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Qu Y, Zeng A, Cheng Y, Li S. Natural killer cell memory: challenges and opportunities for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Biol Ther 2024; 25:2376410. [PMID: 38987282 PMCID: PMC11238922 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2024.2376410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Substantial advancements have been made in recent years in comprehending immune memory, which enhances the secondary response through prior infections. The ability of vertebrate T and B lymphocytes to exhibit classic recall responses has long been regarded as a distinguishing characteristic. However, natural killer (NK) cells have been found to acquire immunological memory in a manner akin to T and B cells. The fundamental principles derived from the investigation of NK cell memory offer novel insights into innate immunity and have the potential to pave the way for innovative strategies to enhance therapeutic interventions against multiple diseases including cancer. Here, we reviewed the fundamental characteristics, memory development and regulatory mechanism of NK cell memory. Moreover, we will conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the accomplishments, obstacles, and future direction pertaining to the utilization of NK cell memory in the field of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Qu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Anhui Zeng
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yulu Cheng
- Department of Disinfection Supply Center, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengchun Li
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Zhang J, Wu Y, Du Y, Du Y, Bao D, Lu H, Zhou X, Li R, Pei H, She H, Mao Q. Cuproptosis-Related Genes as Prognostic Biomarkers for Sepsis: Insights into Immune Function and Personalized Immunotherapy. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:4229-4245. [PMID: 38979432 PMCID: PMC11228080 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s461766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to discover diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for sepsis immunotherapy through analyzing the novel cellular death process, cuproptosis. Methods We used transcriptome data from sepsis patients to identify key cuproptosis-related genes (CuRGs). We created a predictive model and used the CIBERSORT algorithm to observe the link between these genes and the septic immune microenvironment. We segregated sepsis patients into three subgroups, comparing immune function, immune cell infiltration, and differential analysis. Single-cell sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR were used to view the regulatory effect of CuRGs on the immune microenvironment and compare the mRNA levels of these genes in sepsis patients and healthy controls. We established a sepsis forecast model adapted to heart rate, body temperature, white blood cell count, and cuproptosis key genes. This was followed by a drug sensitivity analysis of cuproptosis key genes. Results Our results filtered three key genes (LIAS, PDHB, PDHA1) that impact sepsis prognosis. We noticed that the high-risk group had poorer immune cell function and lesser immune cell infiltration. We also discovered a significant connection between CuRGs and immune cell infiltration in sepsis. Through consensus clustering, sepsis patients were classified into three subgroups. The best immune functionality and prognosis was observed in subgroup B. Single-cell sequencing exposed that the key genes manage the immune microenvironment by affecting T cell activation. The qPCR results highlighted substantial mRNA level reduction of the three key genes in the SP compared to the HC. The prediction model, which combines CuRGs and traditional diagnostic indicators, performed better in accuracy than the other markers. The drug sensitivity analysis listed bisphenol A as highly sensitive to all the key genes. Conclusion Our study suggests these CuRGs may offer substantial potential for sepsis prognosis prediction and personalized immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinyu Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanlin Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daiqin Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haibin Lu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiong Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Pei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Han She
- Department of Anesthesiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingxiang Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Gui Z, Al Moussawy M, Sanders SM, Abou-Daya KI. Innate Allorecognition in Transplantation: Ancient Mechanisms With Modern Impact. Transplantation 2024; 108:1524-1531. [PMID: 38049941 PMCID: PMC11188633 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Through the effective targeting of the adaptive immune system, solid organ transplantation became a life-saving therapy for organ failure. However, beyond 1 y of transplantation, there is little improvement in transplant outcomes. The adaptive immune response requires the activation of the innate immune system. There are no modalities for the specific targeting of the innate immune system involvement in transplant rejection. However, the recent discovery of innate allorecognition and innate immune memory presents novel targets in transplantation that will increase our understanding of organ rejection and might aid in improving transplant outcomes. In this review, we look at the latest developments in the study of innate allorecognition and innate immune memory in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeping Gui
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mouhamad Al Moussawy
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Steven M. Sanders
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Khodor I. Abou-Daya
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Nguyen BH, Bartlett ML, Troisi EM, Stanley E, Griffin DE. Phenotypic and transcriptional changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells during alphavirus encephalitis in mice. mBio 2024; 15:e0073624. [PMID: 38695564 PMCID: PMC11237501 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00736-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Sindbis virus (SINV) infection of mice provides a model system for studying the pathogenesis of alphaviruses that infect the central nervous system (CNS) to cause encephalomyelitis. While studies of human viral infections typically focus on accessible cells from the blood, this compartment is rarely evaluated in mice. To bridge this gap, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) was combined with flow cytometry to characterize the transcriptional and phenotypic changes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SINV-infected mice. Twenty-one clusters were identified by scRNAseq at 7 days after infection, with a unique cluster and overall increase in naive B cells for infected mice. Uninfected mice had fewer immature T cells and CCR9+ CD4 T cells and a unique immature T cell cluster. Gene expression was most altered in the Ki67+ CD8 T cell cluster, with chemotaxis and proliferation-related genes upregulated. Global analysis indicated metabolic changes in myeloid cells and increased expression of Ccl5 by NK cells. Phenotypes of PBMCs and cells infiltrating the CNS were analyzed by flow cytometry over 14 days after infection. In PBMCs, CD8 and Th1 CD4 T cells increased in representation, while B cells showed a transient decrease at day 5 in total, Ly6a+, and naive cells, and an increase in activated B cells. In the brain, CD8 T cells increased for the first 7 days, while Th1 CD4 T cells and naive and Ly6a+ B cells continued to accumulate for 14 days. Therefore, dynamic immune cell changes can be identified in the blood as well as the CNS during viral encephalomyelitis. IMPORTANCE The outcome of viral encephalomyelitis is dependent on the host immune response, with clearance and resolution of infection mediated by the adaptive immune response. These processes are frequently studied in mouse models of infection, where infected tissues are examined to understand the mechanisms of clearance and recovery. However, studies of human infection typically focus on the analysis of cells from the blood, a compartment rarely examined in mice, rather than inaccessible tissue. To close this gap, we used single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry to profile the transcriptomic and phenotypic changes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) before and after central nervous system (CNS) infection in mice. Changes to T and B cell gene expression and cell composition occurred in PBMC and during entry into the CNS, with CCL5 being a differentially expressed chemokine. Therefore, dynamic changes occur in the blood as well as the CNS during the response of mice to virus infection, which will inform the analysis of human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Nguyen
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maggie L Bartlett
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Troisi
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elise Stanley
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Sun X, Nagahama Y, Singh SK, Kozakai Y, Nabeshima H, Fukushima K, Tanaka H, Motooka D, Fukui E, Vivier E, Diez D, Akira S. Deletion of the mRNA endonuclease Regnase-1 promotes NK cell anti-tumor activity via OCT2-dependent transcription of Ifng. Immunity 2024; 57:1360-1377.e13. [PMID: 38821052 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Limited infiltration and activity of natural killer (NK) and T cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) correlate with poor immunotherapy responses. Here, we examined the role of the endonuclease Regnase-1 on NK cell anti-tumor activity. NK cell-specific deletion of Regnase-1 (Reg1ΔNK) augmented cytolytic activity and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production in vitro and increased intra-tumoral accumulation of Reg1ΔNK-NK cells in vivo, reducing tumor growth dependent on IFN-γ. Transcriptional changes in Reg1ΔNK-NK cells included elevated IFN-γ expression, cytolytic effectors, and the chemokine receptor CXCR6. IFN-γ induced expression of the CXCR6 ligand CXCL16 on myeloid cells, promoting further recruitment of Reg1ΔNK-NK cells. Mechanistically, Regnase-1 deletion increased its targets, the transcriptional regulators OCT2 and IκBζ, following interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 stimulation, and the resulting OCT2-IκBζ-NF-κB complex induced Ifng transcription. Silencing Regnase-1 in human NK cells increased the expression of IFNG and POU2F2. Our findings highlight NK cell dysfunction in the TME and propose that targeting Regnase-1 could augment active NK cell persistence for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Quantitative Immunology Unit, WPI-IFReC, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Joint Research Chair of Innate Immunity for Drug Discovery, WPI-IFReC, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nagahama
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Host Defense Laboratory, Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Innovations, Osaka Research Center for Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 5-1-35 Saito-aokita, Minoh, Osaka 562-0029, Japan; Joint Research Chair of Innate Immunity for Drug Discovery, WPI-IFReC, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shailendra Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Joint Research Chair of Innate Immunity for Drug Discovery, WPI-IFReC, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuuki Kozakai
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Host Defense Laboratory, Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Innovations, Osaka Research Center for Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 5-1-35 Saito-aokita, Minoh, Osaka 562-0029, Japan; Joint Research Chair of Innate Immunity for Drug Discovery, WPI-IFReC, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kiyoharu Fukushima
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Joint Research Chair of Innate Immunity for Drug Discovery, WPI-IFReC, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- NGS Core Facility of the Genome Information Research Center, RIMD, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eriko Fukui
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eric Vivier
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; Innate Pharma Research Laboratories, Marseille, France; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille-Immunopole, Marseille, France
| | - Diego Diez
- Quantitative Immunology Unit, WPI-IFReC, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Joint Research Chair of Innate Immunity for Drug Discovery, WPI-IFReC, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Center for Advanced Modalities and Drug Delivery System (CAMaD), Osaka University, 2-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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6
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You J, Wang S, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Wang J, Lou Y, Yao Y, Hao Y, Liu P. Natural Killer Cells Reprogram Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells to Induce TNF-α Release via NKG2D-Ligand Interaction after Cryo-Thermal Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5151. [PMID: 38791188 PMCID: PMC11121051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In our previous studies, a novel cryothermal therapy (CTT) was developed to induce systemic long-term anti-tumor immunity. Natural killer (NK) cells were found to play an important role in CTT-induced long-term immune-mediated tumor control at the late stage after CTT, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immature myeloid cells that have potent immunosuppressive effects on T cells and weaken the long-term benefits of immunotherapy. Consequently, overcoming MDSC immunosuppression is essential for maintaining the long-term efficacy of immunotherapy. In this study, we revealed that NK cells considerably diminish MDSC accumulation at the late stage after CTT, boost T cell production, increase T cell activation, and promote MDSC maturation, culminating in Th1-dominant CD4+ T cell differentiation and enhancing NK and CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity. Additionally, NK cells activate ERK signaling in MDSCs through NKG2D-ligand interaction to increase the activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α converting enzyme (TACE)-cleaved membrane TNF-α. Furthermore, Increased TACE activity releases more soluble TNF-α from MDSCs to promote MDSC maturation. In our studies, we propose a novel mechanism by which NK cells can overcome MDSC-induced immunosuppression and maintain CTT-induced persistent anti-tumor immunity, providing a prospective therapeutic option to improve the performance of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ping Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; (J.Y.); (S.W.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.)
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Hermans L, O’Sullivan TE. No time to die: Epigenetic regulation of natural killer cell survival. Immunol Rev 2024; 323:61-79. [PMID: 38426615 PMCID: PMC11102341 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
NK cells are short-lived innate lymphocytes that can mediate antigen-independent responses to infection and cancer. However, studies from the past two decades have shown that NK cells can acquire transcriptional and epigenetic modifications during inflammation that result in increased survival and lifespan. These findings blur the lines between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, and suggest that the homeostatic mechanisms that govern the persistence of innate immune cells are malleable. Indeed, recent studies have shown that NK cells undergo continuous and strictly regulated adaptations controlling their survival during development, tissue residency, and following inflammation. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the critical factors regulating NK cell survival throughout their lifespan, with a specific emphasis on the epigenetic modifications that regulate the survival of NK cells in various contexts. A precise understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern NK cell survival will be important to enhance therapies for cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Hermans
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Timothy E. O’Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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8
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Schuster IS, Andoniou CE, Degli-Esposti MA. Tissue-resident memory NK cells: Homing in on local effectors and regulators. Immunol Rev 2024; 323:54-60. [PMID: 38568046 PMCID: PMC11102295 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the prototype innate effector lymphocyte population that plays an important role in controlling viral infections and tumors. Studies demonstrating that NK cells form long-lived memory populations, akin to those generated by adaptive immune cells, prompted a revaluation of the potential functions of NK cells. Recent data demonstrating that NK cells are recruited from the circulation into tissues where they form long-lived memory-like populations further emphasize that NK cells have properties that mirror those of adaptive immune cells. NK cells that localize in non-lymphoid tissues are heterogeneous, and there is a growing appreciation that immune responses occurring within tissues are subject to tissue-specific regulation. Here we discuss both the immune effector and immunoregulatory functions of NK cells, with a particular emphasis on the role of NK cells within non-lymphoid tissues and how the tissue microenvironment shapes NK cell-dependent outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iona S Schuster
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University; Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute; Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher E Andoniou
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University; Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute; Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mariapia A Degli-Esposti
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University; Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute; Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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Aguilar OA, Fong LK, Lanier LL. ITAM-based receptors in natural killer cells. Immunol Rev 2024; 323:40-53. [PMID: 38411263 PMCID: PMC11102329 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The ability of cells of the immune system to acquire features such as increased longevity and enhanced secondary responses was long thought to be restricted to cells of the adaptive immune system. Natural killer (NK) cells have challenged this notion by demonstrating that they can also gain adaptive features. This has been observed in both humans and mice during infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV). The generation of adaptive NK cells requires antigen-specific recognition of virally infected cells through stimulatory NK receptors. These receptors lack the ability to signal on their own and rather rely on adaptor molecules that contain ITAMs for driving signals. Here, we highlight our understanding of how these receptors influence the production of adaptive NK cells and propose areas in the field that merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A. Aguilar
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lam-Kiu Fong
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lewis L. Lanier
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Piersma SJ. Tissue-specific features of innate lymphoid cells in antiviral defense. Cell Mol Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41423-024-01161-x. [PMID: 38684766 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphocytes (ILCs) rapidly respond to and protect against invading pathogens and cancer. ILCs include natural killer (NK) cells, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells and include type I, type II, and type III immune cells. While NK cells have been well recognized for their role in antiviral immunity, other ILC subtypes are emerging as players in antiviral defense. Each ILC subset has specialized functions that uniquely impact the antiviral immunity and health of the host depending on the tissue microenvironment. This review focuses on the specialized functions of each ILC subtype and their roles in antiviral immune responses across tissues. Several viruses within infection-prone tissues will be highlighted to provide an overview of the extent of the ILC immunity within tissues and emphasize common versus virus-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytse J Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Dhillon BK, Kortbeek S, Baghela A, Brindle M, Martin DA, Jenne CN, Vogel HJ, Lee AHY, Thompson GC, Hancock REW. Gene Expression Profiling in Pediatric Appendicitis. JAMA Pediatr 2024; 178:391-400. [PMID: 38372989 PMCID: PMC10877506 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.6721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Importance Appendicitis is the most common indication for urgent surgery in the pediatric population, presenting across a range of severity and with variable complications. Differentiating simple appendicitis (SA) and perforated appendicitis (PA) on presentation may help direct further diagnostic workup and appropriate therapy selection, including antibiotic choice and timing of surgery. Objective To provide a mechanistic understanding of the differences in disease severity of appendicitis with the objective of developing improved diagnostics and treatments, specifically for the pediatric population. Design, Setting, and Participants The Gene Expression Profiling of Pediatric Appendicitis (GEPPA) study was a single-center prospective exploratory diagnostic study with transcriptomic profiling of peripheral blood collected from a cohort of children aged 5 to 17 years with abdominal pain and suspected appendicitis between November 2016 and April 2017 at the Alberta Children's Hospital in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, with data analysis reported in August 2023. There was no patient follow-up in this study. Exposure SA, PA, or nonappendicitis abdominal pain. Main Outcomes and Measures Blood transcriptomics was used to develop a hypothesis of underlying mechanistic differences between SA and PA to build mechanistic hypotheses and blood-based diagnostics. Results Seventy-one children (mean [SD] age, 11.8 [3.0] years; 48 [67.6%] male) presenting to the emergency department with abdominal pain and suspected appendicitis were investigated using whole-blood transcriptomics. A central role for immune system pathways was revealed in PA, including a dampening of major innate interferon responses. Gene expression changes in patients with PA were consistent with downregulation of immune response and inflammation pathways and shared similarities with gene expression signatures derived from patients with sepsis, including the most severe sepsis endotypes. Despite the challenges in identifying early biomarkers of severe appendicitis, a 4-gene signature that was predictive of PA compared to SA, with an accuracy of 85.7% (95% CI, 72.8-94.1) was identified. Conclusions This study found that PA was complicated by a dysregulated immune response. This finding should inform improved diagnostics of severity, early management strategies, and prevention of further postsurgical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavjinder K. Dhillon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Simone Kortbeek
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arjun Baghela
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mary Brindle
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dori-Ann Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Craig N. Jenne
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hans J. Vogel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amy H. Y. Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Graham C. Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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12
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Spiteri AG, Wishart CL, Pinget GV, Purohit SK, Macia L, King NJ, Niewold P. NK cell profiling in West Nile virus encephalitis reveals potential metabolic basis for functional inhibition. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:280-291. [PMID: 38421112 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes important for viral defense. West Nile virus (WNV) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) causes marked recruitment of bone marrow (BM)-derived monocytes, T cells and NK cells, resulting in severe neuroinflammation and brain damage. Despite substantial numbers of NK cells in the CNS, their function and phenotype remain largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that NK cells mature from the BM to the brain, upregulate inhibitory receptors and show reduced cytokine production and degranulation, likely due to the increased expression of the inhibitory NK cell molecule, MHC-I. Intriguingly, this correlated with a reduction in metabolism associated with cytotoxicity in brain-infiltrating NK cells. Importantly, the degranulation and killing capability were restored in NK cells isolated from WNV-infected tissue, suggesting that WNV-induced NK cell inhibition occurs in the CNS. Overall, this work identifies a potential link between MHC-I inhibition of NK cells and metabolic reduction of their cytotoxicity during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna G Spiteri
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire L Wishart
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gabriela V Pinget
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shivam K Purohit
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas Jc King
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paula Niewold
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Li R, Galindo CC, Davidson D, Guo H, Zhong MC, Qian J, Li B, Ruzsics Z, Lau CM, O'Sullivan TE, Vidal SM, Sun JC, Veillette A. Suppression of adaptive NK cell expansion by macrophage-mediated phagocytosis inhibited by 2B4-CD48. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113800. [PMID: 38386559 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection of mice by mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) triggers activation and expansion of Ly49H+ natural killer (NK) cells, which are virus specific and considered to be "adaptive" or "memory" NK cells. Here, we find that signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family receptors (SFRs), a group of hematopoietic cell-restricted receptors, are essential for the expansion of Ly49H+ NK cells after MCMV infection. This activity is largely mediated by CD48, an SFR broadly expressed on NK cells and displaying augmented expression after MCMV infection. It is also dependent on the CD48 counter-receptor, 2B4, expressed on host macrophages. The 2B4-CD48 axis promotes expansion of Ly49H+ NK cells by repressing their phagocytosis by virus-activated macrophages through inhibition of the pro-phagocytic integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) on macrophages. These data identify key roles of macrophages and the 2B4-CD48 pathway in controlling the expansion of adaptive NK cells following MCMV infection. Stimulation of the 2B4-CD48 axis may be helpful in enhancing adaptive NK cell responses for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Cristian Camilo Galindo
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Dominique Davidson
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Huaijian Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ming-Chao Zhong
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Jin Qian
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Bin Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Molecular Biology Program, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Colleen M Lau
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Timothy E O'Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Silvia M Vidal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - André Veillette
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; Molecular Biology Program, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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14
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Cheng M, Li J, Song J, Song H, Chen Y, Tang H, Wei H, Sun R, Tian Z, Wang X, Peng H. RORα is required for expansion and memory maintenance of ILC1s via a lymph node-liver axis. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113786. [PMID: 38363684 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) possess adaptive immune features, which confer antigen-specific memory responses against haptens and viruses. However, the transcriptional regulation of memory ILC1 responses is currently not known. We show that retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα) has high expression in memory ILC1s in murine contact hypersensitivity (CHS) models. RORα deficiency diminishes ILC1-mediated CHS responses significantly but has no effect on memory T cell-mediated CHS responses. During sensitization, RORα promotes sensitized-ILC1 expansion by suppressing expression of cell-cycle repressors in draining lymph nodes. RORα programs gene-expression patterns related to cell survival and is required for the long-term maintenance of memory ILC1s in the liver. Our findings reveal RORα to be a key transcriptional factor for sensitized-ILC1 expansion and long-term maintenance of memory ILC1s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cheng
- The Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- The Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jiaxi Song
- The Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Hao Song
- The Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yawen Chen
- The Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Hao Tang
- The Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- The Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- The Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Research Unit of NK Cell Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xianwei Wang
- The Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Hui Peng
- The Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
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15
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Fol M, Karpik W, Zablotni A, Kulesza J, Kulesza E, Godkowicz M, Druszczynska M. Innate Lymphoid Cells and Their Role in the Immune Response to Infections. Cells 2024; 13:335. [PMID: 38391948 PMCID: PMC10886880 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, a group of lymphocyte-like cells called innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) has gained considerable attention due to their crucial role in regulating immunity and tissue homeostasis. ILCs, lacking antigen-specific receptors, are a group of functionally differentiated effector cells that act as tissue-resident sentinels against infections. Numerous studies have elucidated the characteristics of ILC subgroups, but the mechanisms controlling protective or pathological responses to pathogens still need to be better understood. This review summarizes the functions of ILCs in the immunology of infections caused by different intracellular and extracellular pathogens and discusses their possible therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Fol
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (M.F.); (W.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Wojciech Karpik
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (M.F.); (W.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Zablotni
- Department of Bacterial Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Jakub Kulesza
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-347 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Kulesza
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Godkowicz
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (M.F.); (W.K.); (M.G.)
- Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Druszczynska
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (M.F.); (W.K.); (M.G.)
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16
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Bender C, Müller P, Tondello C, Horn J, Holdener M, Lasch S, Bayer M, Pfeilschifter JM, Tacke F, Ludwig A, Hansmann ML, Döring C, Hintermann E, Christen U. Gene-expression profiling of laser-dissected islets and studies in deficient mice reveal chemokines as differential driving force of type 1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 2024; 143:103161. [PMID: 38141419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Although type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells, its treatment is largely restricted to exogenous insulin administration. Only few therapies targeting the autoaggressive immune system have been introduced into clinical practice or are considered in clinical trials. Here, we provide a gene expression profile of the islet microenvironment obtained by laser-dissection microscopy in an inducible mouse model. Thereby, we have identified novel targets for immune intervention. Increased gene expression of most inflammatory proteins was apparent at day 10 after T1D induction and largely paralleled the observed degree of insulitis. We further focused on genes involved in leukocyte migration, including chemokines and their receptors. Besides the critical chemokine CXCL10, we found several other chemokines upregulated locally in temporary or chronic manner. Localization of the chemokine ligand/receptor pairs to the islet microenvironment has been confirmed by RNAscope. Interference with the CXCL16-CXCR6 and CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axes, but not the CCL5-CCR1/3/5 axis, resulted in reduced insulitis and lower T1D incidence. Further, we found that the receptors for the differentially expressed chemokines CXCL10, CXCL16 and CX3CL1 are distributed unevenly among islet autoantigen-specific T cells, which explains why the interference with just one chemokine axis cannot completely abrogate insulitis and T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bender
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Müller
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Camilla Tondello
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jessica Horn
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Holdener
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stanley Lasch
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Monika Bayer
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Josef M Pfeilschifter
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin-Leo Hansmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Claudia Döring
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Edith Hintermann
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Urs Christen
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology Pharmazentrum Frankfurt / ZAFES, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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17
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Mo Y, Zou Z, Chen E. Targeting ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int 2024; 18:32-49. [PMID: 37880567 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-023-10593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor with complex survival mechanism and drug resistance, resulting in cancer-related high mortality in the world. Ferroptosis represents a form of regulated cell death, typically distinguished by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Cancer cells often employ antioxidant defenses to evade the harmful effects of excess iron. Recent research has proposed that directing interventions towards ferroptosis could serve as an effective strategy in curbing the proliferation and invasion of HCC. Immunotherapy has made some preliminary progress in the remodeling of immune microenvironment, but it has not completely inhibited HCC growth, invasion and drug resistance. Furthermore, ferroptosis is widely observed in the formation of immune microenvironment of HCC and mediates the response of many targeted drugs and immunotherapy. Clarifying the role of ferroptosis in these complex processes is expected to provide a new prospect for HCC treatment. In this review, we outline the mechanisms by which HCC develops invasiveness and drug resistance by evading iron-dependent death, and paint a comprehensive landscape of ferroptosis in different cell types in the HCC immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Mo
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhilin Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Erbao Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China.
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18
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Torcellan T, Friedrich C, Doucet-Ladevèze R, Ossner T, Solé VV, Riedmann S, Ugur M, Imdahl F, Rosshart SP, Arnold SJ, Gomez de Agüero M, Gagliani N, Flavell RA, Backes S, Kastenmüller W, Gasteiger G. Circulating NK cells establish tissue residency upon acute infection of skin and mediate accelerated effector responses to secondary infection. Immunity 2024; 57:124-140.e7. [PMID: 38157853 PMCID: PMC10783803 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are present in the circulation and can also be found residing in tissues, and these populations exhibit distinct developmental requirements and are thought to differ in terms of ontogeny. Here, we investigate whether circulating conventional NK (cNK) cells can develop into long-lived tissue-resident NK (trNK) cells following acute infections. We found that viral and bacterial infections of the skin triggered the recruitment of cNK cells and their differentiation into Tcf1hiCD69hi trNK cells that share transcriptional similarity with CD56brightTCF1hi NK cells in human tissues. Skin trNK cells arose from interferon (IFN)-γ-producing effector cells and required restricted expression of the transcriptional regulator Blimp1 to optimize Tcf1-dependent trNK cell formation. Upon secondary infection, trNK cells rapidly gained effector function and mediated an accelerated NK cell response. Thus, cNK cells redistribute and permanently position at sites of previous infection via a mechanism promoting tissue residency that is distinct from Hobit-dependent developmental paths of NK cells and ILC1 seeding tissues during ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Torcellan
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christin Friedrich
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rémi Doucet-Ladevèze
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ossner
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics, and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Virgínia Visaconill Solé
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sofie Riedmann
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Milas Ugur
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Imdahl
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan P Rosshart
- Department of Microbiome Research, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Simone Backes
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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19
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Kotzur R, Kahlon S, Isaacson B, Gamliel M, Charpak-Amikam Y, Lieberman J, Bachrach G, Goldman-Wohl D, Yagel S, Beharier O, Mandelboim O. Pregnancy trained decidual NK cells protect pregnancies from harmful Fusobacterium nucleatum infection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011923. [PMID: 38215172 PMCID: PMC10826933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells (NKs) found during pregnancy at the maternal-fetal interface named decidual (d)NKs, show signs of education following first pregnancy, resulting in better placentation and fetus-growth, hence termed pregnancy trained dNKs (PTdNKs). Here we show that PTdNKs provide increased protection of the fetus from Fusobacterium nucleatum (FN) infection. We demonstrate that PTdNKs secrete elevated amounts of the bacteriocidal protein granulysin (GNLY) upon incubation with FN compared to dNKs derived from first pregnancies, which leads to increased killing of FN. Furthermore, we showed mechanistically that the GNLY secretion is mediated through the interaction of the FN's Fap2 protein with Gal-GalNAc present on PTdNKs. Finally, we show in vivo, using GNLY-tg mice that enhanced protection of the fetuses from FN infection is observed, as compared to wild type and that this enhance protection is NK cell dependent. Altogether, we show a new function for PTdNKs as protectors of the fetus from bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kotzur
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shira Kahlon
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Batya Isaacson
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Moriya Gamliel
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoav Charpak-Amikam
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’ Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gilad Bachrach
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Debra Goldman-Wohl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-University Hospital, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Simcha Yagel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-University Hospital, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Beharier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-University Hospital, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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20
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Abstract
For our immune system to contain or eliminate malignant solid tumours, both myeloid and lymphoid haematopoietic cells must not only extravasate from the bloodstream into the tumour tissue but also further migrate to various specialized niches of the tumour microenvironment to functionally interact with each other, with non-haematopoietic stromal cells and, ultimately, with cancer cells. These interactions regulate local immune cell survival, proliferative expansion, differentiation and their execution of pro-tumour or antitumour effector functions, which collectively determine the outcome of spontaneous or therapeutically induced antitumour immune responses. None of these interactions occur randomly but are orchestrated and critically depend on migratory guidance cues provided by chemokines, a large family of chemotactic cytokines, and their receptors. Understanding the functional organization of the tumour immune microenvironment inevitably requires knowledge of the multifaceted roles of chemokines in the recruitment and positioning of its cellular constituents. Gaining such knowledge will not only generate new insights into the mechanisms underlying antitumour immunity or immune tolerance but also inform the development of biomarkers (or 'biopatterns') based on spatial tumour tissue analyses, as well as novel strategies to therapeutically engineer immune responses in patients with cancer. Here we will discuss recent observations on the role of chemokines in the tumour microenvironment in the context of our knowledge of their physiological functions in development, homeostasis and antimicrobial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Julia K Lill
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lukas M Altenburger
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Hartana CA, Lancien M, Gao C, Rassadkina Y, Lichterfeld M, Yu XG. IL-15-dependent immune crosstalk between natural killer cells and dendritic cells in HIV-1 elite controllers. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113530. [PMID: 38048223 PMCID: PMC10765318 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the principal effector cell population of the innate immune system, natural killer (NK) cells may make critical contributions to natural, immune-mediated control of HIV-1 replication. Using genome-wide assessments of activating and inhibitory chromatin features, we demonstrate here that cytotoxic NK (cNK) cells from elite controllers (ECs) display elevated activating histone modifications at the interleukin 2 (IL-2)/IL-15 receptor β chain and the BCL2 gene loci. These histone changes translate into increased responsiveness of cNK cells to paracrine IL-15 secretion, which coincides with higher levels of IL-15 transcription by myeloid dendritic cells in ECs. The distinct immune crosstalk between these innate immune cell populations results in improved IL-15-dependent cNK cell survival and cytotoxicity, paired with a metabolic profile biased toward IL-15-mediated glycolytic activities. Together, these results suggest that cNK cells from ECs display a programmed IL-15 response signature and support the emerging role of innate immune pathways in natural, drug-free control of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie Lancien
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ce Gao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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22
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Corneillie L, Lemmens I, Weening K, De Meyer A, Van Houtte F, Tavernier J, Meuleman P. Virus-Host Protein Interaction Network of the Hepatitis E Virus ORF2-4 by Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assays. Viruses 2023; 15:2412. [PMID: 38140653 PMCID: PMC10748205 DOI: 10.3390/v15122412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout their life cycle, viruses interact with cellular host factors, thereby influencing propagation, host range, cell tropism and pathogenesis. The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an underestimated RNA virus in which knowledge of the virus-host interaction network to date is limited. Here, two related high-throughput mammalian two-hybrid approaches (MAPPIT and KISS) were used to screen for HEV-interacting host proteins. Promising hits were examined on protein function, involved pathway(s), and their relation to other viruses. We identified 37 ORF2 hits, 187 for ORF3 and 91 for ORF4. Several hits had functions in the life cycle of distinct viruses. We focused on SHARPIN and RNF5 as candidate hits for ORF3, as they are involved in the RLR-MAVS pathway and interferon (IFN) induction during viral infections. Knocking out (KO) SHARPIN and RNF5 resulted in a different IFN response upon ORF3 transfection, compared to wild-type cells. Moreover, infection was increased in SHARPIN KO cells and decreased in RNF5 KO cells. In conclusion, MAPPIT and KISS are valuable tools to study virus-host interactions, providing insights into the poorly understood HEV life cycle. We further provide evidence for two identified hits as new host factors in the HEV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Corneillie
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Irma Lemmens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karin Weening
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amse De Meyer
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Freya Van Houtte
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Jost S, Lucar O, Lee E, Yoder T, Kroll K, Sugawara S, Smith S, Jones R, Tweet G, Werner A, Tomezsko PJ, Dugan HL, Ghofrani J, Rascle P, Altfeld M, Müller-Trutwin M, Goepfert P, Reeves RK. Antigen-specific memory NK cell responses against HIV and influenza use the NKG2/HLA-E axis. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadi3974. [PMID: 38064568 PMCID: PMC11104516 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adi3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies have broadened the roles of natural killer (NK) cells functioning as purely innate lymphocytes by demonstrating that they are capable of putative antigen-specific immunological memory against multiple infectious agents including HIV-1 and influenza. However, the mechanisms underlying antigen specificity remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that antigen-specific human NK cell memory develops upon exposure to both HIV and influenza, unified by a conserved and epitope-specific targetable mechanism largely dependent on the activating CD94/NKG2C receptor and its ligand HLA-E. We validated the permanent acquisition of antigen specificity by individual memory NK cells by single-cell cloning. We identified elevated expression of KLRG1, α4β7, and NKG2C as biomarkers of antigen-specific NK cell memory through complex immunophenotyping. Last, we uncovered individual HLA-E-restricted peptides that may constitute the dominant NK cell response in HIV-1- and influenza-infected persons in vivo. Our findings clarify the mechanisms contributing to antigen-specific memory NK cell responses and suggest that they could be potentially targeted therapeutically for vaccines or other therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jost
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Olivier Lucar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Esther Lee
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Taylor Yoder
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kyle Kroll
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Sho Sugawara
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Scott Smith
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rhianna Jones
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - George Tweet
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra Werner
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Phillip J. Tomezsko
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Haley L. Dugan
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joshua Ghofrani
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philippe Rascle
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | | | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, HIV, Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Paul Goepfert
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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24
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Bakhtiyaridovvombaygi M, Yazdanparast S, Mikanik F, Izadpanah A, Parkhideh S, Shahbaz Ghasabeh A, Roshandel E, Hajifathali A, Gharehbaghian A. Cytokine-Induced Memory-Like NK Cells: Emerging strategy for AML immunotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115718. [PMID: 37857247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease developed from the malignant expansion of myeloid precursor cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The implementation of intensive chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has improved outcomes associated with AML, but relapse, along with suboptimal outcomes, is still a common scenario. In the past few years, exploring new therapeutic strategies to optimize treatment outcomes has occurred rapidly. In this regard, natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy has attracted clinical interest due to its critical role in immunosurveillance and their capabilities to target AML blasts. NK cells are cytotoxic innate lymphoid cells that mediate anti-viral and anti-tumor responses by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and directly inducing cytotoxicity. Although NK cells are well known as short-lived innate immune cells with non-specific responses that have limited their clinical applications, the discovery of cytokine-induced memory-like (CIML) NK cells could overcome these challenges. NK cells pre-activated with the cytokine combination IL-12/15/18 achieved a long-term life span with adaptive immunity characteristics, termed CIML-NK cells. Previous studies documented that using CIML-NK cells in cancer treatment is safe and results in promising outcomes. This review highlights the current application, challenges, and opportunities of CIML-NK cell-based therapy in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bakhtiyaridovvombaygi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Yazdanparast
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mikanik
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Izadpanah
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Parkhideh
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Shahbaz Ghasabeh
- Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, School of Allied Medical Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Roshandel
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Hajifathali
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Gharehbaghian
- Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, School of Allied Medical Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Naidoo L, Arumugam T, Ramsuran V. Host Genetic Impact on Infectious Diseases among Different Ethnic Groups. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2023; 4:2300181. [PMID: 38099246 PMCID: PMC10716055 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202300181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) are problematic globally, with high prevalence particularly in Africa, attributing to most of the death rates. There have been immense efforts toward developing effective preventative and therapeutic strategies for these pathogens globally, however, some remain uncured. Disease susceptibility and progression for malaria, TB, HIV, and COVID-19 vary among individuals and are attributed to precautionary measures, environment, host, and pathogen genetics. While studying individuals with similar attributes, it is suggested that host genetics contributes to most of an individual's susceptibility to disease. Several host genes are identified to associate with these pathogens. Interestingly, many of these genes and polymorphisms are common across diseases. This paper analyzes genes and genetic variations within host genes associated with HIV, TB, malaria, and COVID-19 among different ethnic groups. The differences in host-pathogen interaction among these groups, particularly of Caucasian and African descent, and which gene polymorphisms are prevalent in an African population that possesses protection or risk to disease are reviewed. The information in this review could potentially help develop personalized treatment that could effectively combat the high disease burden in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Naidoo
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4041South Africa
| | - Thilona Arumugam
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4041South Africa
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4041South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4041South Africa
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26
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Yeoh WJ, Krebs P. SHIP1 and its role for innate immune regulation-Novel targets for immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350446. [PMID: 37742135 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3-kinase/AKT (PI3K/AKT) signaling plays key roles in the regulation of cellular activity in both health and disease. In immune cells, this PI3K/AKT pathway is critically regulated by the phosphoinositide phosphatase SHIP1, which has been reported to modulate the function of most immune subsets. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of SHIP1 with a focus on innate immune cells, where we reflect on the most pertinent aspects described in the current literature. We also present several small-molecule agonists and antagonists of SHIP1 developed over the last two decades, which have led to improved outcomes in several preclinical models of disease. We outline these promising findings and put them in relation to human diseases with unmet medical needs, where we discuss the most attractive targets for immune therapies based on SHIP1 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jie Yeoh
- Institute of Tissue Medicine and Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Krebs
- Institute of Tissue Medicine and Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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27
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Creegan M, Degler J, Paquin-Proulx D, Eller MA, Machmach K. OMIP-098: A 26 parameter, 24 color flow cytometry panel for human memory NK cell phenotyping. Cytometry A 2023; 103:941-946. [PMID: 37807668 PMCID: PMC10872854 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
This 26-parameter flow cytometry panel has been developed and optimized to analyze NK cell phenotype, using cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from people living with and without human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH, PWOH). Our panel is designed for the analysis of several parameters of total NK cells and memory NK cell subsets including markers of maturation, activation, and proliferation, as well as activating and inhibitory receptors. Other tissues have not been tested (Table 1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Creegan
- The US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, MD, USA
| | - Justin Degler
- The US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, MD, USA
| | - Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- The US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, MD, USA
| | - Michael A. Eller
- The US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, MD, USA
- Present address: Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS (DAIDS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA
| | - Kawthar Machmach
- The US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, MD, USA
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28
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Majewska-Szczepanik M, Kowalczyk P, Askenase PW, Szczepanik M. Natural killer cell-mediated contact dermatitis-like reaction induced by treatment with TLR3 ligand poly(I:C). Contact Dermatitis 2023; 89:230-240. [PMID: 37463838 PMCID: PMC10530359 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Poly(I:C) is recognised by endosomal Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and activates cytotoxic CD8(+) lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. It has been shown that the viral TLR3 agonist induces robust and long-lasting T-cell-mediated responses. In addition, TLR3 modulates the contact hypersensitivity reaction. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine whether poly(I:C) injection can induce NK-mediated hapten reactivity in mice. METHODS Mice were treated with poly(I:C), and their response to dinitrofluorobenzene hapten was measured by assessing ear swelling and serum interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production. Adoptive cell transfer and cell sorting were used to investigate the mechanism of the reaction, and the phenotype of poly(I:C)-activated liver NK cells was determined by flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS The results showed that poly(I:C) administration increased ear swelling, serum IFN-γ levels and the response to hapten in both immunocompetent and T- and B-cell-deficient mice. Only liver poly(I:C)-activated DX5(+) NK cells were able to transfer reactivity to hapten into a naive recipient. Induction of liver NK cells after poly(I:C) administration was TLR3/TRIF- and IFN-γ-dependent, interleukin 12-independent, and not modulated by MyD88. CONCLUSION This study provides new insights into how poly(I:C) stimulates NK-mediated reactivity to hapten and suggests that liver NK cells may modulate the immune response to non-pathogenic factors during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Majewska-Szczepanik
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Paulina Kowalczyk
- Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland
| | - Philip W Askenase
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Marian Szczepanik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
- Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland
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29
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Chang Y, Jin G, Luo W, Luo Q, Jung J, Hummel SN, Torregrosa-Allen S, Elzey BD, Low PS, Lian XL, Bao X. Engineered human pluripotent stem cell-derived natural killer cells with PD-L1 responsive immunological memory for enhanced immunotherapeutic efficacy. Bioact Mater 2023; 27:168-180. [PMID: 37091063 PMCID: PMC10113709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered natural killer (NK) cells have shown promise in treating various cancers. However, limited immunological memory and access to sufficient numbers of allogenic donor cells have hindered their broader preclinical and clinical applications. Here, we first assess eight different CAR constructs that use an anti-PD-L1 nanobody and/or universal anti-fluorescein (FITC) single-chain variable fragment (scFv) to enhance antigen-specific proliferation and anti-tumor cytotoxicity of NK-92 cells against heterogenous solid tumors. We next genetically engineer human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) with optimized CARs and differentiate them into functional dual CAR-NK cells. The tumor microenvironment responsive anti-PD-L1 CAR effectively promoted hPSC-NK cell proliferation and cytotoxicity through antigen-dependent activation of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) and pSTAT5 signaling pathways via an intracellular truncated IL-2 receptor β-chain (ΔIL-2Rβ) and STAT3-binding tyrosine-X-X-glutamine (YXXQ) motif. Anti-tumor activities of PD-L1-induced memory-like hPSC-NK cells were further boosted by administering a FITC-folate bi-specific adapter that bridges between a programmable anti-FITC CAR and folate receptor alpha-expressing breast tumor cells. Collectively, our hPSC CAR-NK engineering platform is modular and could constitute a realistic strategy to manufacture off-the-shelf CAR-NK cells with immunological memory-like phenotype for targeted immunotherapy.
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30
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Wang Y, Hu Y, Liu Y, Shi C, Yu L, Lu N, Zhang C. Liver-resident CD44 hiCD27 - γδT Cells Help to Protect Against Listeria monocytogenes Infection. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:923-941. [PMID: 37611663 PMCID: PMC10616555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gamma delta (γδ) T cells are heterogeneous and functionally committed to producing interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17. γδT cells are defined as tissue-resident lymphocytes in barrier tissues. Among them, IL-17-producing γδT cells are relatively abundant in the liver. However, a systematic and comprehensive understanding of the residency characteristics and function of hepatic IL-17A+ γδT cells is lacking. METHODS We undertook a single-cell analysis of γδT17 cells derived from murine livers. A parabiosis model was used to assess tissue residency. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting and adoptive transfer experiments were used to investigate the response and protective role of liver-resident CD44hiCD27- γδT cells in Listeria monocytogenes infection. Transwell assay was used to assess the role of macrophages in the chemotaxis of liver-resident CD44hiCD27- γδT cells. RESULTS We identified hepatic IL-17A-producing γδT cells as CD44hiCD27- γδT cells. They had tissue-resident characteristics and resided principally within the liver. Vγ6+ T cells also exhibited liver-resident features. Liver-resident CD44hiCD27- γδT cells had significantly increased proliferation capacity, and their proportion rapidly increased after infection. Some CD44hiCD27- γδT cells could produce IL-17A and IFN-γ simultaneously in response to Lm infection. Adoptive transfer of hepatic CD44hiCD27- γδT cells into Lm-infected TCRδ-/- mice led to markedly lower bacterial numbers in the liver. Hepatic macrophages promoted the migration and accumulation of liver-resident CD44hiCD27- γδT cells into infection sites. CONCLUSIONS Liver-resident CD44hiCD27- γδT cells protect against Lm infection. Hepatic macrophages coordinate with liver-resident CD44hiCD27- γδT cells and contribute to the clearance of Lm at the early stage of infection corporately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuxia Liu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chongdeng Shi
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Linyan Yu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Institute of Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Cai Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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31
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Preechanukul A, Kronsteiner B, Saiprom N, Rochaikun K, Moonmueangsan B, Phunpang R, Ottiwet O, Kongphrai Y, Wapee S, Chotivanich K, Morakot C, Janon R, Dunachie SJ, Chantratita N. Identification and function of a novel human memory-like NK cell population expressing CD160 in melioidosis. iScience 2023; 26:107234. [PMID: 37520720 PMCID: PMC10372747 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells are endowed with immunological memory to a range of pathogens but the development of NK cell memory in bacterial infections remains elusive. Here, we establish an assay inducing memory-like NK cell response to Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of the severe bacterial disease called melioidosis, and explore NK cell memory in a melioidosis patient cohort. We show that NK cells require bacteria-primed monocytes to acquire memory-like properties, demonstrated by bacteria-specific responses, features that strongly associate with CD160 expression. Induction of this memory-like NK cell is partly dependent on CD160 and IL-12R. Importantly, CD160 expression identifies memory-like NK cells in a cohort of recovered melioidosis patients with heightened responses maintained at least 3 months post hospital admission and reduced numbers of this cell population independently correlate with recurrent melioidosis. These newly identified memory-like NK cells are a promising target for future vaccine design and for monitoring protection against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anucha Preechanukul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Barbara Kronsteiner
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Natnaree Saiprom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kitilak Rochaikun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonthanom Moonmueangsan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungnapa Phunpang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orawan Ottiwet
- Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Pathology, Mukdahan Hospital, Mukdahan, Thailand
| | - Yuphin Kongphrai
- Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Pathology, Mukdahan Hospital, Mukdahan, Thailand
| | - Soonthon Wapee
- Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Pathology, Mukdahan Hospital, Mukdahan, Thailand
| | - Kesinee Chotivanich
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chumpol Morakot
- Department of Medicine, Mukdahan Hospital, Mukdahan, Thailand
| | - Rachan Janon
- Department of Medicine, Mukdahan Hospital, Mukdahan, Thailand
| | - Susanna J. Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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32
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Hermans L, Denaeghel S, Jansens RJJ, De Pelsmaeker S, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D, Hegewisch-Solloa E, Mace EM, Cox E, Devriendt B, Favoreel HW. Comparative transcriptomics of porcine liver-resident CD8α dim, liver CD8α high and circulating blood CD8α high NK cells reveals an intermediate phenotype of liver CD8α high NK cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1219078. [PMID: 37662951 PMCID: PMC10471975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1219078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver-resident NK (lrNK) cells have been studied in humans as well as in mice. Unfortunately, important differences have been observed between murine and human lrNK cells, complicating the extrapolation of data obtained in mice to man. We previously described two NK cell subsets in the porcine liver: A CD8αhigh subset, with a phenotype much like conventional CD8αhigh NK cells found in the peripheral blood, and a specific liver-resident CD8αdim subset which phenotypically strongly resembles human lrNK cells. These data suggest that the pig might be an attractive model for studying lrNK cell biology. In the current study, we used RNA-seq to compare the transcriptome of three porcine NK cell populations: Conventional CD8αhigh NK cells from peripheral blood (cNK cells), CD8αhigh NK cells isolated from the liver, and the liver-specific CD8αdim NK cells. We found that highly expressed transcripts in the CD8αdim lrNK cell population mainly include genes associated with the (adaptive) immune response, whereas transcripts associated with cell migration and extravasation are much less expressed in this subset compared to cNK cells. Overall, our data indicate that CD8αdim lrNK cells show an immature and anti-inflammatory phenotype. Interestingly, we also observed that the CD8αhigh NK cell population that is present in the liver appears to represent a population with an intermediate phenotype. Indeed, while the transcriptome of these cells largely overlaps with that of cNK cells, they also express transcripts associated with liver residency, in particular CXCR6. The current, in-depth characterization of the transcriptome of porcine liver NK cell populations provides a basis to use the pig model for research into liver-resident NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Hermans
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Denaeghel
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Robert J. J. Jansens
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Steffi De Pelsmaeker
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Dieter Deforce
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NXTGNT, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Everardo Hegewisch-Solloa
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Emily M. Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eric Cox
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Herman W. Favoreel
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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33
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Shegarfi H. Recognition of Listeria monocytogenes infection by natural killer cells: Towards a complete picture by experimental studies in rats. Innate Immun 2023; 29:110-121. [PMID: 37285590 PMCID: PMC10468624 DOI: 10.1177/17534259231178223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of cellular immune responses in animal disease models demands detailed knowledge of development, function, and regulation of immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells. Listeria monocytogenes (LM) bacterium has been explored in a large area of research fields, including the host pathogen interaction. Although the importance role of NK cells in controlling the first phase of LM burden has been investigated, the interaction between NK cells and infected cells in details are far from being comprehended. From in vivo and in vitro experiments, we can drive several important pieces of knowledge that hopefully contribute to illuminating the intercommunication between LM-infected cells and NK cells. Experimental studies performed in rats revealed that certain NK cell ligands are influenced in LM-infected cells. These ligands include both classical- and non-classical MHC class I molecules and C-type lectin related (Clr) molecules that are ligands for Ly49- and NKR-P1 receptors respectively. Interaction between these receptors:ligands during LM infection, demonstrated stimulation of rat NK cells. Hence, these studies provided additional knowledge to the mechanisms NK cells utilise to recognise and respond to LM infection outlined in the current review.
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34
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Basílio-Queirós D, Mischak-Weissinger E. Natural killer cells- from innate cells to the discovery of adaptability. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172437. [PMID: 37275911 PMCID: PMC10232812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells have come a long way since their first description in the 1970's. The most recent reports of their adaptive-like behavior changed the way the immune system dichotomy is described. Adaptive NK cells present characteristics of both the innate and adaptive immune system. This NK cell subpopulation undergoes a clonal-like expansion in response to an antigen and secondary encounters with the same antigen result in an increased cytotoxic response. These characteristics can be of extreme importance in the clinical setting, especially as adoptive immunotherapies, since NK cells present several advantages compared other cell types. This review will focus on the discovery and the path to the current knowledge of the adaptive NK cell population.
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35
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Cimpean M, Cooper MA. Metabolic regulation of NK cell antiviral functions during cytomegalovirus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:525-534. [PMID: 36843434 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells quickly mount cytotoxic responses, produce cytokines, and proliferate in response to infected or transformed cells. Moreover, they can develop memory, with enhanced effector responses following activation, in some cases with antigen specificity. To optimally execute these functions, NK cells undergo metabolic reprogramming. Here, we discuss the interplay between metabolism and NK cell function in the context of viral infections. We review findings supporting metabolic regulation of NK cell effector functions, with a focus on NK cell antiviral infection in the context of cytomegalovirus in the mouse (MCMV) and human (HCMV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cimpean
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8208, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Megan A Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8208, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
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36
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Lizana-Vasquez GD, Torres-Lugo M, Dixon R, Powderly JD, Warin RF. The application of autologous cancer immunotherapies in the age of memory-NK cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1167666. [PMID: 37205105 PMCID: PMC10185894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1167666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunotherapy has revolutionized the oncology field, yielding improved results against hematological and solid malignancies. NK cells have become an attractive alternative due to their capacity to activate upon recognition of "stress" or "danger" signals independently of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) engagement, thus making tumor cells a perfect target for NK cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy even as an allogeneic solution. While this allogeneic use is currently favored, the existence of a characterized memory function for NK cells ("memory-like" NK cells) advocates for an autologous approach, that would benefit from the allogeneic setting discoveries, but with added persistence and specificity. Still, both approaches struggle to exert a sustained and high anticancer effect in-vivo due to the immunosuppressive tumor micro-environment and the logistical challenges of cGMP production or clinical deployment. Novel approaches focused on the quality enhancement and the consistent large-scale production of highly activated therapeutic memory-like NK cells have yielded encouraging but still unconclusive results. This review provides an overview of NK biology as it relates to cancer immunotherapy and the challenge presented by solid tumors for therapeutic NKs. After contrasting the autologous and allogeneic NK approaches for solid cancer immunotherapy, this work will present the current scientific focus for the production of highly persistent and cytotoxic memory-like NK cells as well as the current issues with production methods as they apply to stress-sensitive immune cells. In conclusion, autologous NK cells for cancer immunotherapy appears to be a prime alternative for front line therapeutics but to be successful, it will be critical to establish comprehensives infrastructures allowing the production of extremely potent NK cells while constraining costs of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby D. Lizana-Vasquez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
- Cancer Research Clinic, Carolina BioOncology Institute (CBOI), Huntersville, NC, United States
| | - Madeline Torres-Lugo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | - R. Brent Dixon
- Cancer Research Clinic, Carolina BioOncology Institute (CBOI), Huntersville, NC, United States
- Human Applications Lab (HAL) - BioCytics, Huntersville, NC, United States
| | - John D. Powderly
- Cancer Research Clinic, Carolina BioOncology Institute (CBOI), Huntersville, NC, United States
- Human Applications Lab (HAL) - BioCytics, Huntersville, NC, United States
| | - Renaud F. Warin
- Cancer Research Clinic, Carolina BioOncology Institute (CBOI), Huntersville, NC, United States
- Human Applications Lab (HAL) - BioCytics, Huntersville, NC, United States
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37
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Oyong DA, Duffy FJ, Neal ML, Du Y, Carnes J, Schwedhelm KV, Hertoghs N, Jun SH, Miller H, Aitchison JD, De Rosa SC, Newell EW, McElrath MJ, McDermott SM, Stuart KD. Distinct immune responses associated with vaccination status and protection outcomes after malaria challenge. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011051. [PMID: 37195999 PMCID: PMC10228810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding immune mechanisms that mediate malaria protection is critical for improving vaccine development. Vaccination with radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites (PfRAS) induces high level of sterilizing immunity against malaria and serves as a valuable tool for the study of protective mechanisms. To identify vaccine-induced and protection-associated responses during malarial infection, we performed transcriptome profiling of whole blood and in-depth cellular profiling of PBMCs from volunteers who received either PfRAS or noninfectious mosquito bites, followed by controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) challenge. In-depth single-cell profiling of cell subsets that respond to CHMI in mock-vaccinated individuals showed a predominantly inflammatory transcriptome response. Whole blood transcriptome analysis revealed that gene sets associated with type I and II interferon and NK cell responses were increased in prior to CHMI while T and B cell signatures were decreased as early as one day following CHMI in protected vaccinees. In contrast, non-protected vaccinees and mock-vaccinated individuals exhibited shared transcriptome changes after CHMI characterized by decreased innate cell signatures and inflammatory responses. Additionally, immunophenotyping data showed different induction profiles of vδ2+ γδ T cells, CD56+ CD8+ T effector memory (Tem) cells, and non-classical monocytes between protected vaccinees and individuals developing blood-stage parasitemia, following treatment and resolution of infection. Our data provide key insights in understanding immune mechanistic pathways of PfRAS-induced protection and infective CHMI. We demonstrate that vaccine-induced immune response is heterogenous between protected and non-protected vaccinees and that inducted-malaria protection by PfRAS is associated with early and rapid changes in interferon, NK cell and adaptive immune responses. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01994525.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian A. Oyong
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Fergal J. Duffy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maxwell L. Neal
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ying Du
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jason Carnes
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Katharine V. Schwedhelm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nina Hertoghs
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Seong-Hwan Jun
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Helen Miller
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John D. Aitchison
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Evan W. Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Suzanne M. McDermott
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D. Stuart
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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38
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Hanč P, Gonzalez RJ, Mazo IB, Wang Y, Lambert T, Ortiz G, Miller EW, von Andrian UH. Multimodal control of dendritic cell functions by nociceptors. Science 2023; 379:eabm5658. [PMID: 36996219 PMCID: PMC10642951 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm5658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
It is known that interactions between nociceptors and dendritic cells (DCs) can modulate immune responses in barrier tissues. However, our understanding of the underlying communication frameworks remains rudimentary. Here, we show that nociceptors control DCs in three molecularly distinct ways. First, nociceptors release the calcitonin gene-related peptide that imparts a distinct transcriptional profile on steady-state DCs characterized by expression of pro-interleukin-1β and other genes implicated in DC sentinel functions. Second, nociceptor activation induces contact-dependent calcium fluxes and membrane depolarization in DCs and enhances their production of proinflammatory cytokines when stimulated. Finally, nociceptor-derived chemokine CCL2 contributes to the orchestration of DC-dependent local inflammation and the induction of adaptive responses against skin-acquired antigens. Thus, the combined actions of nociceptor-derived chemokines, neuropeptides, and electrical activity fine-tune DC responses in barrier tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Hanč
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rodrigo J Gonzalez
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Irina B Mazo
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yidi Wang
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Talley Lambert
- Cell Biology Microscopy Facility, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gloria Ortiz
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular & Cell Biology, and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Evan W Miller
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular & Cell Biology, and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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39
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Laeremans T, den Roover S, Lungu C, D’haese S, Gruters RA, Allard SD, Aerts JL. Autologous dendritic cell vaccination against HIV-1 induces changes in natural killer cell phenotype and functionality. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:29. [PMID: 36864042 PMCID: PMC9980861 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00631-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although natural killer (NK) cells have been studied in connection with dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination in the field of cancer immunology, their role has barely been addressed in the context of therapeutic vaccination against HIV-1. In this study, we evaluated whether a therapeutic DC-based vaccine consisting of monocyte-derived DCs electroporated with Tat, Rev and Nef encoding mRNA affects NK cell frequency, phenotype and functionality in HIV-1-infected individuals. Although the frequency of total NK cells did not change, we observed a significant increase in cytotoxic NK cells following immunisation. In addition, significant changes in the NK cell phenotype associated with migration and exhaustion were observed together with increased NK cell-mediated killing and (poly)functionality. Our results show that DC-based vaccination has profound effects on NK cells, which highlights the importance of evaluating NK cells in future clinical trials looking at DC-based immunotherapy in the context of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thessa Laeremans
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabine den Roover
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cynthia Lungu
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrid D’haese
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rob A. Gruters
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine D. Allard
- grid.411326.30000 0004 0626 3362Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joeri L. Aerts
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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40
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Depierreux DM, Smith GL, Ferguson BJ. Transcriptional reprogramming of natural killer cells by vaccinia virus shows both distinct and conserved features with mCMV. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1093381. [PMID: 36911702 PMCID: PMC9995584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1093381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have an established role in controlling poxvirus infection and there is a growing interest to exploit their capabilities in the context of poxvirus-based oncolytic therapy and vaccination. How NK cells respond to poxvirus-infected cells to become activated is not well established. To address this knowledge gap, we studied the NK cell response to vaccinia virus (VACV) in vivo, using a systemic infection murine model. We found broad alterations in NK cells transcriptional activity in VACV-infected mice, consistent with both direct target cell recognition and cytokine exposure. There were also alterations in the expression levels of specific NK surface receptors (NKRs), including the Ly49 family and SLAM receptors, as well as upregulation of memory-associated NK markers. Despite the latter observation, adoptive transfer of VACV-expercienced NK populations did not confer protection from infection. Comparison with the NK cell response to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection highlighted common features, but also distinct NK transcriptional programmes initiated by VACV. Finally, there was a clear overlap between the NK transcriptional response in humans vaccinated with an attenuated VACV, modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), demonstrating conservation between the NK response in these different host species. Overall, this study provides new data about NK cell activation, function, and homeostasis during VACV infection, and may have implication for the design of VACV-based therapeutics.
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Ziegler AE, Fittje P, Müller LM, Ahrenstorf AE, Hagemann K, Hagen SH, Hess LU, Niehrs A, Poch T, Ravichandran G, Löbl SM, Padoan B, Brias S, Hennesen J, Richard M, Richert L, Peine S, Oldhafer KJ, Fischer L, Schramm C, Martrus G, Bunders MJ, Altfeld M, Lunemann S. The co-inhibitory receptor TIGIT regulates NK cell function and is upregulated in human intrahepatic CD56 bright NK cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1117320. [PMID: 36845105 PMCID: PMC9948018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between NK cells and their surrounding environment is enabled through activating and inhibitory receptors, which tightly control NK cell activity. The co-inhibitory receptor TIGIT decreases NK cell cytotoxicity and is involved in NK cell exhaustion, but has also been associated with liver regeneration, highlighting that the contribution of human intrahepatic CD56bright NK cells in regulating tissue homeostasis remains incompletely understood. A targeted single-cell mRNA analysis revealed distinct transcriptional differences between matched human peripheral blood and intrahepatic CD56bright NK cells. Multiparameter flow cytometry identified a cluster of intrahepatic NK cells with overlapping high expression of CD56, CD69, CXCR6, TIGIT and CD96. Intrahepatic CD56bright NK cells also expressed significantly higher protein surface levels of TIGIT, and significantly lower levels of DNAM-1 compared to matched peripheral blood CD56bright NK cells. TIGIT+ CD56bright NK cells showed diminished degranulation and TNF-α production following stimulation. Co-incubation of peripheral blood CD56bright NK cells with human hepatoma cells or primary human hepatocyte organoids resulted in migration of NK cells into hepatocyte organoids and upregulation of TIGIT and downregulation of DNAM-1 expression, in line with the phenotype of intrahepatic CD56bright NK cells. Intrahepatic CD56bright NK cells represent a transcriptionally, phenotypically, and functionally distinct population of NK cells that expresses higher levels of TIGIT and lower levels of DNAM-1 than matched peripheral blood CD56bright NK cells. Increased expression of inhibitory receptors by NK cells within the liver environment can contribute to tissue homeostasis and reduction of liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annerose E. Ziegler
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pia Fittje
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luisa M. Müller
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika E. Ahrenstorf
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerri Hagemann
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven H. Hagen
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonard U. Hess
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Niehrs
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Poch
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gevitha Ravichandran
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Löbl
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benedetta Padoan
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sébastien Brias
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana Hennesen
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Myrtille Richard
- University of Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219 and Inria, Team Statistics in systems biology and translationnal medicine (SISTM), Bordeaux, France
| | - Laura Richert
- University of Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219 and Inria, Team Statistics in systems biology and translationnal medicine (SISTM), Bordeaux, France
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl J. Oldhafer
- Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Asklepios Hospital Barmbek, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Department of Visceral Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Martin Zeitz Centre for Rare Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Glòria Martrus
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Madeleine J. Bunders
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lunemann
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
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42
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Schwab L, Bühler S, Biedritzky A, Schmidt M, Andre MC. Optimized flow cytometry panel for the detection and analysis of human tumor-induced memory-like NK cells. J Immunol Methods 2023; 515:113439. [PMID: 36758895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that under certain conditions such as viral infection or exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines, NK cells may acquire features of adaptive immune cells. In this context, various forms of adaptive NK cells have been described, i.e. "liver-resident" memory-like NK cells, cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced memory NK cells and interleukin (IL)12/15/18 cytokine-induced memory-like (CIML)-NK cells. We recently provided evidence that upon a 7-day co-culture with irradiated leukemia specimens NK cells can exhibit a memory-like phenotype with substantial anti-leukemic functionality. Here, we propose an antibody panel that allows the identification of subtle changes in the activation status and maturation during memory cell conversion of these so-called tumor-induced memory-like (TIML)-NK cells but also the comparison of those with other forms of memory NK cells. As tremendous efforts are currently undertaken to evaluate the clinical benefit of adoptive cell transfer of various forms of NK cells, we here delineate the process of our panel design in detail to provide future researchers with the means to optimize the flow cytometric analysis of various forms of memory NK cells within their clinical trial protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schwab
- University Children's Hospital, Dep. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Bühler
- University Children's Hospital, Dep. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anna Biedritzky
- University Children's Hospital, Dep. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marina Schmidt
- University Children's Hospital, Dep. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Maya C Andre
- University Children's Hospital, Dep. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Tuebingen, Germany; Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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43
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Tandel N, Negi S, Dalai SK, Tyagi RK. Role of natural killer and B cell interaction in inducing pathogen specific immune responses. Int Rev Immunol 2023:1-19. [PMID: 36731424 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2023.2172406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The innate lymphoid cell (ILC) system comprising of the circulating and tissue-resident cells is known to clear infectious pathogens, establish immune homeostasis as well as confer antitumor immunity. Human natural killer cells (hNKs) and other ILCs carry out mopping of the infectious pathogens and perform cytolytic activity regulated by the non-adaptive immune system. The NK cells generate immunological memory and rapid recall response tightly regulated by the adaptive immunity. The interaction of NK and B cell, and its role to induce the pathogen specific immunity is not fully understood. Hence, present article sheds light on the interaction between NK and B cells and resulting immune responses in the infectious diseases. The immune responses elicited by the NK-B cell interaction is of particular importance for developing therapeutic vaccines against the infectious pathogens. Further, experimental evidences suggest the immune-response driven by NK cell population elicits the host-specific antibodies and memory B cells. Also, recently developed humanized immune system (HIS) mice and their importance in to understanding the NK-B cell interaction and resulting pathogen specific immunity has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj Tandel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sushmita Negi
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sarat K Dalai
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rajeev K Tyagi
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
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44
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Isoda Y, Tanaka T, Suzuki H, Asano T, Yoshikawa T, Kitamura K, Kudo Y, Ejima R, Ozawa K, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Epitope Mapping Using the Cell-Based 2 × Alanine Substitution Method About the Anti-mouse CXCR6 Monoclonal Antibody, Cx 6Mab-1. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2023; 42:22-26. [PMID: 36383116 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2022.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An anti-mouse CXC chemokine receptor 6 (mCXCR6) monoclonal antibody (mAb), Cx6Mab-1, was developed recently. Cx6Mab-1 is applicable for flow cytometry, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The purpose of this study is to determine the binding epitope of Cx6Mab-1 using 2 × alanine mutated mCXCR6. Analysis of flow cytometry revealed that Cx6Mab-1 did not recognize S8A-A9G, L10A-Y11A, D12A-G13A, and H14A-Y15A mutants of mCXCR6. The results clearly indicate that the binding epitope of Cx6Mab-1 includes Ser8, Ala9, Leu10, Tyr11, Asp12, Gly13, His14, and Tyr15 of mCXCR6. The successful determination of the Cx6Mab-1 epitope might contribute to the pathophysiological investigation of mCXCR6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Isoda
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Teizo Asano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kaishi Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuma Kudo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ryo Ejima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ozawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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45
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Anderko RR, Mailliard RB. Mapping the interplay between NK cells and HIV: therapeutic implications. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:109-138. [PMID: 36822173 PMCID: PMC10043732 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although highly effective at durably suppressing plasma HIV-1 viremia, combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment regimens do not eradicate the virus, which persists in long-lived CD4+ T cells. This latent viral reservoir serves as a source of plasma viral rebound following treatment interruption, thus requiring lifelong adherence to ART. Additionally, challenges remain related not only to access to therapy but also to a higher prevalence of comorbidities with an inflammatory etiology in treated HIV-1+ individuals, underscoring the need to explore therapeutic alternatives that achieve sustained virologic remission in the absence of ART. Natural killer (NK) cells are uniquely positioned to positively impact antiviral immunity, in part due to the pleiotropic nature of their effector functions, including the acquisition of memory-like features, and, therefore, hold great promise for transforming HIV-1 therapeutic modalities. In addition to defining the ability of NK cells to contribute to HIV-1 control, this review provides a basic immunologic understanding of the impact of HIV-1 infection and ART on the phenotypic and functional character of NK cells. We further delineate the qualities of "memory" NK cell populations, as well as the impact of HCMV on their induction and subsequent expansion in HIV-1 infection. We conclude by highlighting promising avenues for optimizing NK cell responses to improve HIV-1 control and effect a functional cure, including blockade of inhibitory NK receptors, TLR agonists to promote latency reversal and NK cell activation, CAR NK cells, BiKEs/TriKEs, and the role of HIV-1-specific bNAbs in NK cell-mediated ADCC activity against HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee R. Anderko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Robbie B. Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
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46
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Mace EM. Human natural killer cells: Form, function, and development. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:371-385. [PMID: 36195172 PMCID: PMC9905317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells that mediate important effector functions in the control of viral infection and malignancy. Their ability to distinguish "self" from "nonself" and lyse virally infected and tumorigenic cells through germline-encoded receptors makes them important players in maintaining human health and a powerful tool for immunotherapeutic applications and fighting disease. This review introduces our current understanding of NK cell biology, including key facets of NK cell differentiation and the acquisition and execution of NK cell effector function. Further, it addresses the clinical relevance of NK cells in both primary immunodeficiency and immunotherapy. It is intended to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of this important and interesting innate immune effector cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.
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47
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Roles of natural killer cells in immunity to cancer, and applications to immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:90-105. [PMID: 35637393 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Great strides have been made in recent years towards understanding the roles of natural killer (NK) cells in immunity to tumours and viruses. NK cells are cytotoxic innate lymphoid cells that produce inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. By lysing transformed or infected cells, they limit tumour growth and viral infections. Whereas T cells recognize peptides presented by MHC molecules, NK cells display receptors that recognize stress-induced autologous proteins on cancer cells. At the same time, their functional activity is inhibited by MHC molecules displayed on such cells. The enormous potential of NK cells for immunotherapy for cancer is illustrated by their broad recognition of stressed cells regardless of neoantigen presentation, and enhanced activity against tumours that have lost expression of MHC class I owing to acquired resistance mechanisms. As a result, many efforts are under way to mobilize endogenous NK cells with therapeutics, or to provide populations of ex vivo-expanded NK cells as a cellular therapy, in some cases by equipping the NK cells with chimeric antigen receptors. Here we consider the key features that underlie why NK cells are emerging as important new additions to the cancer therapeutic arsenal.
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48
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Metabolic regulation of NK cell function: implications for immunotherapy. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM (SURREY, ENGLAND)) 2023; 5:e00020. [PMID: 36710923 PMCID: PMC9869966 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes capable of rapidly responding to tumors and infection without prior sensitization. There is increasing interest and success in harnessing NK cell function for the treatment of disease, in particular cancers. NK cell activation is dependent on integration of signals through cytokine and germline-encoded activating and inhibitory receptors. The availability of metabolic fuels and pathways is required for NK effector functions including proliferation, killing, and production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ). An understanding of NK cell immunometabolism is thus essential for developing immunotherapy approaches that will allow for optimal effector functions in patients. Studies in mice and humans have demonstrated stimulation-dependent metabolic changes that are required for NK cell function. Here we review the most recent findings in NK cell immunometabolism relevant to disease models and translation to therapy of patients.
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Anang V, Singh A, Kottarath SK, Verma C. Receptors of immune cells mediates recognition for tumors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:219-267. [PMID: 36631194 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, the immune system has been steered toward eradication of cancer cells with the help of cancer immunotherapy. T cells, B cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, T-reg cells, and natural killer (NK) cells are some of the numerous immune cell types that play a significant part in cancer cell detection and reduction of inflammation, and the antitumor response. Briefly stated, chimeric antigen receptors, adoptive transfer and immune checkpoint modulators are currently the subjects of research focus for successful immunotherapy-based treatments for a variety of cancers. This chapter discusses ongoing investigations on the mechanisms and recent developments by which receptors of immune cells especially that of lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages regulate the detection of immune system leading to malignancies. We will also be looking into the treatment strategies based on these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Anang
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sarat Kumar Kottarath
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Huston, TX, United States.
| | - Chaitenya Verma
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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50
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Smith DM, Schafer JR, Tullius B, Witkam L, Paust S. Natural killer cells for antiviral therapy. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabl5278. [PMID: 36599006 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl5278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy is being explored for treating infectious diseases, including viral infections. Here, we discuss evidence of NK cell responses to different viruses, ongoing clinical efforts to treat such infections with NK cell products, and review platforms to generate NK cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davey M Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Laura Witkam
- Kiadis Pharma, Sanofi, 1105BP Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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