design principles that provide pathways for multifunctional 2D-based engineered systems. This paper highlights key bioinspired design features, including controlling flake geometry, enhancing interface interlocks, and utilizing polymer interphases, to address the limitations of the current design. Challenges in processing, such as flake size control and incorporating interlocking mechanisms of tablet stitching and nanotube forest, are discussed along with alternative potential solutions, such as roughened interfaces and surface waviness. Finally, this paper discusses future perspectives and opportunities, including bridging the gap between theory and practice with multiscale modeling and machine learning design approaches. Overall, this review underscores the potential of bioinspired design for engineered 2D composites while acknowledging the complexities involved and providing valuable insights for researchers and engineers in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Vikas Varshney
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (V.V.); (D.N.); (G.J.F.)
| | - Dhriti Nepal
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (V.V.); (D.N.); (G.J.F.)
| | - Geoffrey J. Frank
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (V.V.); (D.N.); (G.J.F.)
- University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
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8
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Shi C, Liang X, Xiong W, Liu J. Comparative Analysis of Out-of-Plane Deformation Mechanisms of Vertex-Based Hierarchical Structures for Crashworthiness. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103749. [PMID: 37241375 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study examines a hierarchical vertex-based structure that improves the crashworthiness of the conventional multi-cell square, a biological hierarchy of natural origin with exceptional mechanical properties. The vertex-based hierarchical square structure (VHS) is explored for its geometric properties, including infinite repetition and self-similarity. The cut-and-patch method is used to derive an equation for the material thicknesses of different orders of the VHS based on the principle of the same weight. A thorough parametric study of VHS was conducted using LS-DYNA, which examined the effects of material thickness, orders, and various structural ratios. The results were evaluated based on common crashworthiness criteria and demonstrated that the total energy absorption (TEA), specific energy absorption (SEA), and mean crushing force (Pm) of VHS exhibited similar monotonicity concerning the orders. SEA of the first-order VHS with λ1=0.3 and the second-order VHS with λ1=0.3 and λ2=0.1 are improved by at most 59.9% and 102.4% respectively; the second-order VHS with 0.2≤λ1≤0.4 and 0.1≤λ2≤0.15 have the better overall performance of crashworthiness. Then, the half-wavelength equation of VHS and Pm of each fold was established based on the Super-Folding Element method. Meanwhile, a comparative analysis with the simulation results reveals three different out-of-plane deformation mechanisms of VHS. The study indicated that material thickness had a greater impact on crashworthiness. Finally, the comparison with conventional honeycombs demonstrated that VHS holds great promise as a structure for crashworthiness. These results provide a solid foundation for further research and development of new bionic energy-absorbing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of Heavy-Duty and Express High-Power Electric Locomotive, Zhuzhou 412001, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Safety Technology for Rail Vehicle, Changsha 410075, China
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410017, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Key Technology for Rail Traffic Safety, Changsha 410017, China
- Key Laboratory of Railway Industry of Aerodynamics, Changsha 410017, China
| | - Xifeng Liang
- The State Key Laboratory of Heavy-Duty and Express High-Power Electric Locomotive, Zhuzhou 412001, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Safety Technology for Rail Vehicle, Changsha 410075, China
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410017, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Key Technology for Rail Traffic Safety, Changsha 410017, China
- Key Laboratory of Railway Industry of Aerodynamics, Changsha 410017, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- The State Key Laboratory of Heavy-Duty and Express High-Power Electric Locomotive, Zhuzhou 412001, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Safety Technology for Rail Vehicle, Changsha 410075, China
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410017, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Key Technology for Rail Traffic Safety, Changsha 410017, China
- Key Laboratory of Railway Industry of Aerodynamics, Changsha 410017, China
| | - Jiefu Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Heavy-Duty and Express High-Power Electric Locomotive, Zhuzhou 412001, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Safety Technology for Rail Vehicle, Changsha 410075, China
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410017, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Key Technology for Rail Traffic Safety, Changsha 410017, China
- Key Laboratory of Railway Industry of Aerodynamics, Changsha 410017, China
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9
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Yamagata K, Maeda M, Tessari Z, Mali KS, Tobe Y, De Feyter S, Tahara K. Solvent Mediated Nanoscale Quasi-Periodic Chirality Reversal in Self-Assembled Molecular Networks Featuring Mirror Twin Boundaries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207209. [PMID: 36683210 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Grain boundaries in polycrystals have a prominent impact on the properties of a material, therefore stimulating the research on grain boundary engineering. Structure determination of grain boundaries of molecule-based polycrystals with submolecular resolution remains elusive. Reducing the complexity to monolayers has the potential to simplify grain boundary engineering and may offer real-space imaging with submolecular resolution using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Herein, the authors report the observation of quasi-periodic nanoscale chirality switching in self-assembled molecular networks, in combination with twinning, as revealed by STM at the liquid/solid interface. The width of the chiral domain structure peaks at 12-19 nm. Adjacent domains having opposite chirality are connected continuously through interdigitated alkoxy chains forming a 1D defect-free domain border, reflecting a mirror twin boundary. Solvent co-adsorption and the inherent conformational adaptability of the alkoxy chains turn out to be crucial factors in shaping grain boundaries. Moreover, the epitaxial interaction with the substrate plays a role in the nanoscale chirality reversal as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Yamagata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Matsuhiro Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Zeno Tessari
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, 30030, Taiwan
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
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10
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Patterns of crystal organization and calcite twin formation in planktonic, rotaliid, foraminifera shells and spines. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:107898. [PMID: 36379353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2022.107898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The foraminiferal order Rotaliida represents one third of the extant genera of foraminifers. The shells of these organisms are extensively used to decipher characteristics of marine ecosystems and global climate events. It was shown that shell calcite of benthic Rotaliida is twinned. We extend our previous work on microstructure and texture characterization of benthic Rotaliida and investigate shell calcite organization for planktonic rotaliid species. Based on results gained from electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) imaging of chemically etched/fixed shell surfaces we show for the planktonic species Globigerinoides sacculifer, Pulleniatina obliquiloculata, Orbulina universa (belonging to the two main planktonic, the globigerinid and globorotaliid, clades): very extensive 60°-{001}-twinning of the calcite and describe a new and specific microstructure for the twinned crystals. We address twin and crystal morphology development from nucleation within a biopolymer template (POS) to outermost shell surfaces. We demonstrate that the calcite of the investigated planktonic Rotaliida forms through competitive growth. We complement the structural knowledge gained on the clade 1 and clade 2 species with EBSD results of Globigerinita glutinata and Candeina nitida shells (clade 3 planktonic species). The latter are significantly less twinned and have a different shell calcite microstructure. We demonstrate that the calcite of all rotaliid species is twinned, however, to different degrees. We discuss for the species of the three planktonic clades characteristics of the twinned calcite and of other systematic misorientations. We address the strong functionalization of foraminiferal calcite and indicate how the twinning affects biocalcite material properties.
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11
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Leung JYS, Zhang S, Connell SD. Is Ocean Acidification Really a Threat to Marine Calcifiers? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 980+ Studies Spanning Two Decades. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107407. [PMID: 35934837 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is considered detrimental to marine calcifiers, but mounting contradictory evidence suggests a need to revisit this concept. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to critically re-evaluate the prevailing paradigm of negative effects of ocean acidification on calcifiers. Based on 5153 observations from 985 studies, many calcifiers (e.g., echinoderms, crustaceans, and cephalopods) are found to be tolerant to near-future ocean acidification (pH ≈ 7.8 by the year 2100), but coccolithophores, calcifying algae, and corals appear to be sensitive. Calcifiers are generally more sensitive at the larval stage than adult stage. Over 70% of the observations in growth and calcification are non-negative, implying the acclimation capacity of many calcifiers to ocean acidification. This capacity can be mediated by phenotypic plasticity (e.g., physiological, mineralogical, structural, and molecular adjustments), transgenerational plasticity, increased food availability, or species interactions. The results suggest that the impacts of ocean acidification on calcifiers are less deleterious than initially thought as their adaptability has been underestimated. Therefore, in the forthcoming era of ocean acidification research, it is advocated that studying how marine organisms persist is as important as studying how they perish, and that future hypotheses and experimental designs are not constrained within the paradigm of negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y S Leung
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Sam Zhang
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Sean D Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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12
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Gammer C, An D. Conditions near a crack tip: Advanced experiments for dislocation analysis and local strain measurement. MRS BULLETIN 2022; 47:808-815. [PMID: 36275427 PMCID: PMC9576666 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-022-00377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The local stress state and microstructure near the crack-tip singularity control the fracture process. In ductile materials multiple toughening mechanisms are at play that dynamically influence stress and microstructure at the crack tip. In metals, crack-tip shielding is typically associated with the emission of dislocations. Therefore, to understand crack propagation on the most fundamental level, in situ techniques are required that are capable to combine imaging and stress mapping at high resolution. Recent experimental advances in x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy enable quantifying deformation stress fields from the bulk level down to the individual dislocation. Furthermore, through modern detector technology the temporal resolution has sufficiently improved to enable stress mapping during in situ experiments. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gammer
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Leoben, Austria
| | - Dayong An
- Department of Plasticity Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Kiener D, Han SM. 100 years after Griffith: From brittle bulk fracture to failure in 2D materials. MRS BULLETIN 2022; 47:792-799. [PMID: 36275428 PMCID: PMC9576672 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-022-00379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Brittle fracture and ductile failure are critical events for any structural or functional component, as it marks the end of lifetime and potential hazard to human life. As such, materials scientists continuously strive to better understand and subsequently avoid these events in modern materials. A century after the seminal initial contribution by Griffith, fracture mechanics has come a long way and is still experiencing vivid progress. Building on classical fracture testing standards, advanced in situ fracture experiments allow local quantitative probing of fracture processes on different length scales, while microscopic analysis grants access to chemical and structural information along fracture paths in previously unseen detail. This article will provide an overview of how these modern developments enhance our understanding of local fracture processes and highlight future trends toward designing strong yet ductile and damage-tolerant materials. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kiener
- Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, Austria
| | - Seung Min Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon, Republic of Korea
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14
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High stress twinning in a compositionally complex steel of very high stacking fault energy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3598. [PMID: 35739123 PMCID: PMC9226120 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformation twinning is rarely found in bulk face-centered cubic (FCC) alloys with very high stacking fault energy (SFE) under standard loading conditions. Here, based on results from bulk quasi-static tensile experiments, we report deformation twinning in a micrometer grain-sized compositionally complex steel (CCS) with a very high SFE of ~79 mJ/m2, far above the SFE regime for twinning (<~50 mJ/m2) reported for FCC steels. The dual-nanoprecipitation, enabled by the compositional degrees of freedom, contributes to an ultrahigh true tensile stress up to 1.9 GPa in our CCS. The strengthening effect enhances the flow stress to reach the high critical value for the onset of mechanical twinning. The formation of nanotwins in turn enables further strain hardening and toughening mechanisms that enhance the mechanical performance. The high stress twinning effect introduces a so far untapped strengthening and toughening mechanism, for enabling the design of high SFEs alloys with improved mechanical properties. Mechanical twinning is difficult to trigger in face centered cubic alloys with high stacking fault energies (SFEs) under standard tensile loading. Here, the authors report high stress twinning in a bulk compositionally complex steel of very high SFE, enhancing the material’s mechanical performance.
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15
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Li B, Ying P, Gao Y, Hu W, Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Yu D, He J, Chen J, Xu B, Tian Y. Heterogeneous Diamond-cBN Composites with Superb Toughness and Hardness. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4979-4984. [PMID: 35639704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The traditional hardness-toughness tradeoff poses a substantial challenge for the development of superhard materials. Due to strong covalent bonds and intrinsic brittleness, the full advantage of microstructure engineering for enhanced mechanical properties requires further exploration in superhard materials. Here heterogeneous diamond-cBN composites were synthesized from a carefully prepared precursor (hBN microflakes uniformly wrapped by onion carbon nanoparticles) through phase transitions under high pressure and high temperature. The synthesized composites inherit the architecture of the precursors: cBN regions with an anisotropic profile that spans several micrometers laterally and several hundred nanometers in thickness are embedded in a nanograined diamond matrix with high-density nanotwins. A significantly high fracture toughness of 16.9 ± 0.8 MPa m1/2 is achieved, far beyond those of single-crystal diamond and cBN, without sacrificing hardness. A detailed TEM analysis revealed multiple toughening mechanisms closely related to the microstructure. This work sheds light on microstructure engineering in superhard materials for excellent mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhong Li
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Ying
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Gao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Hu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhisheng Zhao
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongli Yu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Julong He
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyun Chen
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xu
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Tian
- Center for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
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16
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Orientation-dependent micromechanical behavior of nacre: In situ TEM experiments and finite element simulations. Acta Biomater 2022; 147:120-128. [PMID: 35609803 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nacre's superior mechanical properties and failure behavior are strongly orientation-dependent due to its brick-and-mortar microstructure. In this work, the anisotropic microscopic deformation and the resulting macroscopic mechanical properties are evaluated under different loading conditions. Our in situ transmission electron microscopy deformation experiments and finite element simulations reveal that nacre possesses enhanced indentation resistance along the direction normal to the tablets through delocalization of indentation-induced deformation by taking advantage of its layered structure. In addition, nacre's ability to recover from large deformations is observed. We study the strong loading direction dependence of nacre's macroscopic mechanical properties and elucidate the underlying microscopic deformation patterns in the tablets and the soft matrix. Particularly, its performance along the transverse direction is optimized to withstand the loading conditions in nature. We show the importance of the vertical matrix for the initial stiffness and fracture toughness of the composite. These findings provide guidelines for designing nacre-inspired artificial composites with enhanced mechanical properties. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Nacre is widely recognized as an excellent structural model for designing bio-inspired tough and strong artificial composites. Due to its brick-and-mortar microstructure, it exhibits loading direction-dependent mechanical behavior. In this contribution, we investigate the macroscopic mechanical properties and microscopic deformation behavior of nacre under different loading conditions by means of in situ TEM deformation tests and FE simulations. It is found that effective elastic moduli and microscopic deformation strongly depend on the loading direction. The organic matrix is highly deformable. The indentation resistance along the direction normal to tablets is enhanced via deformation delocalization. Our quantitative and qualitative results provide guidelines on optimizing the mechanical properties of nacre-inspired novel composites.
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17
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Zhu Q, Huang Q, Tian Y, Zhao S, Chen Y, Cao G, Song K, Zhou Y, Yang W, Zhang Z, An X, Zhou H, Wang J. Hierarchical twinning governed by defective twin boundary in metallic materials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn8299. [PMID: 35594352 PMCID: PMC9122314 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn8299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dense networks of deformation twins endow metals and alloys with unprecedented mechanical properties. However, the formation mechanism of these hierarchical twin structures remains under debate, especially their relations with the imperfect nature of twin boundaries (TBs). Here, we investigate the intrinsic deformability of defective TBs in face-centered cubic metallic materials, where the inherent kinks on a set of primary TBs are demonstrated to facilitate the formation of secondary and hierarchical nanotwins. This defect-driven hierarchical twinning propensity is critically dependent on the kink height, which proves to be generally applicable in a variety of metals and alloys with low stacking fault energies. As a geometric extreme, a fivefold twin can be constructed via this self-activated hierarchical twinning mechanism. These findings differ from the conventional twinning mechanisms, enriching our understanding of twinning-mediated plasticity in metallic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhu
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Qishan Huang
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yanzhong Tian
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Shuchun Zhao
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yingbin Chen
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Guang Cao
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Kexing Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xianghai An
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Haofei Zhou
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jiangwei Wang
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nano Materials, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, P. R. China
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18
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Jia Z, Deng Z, Li L. Biomineralized Materials as Model Systems for Structural Composites: 3D Architecture. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106259. [PMID: 35085421 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralized materials are sophisticated material systems with hierarchical 3D material architectures, which are broadly used as model systems for fundamental mechanical, materials science, and biomimetic studies. The current knowledge of the structure of biological materials is mainly based on 2D imaging, which often impedes comprehensive and accurate understanding of the materials' intricate 3D microstructure and consequently their mechanics, functions, and bioinspired designs. The development of 3D techniques such as tomography, additive manufacturing, and 4D testing has opened pathways to study biological materials fully in 3D. This review discusses how applying 3D techniques can provide new insights into biomineralized materials that are either well known or possess complex microstructures that are challenging to understand in the 2D framework. The diverse structures of biomineralized materials are characterized based on four universal structural motifs. Nacre is selected as an example to demonstrate how the progression of knowledge from 2D to 3D can bring substantial improvements to understanding the growth mechanism, biomechanics, and bioinspired designs. State-of-the-art multiscale 3D tomographic techniques are discussed with a focus on their integration with 3D geometric quantification, 4D in situ experiments, and multiscale modeling. Outlook is given on the emerging approaches to investigate the synthesis-structure-function-biomimetics relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zian Jia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Zhifei Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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19
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Deng Z, Jia Z, Li L. Biomineralized Materials as Model Systems for Structural Composites: Intracrystalline Structural Features and Their Strengthening and Toughening Mechanisms. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103524. [PMID: 35315243 PMCID: PMC9108615 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralized composites, which are usually composed of microscopic mineral building blocks organized in 3D intercrystalline organic matrices, have evolved unique structural designs to fulfill mechanical and other biological functionalities. While it has been well recognized that the intricate architectural designs of biomineralized composites contribute to their remarkable mechanical performance, the structural features within and corresponding mechanical properties of individual mineral building blocks are often less appreciated in the context of bio-inspired structural composites. The mineral building blocks in biomineralized composites exhibit a variety of salient intracrystalline structural features, such as, organic inclusions, inorganic impurities (or trace elements), crystalline features (e.g., amorphous phases, single crystals, splitting crystals, polycrystals, and nanograins), residual stress/strain, and twinning, which significantly modify the mechanical properties of biogenic minerals. In this review, recent progress in elucidating the intracrystalline structural features of three most common biomineral systems (calcite, aragonite, and hydroxyapatite) and their corresponding mechanical significance are discussed. Future research directions and corresponding challenges are proposed and discussed, such as the advanced structural characterizations and formation mechanisms of intracrystalline structures in biominerals, amorphous biominerals, and bio-inspired synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Deng
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringVirginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State UniversityBlacksburgVA24060USA
| | - Zian Jia
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringVirginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State UniversityBlacksburgVA24060USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringVirginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State UniversityBlacksburgVA24060USA
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20
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San X, Gong M, Wang J, Ma X, dos Reis R, Smeets PJM, Dravid VP, Hu X. Uncovering the crystal defects within aragonite CaCO 3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122218119. [PMID: 35357967 PMCID: PMC9169084 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122218119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of deformation mechanisms in aragonite, one of the three crystalline polymorphs of CaCO3, is essential to understand the overall excellent mechanical performance of nacres. Dislocation slip and deformation twinning were claimed previously as plasticity carriers in aragonite, but crystallographic features of dislocations and twins have been poorly understood. Here, utilizing various transmission electron microscopy techniques, we reveal the atomic structures of twins, partial dislocations, and associated stacking faults. Combining a topological model and density functional theory calculations, we identify complete twin elements, characters of twinning disconnection, and the corresponding twin shear angle (∼8.8°) and rationalize unique partial dislocations as well. Additionally, we reveal an unreported potential energy dissipation mode within aragonite, namely, the formation of nanograins via the pile-up of partial dislocations. Based on the microstructural comparisons of biogenic and abiotic aragonite, we find that the crystallographic features of twins are the same. However, the twin density is much lower in abiotic aragonite due to the vastly different crystallization conditions, which in turn are likely due to the absence of organics, high temperature and pressure differences, the variation in inorganic impurities, or a combination thereof. Our findings enrich the knowledge of intrinsic crystal defects that accommodate plastic deformation in aragonite and provide insights into designing bioengineering materials with better strength and toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyuan San
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Optic-electronic Information and Materials, The College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mingyu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Xiuliang Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Roberto dos Reis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- The Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Paul J. M. Smeets
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- The Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Vinayak P. Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- The Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Xiaobing Hu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- The Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
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21
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Effects of SiC on the microstructures and mechanical properties of B4C–SiC–rGO composites prepared using spark plasma sintering. Ann Ital Chir 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Deformation Mechanisms of FCC-Structured Metallic Nanocrystal with Incoherent Twin Boundary. METALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/met11111672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Incoherent twin boundaries (ITBs) can significantly affect the mechanical properties of twin-structured metals. However, most previous studies have focused on the deformation mechanism of the coherent twin boundary (CTB), and metals with ITB-accommodated plasticity still require further investigation. In this study, deformation mechanisms of FCC-structured nanocrystal metals with ITBs were investigated using molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. We revealed that three deformation mechanisms occur in metals with ITBs. The first type of deformation was observed in Au, where the plasticity is governed by partial dislocation intersections with CTBs or reactions with each other to form Lomer–Cottrell (L–C) locks. In the second type, found in Al, the deformation is governed by reversible ITB migration. The third type of deformation, in Ni and Cu, is governed by partial dislocations emitted from the ITB or the tips of the stacking faults (SFs). The observed L–C lock formation, as well as the reversible ITB migration and partial dislocation emission from the tips of SFs, have rarely been reported before.
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23
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Zeng Y, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Jiang J, Xing H, Li X. Toughening and Crack Healing Mechanisms in Nanotwinned Diamond Composites with Various Polytypes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:066101. [PMID: 34420348 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.066101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging ceramic material, recently synthesized nanotwinned diamond composites with various polytypes embedded in nanoscale twins exhibit unprecedented fracture toughness without sacrificing hardness. However, the toughening and crack healing mechanisms at the atomic scale and the associated crack propagation process of nanotwinned diamond composites remain mysterious. Here, we perform large-scale atomistic simulations of crack propagation in nanotwinned diamond composites to explore the underlying toughening and crack healing mechanisms in nanotwinned diamond composites. Our simulation results show that nanotwinned diamond composites have a higher fracture energy than single-crystalline and nanotwinned diamonds, which originates from multiple toughening mechanisms, including twin boundary and phase boundary impeding crack propagation, crack deflection and zigzag paths in nanotwins and sinuous paths in polytypes, and the formation of disordered atom clusters. More remarkably, our simulations reproduce more detailed crack propagation processes at the atomic scale, which is inaccessible by experiments. Moreover, our simulations reveal that crack healing occurs due to the rebonding of atoms on fracture surfaces during unloading and that the extent of crack healing is associated with whether the crack surfaces are clean. Our current study provides mechanistic insights into a fundamental understanding of toughening and crack healing mechanisms in nanotwinned diamond composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpan Zeng
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaxi Jiang
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hanzheng Xing
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Zhou YH, Liu C, Shen L, Zhang X. Probing of the internal damage morphology in multilayered high-temperature superconducting wires. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3110. [PMID: 34035296 PMCID: PMC8149865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The second generation HTS wires have been used in many superconducting components of electrical engineering after they were fabricated. New challenge what we face to is how the damages occur in such wires with multi-layer structure under both mechanical and extreme environment, which also dominates their quality. In this work, a macroscale technique combined a real-time magneto-optical imaging with a cryogenic uniaxial-tensile loading system was established to investigate the damage behavior accompanied with magnetic flux evolution. Under a low speed of tensile strain, it was found that the local magnetic flux moves gradually to form intermittent multi-stack spindle penetrations, which corresponds to the cracks initiated from substrate and extend along both tape thickness and width directions, where the amorphous phases at the tip of cracks were also observed. The obtained results reveal the mechanism of damage formation and provide a potential orientation for improving mechanical quality of these wires.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-He Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China attached to the Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China.,Department of Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Cong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China attached to the Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China.,Department of Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Lei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China attached to the Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China.,Department of Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Xingyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China attached to the Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China. .,Department of Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China.
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25
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Ingrole A, Aguirre TG, Fuller L, Donahue SW. Bioinspired energy absorbing material designs using additive manufacturing. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 119:104518. [PMID: 33882409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nature provides many biological materials and structures with exceptional energy absorption capabilities. Few, relatively simple molecular building blocks (e.g., calcium carbonate), which have unremarkable intrinsic mechanical properties individually, are used to produce biopolymer-bioceramic composites with unique hierarchical architectures, thus producing biomaterial-architectures with extraordinary mechanical properties. Several biomaterials have inspired the design and manufacture of novel material architectures to address various engineering problems requiring high energy absorption capabilities. For example, the microarchitecture of seashell nacre has inspired multi-material 3D printed architectures that outperform the energy absorption capabilities of monolithic materials. Using the hierarchical architectural features of biological materials, iterative design approaches using simulation and experimentation are advancing the field of bioinspired material design. However, bioinspired architectures are still challenging to manufacture because of the size scale and architectural hierarchical complexity. Notwithstanding, additive manufacturing technologies are advancing rapidly, continually providing researchers improved abilities to fabricate sophisticated bioinspired, hierarchical designs using multiple materials. This review describes the use of additive manufacturing for producing innovative synthetic materials specifically for energy absorption applications inspired by nacre, conch shell, shrimp shell, horns, hooves, and beetle wings. Potential applications include athletic prosthetics, protective head gear, and automobile crush zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Ingrole
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Trevor G Aguirre
- Manufacturing Science Division, Energy Science and Technology Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Luca Fuller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Seth W Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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26
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Yin X, Griesshaber E, Checa A, Nindiyasari-Behal F, Sánchez-Almazo I, Ziegler A, Schmahl WW. Calcite crystal orientation patterns in the bilayers of laminated shells of benthic rotaliid foraminifera. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107707. [PMID: 33581285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Shells of calcifying foraminifera play a major role in marine biogeochemical cycles; fossil shells form important archives for paleoenvironment reconstruction. Despite their importance in many Earth science disciplines, there is still little consensus on foraminiferal shell mineralization. Geochemical, biochemical, and physiological studies showed that foraminiferal shell formation might take place through various and diverse mineralization mechanisms. In this study, we contribute to benthic foraminiferal shell calcification through deciphering crystallite organization within the shells. We base our conclusions on results gained from electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) measurements and describe microstructure/texture characteristics within the laminated shell walls of the benthic, symbiontic foraminifera: Ammonia tepida, Amphistegina lobifera, Amphistegina lessonii. We highlight crystallite assembly patterns obtained on differently oriented cuts and discuss crystallite sizes, morphologies, interlinkages, orientations, and co-orientation strengths. We show that: (i) crystals within benthic foraminiferal shells are mesocrystals, (ii) have dendritic-fractal morphologies and (iii) interdigitate strongly. Based on crystal size, we (iv) differentiate between the two layers that comprise the shells and demonstrate that (v) crystals in the septa have different assemblies relative to those in the shell walls. We highlight that (vi) at junctions of different shell elements the axis of crystal orientation jumps abruptly such that their assembly in EBSD maps has a bimodal distribution. We prove (vii) extensive twin-formation within foraminiferal calcite; we demonstrate (viii) the presence of two twin modes: 60°/[001] and 77°/~[6 -6 1] and visualize their distributions within the shells. In a broader perspective, we draw conclusions on processes that lead to the observed microstructure/texture patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yin
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - E Griesshaber
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - A Checa
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, and Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, Armilla, Spain
| | | | - I Sánchez-Almazo
- Centro de Instrumentación Científica, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - A Ziegler
- Zentrale Einrichtung Elektronenmikroskopie, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - W W Schmahl
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
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Liu J, Xu Y, Yang H, Liu Y, Yarlagadda PKDV, Yan C. Investigation of failure mechanisms of nacre at macro and nano scales. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 112:104018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Huang W, Shishehbor M, Guarín-Zapata N, Kirchhofer ND, Li J, Cruz L, Wang T, Bhowmick S, Stauffer D, Manimunda P, Bozhilov KN, Caldwell R, Zavattieri P, Kisailus D. A natural impact-resistant bicontinuous composite nanoparticle coating. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:1236-1243. [PMID: 32807923 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nature utilizes the available resources to construct lightweight, strong and tough materials under constrained environmental conditions. The impact surface of the fast-striking dactyl club from the mantis shrimp is an example of one such composite material; the shrimp has evolved the capability to localize damage and avoid catastrophic failure from high-speed collisions during its feeding activities. Here we report that the dactyl club of mantis shrimps contains an impact-resistant coating composed of densely packed (about 88 per cent by volume) ~65-nm bicontinuous nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite integrated within an organic matrix. These mesocrystalline hydroxyapatite nanoparticles are assembled from small, highly aligned nanocrystals. Under impacts of high strain rates (around 104 s-1), particles rotate and translate, whereas the nanocrystalline networks fracture at low-angle grain boundaries, form dislocations and undergo amorphization. The interpenetrating organic network provides additional toughening, as well as substantial damping, with a loss coefficient of around 0.02. An unusual combination of stiffness and damping is therefore achieved, outperforming many engineered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mehdi Shishehbor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Jason Li
- Oxford Instruments Asylum Research, Goleta, CA, USA
| | - Luz Cruz
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Taifeng Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Krassimir N Bozhilov
- Central Facility for Advanced Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Roy Caldwell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pablo Zavattieri
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - David Kisailus
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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29
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Natural arrangement of fiber-like aragonites and its impact on mechanical behavior of mollusk shells: A review. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103940. [PMID: 32957234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During billions of years of evolution, creatures in nature have possessed nearly perfect structures and functions for survival. Multiscale structures in biological materials over several length scales play a pivotal role in achieving structural and functional integrity. Fiber, as a common principal structural element in nature, can be easily constructed in different ways, thus resulting in various natural structures. In this review, we summarized the decades of investigations on a typical biological structure constructed by fiber aragonites in mollusk shells. Crossed-lamellar structure, as one of the most widespread structures in mollusk shells, reconciles the strength-toughness trade-off dilemma successfully due to the presence of highly-hierarchical architectures. This distinctive structure includes several orders of sub-lamellae, and the different order lamellae present a cross-ply feature in one macro crossed-lamellar layer. When a mollusk shell has more than one macro-layer, the crossed-lamellar structure exhibits various forms of architectures including 0°/90°, 0°/90°/0° typical-sandwich, 15°/75°/0° quasi-sandwich, and 0°/90°/0°/90° arranged modes. The fracture resistance and the relevant toughening mechanisms are directly related to the highly-hierarchical crossed-lamellar structures on different length scales. This article is aimed to review the different arranged modes of crossed-lamellar structures existing in nature, with special attention to their impact on the mechanical behavior and salient toughening mechanisms over several length scales, for seeking the design guidelines for the fabrication of bio-inspired advanced engineering materials that are adaptive to different loading conditions.
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30
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Leung JYS, Chen Y, Nagelkerken I, Zhang S, Xie Z, Connell SD. Calcifiers can Adjust Shell Building at the Nanoscale to Resist Ocean Acidification. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003186. [PMID: 32776486 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is considered detrimental to marine calcifiers based on laboratory studies showing that increased seawater acidity weakens their ability to build calcareous shells needed for growth and protection. In the natural environment, however, the effects of ocean acidification are subject to ecological and evolutionary processes that may allow calcifiers to buffer or reverse these short-term negative effects through adaptive mechanisms. Using marine snails inhabiting a naturally CO2 -enriched environment over multiple generations, it is discovered herein that they build more durable shells (i.e., mechanically more resilient) by adjusting the building blocks of their shells (i.e., calcium carbonate crystals), such as atomic rearrangement to reduce nanotwin thickness and increased incorporation of organic matter. However, these adaptive adjustments to future levels of ocean acidification (year 2100) are eroded at extreme CO2 concentrations, leading to construction of more fragile shells. The discovery of adaptive mechanisms of shell building at the nanoscale provides a new perspective on why some calcifiers may thrive and others collapse in acidifying oceans, and highlights the inherent adaptability that some species possess in adjusting to human-caused environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y S Leung
- Centre for Advanced Thin Films and Devices, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Yujie Chen
- Centre for Advanced Thin Films and Devices, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Ivan Nagelkerken
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Sam Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Thin Films and Devices, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zonghan Xie
- School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Sean D Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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31
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Raut HK, Schwartzman AF, Das R, Liu F, Wang L, Ross CA, Fernandez JG. Tough and Strong: Cross-Lamella Design Imparts Multifunctionality to Biomimetic Nacre. ACS NANO 2020; 14:9771-9779. [PMID: 32597633 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The creation of structural composites with combined strength, toughness, low density, and biocompatibility remains a long-standing challenge. On the other hand, bivalve marine shells-Clinocardiumspp.-exhibit strength, stiffness, and toughness that surpass even that of the nacre that is the most widely mimicked model for structural composites. The superior mechanical properties of Clinocardiumspp. shells originate from their cross-lamella design, comprising CaCO3 mineral platelets arranged in an "interlocked" herringbone fashion. Reproduction of such hierarchical designs could offer multifunctionality, potentially combining strength and toughness at low densities, and the capability for seamless integration with biological systems. Here, we demonstrate manufacturing of the cross-lamella design by biomineralizing aragonite films with sawtooth patterns and assembling them in a chitosan/fibroin matrix to generate a composite with interlocked mineral layers. The resultant composite, with a similar constitution to that of the biological counterpart, nearly doubles the strength of previous nacre-mimetic composites while improving the tensile toughness and simultaneously exhibiting stiffness and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kumar Raut
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Division of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Republic of Singapore
| | - Alan F Schwartzman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rupambika Das
- Division of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Republic of Singapore
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Caroline A Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Javier G Fernandez
- Division of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Republic of Singapore
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32
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Hierarchically structured diamond composite with exceptional toughness. Nature 2020; 582:370-374. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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In situ atomic-scale observation of grain size and twin thickness effect limit in twin-structural nanocrystalline platinum. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1167. [PMID: 32127536 PMCID: PMC7054541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Twin-thickness-controlled plastic deformation mechanisms are well understood for submicron-sized twin-structural polycrystalline metals. However, for twin-structural nanocrystalline metals where both the grain size and twin thickness reach the nanometre scale, how these metals accommodate plastic deformation remains unclear. Here, we report an integrated grain size and twin thickness effect on the deformation mode of twin-structural nanocrystalline platinum. Above a ∼10 nm grain size, there is a critical value of twin thickness at which the full dislocation intersecting with the twin plane switches to a deformation mode that results in a partial dislocation parallel to the twin planes. This critical twin thickness value varies from ∼6 to 10 nm and is grain size-dependent. For grain sizes between ∼10 to 6 nm, only partial dislocation parallel to twin planes is observed. When the grain size falls below 6 nm, the plasticity switches to grain boundary-mediated plasticity, in contrast with previous studies, suggesting that the plasticity in twin-structural nanocrystalline metals is governed by partial dislocation activities. The deformation mechanisms of micron-sized twinned metals are well-understood, but it is not so for twinned nanocrystalline metals. Here, the authors use high resolution microscopy to image the deformation of nanocrystalline twinned platinum and show that grain boundary behaviors dominate plasticity below 6 nm.
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Huang W, Restrepo D, Jung JY, Su FY, Liu Z, Ritchie RO, McKittrick J, Zavattieri P, Kisailus D. Multiscale Toughening Mechanisms in Biological Materials and Bioinspired Designs. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901561. [PMID: 31268207 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological materials found in Nature such as nacre and bone are well recognized as light-weight, strong, and tough structural materials. The remarkable toughness and damage tolerance of such biological materials are conferred through hierarchical assembly of their multiscale (i.e., atomic- to macroscale) architectures and components. Herein, the toughening mechanisms of different organisms at multilength scales are identified and summarized: macromolecular deformation, chemical bond breakage, and biomineral crystal imperfections at the atomic scale; biopolymer fibril reconfiguration/deformation and biomineral nanoparticle/nanoplatelet/nanorod translation, and crack reorientation at the nanoscale; crack deflection and twisting by characteristic features such as tubules and lamellae at the microscale; and structure and morphology optimization at the macroscale. In addition, the actual loading conditions of the natural organisms are different, leading to energy dissipation occurring at different time scales. These toughening mechanisms are further illustrated by comparing the experimental results with computational modeling. Modeling methods at different length and time scales are reviewed. Examples of biomimetic designs that realize the multiscale toughening mechanisms in engineering materials are introduced. Indeed, there is still plenty of room mimicking the strong and tough biological designs at the multilength and time scale in Nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - David Restrepo
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Jae-Young Jung
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Frances Y Su
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Zengqian Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Fatigue and Fracture Division, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joanna McKittrick
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Pablo Zavattieri
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - David Kisailus
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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35
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Wat A, Ferraro C, Deng X, Sweet A, Tomsia AP, Saiz E, Ritchie RO. Bioinspired Nacre-Like Alumina with a Metallic Nickel Compliant Phase Fabricated by Spark-Plasma Sintering. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900573. [PMID: 31131997 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many natural materials present an ideal "recipe" for the development of future damage-tolerant lightweight structural materials. One notable example is the brick-and-mortar structure of nacre, found in mollusk shells, which produces high-toughness, bioinspired ceramics using polymeric mortars as a compliant phase. Theoretical modeling has predicted that use of metallic mortars could lead to even higher damage-tolerance in these materials, although it is difficult to melt-infiltrate metals into ceramic scaffolds as they cannot readily wet ceramics. To avoid this problem, an alternative ("bottom-up") approach to synthesize "nacre-like" ceramics containing a small fraction of nickel mortar is developed. These materials are fabricated using nickel-coated alumina platelets that are aligned using slip-casting and rapidly sintered using spark-plasma sintering. Dewetting of the nickel mortar during sintering is prevented by using NiO-coated as well as Ni-coated platelets. As a result, a "nacre-like" alumina ceramic displaying a resistance-curve toughness up to ≈16 MPa m½ with a flexural strength of ≈300 MPa is produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Wat
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Claudio Ferraro
- Center for Advanced Structural Ceramics, Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xu Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Andrew Sweet
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Antoni P Tomsia
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Eduardo Saiz
- Center for Advanced Structural Ceramics, Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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36
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Wu J, Qin Z, Qu L, Zhang H, Deng F, Guo M. Natural hydrogel in American lobster: A soft armor with high toughness and strength. Acta Biomater 2019; 88:102-110. [PMID: 30711661 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Homarus americanus, known as American lobster, is fully covered by its exoskeleton composed of rigid cuticles and soft membranes. These soft membranes are mainly located at the joints and abdomen to connect the rigid cuticles and greatly contribute to the agility of the lobster in swimming and preying. Herein, we show that the soft membrane from American lobster is a natural hydrogel (90% water) with exceptionally high toughness (up to 24.98 MJ/m3) and strength (up to 23.36 MPa), and is very insensitive to cracks. By combining experimental measurements and large-scale computational modeling, we demonstrate that the unique multilayered structure in this membrane, achieved through the ordered arrangement of chitin fibers, plays a crucial role in dissipating energy during rupture and making this membrane tough and damage tolerant. The knowledge learned from the soft membrane of natural lobsters sheds light on designing synthetic soft, yet strong and tough materials for reliable usage under extreme mechanical conditions, including a flexible armor that can provide full-body protection without sacrificing limb mobility. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: A body armor to provide protection to people who are at risk of being hurt is only enabled by using a material that is tough and strong enough to prevent mechanical penetration. However, most modern body armors sacrifice limb protection to gain mobility, simply because none of the existing armor materials are flexible enough and they all inhibit movement of the arms and legs. Herein, we focus on the mechanics and mesoscopic structure of American lobsters' soft membrane and explore how such a natural flexible armor is designed to integrate flexibility and toughness. The knowledge learned from this study is useful to design a flexible armor for full-body protection under extreme mechanical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhao Qin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Liangliang Qu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Fei Deng
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Liu Z, Weng Z, Zhai ZF, Huang N, Zhang ZJ, Tan J, Jiang C, Jiao D, Tan G, Zhang J, Jiang X, Zhang Z, Ritchie RO. Hydration-induced nano- to micro-scale self-recovery of the tooth enamel of the giant panda. Acta Biomater 2018; 81:267-277. [PMID: 30273740 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The tooth enamel of vertebrates comprises a hyper-mineralized bioceramic, but is distinguished by an exceptional durability to resist impact and wear throughout the lifetime of organisms; however, enamels exhibit a low resistance to the initiation of large-scale cracks comparable to that of geological minerals based on fracture mechanics. Here we reveal that the tooth enamel, specifically from the giant panda, is capable of developing durability through counteracting the early stage of damage by partially recovering its innate geometry and structure at nano- to micro- length-scales autonomously. Such an attribute results essentially from the unique architecture of tooth enamel, specifically the vertical alignment of nano-scale mineral fibers and micro-scale prisms within a water-responsive organic-rich matrix, and can lead to a decrease in the dimension of indent damage in enamel introduced by indentation. Hydration plays an effective role in promoting the recovery process and improving the indentation fracture toughness of enamel (by ∼73%), at a minor cost of micro-hardness (by ∼5%), as compared to the dehydrated state. The nano-scale mechanisms that are responsible for the recovery deformation, specifically the reorientation and rearrangement of mineral fragments and the inter- and intra-prismatic sliding between constituents that are closely related to the viscoelasticity of organic matrix, are examined and analyzed with respect to the structure of tooth enamel. Our study sheds new light on the strategies underlying Nature's design of durable ceramics which could be translated into man-made systems in developing high-performance ceramic materials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Tooth enamel plays a critical role in the function of teeth by providing a hard surface layer to resist wear/impact throughout the lifetime of organisms; however, such enamel exhibits a remarkably low resistance to the initiation of large-scale cracks, of hundreds of micrometers or more, comparable to that of geological minerals. Here we reveal that tooth enamel, specifically that of the giant panda, is capable of partially recovering its geometry and structure to counteract the early stages of damage at nano- to micro-scale dimensions autonomously. Such an attribute results essentially from the architecture of enamel but is markedly enhanced by hydration. Our work discerns a series of mechanisms that lead to the deformation and recovery of enamel and identifies a unique source of durability in the enamel to accomplish this function. The ingenious design of tooth enamel may inspire the development of new durable ceramic materials in man-made systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengqian Liu
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zhaoyong Weng
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhao-Feng Zhai
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhen-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chuanbin Jiang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Da Jiao
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Guoqi Tan
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Non-ferrous Materials, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhefeng Zhang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Gavryushkin PN, Rečnik A, Daneu N, Sagatov N, Belonoshko AB, Popov ZI, Ribić V, Litasov KD. Temperature induced twinning in aragonite: transmission electron microscopy experiments and ab initio calculations. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2018-2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The microstructure of aragonite, one of the main bio-mineral and component of bio-inspired materials, was described in numerous investigations. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), for the first time we show the effect of temperature on aragonite microstructure. The local increase of (0.5 0.5 0) reflections intensities and appearance of satellite reflections in [11̅0] zone axis were observed above 350°C. We explain the appearance of satellite reflections by the generation and ordering of {110} twin boundaries and suggest new thermal mechanism of the twin boundaries generation. We check the viability of this mechanism by ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations and generalized solid state nudge elastic band (g-SSNEB) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel N. Gavryushkin
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Prosp. Acad. Koptyuga 3 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
- Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova 2 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia , E-mail:
| | - Aleksander Rečnik
- Department for Nanostructured Materials , Jožef Stefan Institute , Jamova 39 , 1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Nina Daneu
- Department for Advanced Materials , Jožef Stefan Institute , Jamova 39 , 1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Nursultan Sagatov
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Prosp. Acad. Koptyuga 3 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
- Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova 2 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Anatoly B. Belonoshko
- Department of Physics , AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , 10691 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Zakhar I. Popov
- National University of Science and Technology MISIS , Leninskiy pr. 4 , 119049 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Vesna Ribić
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Department of Materials Science , University of Belgrade , Kneza Višeslava 1 , 11000 Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Konstantin D. Litasov
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Prosp. Acad. Koptyuga 3 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
- Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova 2 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
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Kontturi E, Laaksonen P, Linder MB, Gröschel AH, Rojas OJ, Ikkala O. Advanced Materials through Assembly of Nanocelluloses. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1703779. [PMID: 29504161 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is an emerging quest for lightweight materials with excellent mechanical properties and economic production, while still being sustainable and functionalizable. They could form the basis of the future bioeconomy for energy and material efficiency. Cellulose has long been recognized as an abundant polymer. Modified celluloses were, in fact, among the first polymers used in technical applications; however, they were later replaced by petroleum-based synthetic polymers. Currently, there is a resurgence of interest to utilize renewable resources, where cellulose is foreseen to make again a major impact, this time in the development of advanced materials. This is because of its availability and properties, as well as economic and sustainable production. Among cellulose-based structures, cellulose nanofibrils and nanocrystals display nanoscale lateral dimensions and lengths ranging from nanometers to micrometers. Their excellent mechanical properties are, in part, due to their crystalline assembly via hydrogen bonds. Owing to their abundant surface hydroxyl groups, they can be easily modified with nanoparticles, (bio)polymers, inorganics, or nanocarbons to form functional fibers, films, bulk matter, and porous aerogels and foams. Here, some of the recent progress in the development of advanced materials within this rapidly growing field is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - André H Gröschel
- Physical Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, DE-45127, Essen, Germany
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
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40
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Nautiyal P, Alam F, Balani K, Agarwal A. The Role of Nanomechanics in Healthcare. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29193838 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanomechanics has played a vital role in pushing our capability to detect, probe, and manipulate the biological species, such as proteins, cells, and tissues, paving way to a deeper knowledge and superior strategies for healthcare. Nanomechanical characterization techniques, such as atomic force microscopy, nanoindentation, nanotribology, optical tweezers, and other hybrid techniques have been utilized to understand the mechanics and kinetics of biospecies. Investigation of the mechanics of cells and tissues has provided critical information about mechanical characteristics of host body environments. This information has been utilized for developing biomimetic materials and structures for tissue engineering and artificial implants. This review summarizes nanomechanical characterization techniques and their potential applications in healthcare research. The principles and examples of label-free detection of cancers and myocardial infarction by nanomechanical cantilevers are discussed. The vital importance of nanomechanics in regenerative medicine is highlighted from the perspective of material selection and design for developing biocompatible scaffolds. This review interconnects the advancements made in fundamental materials science research and biomedical technology, and therefore provides scientific insight that is of common interest to the researchers working in different disciplines of healthcare science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal Nautiyal
- Nanomechanics and Nanotribology Laboratory Florida International University 10555 West Flagler Street Miami FL 33174 USA
| | - Fahad Alam
- Biomaterials Processing and Characterization Laboratory Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Kantesh Balani
- Biomaterials Processing and Characterization Laboratory Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Arvind Agarwal
- Nanomechanics and Nanotribology Laboratory Florida International University 10555 West Flagler Street Miami FL 33174 USA
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41
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Gu GX, Libonati F, Wettermark SD, Buehler MJ. Printing nature: Unraveling the role of nacre's mineral bridges. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 76:135-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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42
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Salinas CL, de Obaldia EE, Jeong C, Hernandez J, Zavattieri P, Kisailus D. Enhanced toughening of the crossed lamellar structure revealed by nanoindentation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 76:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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43
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Lopez-Berganza JA, Song R, Elbanna A, Espinosa-Marzal RM. Calcium carbonate with nanogranular microstructure yields enhanced toughness. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:16689-16699. [PMID: 29067387 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of nanogranular microstructures is a widely reported feature of biominerals that form by classical and non-classical mineralization pathways. Inspired by nature, we have synthesized amorphous calcium carbonate nanoparticles with nanogranular microstructures, whose grain size is tuned by varying the polymer concentration. The response to indentation of single calcium carbonate nanoparticles proceeds via an intermittent stick-slip that reflects the characteristics of the nanogranular microstructure. A two-fold mechanism is thus proposed to enhance the toughness of the nanoparticles, namely nanogranular rearrangement and intergranular bridging by an organic phase and/or hydration. This work not only provides a synthesis route to design biologically inspired mineral nanoparticles with nanogranular structure, but also helps in understanding toughening mechanisms of biominerals arising from their nanoscale heterogeneity.
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44
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Li XW, Ji HM, Yang W, Zhang GP, Chen DL. Mechanical properties of crossed-lamellar structures in biological shells: A review. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 74:54-71. [PMID: 28550764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The self-fabrication of materials in nature offers an alternate and powerful solution towards the grand challenge of designing advanced structural materials, where strength and toughness are always mutually exclusive. Crossed-lamellar structures are the most common microstructures in mollusks that are composed of aragonites and a small amount of organic materials. Such a distinctive composite structure has a fracture toughness being much higher than that of pure carbonate mineral. These structures exhibiting complex hierarchical microarchitectures that span several sub-level lamellae from microscale down to nanoscale, can be grouped into two types, i.e., platelet-like and fiber-like crossed-lamellar structures based on the shapes of basic building blocks. It has been demonstrated that these structures have a great potential to strengthen themselves during deformation. The observed underlying toughening mechanisms include microcracking, channel cracking, interlocking, uncracked-ligament bridging, aragonite fiber bridging, crack deflection and zig-zag, etc., which play vital roles in enhancing the fracture resistance of shells with the crossed-lamellar structures. The exploration and utilization of these important toughening mechanisms have attracted keen interests of materials scientists since they pave the way for the development of bio-inspired advanced composite materials for load-bearing structural applications. This article is aimed to review the characteristics of hierarchical structures and the mechanical properties of two kinds of crossed-lamellar structures, and further summarize the latest advances and biomimetic applications based on the unique crossed-lamellar structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- X W Li
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Material Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China.
| | - H M Ji
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Material Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3
| | - W Yang
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Material Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China; Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - G P Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - D L Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3
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45
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Liu J, Huang Z, Pan Z, Wei Q, Li X, Qi Y. Atomistic Origin of Deformation Twinning in Biomineral Aragonite. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:105501. [PMID: 28339258 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.105501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Deformation twinning rarely occurs in mineral materials which typically show brittle fracture. Surprisingly, it has recently been observed in the biomineral aragonite phase in nacre under high rate impact loading. In this Letter, the twinning tendency and the competition between fracture and deformation twinning were revealed by first principles calculations. The ratio of the unstable stacking fault energy and the stacking fault energy in orthorhombic aragonite is hitherto the highest in a broad range of metallic and oxide materials. The underlining physics for this high ratio is the multineighbor shared ionic bonds and the unique relaxation process during sliding in the aragonite structure. Overall, the unique deformation twining along with other highly coordinated deformation mechanisms synergistically work in the hierarchical structure of nacre, leading to the remarkable strengthening and toughening of nacre upon dynamic loading, and thus protecting the mother-of-pearl from predatory attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
| | - Zaiwang Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Pan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA
| | - Qiuming Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Deaprtment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
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Cymbiola nobilis shell: Toughening mechanisms in a crossed-lamellar structure. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40043. [PMID: 28094256 PMCID: PMC5240333 DOI: 10.1038/srep40043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural structural materials with intricate hierarchical architectures over several length scales exhibit excellent combinations of strength and toughness. Here we report the mechanical response of a crossed-lamellar structure in Cymbiola nobilis shell via stepwise compression tests, focusing on toughening mechanisms. At the lower loads microcracking is developed in the stacked direction, and channel cracking along with uncracked-ligament bridging and aragonite fiber bridging occurs in the tiled direction. At the higher loads the main mechanisms involve cracking deflection in the bridging lamellae in the tiled direction alongside step-like cracking in the stacked direction. A distinctive crack deflection in the form of “convex” paths occurs in alternative lamellae with respect to the channel cracks in the tiled direction. Furthermore, a barb-like interlocking mechanism along with the uneven interfaces in the 1st-order aragonite lamellae is also observed. The unique arrangement of the crossed-lamellar structure provides multiple interfaces which result in a complicated stress field ahead of the crack tip, hence increasing the toughness of shell.
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47
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Yu J, Wang M, Lin S. Probing the Soft and Nanoductile Mechanical Nature of Single and Polycrystalline Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites for Flexible Functional Devices. ACS NANO 2016; 10:11044-11057. [PMID: 27935297 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have been extensively investigated for promising applications in energy-related devices, their mechanical properties, which restrict their practical deployment as flexible and wearable devices, have been largely unexplored at the atomistic level. Toward this level of understanding, we predict the elastic constant matrix and various elastic properties of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) using atomistic simulations. We find that single-crystalline MAPbI3 is much stiffer and exhibits higher ultimate tensile strength than polycrystalline samples, but the latter exhibit unexpected, greatly enhanced nanoductility and fracture toughness, resulting from the extensive amorphization during the yielding process. More interestingly, polycrystalline MAPbI3 exhibits inverse Hall-Petch grain-boundary strengthening effect, in which the yield stress is reduced when decreasing the grain size, due to amorphous grain boundaries. By monitoring the centro-symmetry parameter and local stress evolution, we confirm the soft and nanoductile nature of defective MAPbI3 with a crack. By conducting atomic stress decomposition, we attribute such fracture toughness primarily to the strong electrostatic interactions between the ionic components. The observed limited brittle fracture behavior is attributed to the transformation of partial edge dislocations to disordered atoms (nanovoid formation). A significant plastic deformation region is observed when nanovoids enlarge and coalesce with adjacent ones, which ultimately leads to crack propagations via ionic-chain breaking. After comparing with traditional inorganic energy-related materials, we find that hybrid perovskites are more compressible and can absorb more strain energy before fracture, which makes them well suited for wearable functional devices with high mechanical flexibility and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingui Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Mingchao Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Shangchao Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
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