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Singh P, Kumar V, Lee KW, Hong JC. Discovery of Novel Allosteric SHP2 Inhibitor Using Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, and Principal Component Analysis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:935. [PMID: 39065785 PMCID: PMC11280062 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
SHP2 belongs to a cytoplasmic non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase class. It plays a critical role in the development of various cancers, such as gastric cancer, leukemia, and breast cancer. Thus, SHP2 has gained the interest of researchers as a potential target for inhibiting tumor cell proliferation in SHP2-dependent cancers. This study employed pharmacophore-based virtual screening, molecular docking, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, MM/PBSA, and principal component analysis (PCA), followed by ADME prediction. We selected three potential hits from a collective database of more than one million chemical compounds. The stability of these selected hit-protein complexes was analyzed using 500 ns MD simulations and binding free energy calculations. The identified hits Lig_1, Lig_6, and Lig_14 demonstrated binding free energies of -161.49 kJ/mol, -151.28 kJ/mol, and -107.13 kJ/mol, respectively, compared to the reference molecule (SHP099) with a ΔG of -71.48 kJ/mol. Our results showed that the identified compounds could be used as promising candidates for selective SHP2 allosteric inhibition in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Computational Biophysics Lab, Basque Center for Materials, Applications, and Nanostructures (BCMaterials), Buil. Martina Casiano, Pl. 3 Parque Científico UPV/EHU Barrio Sarriena, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Korea Quantum Computing (KQC), 55 Centumjungang-ro, Haeundae, Busan 48058, Republic of Korea
- Angel i-Drug Design (AiDD), 33-3 Jinyangho-ro 44, Jinju 52650, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chan Hong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
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Chouhan S, Sridaran D, Weimholt C, Luo J, Li T, Hodgson MC, Santos LN, Le Sommer S, Fang B, Koomen JM, Seeliger M, Qu CK, Yart A, Kontaridis MI, Mahajan K, Mahajan NP. SHP2 as a primordial epigenetic enzyme expunges histone H3 pTyr-54 to amend androgen receptor homeostasis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5629. [PMID: 38965223 PMCID: PMC11224269 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations that decrease or increase the activity of the tyrosine phosphatase, SHP2 (encoded by PTPN11), promotes developmental disorders and several malignancies by varying phosphatase activity. We uncovered that SHP2 is a distinct class of an epigenetic enzyme; upon phosphorylation by the kinase ACK1/TNK2, pSHP2 was escorted by androgen receptor (AR) to chromatin, erasing hitherto unidentified pY54-H3 (phosphorylation of histones H3 at Tyr54) epigenetic marks to trigger a transcriptional program of AR. Noonan Syndrome with Multiple Lentigines (NSML) patients, SHP2 knock-in mice, and ACK1 knockout mice presented dramatic increase in pY54-H3, leading to loss of AR transcriptome. In contrast, prostate tumors with high pSHP2 and pACK1 activity exhibited progressive downregulation of pY54-H3 levels and higher AR expression that correlated with disease severity. Overall, pSHP2/pY54-H3 signaling acts as a sentinel of AR homeostasis, explaining not only growth retardation, genital abnormalities and infertility among NSML patients, but also significant AR upregulation in prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Chouhan
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- 6601, Cancer Research Building, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Dhivya Sridaran
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- 6601, Cancer Research Building, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Cody Weimholt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Tiandao Li
- Bioinformatics Research Core, Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Myles C Hodgson
- Department of Biomedical Research and Translational Medicine, Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY, 13501, USA
| | - Luana N Santos
- Department of Biomedical Research and Translational Medicine, Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY, 13501, USA
| | - Samantha Le Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Research and Translational Medicine, Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY, 13501, USA
| | - Bin Fang
- Moffitt Cancer Center, SRB3, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - John M Koomen
- Moffitt Cancer Center, SRB3, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Markus Seeliger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University Medical School, BST 7-120, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA
| | - Cheng-Kui Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Armelle Yart
- UMR 1301-Inserm 5070-CNRS EFS Univ. P. Sabatier, 4bis Ave Hubert Curien, 31100, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria I Kontaridis
- Department of Biomedical Research and Translational Medicine, Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY, 13501, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kiran Mahajan
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- 6601, Cancer Research Building, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nupam P Mahajan
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- 6601, Cancer Research Building, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Waheed‐Ullah Q, Wilsdon A, Abbad A, Rochette S, Bu'Lock F, Hitz M, Dombrowsky G, Cuello F, Brook JD, Loughna S. Effect of deletion of the protein kinase PRKD1 on development of the mouse embryonic heart. J Anat 2024; 245:70-83. [PMID: 38419169 PMCID: PMC11161829 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital anomaly, with an overall incidence of approximately 1% in the United Kingdom. Exome sequencing in large CHD cohorts has been performed to provide insights into the genetic aetiology of CHD. This includes a study of 1891 probands by our group in collaboration with others, which identified three novel genes-CDK13, PRKD1, and CHD4, in patients with syndromic CHD. PRKD1 encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase, which is important in a variety of fundamental cellular functions. Individuals with a heterozygous mutation in PRKD1 may have facial dysmorphism, ectodermal dysplasia and may have CHDs such as pulmonary stenosis, atrioventricular septal defects, coarctation of the aorta and bicuspid aortic valve. To obtain a greater appreciation for the role that this essential protein kinase plays in cardiogenesis and CHD, we have analysed a Prkd1 transgenic mouse model (Prkd1em1) carrying deletion of exon 2, causing loss of function. High-resolution episcopic microscopy affords detailed morphological 3D analysis of the developing heart and provides evidence for an essential role of Prkd1 in both normal cardiac development and CHD. We show that homozygous deletion of Prkd1 is associated with complex forms of CHD such as atrioventricular septal defects, and bicuspid aortic and pulmonary valves, and is lethal. Even in heterozygotes, cardiac differences occur. However, given that 97% of Prkd1 heterozygous mice display normal heart development, it is likely that one normal allele is sufficient, with the defects seen most likely to represent sporadic events. Moreover, mRNA and protein expression levels were investigated by RT-qPCR and western immunoblotting, respectively. A significant reduction in Prkd1 mRNA levels was seen in homozygotes, but not heterozygotes, compared to WT littermates. While a trend towards lower PRKD1 protein expression was seen in the heterozygotes, the difference was only significant in the homozygotes. There was no compensation by the related Prkd2 and Prkd3 at transcript level, as evidenced by RT-qPCR. Overall, we demonstrate a vital role of Prkd1 in heart development and the aetiology of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qazi Waheed‐Ullah
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Anna Wilsdon
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Aseel Abbad
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Sophie Rochette
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Frances Bu'Lock
- East Midlands Congenital Heart CentreUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicesterUK
| | - Marc‐Phillip Hitz
- Institute of Medical GeneticsCarl von Ossietzky University OldenburgOldenburgGermany
| | - Gregor Dombrowsky
- Institute of Medical GeneticsCarl von Ossietzky University OldenburgOldenburgGermany
| | - Friederike Cuello
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/LübeckUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - J. David Brook
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Siobhan Loughna
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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Fuentes-Mateos R, García-Navas R, Fernández-Infante C, Hernández-Cano L, Calzada-Nieto N, Juan AOS, Guerrero C, Santos E, Fernández-Medarde A. Combined HRAS and NRAS ablation induces a RASopathy phenotype in mice. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:332. [PMID: 38886790 PMCID: PMC11184836 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HRASKO/NRASKO double knockout mice exhibit exceedingly high rates of perinatal lethality due to respiratory failure caused by a significant lung maturation delay. The few animals that reach adulthood have a normal lifespan, but present areas of atelectasis mixed with patches of emphysema and normal tissue in the lung. METHODS Eight double knockout and eight control mice were analyzed using micro-X-ray computerized tomography and a Small Animal Physiological Monitoring system. Tissues and samples from these mice were analyzed using standard histological and Molecular Biology methods and the significance of the results analyzed using a Student´s T-test. RESULTS The very few double knockout mice surviving up to adulthood display clear craniofacial abnormalities reminiscent of those seen in RASopathy mouse models, as well as thrombocytopenia, bleeding anomalies, and reduced platelet activation induced by thrombin. These surviving mice also present heart and spleen hyperplasia, and elevated numbers of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the spleen. Mechanistically, we observed that these phenotypic alterations are accompanied by increased KRAS-GTP levels in heart, platelets and primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts from these animals. CONCLUSIONS Our data uncovers a new, previously unidentified mechanism capable of triggering a RASopathy phenotype in mice as a result of the combined removal of HRAS and NRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Fuentes-Mateos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, Campus Unamuno, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Present address: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rósula García-Navas
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, Campus Unamuno, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Fernández-Infante
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IMBCC), USAL-CSIC. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis Hernández-Cano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IMBCC), USAL-CSIC. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Present address: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nuria Calzada-Nieto
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, Campus Unamuno, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Andrea Olarte-San Juan
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, Campus Unamuno, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmen Guerrero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IMBCC), USAL-CSIC. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, Campus Unamuno, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Alberto Fernández-Medarde
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, Campus Unamuno, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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Yi JS, Perla S, Bennett AM. An Assessment of the Therapeutic Landscape for the Treatment of Heart Disease in the RASopathies. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023; 37:1193-1204. [PMID: 35156148 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-022-07324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway controls a plethora of developmental and post-developmental processes. It is now clear that mutations in the RAS-MAPK pathway cause developmental diseases collectively referred to as the RASopathies. The RASopathies include Noonan syndrome, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, and Costello syndrome. RASopathy patients exhibit a wide spectrum of congenital heart defects (CHD), such as valvular abnormalities and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Since the cardiovascular defects are the most serious and recurrent cause of mortality in RASopathy patients, it is critical to understand the pathological signaling mechanisms that drive the disease. Therapies for the treatment of HCM and other RASopathy-associated comorbidities have yet to be fully realized. Recent developments have shown promise for the use of repurposed antineoplastic drugs that target the RAS-MAPK pathway for the treatment of RASopathy-associated HCM. However, given the impact of the RAS-MAPK pathway in post-developmental physiology, establishing safety and evaluating risk when treating children will be paramount. As such insight provided by preclinical and clinical information will be critical. This review will highlight the cardiovascular manifestations caused by the RASopathies and will discuss the emerging therapies for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, SHM B226D, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8066, USA
| | - Sravan Perla
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, SHM B226D, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8066, USA
| | - Anton M Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, SHM B226D, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8066, USA.
- Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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Sodir NM, Pathria G, Adamkewicz JI, Kelley EH, Sudhamsu J, Merchant M, Chiarle R, Maddalo D. SHP2: A Pleiotropic Target at the Interface of Cancer and Its Microenvironment. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:2339-2355. [PMID: 37682219 PMCID: PMC10618746 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The protein phosphatase SHP2/PTPN11 has been reported to be a key modulator of proliferative pathways in a wide range of malignancies. Intriguingly, SHP2 has also been described as a critical regulator of the tumor microenvironment. Based on this evidence SHP2 is considered a multifaceted target in cancer, spurring the notion that the development of direct inhibitors of SHP2 would provide the twofold benefit of tumor intrinsic and extrinsic inhibition. In this review, we will discuss the role of SHP2 in cancer and the tumor microenvironment, and the clinical strategies in which SHP2 inhibitors are leveraged as combination agents to improve therapeutic response. SIGNIFICANCE The SHP2 phosphatase functions as a pleiotropic factor, and its inhibition not only hinders tumor growth but also reshapes the tumor microenvironment. Although their single-agent activity may be limited, SHP2 inhibitors hold the potential of being key combination agents to enhance the depth and the durability of tumor response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Sodir
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Gaurav Pathria
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Elizabeth H. Kelley
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jawahar Sudhamsu
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Mark Merchant
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Danilo Maddalo
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
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Papadopoulou A, Bountouvi E. Skeletal defects and bone metabolism in Noonan, Costello and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1231828. [PMID: 37964950 PMCID: PMC10641803 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1231828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Noonan, Costello and Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes belong to a group of disorders named RASopathies due to their common pathogenetic origin that lies on the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. Genetics has eased, at least in part, the distinction of these entities as they are presented with overlapping clinical features which, sometimes, become more pronounced with age. Distinctive face, cardiac and skeletal defects are among the primary abnormalities seen in these patients. Skeletal dysmorphisms range from mild to severe and may include anterior chest wall anomalies, scoliosis, kyphosis, short stature, hand anomalies, muscle weakness, osteopenia or/and osteoporosis. Patients usually have increased serum concentrations of bone resorption markers, while markers of bone formation are within normal range. The causative molecular defects encompass the members of the Ras/MAPK/ERK pathway and the adjacent cascades, important for the maintenance of normal bone homeostasis. It has been suggested that modulation of the expression of specific molecules involved in the processes of bone remodeling may affect the osteogenic fate decision, potentially, bringing out new pharmaceutical targets. Currently, the laboratory imprint of bone metabolism on the clinical picture of the affected individuals is not clear, maybe due to the rarity of these syndromes, the small number of the recruited patients and the methods used for the description of their clinical and biochemical profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, University General Hospital “Attikon”, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Luo H, Yang Z, Li J, Jin H, Jiang M, Shan C. Deletion of PDK 1 Caused Cardiac Malmorphogenesis and Heart Defects Due to Profound Protein Phosphorylation Changes Mediated by SHP 2. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2023; 16:1220-1231. [PMID: 36988860 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1), a master kinase and involved in multiple signaling transduction, participates in regulating embryonic cardiac development and postnatal cardiac remodeling. Germline PDK1 knockout mice displayed no heart development; in this article, we deleted PDK1 in heart tissue with different cre to characterize the temporospatial features and find the relevance with congenital heart disease(CHD), furthermore to investigate the underlying mechanism. Knocking out PDK1 with Nkx2.5-cre, the heart showed prominent pulmonic stenosis. Ablated PDK1 with Mef2cSHF-cre, the second heart field (SHF) exhibited severe hypoplasia. And deleted PDK1 with αMHC-cre, the mice displayed dilated heart disease, protein analysis indicated PI3K and ERK were activated; meanwhile, PDK1-AKT-GSK3, and S6K-S6 were disrupted; phosphorylation level of Akt473, S6k421/424, and Gsk3α21 enhanced; however, Akt308, S6k389, and Gsk3β9 decreased. In mechanism investigation, we found SHP2 membrane localization and phosphorylation level of SHP2542 elevated, which suggested SHP2 likely mediated the disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Luo
- Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Dongguan, 523808, China.
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, China.
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Jie Li
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Hengwei Jin
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Mingyang Jiang
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Congjia Shan
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, China
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Mendoza-Castrejon J, Magee JA. Layered immunity and layered leukemogenicity: Developmentally restricted mechanisms of pediatric leukemia initiation. Immunol Rev 2023; 315:197-215. [PMID: 36588481 PMCID: PMC10301262 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and multipotent progenitor cells (MPPs) arise in successive waves during ontogeny, and their properties change significantly throughout life. Ontological changes in HSCs/MPPs underlie corresponding changes in mechanisms of pediatric leukemia initiation. As HSCs and MPPs progress from fetal to neonatal, juvenile and adult stages of life, they undergo transcriptional and epigenetic reprogramming that modifies immune output to meet age-specific pathogenic challenges. Some immune cells arise exclusively from fetal HSCs/MPPs. We propose that this layered immunity instructs cell fates that underlie a parallel layered leukemogenicity. Indeed, some pediatric leukemias, such as juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, myeloid leukemia of Down syndrome, and infant pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, are age-restricted. They only present during infancy or early childhood. These leukemias likely arise from fetal progenitors that lose competence for transformation as they age. Other childhood leukemias, such as non-infant pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia, have mutation profiles that are common in childhood but rare in morphologically similar adult leukemias. These differences could reflect temporal changes in mechanisms of mutagenesis or changes in how progenitors respond to a given mutation at different ages. Interactions between leukemogenic mutations and normal developmental switches offer potential targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Mendoza-Castrejon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jeffrey A. Magee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Welsh CL, Allen S, Madan LK. Setting sail: Maneuvering SHP2 activity and its effects in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 160:17-60. [PMID: 37704288 PMCID: PMC10500121 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of tyrosine phosphorylation being a critical modulator of cancer signaling, proteins regulating phosphotyrosine levels in cells have fast become targets of therapeutic intervention. The nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) coded by the PTPN11 gene "SHP2" integrates phosphotyrosine signaling from growth factor receptors into the RAS/RAF/ERK pathway and is centrally positioned in processes regulating cell development and oncogenic transformation. Dysregulation of SHP2 expression or activity is linked to tumorigenesis and developmental defects. Even as a compelling anti-cancer target, SHP2 was considered "undruggable" for a long time owing to its conserved catalytic PTP domain that evaded drug development. Recently, SHP2 has risen from the "undruggable curse" with the discovery of small molecules that manipulate its intrinsic allostery for effective inhibition. SHP2's unique domain arrangement and conformation(s) allow for a truly novel paradigm of inhibitor development relying on skillful targeting of noncatalytic sites on proteins. In this review we summarize the biological functions, signaling properties, structural attributes, allostery and inhibitors of SHP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin L Welsh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Sarah Allen
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Lalima K Madan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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Fujita A, Kato M, Sugano H, Iimura Y, Suzuki H, Tohyama J, Fukuda M, Ito Y, Baba S, Okanishi T, Enoki H, Fujimoto A, Yamamoto A, Kawamura K, Kato S, Honda R, Ono T, Shiraishi H, Egawa K, Shirai K, Yamamoto S, Hayakawa I, Kawawaki H, Saida K, Tsuchida N, Uchiyama Y, Hamanaka K, Miyatake S, Mizuguchi T, Nakashima M, Saitsu H, Miyake N, Kakita A, Matsumoto N. An integrated genetic analysis of epileptogenic brain malformed lesions. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:33. [PMID: 36864519 PMCID: PMC9983246 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia is the most common malformation during cortical development, sometimes excised by epilepsy surgery and often caused by somatic variants of the mTOR pathway genes. In this study, we performed a genetic analysis of epileptogenic brain malformed lesions from 64 patients with focal cortical dysplasia, hemimegalencephy, brain tumors, or hippocampal sclerosis. Targeted sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, and single nucleotide polymorphism microarray detected four germline and 35 somatic variants, comprising three copy number variants and 36 single nucleotide variants and indels in 37 patients. One of the somatic variants in focal cortical dysplasia type IIB was an in-frame deletion in MTOR, in which only gain-of-function missense variants have been reported. In focal cortical dysplasia type I, somatic variants of MAP2K1 and PTPN11 involved in the RAS/MAPK pathway were detected. The in-frame deletions of MTOR and MAP2K1 in this study resulted in the activation of the mTOR pathway in transiently transfected cells. In addition, the PTPN11 missense variant tended to elongate activation of the mTOR or RAS/MAPK pathway, depending on culture conditions. We demonstrate that epileptogenic brain malformed lesions except for focal cortical dysplasia type II arose from somatic variants of diverse genes but were eventually linked to the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
| | - Hidenori Sugano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasushi Iimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiroharu Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Jun Tohyama
- Department of Child Neurology, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital, Niigata, 950-2085, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fukuda
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital, Niigata, 950-2085, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ito
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital, Niigata, 950-2085, Japan
| | - Shimpei Baba
- Department of Child Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, 430-8558, Japan
| | - Tohru Okanishi
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hideo Enoki
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Ayataka Fujimoto
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, 430-8558, Japan
| | - Akiyo Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Ryoko Honda
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, 856-8562, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ono
- Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, 856-8562, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shiraishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Egawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shirai
- Department of Pediatrics, Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital, Tsuchiura, 300-0028, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital, Tsuchiura, 300-0028, Japan
| | - Itaru Hayakawa
- Division of Neurology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kawawaki
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, 534-0021, Japan
| | - Ken Saida
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Naomi Tsuchida
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.,Department of Rare Disease Genomics, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yuri Uchiyama
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.,Department of Rare Disease Genomics, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kohei Hamanaka
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Satoko Miyatake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mizuguchi
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Nakashima
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.,Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
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12
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Hendriks WJAJ, van Cruchten RTP, Pulido R. Hereditable variants of classical protein tyrosine phosphatase genes: Will they prove innocent or guilty? Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1051311. [PMID: 36755664 PMCID: PMC9900141 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1051311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases, together with protein tyrosine kinases, control many molecular signaling steps that control life at cellular and organismal levels. Impairing alterations in the genes encoding the involved proteins is expected to profoundly affect the quality of life-if compatible with life at all. Here, we review the current knowledge on the effects of germline variants that have been reported for genes encoding a subset of the protein tyrosine phosphatase superfamily; that of the thirty seven classical members. The conclusion must be that the newest genome research tools produced an avalanche of data that suggest 'guilt by association' for individual genes to specific disorders. Future research should face the challenge to investigate these accusations thoroughly and convincingly, to reach a mature genotype-phenotype map for this intriguing protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiljan J. A. J. Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,*Correspondence: Wiljan J. A. J. Hendriks,
| | | | - Rafael Pulido
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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13
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Eboreime J, Choi SK, Yoon SR, Sadybekov A, Katritch V, Calabrese P, Arnheim N. Germline selection of PTPN11 (HGNC:9644) variants make a major contribution to both Noonan syndrome's high birth rate and the transmission of sporadic cancer variants resulting in fetal abnormality. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:2205-2221. [PMID: 36349709 PMCID: PMC10099774 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Some spontaneous germline gain-of-function mutations promote spermatogonial stem cell clonal expansion and disproportionate variant sperm production leading to unexpectedly high transmission rates for some human genetic conditions. To measure the frequency and spatial distribution of de novo mutations we divided three testes into 192 pieces each and used error-corrected deep-sequencing on each piece. We focused on PTPN11 (HGNC:9644) Exon 3 that contains 30 different PTPN11 Noonan syndrome (NS) mutation sites. We found 14 of these variants formed clusters among the testes; one testis had 11 different variant clusters. The mutation frequencies of these different clusters were not correlated with their case-recurrence rates nor were case recurrence rates of PTPN11 variants correlated with their tyrosine phosphatase levels thereby confusing PTPN11's role in germline clonal expansion. Six of the PTPN11 exon 3 de novo variants associated with somatic mutation-induced sporadic cancers (but not NS) also formed testis clusters. Further, three of these six variants were observed among fetuses that underwent prenatal ultrasound screening for NS-like features. Mathematical modeling showed that germline selection can explain both the mutation clusters and the high incidence of NS (1/1000-1/2500).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Eboreime
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Soo-Kyung Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Song-Ro Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anastasiia Sadybekov
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peter Calabrese
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Norman Arnheim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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14
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Zakharova V, Raykina E, Mersiyanova I, Deordieva E, Pershin D, Vedmedskia V, Rodina Y, Kuzmenko N, Maschan M, Shcherbina A. Cancer-causing MAP2K1 mutation in a mosaic patient with cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome and immunodeficiency. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:1852-1855. [PMID: 36054331 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
RASopathies are disorders caused by germline mutations in genes that encode components of the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. These syndromes share features of developmental delay, facial dysmorphisms, and defects in various organs, as well as cancer predisposition. Somatic mutations of the same pathway are one of the primary causes of cancer. It is thought that germline cancer-causing mutations would be embryonic lethal, as a more severe phenotype was shown in Drosophila and zebrafish embryos with cancer MAP2K1 mutations than in those with RASopathy mutations. Here we report the case of a patient with RASopathy caused by a cancer-associated MAP2K1 p.Phe53Leu mutation. The postzygotic mosaic nature of this mutation could explain the patient's survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victorya Zakharova
- Clinical Data Analysis Department, National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Raykina
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Mersiyanova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Deordieva
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Pershin
- Laboratory of Transplant Immunology and Immunotherapy of Hemoblastosis, Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Victorya Vedmedskia
- Laboratory of Transplant Immunology and Immunotherapy of Hemoblastosis, Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia Rodina
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Kuzmenko
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Michael Maschan
- High School of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Shcherbina
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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15
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Solman M, Woutersen DTJ, den Hertog J. Modeling (not so) rare developmental disorders associated with mutations in the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1046415. [PMID: 36407105 PMCID: PMC9672471 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1046415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology region 2 (SH2)-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a highly conserved protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), which is encoded by PTPN11 and is indispensable during embryonic development. Mutations in PTPN11 in human patients cause aberrant signaling of SHP2, resulting in multiple rare hereditary diseases, including Noonan Syndrome (NS), Noonan Syndrome with Multiple Lentigines (NSML), Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML) and Metachondromatosis (MC). Somatic mutations in PTPN11 have been found to cause cancer. Here, we focus on the role of SHP2 variants in rare diseases and advances in the understanding of its pathogenesis using model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Solman
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Jeroen den Hertog,
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16
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Bajia D, Bottani E, Derwich K. Effects of Noonan Syndrome-Germline Mutations on Mitochondria and Energy Metabolism. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193099. [PMID: 36231062 PMCID: PMC9563972 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) and related Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) contribute to the pathogenesis of human diseases in the RASopathy family. This family of genetic disorders constitute one of the largest groups of developmental disorders with variable penetrance and severity, associated with distinctive congenital disabilities, including facial features, cardiopathies, growth and skeletal abnormalities, developmental delay/mental retardation, and tumor predisposition. NS was first clinically described decades ago, and several genes have since been identified, providing a molecular foundation to understand their physiopathology and identify targets for therapeutic strategies. These genes encode proteins that participate in, or regulate, RAS/MAPK signalling. The RAS pathway regulates cellular metabolism by controlling mitochondrial homeostasis, dynamics, and energy production; however, little is known about the role of mitochondrial metabolism in NS and NSML. This manuscript comprehensively reviews the most frequently mutated genes responsible for NS and NSML, covering their role in the current knowledge of cellular signalling pathways, and focuses on the pathophysiological outcomes on mitochondria and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Bajia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Ul. Fredry 10, 61701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Emanuela Bottani
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Piazzale L. A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (K.D.); Tel.: +39-3337149584 (E.B.); +48-504199285 (K.D.)
| | - Katarzyna Derwich
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Ul. Fredry 10, 61701 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (K.D.); Tel.: +39-3337149584 (E.B.); +48-504199285 (K.D.)
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17
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Single-cell transcriptomic profiling unveils dysregulation of cardiac progenitor cells and cardiomyocytes in a mouse model of maternal hyperglycemia. Commun Biol 2022; 5:820. [PMID: 35970860 PMCID: PMC9378651 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most prevalent birth defect, often linked to genetic variations, environmental exposures, or combination of both. Epidemiological studies reveal that maternal pregestational diabetes is associated with ~5-fold higher risk of CHD in the offspring; however, the causal mechanisms affecting cardiac gene-regulatory-network (GRN) during early embryonic development remain poorly understood. In this study, we utilize an established murine model of pregestational diabetes to uncover the transcriptional responses in key cell-types of the developing heart exposed to maternal hyperglycemia (matHG). Here we show that matHG elicits diverse cellular responses in E9.5 and E11.5 embryonic hearts compared to non-diabetic hearts by single-cell RNA-sequencing. Through differential-gene-expression and cellular trajectory analyses, we identify perturbations in genes, predominantly affecting Isl1+ second heart field progenitors and Tnnt2+ cardiomyocytes with matHG. Using cell-fate mapping analysis in Isl1-lineage descendants, we demonstrate that matHG impairs cardiomyocyte differentiation and alters the expression of lineage-specifying cardiac genes. Finally, our work reveals matHG-mediated transcriptional changes in second heart field lineage that elevate CHD risk by perturbing Isl1-GRN during cardiomyocyte differentiation. Gene-environment interaction studies targeting the Isl1-GRN in cardiac progenitor cells will have a broader impact on understanding the mechanisms of matHG-induced risk of CHD associated with diabetic pregnancies. ScRNA-seq of embryonic heart tissues from a mouse model of maternal hyperglycemia (matHG) provides further insight into how matHG disrupts heart development and perturbs second heart field derived cardiomyocyte differentiation.
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18
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Deep sequencing unveils altered cardiac miRNome in congenital heart disease. Mol Genet Genomics 2022; 297:1123-1139. [PMID: 35668131 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) surges from fetal cardiac dysmorphogenesis and chiefly contributes to perinatal morbidity and cardiovascular disease mortality. A continual rise in prevalence and prerequisite postoperative disease management creates need for better understanding and new strategies to control the disease. The interaction between genetic and non-genetic factors roots the multifactorial status of this disease, which remains incompletely explored. The small non-coding microRNAs (miRs, miRNAs) regulate several biological processes via post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Abnormal expression of miRs in developing and adult heart is associated with anomalous cardiac cell differentiation, cardiac dysfunction, and cardiovascular diseases. Here, we attempt to discover the changes in cardiac miRNA transcriptome in CHD patients over those without CHD (non-CHD) and find its role in CHD through functional annotation. This study explores the miRNome in three most commonly occurring CHD subtypes, namely atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and tetralogy of fallot (TOF). We found 295 dysregulated miRNAs through high-throughput sequencing of the cardiac tissues. The bioinformatically predicted targets of these differentially expressed miRs were functionally annotated to know they were entailed in cell signal regulatory pathways, profoundly responsible for cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, migration and cell cycle regulation. Selective miRs (hsa-miR-221-3p, hsa-miR-218-5p, hsa-miR-873-5p) whose expression was validated by qRT-PCR, have been reported for cardiogenesis, cardiomyocyte proliferation, cardioprotection and cardiac dysfunction. These results indicate that the altered miRNome to be responsible for the disease status in CHD patients. Our data expand the existing knowledge on the epigenetic changes in CHD. In future, characterization of these cardiac-specific miRs will add huge potential to understand cardiac development, function, and molecular pathogenesis of heart diseases with a prospect of epigenetic manipulation for cardiac repair.
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19
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Kontaridis MI, Roberts AE, Schill L, Schoyer L, Stronach B, Andelfinger G, Aoki Y, Axelrad ME, Bakker A, Bennett AM, Broniscer A, Castel P, Chang CA, Cyganek L, Das TK, den Hertog J, Galperin E, Garg S, Gelb BD, Gordon K, Green T, Gripp KW, Itkin M, Kiuru M, Korf BR, Livingstone JR, López‐Juárez A, Magoulas PL, Mansour S, Milner T, Parker E, Pierpont EI, Plouffe K, Rauen KA, Shankar SP, Smith SB, Stevenson DA, Tartaglia M, Van R, Wagner ME, Ware SM, Zenker M. The seventh international RASopathies symposium: Pathways to a cure-expanding knowledge, enhancing research, and therapeutic discovery. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:1915-1927. [PMID: 35266292 PMCID: PMC9117434 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RASopathies are a group of genetic disorders that are caused by genes that affect the canonical Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Despite tremendous progress in understanding the molecular consequences of these genetic anomalies, little movement has been made in translating these findings to the clinic. This year, the seventh International RASopathies Symposium focused on expanding the research knowledge that we have gained over the years to enhance new discoveries in the field, ones that we hope can lead to effective therapeutic treatments. Indeed, for the first time, research efforts are finally being translated to the clinic, with compassionate use of Ras/MAPK pathway inhibitors for the treatment of RASopathies. This biannual meeting, organized by the RASopathies Network, brought together basic scientists, clinicians, clinician scientists, patients, advocates, and their families, as well as representatives from pharmaceutical companies and the National Institutes of Health. A history of RASopathy gene discovery, identification of new disease genes, and the latest research, both at the bench and in the clinic, were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Kontaridis
- Department of Biomedical Research and Translational MedicineMasonic Medical Research InstituteUticaNew YorkUSA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Amy E. Roberts
- Department of CardiologyBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Division of Genetics, Department of PediatricsBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lisa Schill
- RASopathies Network USAAltadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint‐Justine Research CentreUniversité de MontréalMontréalCanada
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical GeneticsTohoku University School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Marni E. Axelrad
- Section of Psychology, Department of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | | | - Anton M. Bennett
- Yale Center for Molecular and Systems MetabolismYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Alberto Broniscer
- Division of Hematology‐OncologyUPMC Children's Hospital of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Pau Castel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyNYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Caitlin A. Chang
- Department of Medical GeneticsBC Women and Children's HospitalVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Lukas Cyganek
- Stem Cell Unit, Clinic for Cardiology and PneumologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Tirtha K. Das
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative BiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute‐KNAW and University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Institute Biology LeidenLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Emilia Galperin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Shruti Garg
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences CentreUniversity of Manchester & Child & Adolescent Mental Health ServicesManchesterUK
| | - Bruce D. Gelb
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute and the Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Kristiana Gordon
- Lymphovascular Medicine, Dermatology DepartmentSt. George's UniversityLondonUK
| | - Tamar Green
- Division of Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Karen W. Gripp
- Department of GeneticsAI duPont Hospital for ChildrenWilmingtonDelawareUSA
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Center for Lymphatic Disorders, Department of RadiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Maija Kiuru
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineUniversity of California DavisSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bruce R. Korf
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | | | - Alejandro López‐Juárez
- Department of Health and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Texas Rio Grande ValleyTexasUSA
| | - Pilar L. Magoulas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Sahar Mansour
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences InstituteSt George's UniversityLondonUK
- South West Thames Regional Genetics ServiceSt George's NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | | | | | - Elizabeth I. Pierpont
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of PediatricsUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Katherine A. Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genomic Medicine, MIND InstituteUniversity of California DavisSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Suma P. Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genomic Medicine, MIND InstituteUniversity of California DavisSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of MedicineUniversity of California DavisSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - David A. Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research DivisionOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Richard Van
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Morgan E. Wagner
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology ProgramFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMarylandUSA
| | - Stephanie M. Ware
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University HospitalOtto‐von‐Guericke UniversityMagdeburgGermany
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20
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Solman M, Blokzijl-Franke S, Piques F, Yan C, Yang Q, Strullu M, Kamel SM, Ak P, Bakkers J, Langenau DM, Cavé H, den Hertog J. Inflammatory response in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells triggered by activating SHP2 mutations evokes blood defects. eLife 2022; 11:e73040. [PMID: 35535491 PMCID: PMC9119675 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 are the most frequently occurring mutations in sporadic juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) and JMML-like myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) associated with Noonan syndrome (NS). Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are the disease propagating cells of JMML. Here, we explored transcriptomes of HSPCs with SHP2 mutations derived from JMML patients and a novel NS zebrafish model. In addition to major NS traits, CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in Shp2D61G mutant zebrafish recapitulated a JMML-like MPN phenotype, including myeloid lineage hyperproliferation, ex vivo growth of myeloid colonies, and in vivo transplantability of HSPCs. Single-cell mRNA sequencing of HSPCs from Shp2D61G zebrafish embryos and bulk sequencing of HSPCs from JMML patients revealed an overlapping inflammatory gene expression pattern. Strikingly, an anti-inflammatory agent rescued JMML-like MPN in Shp2D61G zebrafish embryos. Our results indicate that a common inflammatory response was triggered in the HSPCs from sporadic JMML patients and syndromic NS zebrafish, which potentiated MPN and may represent a future target for JMML therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Solman
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | | | - Florian Piques
- INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de ParisParisFrance
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de GénétiqueParisFrance
| | - Chuan Yan
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research InstituteCharlestownUnited States
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterCharlestownUnited States
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeUnited States
| | - Qiqi Yang
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research InstituteCharlestownUnited States
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterCharlestownUnited States
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeUnited States
| | - Marion Strullu
- INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de ParisParisFrance
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d’Onco-Hématologie PédiatriqueParisFrance
| | - Sarah M Kamel
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Pakize Ak
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, UMC UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - David M Langenau
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research InstituteCharlestownUnited States
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterCharlestownUnited States
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeUnited States
| | - Hélène Cavé
- INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de ParisParisFrance
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de GénétiqueParisFrance
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden UniversityLeidenNetherlands
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21
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Cuevas-Navarro A, Rodriguez-Muñoz L, Grego-Bessa J, Cheng A, Rauen KA, Urisman A, McCormick F, Jimenez G, Castel P. Cross-species analysis of LZTR1 loss-of-function mutants demonstrates dependency to RIT1 orthologs. eLife 2022; 11:e76495. [PMID: 35467524 PMCID: PMC9068208 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS GTPases are highly conserved proteins involved in the regulation of mitogenic signaling. We have previously described a novel Cullin 3 RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex formed by the substrate adaptor protein LZTR1 that binds, ubiquitinates, and promotes proteasomal degradation of the RAS GTPase RIT1. In addition, others have described that this complex is also responsible for the ubiquitination of classical RAS GTPases. Here, we have analyzed the phenotypes of Lztr1 loss-of-function mutants in both fruit flies and mice and have demonstrated a biochemical preference for their RIT1 orthologs. Moreover, we show that Lztr1 is haplosufficient in mice and that embryonic lethality of the homozygous null allele can be rescued by deletion of Rit1. Overall, our results indicate that, in model organisms, RIT1 orthologs are the preferred substrates of LZTR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cuevas-Navarro
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Laura Rodriguez-Muñoz
- Institute for Molecular Biology of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Alice Cheng
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California DavisSacramentoUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California DavisSacramentoUnited States
| | - Anatoly Urisman
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Gerardo Jimenez
- Institute for Molecular Biology of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasBarcelonaSpain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Pau Castel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
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22
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PTPN11 Gene Mutations and Its Association with the Risk of Congenital Heart Disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:8290779. [PMID: 35440950 PMCID: PMC9013483 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8290779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital birth defect, with a prevalence of 8.98‰ of all live births in China. PTPN11 has been known to be closely involved in heart developments. In this research, we carried out whole-exome sequencing in nine CHD families and identified eight rare deleterious missense variants of PTPN11 gene in nine probands by stringently filtering criteria. Sanger sequencing of these probands and their unaffected familiar members revealed that six damaging variants were de novo in seven CHD families. Then, targeted sequencing was used to assess the PTPN11 exon variants in 672 sporadic CHD cases and 399 unrelated controls and identified 7 deleterious missense variants in 8 patients. Fisher's exact test reveals a significant association of PTPN11 variations with CHD (P = 0.0289). We observed the distribution of different subtypes in CHD patients with PTPN11 variants and found atrial septal defect (ASD) is a prominent phenotype (58.8%, 10/17). In vitro functional assays revealed that the predicted PTPN11 variants disturb RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling activity by influencing the phosphorylation level of pathway proteins and increasing the proliferation and migration abilities of cardiomyocytes to different extents. Our findings demonstrated that PTPN11 variants were associated with increased risk of CHD development and may be served as an important susceptible genetic event for CHD, especially the ASD subphenotype.
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23
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Dahlgren J, Noordam C. Growth, Endocrine Features, and Growth Hormone Treatment in Noonan Syndrome. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11072034. [PMID: 35407641 PMCID: PMC8999676 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11072034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome is a heterogeneous congenital disorder. The main features are typical facial features, short stature and cardiac defects. The diagnosis is clinical: in 80% of patients with Noonan syndrome a genetic defect can be shown. Inheritance is predominantly autosomal dominant and seldom autosomal recessive. In 2001, PTPN11 was the first gene connected to Noonan syndrome, and until now, at least 20 other genes have been discovered. All genes code for proteins involved in the RAS-MAP-kinase pathway, and therefore, Noonan syndrome is one of the known RASopathies. Other RASopathies include neurofibromatosis and CFC syndrome. Short stature is one of the defining features of Noonan syndrome. The cause is not fully understood but is multifactorial. Other endocrinological features are confined to delayed puberty and hypogonadism in boys and males. To increase adult height, children with Noonan syndrome have been treated with human growth hormone since the 1990s. This seems to be beneficial in most of the children treated. In this narrative review, we describe the current knowledge on growth, endocrinological features and growth hormone treatment in patients with Noonan syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovanna Dahlgren
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Gothenburg, 41685 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Cees Noordam
- Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology Zurich (PEZZ), 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-4-4364-3700
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24
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Kanumuri R, Pasupuleti SK, Burns SS, Ramdas B, Kapur R. Targeting SHP2 phosphatase in hematological malignancies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:319-332. [PMID: 35503226 PMCID: PMC9239432 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2066518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Src homology-2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a ubiquitously expressed, non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase encoded by the PTPN11 gene. Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in PTPN11 are associated with the development of various hematological malignancies and Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NS-ML). Preclinical studies performed with allosteric SHP2 inhibitors and combination treatments of SHP2 inhibitors with inhibitors of downstream regulators (such as MEK, ERK, and PD-1/PD-L1) demonstrate improved antitumor benefits. However, the development of novel SHP2 inhibitors is necessary to improve the therapeutic strategies for hematological malignancies and tackle drug resistance and disease relapse. AREAS COVERED This review examines the structure of SHP2, its function in various signaling cascades, the consequences of constitutive activation of SHP2 and potential therapeutic strategies to treat SHP2-driven hematological malignancies. EXPERT OPINION While SHP2 inhibitors have exhibited promise in preclinical trials, numerous challenges remain in translation to the clinic, including drug resistance. Although PROTAC-based SHP2 degraders show better efficacy than SHP2 inhibitors, novel strategies need to be designed to improve SHP2-specific therapies in hematologic malignancies. Genome-wide CRISPR screening should also be used to identify molecules that confer resistance to SHP2 inhibitors. Targeting these molecules together with SHP2 can increase the target specificity and reduce drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kanumuri
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Santhosh Kumar Pasupuleti
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sarah S Burns
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Baskar Ramdas
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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25
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Kong J, Long YQ. Recent advances in the discovery of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:246-257. [PMID: 35434626 PMCID: PMC8942255 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00386k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP2) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase encoded by the Ptpn11 gene, which regulates cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis via modulating various signaling pathways, such as the RAS/ERK signaling pathway, and participates in the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway governing immune surveillance. It has been recognized as a breakthrough antitumor therapeutic target. Besides, numerous studies have shown that SHP2 plays an important role in the regulation of inflammatory diseases. However, inhibitors targeting the active site of SHP2 lack drug-likeness due to their low selectivity and poor bioavailability, thus none has advanced to clinical development. Recently, allosteric inhibitors that stabilize the inactive conformation of SHP2 have achieved breakthrough progress, providing the clinical proof for the druggability of SHP2 as an antitumor drug target. This paper reviews the recently reported design and discovery of SHP2 small molecule inhibitors, focused on the structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of several representative SHP2 inhibitors, outlining the evolution and therapeutic potential of the small molecule inhibitors targeting SHP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Kong
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University Medical College Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Ya-Qiu Long
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University Medical College Suzhou 215123 China
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26
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Friend or foe? Unraveling the complex roles of protein tyrosine phosphatases in cardiac disease and development. Cell Signal 2022; 93:110297. [PMID: 35259455 PMCID: PMC9038168 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation is critical for most, if not all, fundamental cellular processes. However, we still do not fully understand the complex and tissue-specific roles of protein tyrosine phosphatases in the normal heart or in cardiac pathology. This review compares and contrasts the various roles of protein tyrosine phosphatases known to date in the context of cardiac disease and development. In particular, it will be considered how specific protein tyrosine phosphatases control cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte contractility, how protein tyrosine phosphatases contribute to or ameliorate injury induced by ischaemia / reperfusion or hypoxia / reoxygenation, and how protein tyrosine phosphatases are involved in normal heart development and congenital heart disease. This review delves into the newest developments and current challenges in the field, and highlights knowledge gaps and emerging opportunities for future research.
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27
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Longo JF, Carroll SL. The RASopathies: Biology, genetics and therapeutic options. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 153:305-341. [PMID: 35101235 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The RASopathies are a group of genetic diseases in which the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway is inappropriately activated as a result of mutations in genes encoding proteins within this pathway. As their causative mutations have been identified, this group of diseases has expanded to include neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Legius syndrome, Noonan syndrome, CBL syndrome, Noonan syndrome-like disorder with loose anagen hair, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, Costello syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, gingival fibromatosis and capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome. Many of these genetic disorders share clinical features in common such as abnormal facies, short stature, varying degrees of cognitive impairment, cardiovascular abnormalities, skeletal abnormalities and a predisposition to develop benign and malignant neoplasms. Others are more dissimilar, even though their mutations are in the same gene that is mutated in a different RASopathy. Here, we describe the clinical features of each RASopathy and contrast them with the other RASopathies. We discuss the genetics of these disorders, including the causative mutations for each RASopathy, the impact that these mutations have on the function of an individual protein and how this dysregulates the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. As several of these individual disorders are genetically heterogeneous, we also consider the different genes that can be mutated to produce disease with the same phenotype. We also discuss how our growing understanding of dysregulated Ras/MAPK signaling had led to the development of new therapeutic agents and what work will be critically important in the future to improve the lives of patients with RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Fromm Longo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Steven L Carroll
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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28
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Abstract
The RASopathies are a group of disorders caused by a germline mutation in one of the genes encoding a component of the RAS/MAPK pathway. These disorders, including neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Costello syndrome and Legius syndrome, among others, have overlapping clinical features due to RAS/MAPK dysfunction. Although several of the RASopathies are very rare, collectively, these disorders are relatively common. In this Review, we discuss the pathogenesis of the RASopathy-associated genetic variants and the knowledge gained about RAS/MAPK signaling that resulted from studying RASopathies. We also describe the cell and animal models of the RASopathies and explore emerging RASopathy genes. Preclinical and clinical experiences with targeted agents as therapeutics for RASopathies are also discussed. Finally, we review how the recently developed drugs targeting RAS/MAPK-driven malignancies, such as inhibitors of RAS activation, direct RAS inhibitors and RAS/MAPK pathway inhibitors, might be leveraged for patients with RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Hebron
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Edjay Ralph Hernandez
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marielle E Yohe
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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29
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Meenakshi PK, Mehrotra D, Nruthyathi N, Almeida-Filho D, Lee YS, Silva A, Balaji J. Novel measures of Morris water maze performance that use vector field maps to assess accuracy, uncertainty, and intention of navigational searches. Hippocampus 2022; 32:264-285. [PMID: 35025127 PMCID: PMC8921876 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most commonly used behavioral measures for testing learning and memory in the Morris water maze (MWM) involve comparisons of an animal's residence time in different quadrants of the pool. Such measures are limited in their ability to test different aspects of the animal's performance. Here, we describe novel measures of performance in the MWM that use vector fields to capture the motion of mice as well as their search pattern in the maze. Using these vector fields, we develop quantitative measures of performance that are intuitive and more sensitive than classical measures. First, we describe search patterns in terms of vector field properties and use these properties to define three metrics of spatial memory namely Spatial Accuracy, Uncertainty and, Intensity of Search. We demonstrate the usefulness of these measures using four different data sets including comparisons between different strains of mice, an analysis of two mouse models of Noonan syndrome (NS; Ptpn11 D61G and Ptpn11 N308D/+), and a study of goal reversal training. Importantly, besides highlighting novel aspects of performance in this widely used spatial task, our measures were able to uncover previously undetected differences, including in an animal model of NS, which we rescued with the mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor SL327. Thus, our results show that our approach breaks down performance in the MWM into sensitive measurable independent components that highlight differences in spatial learning and memory in the MWM that were undetected by conventional measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhruv Mehrotra
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.,Undergraduate Program of Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - N Nruthyathi
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.,Undergraduate Program of Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Daniel Almeida-Filho
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Departments of Physiology, Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Alcino Silva
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - J Balaji
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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30
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Zhang Y, Lu W, Zhao Q, Chen J, Wang T, Ji J. The role of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 in ossification. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:748-758. [PMID: 34962674 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SHP2, encoded by the PTPN11 gene, participates in multiple cell functions including cell proliferation, movement, and differentiation. PTPN11 loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations are both associated with diseases, such as Noonan syndrome, whose manifestations include bone defects, suggesting a crucial role for SHP2 in the skeleton. However, the exact mechanisms by which SHP2 regulates bone development remain unclear. This review focuses on the current understanding of the regulation of SHP2 and highlights the vital roles of SHP2 in skeletal development, especially its roles in ossification. Overall, a better understanding of the functions of SHP2 in ossification will provide a new avenue to treat-related skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiancong Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ji
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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31
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Liu M, Gao S, Elhassan RM, Hou X, Fang H. Strategies to overcome drug resistance using SHP2 inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3908-3924. [PMID: 35024315 PMCID: PMC8727779 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Encoded by PTPN11, the SHP2 (Src homology-2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2) is widely recognized as a carcinogenic phosphatase. As a promising anti-cancer drug target, SHP2 regulates many signaling pathways such as RAS-RAF-ERK, PI3K-AKT and JAK-STAT. Meanwhile, SHP2 plays a significant role in regulating immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment. Heretofore, five SHP2 allosteric inhibitors have been recruited in clinical studies for the treatment of cancer. Most recently, studies have proved the therapeutic potential of SHP2 inhibitor in overcoming drug resistance of kinase inhibitors and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) blockade. Herein, we review the structure, function and small molecular inhibitors of SHP2, and highlight recent progress in overcoming drug resistance using SHP2 inhibitor. We hope this review would facilitate the future clinical development of SHP2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xuben Hou
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 531 88381168.
| | - Hao Fang
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 531 88381168.
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32
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Bobone S, Pannone L, Biondi B, Solman M, Flex E, Canale VC, Calligari P, De Faveri C, Gandini T, Quercioli A, Torini G, Venditti M, Lauri A, Fasano G, Hoeksma J, Santucci V, Cattani G, Bocedi A, Carpentieri G, Tirelli V, Sanchez M, Peggion C, Formaggio F, den Hertog J, Martinelli S, Bocchinfuso G, Tartaglia M, Stella L. Targeting Oncogenic Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing Phosphatase 2 (SHP2) by Inhibiting Its Protein-Protein Interactions. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15973-15990. [PMID: 34714648 PMCID: PMC8591604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We developed a new class of inhibitors of protein-protein interactions of the SHP2 phosphatase, which is pivotal in cell signaling and represents a central target in the therapy of cancer and rare diseases. Currently available SHP2 inhibitors target the catalytic site or an allosteric pocket but lack specificity or are ineffective for disease-associated SHP2 mutants. Considering that pathogenic lesions cause signaling hyperactivation due to increased levels of SHP2 association with cognate proteins, we developed peptide-based molecules with nanomolar affinity for the N-terminal Src homology domain of SHP2, good selectivity, stability to degradation, and an affinity for pathogenic variants of SHP2 that is 2-20 times higher than for the wild-type protein. The best peptide reverted the effects of a pathogenic variant (D61G) in zebrafish embryos. Our results provide a novel route for SHP2-targeted therapies and a tool for investigating the role of protein-protein interactions in the function of SHP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bobone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Luca Pannone
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy.,Dipartimento di Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Barbara Biondi
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Maja Solman
- Hubrecht institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabetta Flex
- Dipartimento di Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Viviana Claudia Canale
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Paolo Calligari
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Chiara De Faveri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Tommaso Gandini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Andrea Quercioli
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Torini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Martina Venditti
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Antonella Lauri
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Giulia Fasano
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Jelmer Hoeksma
- Hubrecht institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Valerio Santucci
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Giada Cattani
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Alessio Bocedi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Giovanna Carpentieri
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy.,Dipartimento di Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Valentina Tirelli
- Centre of Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Centre of Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Cristina Peggion
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, Padova 35131, Italy.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, Padova 35131, Italy.,Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Bocchinfuso
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
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Motta M, Fasano G, Gredy S, Brinkmann J, Bonnard AA, Simsek-Kiper PO, Gulec EY, Essaddam L, Utine GE, Guarnetti Prandi I, Venditti M, Pantaleoni F, Radio FC, Ciolfi A, Petrini S, Consoli F, Vignal C, Hepbasli D, Ullrich M, de Boer E, Vissers LELM, Gritli S, Rossi C, De Luca A, Ben Becher S, Gelb BD, Dallapiccola B, Lauri A, Chillemi G, Schuh K, Cavé H, Zenker M, Tartaglia M. SPRED2 loss-of-function causes a recessive Noonan syndrome-like phenotype. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:2112-2129. [PMID: 34626534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulated signal flow through RAS and the mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is the unifying mechanistic theme of the RASopathies, a family of disorders affecting development and growth. Pathogenic variants in more than 20 genes have been causally linked to RASopathies, the majority having a dominant role in promoting enhanced signaling. Here, we report that SPRED2 loss of function is causally linked to a recessive phenotype evocative of Noonan syndrome. Homozygosity for three different variants-c.187C>T (p.Arg63∗), c.299T>C (p.Leu100Pro), and c.1142_1143delTT (p.Leu381Hisfs∗95)-were identified in four subjects from three families. All variants severely affected protein stability, causing accelerated degradation, and variably perturbed SPRED2 functional behavior. When overexpressed in cells, all variants were unable to negatively modulate EGF-promoted RAF1, MEK, and ERK phosphorylation, and time-course experiments in primary fibroblasts (p.Leu100Pro and p.Leu381Hisfs∗95) documented an increased and prolonged activation of the MAPK cascade in response to EGF stimulation. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of spred2a and spred2b in zebrafish induced defects in convergence and extension cell movements indicating upregulated RAS-MAPK signaling, which were rescued by expressing wild-type SPRED2 but not the SPRED2Leu381Hisfs∗95 protein. The clinical phenotype of the four affected individuals included developmental delay, intellectual disability, cardiac defects, short stature, skeletal anomalies, and a typical facial gestalt as major features, without the occurrence of the distinctive skin signs characterizing Legius syndrome. These features, in part, characterize the phenotype of Spred2-/- mice. Our findings identify the second recessive form of Noonan syndrome and document pleiotropic consequences of SPRED2 loss of function in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialetizia Motta
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Fasano
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Sina Gredy
- Institute of Physiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Brinkmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Adeline Alice Bonnard
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de Génétique, 75019 Paris, France; INSERM UMR 1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pelin Ozlem Simsek-Kiper
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Sihhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Yilmaz Gulec
- Department of Medical Genetics, Health Sciences University, Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Leila Essaddam
- Department of Pediatrics-PUC, Béchir Hamza Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, Jebbari 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Gulen Eda Utine
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Sihhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ingrid Guarnetti Prandi
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università Della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Martina Venditti
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pantaleoni
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Clementina Radio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciolfi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Consoli
- Medical Genetics Division, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Cédric Vignal
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de Génétique, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Denis Hepbasli
- Institute of Physiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Ullrich
- Institute of Physiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Elke de Boer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lisenka E L M Vissers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sami Gritli
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 1002 Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Cesare Rossi
- Genetica Medica, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Luca
- Medical Genetics Division, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Saayda Ben Becher
- Department of Pediatrics-PUC, Béchir Hamza Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, Jebbari 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Bruce D Gelb
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Lauri
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università Della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Centro Nazionale Delle Ricerche, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Kai Schuh
- Institute of Physiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hélène Cavé
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de Génétique, 75019 Paris, France; INSERM UMR 1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy.
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Fowlkes JL, Thrailkill KM, Bunn RC. RASopathies: The musculoskeletal consequences and their etiology and pathogenesis. Bone 2021; 152:116060. [PMID: 34144233 PMCID: PMC8316423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The RASopathies comprise an ever-growing number of clinical syndromes resulting from germline mutations in components of the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. While multiple organs and tissues may be affected by these mutations, this review will focus on how these mutations specifically impact the musculoskeletal system. Herein, we review the genetics and musculoskeletal phenotypes of these syndromes in humans. We discuss how mutations in the RASopathy syndromes have been studied in translational mouse models. Finally, we discuss how signaling molecules within the RAS/MAPK pathway are involved in normal and abnormal bone biology in the context of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Fowlkes
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America.
| | - Kathryn M Thrailkill
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
| | - R Clay Bunn
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
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Škorić-Milosavljević D, Lahrouchi N, Bosada FM, Dombrowsky G, Williams SG, Lesurf R, Tjong FVY, Walsh R, El Bouchikhi I, Breckpot J, Audain E, Ilgun A, Beekman L, Ratbi I, Strong A, Muenke M, Heide S, Muir AM, Hababa M, Cross L, Zhou D, Pastinen T, Zackai E, Atmani S, Ouldim K, Adadi N, Steindl K, Rauch A, Brook D, Wilsdon A, Kuipers I, Blom NA, Mulder BJ, Mefford HC, Keren B, Joset P, Kruszka P, Thiffault I, Sheppard SE, Roberts A, Lodder EM, Keavney BD, Clur SAB, Mital S, Hitz MP, Christoffels VM, Postma AV, Bezzina CR. Rare variants in KDR, encoding VEGF Receptor 2, are associated with tetralogy of Fallot. Genet Med 2021; 23:1952-1960. [PMID: 34113005 PMCID: PMC8486653 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-021-01212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Rare genetic variants in KDR, encoding the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), have been reported in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). However, their role in disease causality and pathogenesis remains unclear. METHODS We conducted exome sequencing in a familial case of TOF and large-scale genetic studies, including burden testing, in >1,500 patients with TOF. We studied gene-targeted mice and conducted cell-based assays to explore the role of KDR genetic variation in the etiology of TOF. RESULTS Exome sequencing in a family with two siblings affected by TOF revealed biallelic missense variants in KDR. Studies in knock-in mice and in HEK 293T cells identified embryonic lethality for one variant when occurring in the homozygous state, and a significantly reduced VEGFR2 phosphorylation for both variants. Rare variant burden analysis conducted in a set of 1,569 patients of European descent with TOF identified a 46-fold enrichment of protein-truncating variants (PTVs) in TOF cases compared to controls (P = 7 × 10-11). CONCLUSION Rare KDR variants, in particular PTVs, strongly associate with TOF, likely in the setting of different inheritance patterns. Supported by genetic and in vivo and in vitro functional analysis, we propose loss-of-function of VEGFR2 as one of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Škorić-Milosavljević
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najim Lahrouchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernanda M Bosada
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gregor Dombrowsky
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon G Williams
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert Lesurf
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fleur V Y Tjong
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roddy Walsh
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ihssane El Bouchikhi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics, HASSAN II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Center for Human Genetics Leuven and Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Enrique Audain
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Aho Ilgun
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leander Beekman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilham Ratbi
- Centre de Recherche en Génomique des Pathologies Humaines (GENOPATH), Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Département de génétique médicale, Institut National d'Hygiène, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Alanna Strong
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Solveig Heide
- Département de génétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alison M Muir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mariam Hababa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Cross
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Dihong Zhou
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Tomi Pastinen
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samir Atmani
- HASSAN II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco
- University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Karim Ouldim
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Unit, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Najlae Adadi
- Centre de Recherche en Génomique des Pathologies Humaines (GENOPATH), Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Département de génétique médicale, Institut National d'Hygiène, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Katharina Steindl
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Brook
- University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anna Wilsdon
- University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Irene Kuipers
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico A Blom
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara J Mulder
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Boris Keren
- Département de génétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Joset
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Isabelle Thiffault
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Sarah E Sheppard
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy Roberts
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elisabeth M Lodder
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard D Keavney
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Sally-Ann B Clur
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Seema Mital
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc-Philip Hitz
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site, Kiel, Germany
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex V Postma
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Connie R Bezzina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Montero-Bullón JF, González-Velasco Ó, Isidoro-García M, Lacal J. Integrated in silico MS-based phosphoproteomics and network enrichment analysis of RASopathy proteins. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:303. [PMID: 34229750 PMCID: PMC8258961 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RASopathies are a group of syndromes showing clinical overlap caused by mutations in genes affecting the RAS-MAPK pathway. Consequent disruption on cellular signaling leads and is driven by phosphoproteome remodeling. However, we still lack a comprehensive picture of the different key players and altered downstream effectors. Methods An in silico interactome of RASopathy proteins was generated using pathway enrichment analysis/STRING tool, including identification of main hub proteins. We also integrated phosphoproteomic and immunoblotting studies using previous published information on RASopathy proteins and their neighbors in the context of RASopathy syndromes. Data from Phosphosite database (www.phosphosite.org) was collected in order to obtain the potential phosphosites subjected to regulation in the 27 causative RASopathy proteins. We compiled a dataset of dysregulated phosphosites in RASopathies, searched for commonalities between syndromes in harmonized data, and analyzed the role of phosphorylation in the syndromes by the identification of key players between the causative RASopathy proteins and the associated interactome. Results In this study, we provide a curated data set of 27 causative RASopathy genes, identify up to 511 protein–protein associations using pathway enrichment analysis/STRING tool, and identify 12 nodes as main hub proteins. We found that a large group of proteins contain tyrosine residues and their biological processes include but are not limited to the nervous system. Harmonizing published RASopathy phosphoproteomic and immunoblotting studies we identified a total of 147 phosphosites with increased phosphorylation, whereas 47 have reduced phosphorylation. The PKB signaling pathway is the most represented among the dysregulated phosphoproteins within the RASopathy proteins and their neighbors, followed by phosphoproteins implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation and the MAPK pathway. Conclusions This work illustrates the complex network underlying the RASopathies and the potential of phosphoproteomics for dissecting the molecular mechanisms in these syndromes. A combined study of associated genes, their interactome and phosphorylation events in RASopathies, elucidates key players and mechanisms to direct future research, diagnosis and therapeutic windows. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-021-01934-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier-Fernando Montero-Bullón
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Óscar González-Velasco
- Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Group, IBMCC Cancer Research Center, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Isidoro-García
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Network for Cooperative Research in Health-RETICS ARADyAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesus Lacal
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Molecular Genetics of Human Diseases Group, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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Rodríguez F, Gaete X, Cassorla F. Etiology and Treatment of Growth Delay in Noonan Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:691240. [PMID: 34149626 PMCID: PMC8212989 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.691240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome is characterized by multiple phenotypic features, including growth retardation, which represents the main cause of consultation to the clinician. Longitudinal growth during childhood and adolescence depends on several factors, among them an intact somatotrophic axis, which is characterized by an adequate growth hormone (GH) secretion by the pituitary, subsequent binding to its receptor, proper function of the post-receptor signaling pathway for this hormone (JAK-STAT5b and RAS/MAPK), and ultimately by the production of its main effector, insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Several studies regarding the function of the somatotrophic axis in patients with Noonan syndrome and data from murine models, suggest that partial GH insensitivity at a post-receptor level, as well as possible derangements in the RAS/MAPK pathway, are the most likely causes for the growth failure in these patients. Treatment with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) has been used extensively to promote linear growth in these patients. Numerous treatment protocols have been employed so far, but the published studies are quite heterogeneous regarding patient selection, length of treatment, and dose of rhGH utilized, so the true benefit of GH therapy is somewhat difficult to establish. This review will discuss the possible etiologies for the growth delay, as well as the outcomes following rhGH treatment in patients with Noonan syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rodríguez
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena Gaete
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Clínico San Borja – Arriarán, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Cassorla
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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38
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Lauri A, Fasano G, Venditti M, Dallapiccola B, Tartaglia M. In vivo Functional Genomics for Undiagnosed Patients: The Impact of Small GTPases Signaling Dysregulation at Pan-Embryo Developmental Scale. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642235. [PMID: 34124035 PMCID: PMC8194860 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While individually rare, disorders affecting development collectively represent a substantial clinical, psychological, and socioeconomic burden to patients, families, and society. Insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders are required to speed up diagnosis, improve counseling, and optimize management toward targeted therapies. Genome sequencing is now unveiling previously unexplored genetic variations in undiagnosed patients, which require functional validation and mechanistic understanding, particularly when dealing with novel nosologic entities. Functional perturbations of key regulators acting on signals' intersections of evolutionarily conserved pathways in these pathological conditions hinder the fine balance between various developmental inputs governing morphogenesis and homeostasis. However, the distinct mechanisms by which these hubs orchestrate pathways to ensure the developmental coordinates are poorly understood. Integrative functional genomics implementing quantitative in vivo models of embryogenesis with subcellular precision in whole organisms contribute to answering these questions. Here, we review the current knowledge on genes and mechanisms critically involved in developmental syndromes and pediatric cancers, revealed by genomic sequencing and in vivo models such as insects, worms and fish. We focus on the monomeric GTPases of the RAS superfamily and their influence on crucial developmental signals and processes. We next discuss the effectiveness of exponentially growing functional assays employing tractable models to identify regulatory crossroads. Unprecedented sophistications are now possible in zebrafish, i.e., genome editing with single-nucleotide precision, nanoimaging, highly resolved recording of multiple small molecules activity, and simultaneous monitoring of brain circuits and complex behavioral response. These assets permit accurate real-time reporting of dynamic small GTPases-controlled processes in entire organisms, owning the potential to tackle rare disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Lauri
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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39
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40 Years of RAS-A Historic Overview. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050681. [PMID: 34062774 PMCID: PMC8147265 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been over forty years since the isolation of the first human oncogene (HRAS), a crucial milestone in cancer research made possible through the combined efforts of a few selected research groups at the beginning of the 1980s. Those initial discoveries led to a quantitative leap in our understanding of cancer biology and set up the onset of the field of molecular oncology. The following four decades of RAS research have produced a huge pool of new knowledge about the RAS family of small GTPases, including how they regulate signaling pathways controlling many cellular physiological processes, or how oncogenic mutations trigger pathological conditions, including developmental syndromes or many cancer types. However, despite the extensive body of available basic knowledge, specific effective treatments for RAS-driven cancers are still lacking. Hopefully, recent advances involving the discovery of novel pockets on the RAS surface as well as highly specific small-molecule inhibitors able to block its interaction with effectors and/or activators may lead to the development of new, effective treatments for cancer. This review intends to provide a quick, summarized historical overview of the main milestones in RAS research spanning from the initial discovery of the viral RAS oncogenes in rodent tumors to the latest attempts at targeting RAS oncogenes in various human cancers.
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40
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Paccoud R, Saint-Laurent C, Piccolo E, Tajan M, Dortignac A, Pereira O, Le Gonidec S, Baba I, Gélineau A, Askia H, Branchereau M, Charpentier J, Personnaz J, Branka S, Auriau J, Deleruyelle S, Canouil M, Beton N, Salles JP, Tauber M, Weill J, Froguel P, Neel BG, Araki T, Heymes C, Burcelin R, Castan I, Valet P, Dray C, Gautier EL, Edouard T, Pradère JP, Yart A. SHP2 drives inflammation-triggered insulin resistance by reshaping tissue macrophage populations. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/591/eabe2587. [PMID: 33910978 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a key event in type 2 diabetes onset and a major comorbidity of obesity. It results from a combination of fat excess-triggered defects, including lipotoxicity and metaflammation, but the causal mechanisms remain difficult to identify. Here, we report that hyperactivation of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 found in Noonan syndrome (NS) led to an unsuspected insulin resistance profile uncoupled from altered lipid management (for example, obesity or ectopic lipid deposits) in both patients and mice. Functional exploration of an NS mouse model revealed this insulin resistance phenotype correlated with constitutive inflammation of tissues involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Bone marrow transplantation and macrophage depletion improved glucose homeostasis and decreased metaflammation in the mice, highlighting a key role of macrophages. In-depth analysis of bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro and liver macrophages showed that hyperactive SHP2 promoted a proinflammatory phenotype, modified resident macrophage homeostasis, and triggered monocyte infiltration. Consistent with a role of SHP2 in promoting inflammation-driven insulin resistance, pharmaceutical SHP2 inhibition in obese diabetic mice improved insulin sensitivity even better than conventional antidiabetic molecules by specifically reducing metaflammation and alleviating macrophage activation. Together, these results reveal that SHP2 hyperactivation leads to inflammation-triggered metabolic impairments and highlight the therapeutical potential of SHP2 inhibition to ameliorate insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Paccoud
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Céline Saint-Laurent
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Enzo Piccolo
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Mylène Tajan
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Alizée Dortignac
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Ophélie Pereira
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Sophie Le Gonidec
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Inès Baba
- INSERM UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Adélaïde Gélineau
- INSERM UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Haoussa Askia
- INSERM UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Maxime Branchereau
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Julie Charpentier
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Jean Personnaz
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Sophie Branka
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Johanna Auriau
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Simon Deleruyelle
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Mickaël Canouil
- INSERM UMR 1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Nicolas Beton
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse France and Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31024, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Salles
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse France and Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31024, France
| | - Maithé Tauber
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse France and Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31024, France
| | - Jacques Weill
- INSERM UMR 1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Philippe Froguel
- INSERM UMR 1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France.,Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU-Langone Medical Center, NY 10016, USA
| | - Toshiyuki Araki
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU-Langone Medical Center, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christophe Heymes
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Rémy Burcelin
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Isabelle Castan
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Cédric Dray
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Emmanuel L Gautier
- INSERM UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Thomas Edouard
- RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France.,Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse France and Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31024, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pradère
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Armelle Yart
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France. .,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
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41
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Das TK, Gatto J, Mirmira R, Hourizadeh E, Kaufman D, Gelb BD, Cagan R. Drosophila RASopathy models identify disease subtype differences and biomarkers of drug efficacy. iScience 2021; 24:102306. [PMID: 33855281 PMCID: PMC8026909 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RASopathies represent a family of mostly autosomal dominant diseases that are caused by missense variants in the rat sarcoma viral oncogene/mitogen activated protein kinase (RAS/MAPK) pathway including KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, RAF1, and SHP2. These variants are associated with overlapping but distinct phenotypes that affect the heart, craniofacial, skeletal, lymphatic, and nervous systems. Here, we report an analysis of 13 Drosophila transgenic lines, each expressing a different human RASopathy isoform. Similar to their human counterparts, each Drosophila line displayed common aspects but also important differences including distinct signaling pathways such as the Hippo and SAPK/JNK signaling networks. We identified multiple classes of clinically relevant drugs-including statins and histone deacetylase inhibitors-that improved viability across most RASopathy lines; in contrast, several canonical RAS pathway inhibitors proved less broadly effective. Overall, our study compares and contrasts a large number of RASopathy-associated variants including their therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirtha K. Das
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Jared Gatto
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Rupa Mirmira
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Ethan Hourizadeh
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Dalia Kaufman
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Bruce D. Gelb
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Ross Cagan
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
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42
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Majumdar U, Yasuhara J, Garg V. In Vivo and In Vitro Genetic Models of Congenital Heart Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a036764. [PMID: 31818859 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Congenital cardiovascular malformations represent the most common type of birth defect and encompass a spectrum of anomalies that range from mild to severe. The etiology of congenital heart disease (CHD) is becoming increasingly defined based on prior epidemiologic studies that supported the importance of genetic contributors and technological advances in human genome analysis. These have led to the discovery of a growing number of disease-contributing genetic abnormalities in individuals affected by CHD. The ever-growing population of adult CHD survivors, which are the result of reductions in mortality from CHD during childhood, and this newfound genetic knowledge have led to important questions regarding recurrence risks, the mechanisms by which these defects occur, the potential for novel approaches for prevention, and the prediction of long-term cardiovascular morbidity in adult CHD survivors. Here, we will review the current status of genetic models that accurately model human CHD as they provide an important tool to answer these questions and test novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddalak Majumdar
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Jun Yasuhara
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
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43
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Vemulapalli V, Chylek LA, Erickson A, Pfeiffer A, Gabriel KH, LaRochelle J, Subramanian K, Cao R, Stegmaier K, Mohseni M, LaMarche MJ, Acker MG, Sorger PK, Gygi SP, Blacklow SC. Time-resolved phosphoproteomics reveals scaffolding and catalysis-responsive patterns of SHP2-dependent signaling. eLife 2021; 10:64251. [PMID: 33755016 PMCID: PMC8024022 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SHP2 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that normally potentiates intracellular signaling by growth factors, antigen receptors, and some cytokines, yet is frequently mutated in human cancer. Here, we examine the role of SHP2 in the responses of breast cancer cells to EGF by monitoring phosphoproteome dynamics when SHP2 is allosterically inhibited by SHP099. The dynamics of phosphotyrosine abundance at more than 400 tyrosine residues reveal six distinct response signatures following SHP099 treatment and washout. Remarkably, in addition to newly identified substrate sites on proteins such as occludin, ARHGAP35, and PLCγ2, another class of sites shows reduced phosphotyrosine abundance upon SHP2 inhibition. Sites of decreased phospho-abundance are enriched on proteins with two nearby phosphotyrosine residues, which can be directly protected from dephosphorylation by the paired SH2 domains of SHP2 itself. These findings highlight the distinct roles of the scaffolding and catalytic activities of SHP2 in effecting a transmembrane signaling response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyasiri Vemulapalli
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Lily A Chylek
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Alison Erickson
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Anamarija Pfeiffer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Khal-Hentz Gabriel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jonathan LaRochelle
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Kartik Subramanian
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ruili Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, United States
| | - Kimberley Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Morvarid Mohseni
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | | | - Michael G Acker
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Peter K Sorger
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Stephen C Blacklow
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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44
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You X, Ryu MJ, Cho E, Sang Y, Damnernsawad A, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Zhang J, Lee Y. Embryonic Expression of Nras G 12 D Leads to Embryonic Lethality and Cardiac Defects. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:633661. [PMID: 33681212 PMCID: PMC7928391 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.633661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras proteins control a complex intracellular signaling network. Gain-of-function mutations in RAS genes lead to RASopathy disorders in humans, including Noonan syndrome (NS). NS is the second most common syndromic cause of congenital heart disease. Although conditional expression of the NrasG12D/+ mutation in adult hematopoietic system is leukemogenic, its effects on embryonic development remain unclear. Here, we report that pan-embryonic expression of endogenous NrasG12D/+ by Mox2-Cre in mice caused embryonic lethality from embryonic day (E) 15.5 and developmental defects predominantly in the heart. At E13.5, NrasG12D/+; Mox2Cre/+ embryos displayed a moderate expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells without a significant impact on erythroid differentiation in the fetal liver. Importantly, the mutant embryos exhibited cardiac malformations resembling human congenital cardiac defects seen in NS patients, including ventricular septal defects, double outlet right ventricle, the hypertrabeculation/thin myocardium, and pulmonary valve stenosis. The mutant heart showed dysregulation of ERK, BMP, and Wnt pathways, crucial signaling pathways for cardiac development. Endothelial/endocardial-specific expression of NrasG12D/+ caused the cardiac morphological defects and embryonic lethality as observed in NrasG12D/+; Mox2Cre/+ mutants, but myocardial-specific expression of NrasG12D/+ did not. Thus, oncogenic NrasG12D mutation may not be compatible with embryonic survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona You
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Myung-Jeom Ryu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Eunjin Cho
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yanzhi Sang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Alisa Damnernsawad
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yun Zhou
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yangang Liu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jing Zhang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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45
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Targeted Ptpn11 deletion in mice reveals the essential role of SHP2 in osteoblast differentiation and skeletal homeostasis. Bone Res 2021; 9:6. [PMID: 33500396 PMCID: PMC7838289 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-00129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The maturation and function of osteoblasts (OBs) rely heavily on the reversible phosphorylation of signaling proteins. To date, most of the work in OBs has focused on phosphorylation by tyrosyl kinases, but little has been revealed about dephosphorylation by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases). SHP2 (encoded by PTPN11) is a ubiquitously expressed PTPase. PTPN11 mutations are associated with both bone and cartilage manifestations in patients with Noonan syndrome (NS) and metachondromatosis (MC), although the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report that SHP2 deletion in bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein-expressing (Bglap+) bone cells leads to massive osteopenia in both trabecular and cortical bones due to the failure of bone cell maturation and enhanced osteoclast activity, and its deletion in Bglap+ chondrocytes results in the onset of enchondroma and osteochondroma in aged mice with increased tubular bone length. Mechanistically, SHP2 was found to be required for osteoblastic differentiation by promoting RUNX2/OSTERIX signaling and for the suppression of osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting STAT3-mediated RANKL production by osteoblasts and osteocytes. These findings are likely to explain the compromised skeletal system in NS and MC patients and to inform the development of novel therapeutics to combat skeletal disorders.
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46
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Lorca R, Pannone L, Cuesta-Llavona E, Bocchinfuso G, Rodríguez-Reguero J, Carpentieri G, Hernando I, Flex E, Tartaglia M, Coto E, Gómez J, Martinelli S. Compound heterozygosity for PTPN11 variants in a subject with Noonan syndrome provides insights into the mechanism of SHP2-related disorders. Clin Genet 2021; 99:457-461. [PMID: 33354767 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The RASopathies are a family of clinically related disorders caused by mutations affecting genes participating in the RAS-MAPK signaling cascade. Among them, Noonan syndrome (NS) and Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) are allelic conditions principally associated with dominant mutations in PTPN11, which encodes the nonreceptor SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. Individual PTPN11 mutations are specific to each syndrome and have opposite consequences on catalysis, but all favor SHP2's interaction with signaling partners. Here, we report on a subject with NS harboring biallelic variants in PTPN11. While the former (p.Leu261Phe) had previously been reported in NS, the latter (p.Thr357Met) is a novel change impairing catalysis. Members of the family carrying p.Thr357Met, however, did not show any obvious feature fitting NSML or within the RASopathy phenotypic spectrum. A major impact of this change on transcript processing and protein stability was excluded. These findings further support the view that NSML cannot be ascribed merely to impaired SHP2's catalytic activity and suggest that PTPN11 mutations causing this condition act through an alternative dominant mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Lorca
- Unidad de Referencia de Cardiopatías Familiares-HUCA, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA) - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Luca Pannone
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elías Cuesta-Llavona
- Unidad de Referencia de Cardiopatías Familiares-HUCA, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA) - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Grupo Eje Cardio-Renal, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gianfranco Bocchinfuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Julian Rodríguez-Reguero
- Unidad de Referencia de Cardiopatías Familiares-HUCA, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA) - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Grupo Eje Cardio-Renal, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Giovanna Carpentieri
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Inés Hernando
- Unidad de Referencia de Cardiopatías Familiares-HUCA, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA) - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Elisabetta Flex
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eliecer Coto
- Unidad de Referencia de Cardiopatías Familiares-HUCA, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA) - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Grupo Eje Cardio-Renal, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Medicine Department, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,HUCA. Eje Cardio-Renal, Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Gómez
- Unidad de Referencia de Cardiopatías Familiares-HUCA, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA) - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Grupo Eje Cardio-Renal, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,HUCA. Eje Cardio-Renal, Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Simone Martinelli
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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47
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Powers AK, Boggs TE, Gross JB. An Asymmetric Genetic Signal Associated with Mechanosensory Expansion in Cave-Adapted Fish. Symmetry (Basel) 2020; 12:1951. [PMID: 33614165 PMCID: PMC7894647 DOI: 10.3390/sym12121951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A key challenge in contemporary biology is connecting genotypic variation to phenotypic diversity. Quantitative genetics provides a powerful technique for identifying regions of the genome that covary with phenotypic variation. Here, we present a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of a natural freshwater fish system, Astyanax mexicanus, that harbors two morphs corresponding to a cave and surface fish. Following their divergence ~500 Kya, cavefish have adapted to the extreme pressures of the subterranean biome. As a consequence, cavefish have lost numerous features, but evolved gains for a variety of constructive features including behavior. Prior work found that sensory tissues (neuromasts) present in the "eye orbit" region of the skull associate with sensitivity to vibrations in water. This augmented sensation is believed to facilitate foraging behavior in the complete darkness of a cave, and may impact on evolved lateral swimming preference. To this point, however, it has remained unclear how morphological variation integrates with behavioral variation through heritable factors. Using a QTL approach, we discovered the genetic architecture of neuromasts present in the eye orbit region, demonstrating that this feature is under genetic control. Interestingly, linked loci were asymmetric-signals were detected using only data collected from the right, but not left, side of the face. This finding may explain enhanced sensitivity and/or feedback of water movements mediating a lateral swimming preference. The locus we discovered based on neuromast position maps near established QTL for eye size and a facial bone morphology, raising the intriguing possibility that eye loss, sensory expansion, and the cranial skeleton may be integrated for evolving adaptive behaviors. Thus, this work will further our understanding of the functional consequence of key loci that influence the evolutionary origin of changes impacting morphology, behavior, and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Powers
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Tyler E. Boggs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45227, USA
| | - Joshua B. Gross
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45227, USA
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48
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Tripathi RKP, Ayyannan SR. Emerging chemical scaffolds with potential SHP2 phosphatase inhibitory capabilities - A comprehensive review. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 97:721-773. [PMID: 33191603 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The drug discovery panorama is cluttered with promising therapeutic targets that have been deserted because of inadequate authentication and screening failures. Molecular targets formerly tagged as "undruggable" are nowadays being more cautiously cross-examined, and whilst they stay intriguing, numerous targets are emerging more accessible. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) excellently exemplifies a class of molecular targets that have transpired as druggable, with several small molecules and antibodies recently turned available for further development. In this respect, SHP2, a PTP, has emerged as one of the potential targets in the current pharmacological research, particularly for cancer, due to its critical role in various signalling pathways. Recently, few molecules with excellent potency have entered clinical trials, but none could reach the clinic. Consequently, search for novel, non-toxic, and specific SHP2 inhibitors are on purview. In this review, general aspects of SHP2 including its structure and mechanistic role in carcinogenesis have been presented. It also sheds light on the development of novel molecular architectures belonging to diverse chemical classes that have been proposed as SHP2-specific inhibitors along with their structure-activity relationships (SARs), stemming from chemical, mechanism-based and computer-aided studies reported since January 2015 to July 2020 (excluding patents), focusing on their potency and selectivity. The encyclopedic facts and discussions presented herein will hopefully facilitate researchers to design new ligands with better efficacy and selectivity against SHP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Kailash Prasad Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Sushruta School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar, Assam, India.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Senthil Raja Ayyannan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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49
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Zhu G, Xie J, Kong W, Xie J, Li Y, Du L, Zheng Q, Sun L, Guan M, Li H, Zhu T, He H, Liu Z, Xia X, Kan C, Tao Y, Shen HC, Li D, Wang S, Yu Y, Yu ZH, Zhang ZY, Liu C, Zhu J. Phase Separation of Disease-Associated SHP2 Mutants Underlies MAPK Hyperactivation. Cell 2020; 183:490-502.e18. [PMID: 33002410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) SHP2, encoded by PTPN11, plays an essential role in RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling during normal development. It has been perplexing as to why both enzymatically activating and inactivating mutations in PTPN11 result in human developmental disorders with overlapping clinical manifestations. Here, we uncover a common liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) behavior shared by these disease-associated SHP2 mutants. SHP2 LLPS is mediated by the conserved well-folded PTP domain through multivalent electrostatic interactions and regulated by an intrinsic autoinhibitory mechanism through conformational changes. SHP2 allosteric inhibitors can attenuate LLPS of SHP2 mutants, which boosts SHP2 PTP activity. Moreover, disease-associated SHP2 mutants can recruit and activate wild-type (WT) SHP2 in LLPS to promote MAPK activation. These results not only suggest that LLPS serves as a gain-of-function mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of SHP2-associated human diseases but also provide evidence that PTP may be regulated by LLPS that can be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangya Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingjing Xie
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenna Kong
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingfei Xie
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yichen Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lin Du
- Etern Biopharma Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | - Lin Sun
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingfeng Guan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huan Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianxin Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao He
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenying Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xi Xia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chen Kan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Youqi Tao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong C Shen
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dan Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Siying Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yongguo Yu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Cong Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jidong Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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50
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Johnson EM, Ishak AD, Naylor PE, Stevenson DA, Reiss AL, Green T. PTPN11 Gain-of-Function Mutations Affect the Developing Human Brain, Memory, and Attention. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:2915-2923. [PMID: 30059958 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras-MAPK pathway has an established role in neural development and synaptic signaling. Mutations in this pathway are associated with a collection of neurodevelopmental syndromes, Rasopathies; among these, Noonan syndrome (NS) is the most common (1:2000). Prior research has focused on identifying genetic mutations and cellular mechanisms of the disorder, however, effects of NS on the human brain remain unknown. Here, imaging and cognitive data were collected from 12 children with PTPN11-related NS, ages 4.0-11.0 years (8.98 ± 2.33) and 12 age- and sex-matched typically developing controls (8.79 ± 2.17). We observe reduced gray matter volume in bilateral corpus striatum (Cohen's d = -1.0:-1.3), reduced surface area in temporal regions (d = -1.8:-2.2), increased cortical thickness in frontal regions (d = 1.2-1.3), and reduced cortical thickness in limbic regions (d = -1.6), including limbic structures integral to the circuitry of the hippocampus. Further, we find high levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and memory deficits in children with NS. Taken together, these results identify effects of NS on specific brain regions associated with ADHD and learning in children. While our research lays the groundwork for elucidating the neural and behavioral mechanisms of NS, it also adds an essential tier to understanding the Ras-MAPK pathway's role in human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Johnson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology/Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra D Ishak
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paige E Naylor
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David A Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics-Medical Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Allan L Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology and Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tamar Green
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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