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Di Ciaula A, Khalil M, Baffy G, Portincasa P. Advances in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of chronic diarrhoea from bile acid malabsorption: a systematic review. Eur J Intern Med 2024:S0953-6205(24)00291-7. [PMID: 39069430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Bile acid malabsorption (BAM) is an important disorder of digestive pathophysiology as it generates chronic diarrhoea. This condition originates from intricate pathways involving bile acid synthesis and metabolism in the liver and gut, the composition of gut microbiota, enterohepatic circulation and key receptors as farnesoid X receptor (FXR), fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), and the G-protein bile acid receptor-1 (GPBAR-1). Although symptoms can resemble those related to disorders of gut brain interaction, accurate diagnosis of BAM may greatly benefit the patient. The empiric diagnosis of BAM is primarily based on the clinical response to bile acid sequestrants. Specific tests including the 48-hour fecal bile acid test, serum levels of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), and the 75Selenium HomotauroCholic Acid Test (SeHCAT) are not widely available. Nevertheless, lack of diagnostic standardization of BAM may account for poor recognition and delayed management. Beyond bile acid sequestrants, therapeutic approaches include the use of FXR agonists, FGF19 analogues, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and microbiota modulation. These novel agents can best make their foray into the therapeutic armamentarium if BAM does not remain a diagnosis of exclusion. Ignoring BAM as a specific condition may continue to contribute to increased healthcare costs and reduced quality of life. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of BAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Medical School, Bari, Italy.
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Medical School, Bari, Italy.
| | - Gyorgy Baffy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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2
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Ghanem M, Archer G, Crestani B, Mailleux AA. The endocrine FGFs axis: A systemic anti-fibrotic response that could prevent pulmonary fibrogenesis? Pharmacol Ther 2024; 259:108669. [PMID: 38795981 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal disease for which therapeutic options are limited, with an unmet need to identify new therapeutic targets. IPF is thought to be the consequence of repeated microlesions of the alveolar epithelium, leading to aberrant epithelial-mesenchymal communication and the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. The reactivation of developmental pathways, such as Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs), is a well-described mechanism during lung fibrogenesis. Secreted FGFs with local paracrine effects can either exert an anti-fibrotic or a pro-fibrotic action during this pathological process through their FGF receptors (FGFRs) and heparan sulfate residues as co-receptors. Among FGFs, endocrine FGFs (FGF29, FGF21, and FGF23) play a central role in the control of metabolism and tissue homeostasis. They are characterized by a low affinity for heparan sulfate, present in the cell vicinity, allowing them to have endocrine activity. Nevertheless, their interaction with FGFRs requires the presence of mandatory co-receptors, alpha and beta Klotho proteins (KLA and KLB). Endocrine FGFs are of growing interest for their anti-fibrotic action during liver, kidney, or myocardial fibrosis. Innovative therapies based on FGF19 or FGF21 analogs are currently being studied in humans during liver fibrosis. Recent data report a similar anti-fibrotic action of endocrine FGFs in the lung, suggesting a systemic regulation of the pulmonary fibrotic process. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the protective effect of endocrine FGFs during the fibrotic processes, with a focus on pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mada Ghanem
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Épidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Gabrielle Archer
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Épidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Épidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, F-75018 Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, FHU APOLLO, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud A Mailleux
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Épidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, F-75018 Paris, France.
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3
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Bian H, Zhang L, Yao Y, Lv F, Wei J. How traditional Chinese medicine can prevent recurrence of common bile duct stones after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography? Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1363071. [PMID: 38659575 PMCID: PMC11039848 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1363071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Common bile duct stones, as a type of cholelithiasis, are a benign biliary obstruction that easily acute abdominalgia, and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is usually the first choice for clinical treatment. However, the increasing recurrence rate of patients after treatment is troubling clinicians and patients. For the prevention of recurrence after ERCP, there is no guideline to provide a clear drug regimen, traditional Chinese medicine however has achieved some result in the treatment of liver-related diseases based on the "gut-liver-bile acid axis". On the basis of this, this article discusses the possibility of traditional Chinese medicine to prevent common bile duct stones (CBDS) after ERCP, and we expect that this article will provide new ideas for the prevention of recurrence of CBDS and for the treatment of cholelithiasis-related diseases with traditional Chinese medicine in future clinical and scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Bian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yupu Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqi Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaoyang Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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4
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Lange AH, Pedersen MG, Ellegaard AM, Nerild HH, Brønden A, Sonne DP, Knop FK. The bile-gut axis and metabolic consequences of cholecystectomy. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:R1-R9. [PMID: 38551177 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis affect individuals of all ages and are often treated by surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy), which is considered a safe, low-risk procedure. Nevertheless, recent findings show that bile and its regulated storage and excretion may have important metabolic effects and that cholecystectomy is associated with several metabolic diseases postoperatively. Bile acids have long been known as emulsifiers essential to the assimilation of lipids and absorption of lipid-soluble vitamins, but more recently, they have also been reported to act as metabolic signaling agents. The nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and the G protein-coupled membrane receptor, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), are specific to bile acids. Through activation of these receptors, bile acids control numerous metabolic functions. Cholecystectomy affects the storage and excretion of bile acids, which in turn may influence the activation of FXR and TGR5 and their effects on metabolism including processes leading to metabolic conditions such as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Here, with the aim of elucidating mechanisms behind cholecystectomy-associated dysmetabolism, we review studies potentially linking cholecystectomy and bile acid-mediated metabolic effects and discuss possible pathophysiological mechanisms behind cholecystectomy-associated dysmetabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Lange
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Miriam G Pedersen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Ellegaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Henriette H Nerild
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Andreas Brønden
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P Sonne
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
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5
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Gether IM, Bahne E, Nerild HH, Rehfeld JF, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Sonne DP, Knop FK. Colesevelam has no acute effect on postprandial GLP-1 levels but abolishes gallbladder refilling. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:314-326. [PMID: 38551029 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colesevelam, a bile acid sequestrant approved for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia, improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. We hypothesised that single-dose colesevelam increases postprandial GLP-1 secretion, thus, reducing postprandial glucose excursions in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Further, we explored the effects of single-dose colesevelam on ultrasonography-assessed postprandial gallbladder motility, paracetamol absorption (proxy for gastric emptying), and circulating factors known to affect gallbladder motility. METHODS In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 12 individuals with type 2 diabetes (mean ± SD: age 61 ± 8.8 years; body mass index 29.8 ± 3.0 kg/m2) were subjected to 4 mixed meal tests on separate days; 2 with orally administered colesevelam (3.75 g) and 2 with placebo, with intravenous infusion of the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39)NH2 or saline. RESULTS Single-dose colesevelam had no effect on postprandial concentrations of glucose (P = .786), C-peptide (P = .440), or GLP-1 (P = .729), and exendin(9-39)NH2 administration revealed no GLP-1-mediated effects of colesevelam. Colesevelam did not affect gallbladder emptying but abolished gallbladder refilling (P = .001), increased postprandial cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion (P = .010), and decreased postprandial serum concentrations of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) (P = .035) and bile acids (P = .043). CONCLUSION Single-dose colesevelam had no effect on postprandial GLP-1 responses or glucose tolerance but disrupted postprandial gallbladder refilling by increasing CCK secretion and reducing circulating concentrations of FGF19 and bile acids. These findings leave the antidiabetic actions of colesevelam unresolved but provide mechanistic insights into its effect on gallbladder motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida M Gether
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Emilie Bahne
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Henriette H Nerild
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - David P Sonne
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
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6
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Li X, Lu W, Kharitonenkov A, Luo Y. Targeting the FGF19-FGFR4 pathway for cholestatic, metabolic, and cancerous diseases. J Intern Med 2024; 295:292-312. [PMID: 38212977 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19, or FGF15 in rodents) plays a central role in controlling bile acid (BA) synthesis through a negative feedback mechanism. This process involves a postprandial crosstalk between the BA-activated ileal farnesoid X receptor and the hepatic Klotho beta (KLB) coreceptor complexed with fibrobalst growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) kinase. Additionally, FGF19 regulates glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism by coordinating responses from functional KLB and FGFR1-3 receptor complexes on the periphery. Pharmacologically, native FGF19 or its analogs decrease elevated BA levels, fat content, and collateral tissue damage. This makes them effective in treating both cholestatic diseases such as primary biliary or sclerosing cholangitis (PBC or PSC) and metabolic abnormalities such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, chronic administration of FGF19 drives oncogenesis in mice by activating the FGFR4-dependent mitogenic or hepatic regenerative pathway, which could be a concern in humans. Agents that block FGF19 or FGFR4 signaling have shown great potency in preventing FGF19-responsive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in animal models. Recent phase 1/2 clinical trials have demonstrated promising results for several FGF19-based agents in selectively treating patients with PBC, PSC, NASH, or HCC. This review aims to provide an update on the clinical development of both analogs and antagonists targeting the FGF19-FGFR4 signaling pathway for patients with cholestatic, metabolic, and cancer diseases. We will also analyze potential safety and mechanistic concerns that should guide future research and advanced trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | | | - Yongde Luo
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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7
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Yang Z, Zarbl H, Guo GL. Circadian Regulation of Endocrine Fibroblast Growth Factors on Systemic Energy Metabolism. Mol Pharmacol 2024; 105:179-193. [PMID: 38238100 PMCID: PMC10877735 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is an endogenous biochemical timing system that coordinates the physiology and behavior of organisms to earth's ∼24-hour circadian day/night cycle. The central circadian clock synchronized by environmental cues hierarchically entrains peripheral clocks throughout the body. The circadian system modulates a wide variety of metabolic signaling pathways to maintain whole-body metabolic homeostasis in mammals under changing environmental conditions. Endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), namely FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23, play an important role in regulating systemic metabolism of bile acids, lipids, glucose, proteins, and minerals. Recent evidence indicates that endocrine FGFs function as nutrient sensors that mediate multifactorial interactions between peripheral clocks and energy homeostasis by regulating the expression of metabolic enzymes and hormones. Circadian disruption induced by environmental stressors or genetic ablation is associated with metabolic dysfunction and diurnal disturbances in FGF signaling pathways that contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. Time-restricted feeding strengthens the circadian pattern of metabolic signals to improve metabolic health and prevent against metabolic diseases. Chronotherapy, the strategic timing of medication administration to maximize beneficial effects and minimize toxic effects, can provide novel insights into linking biologic rhythms to drug metabolism and toxicity within the therapeutical regimens of diseases. Here we review the circadian regulation of endocrine FGF signaling in whole-body metabolism and the potential effect of circadian dysfunction on the pathogenesis and development of metabolic diseases. We also discuss the potential of chrononutrition and chronotherapy for informing the development of timing interventions with endocrine FGFs to optimize whole-body metabolism in humans. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The circadian timing system governs physiological, metabolic, and behavioral functions in living organisms. The endocrine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family (FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23) plays an important role in regulating energy and mineral metabolism. Endocrine FGFs function as nutrient sensors that mediate multifactorial interactions between circadian clocks and metabolic homeostasis. Chronic disruption of circadian rhythms increases the risk of metabolic diseases. Chronological interventions such as chrononutrition and chronotherapy provide insights into linking biological rhythms to disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenning Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (Z.Y., G.L.G.), Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (Z.Y., H.Z., G.L.G.), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Justice, School of Public Health (H.Z.), Rutgers Center for Lipid Research (G.L.G.), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.)
| | - Helmut Zarbl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (Z.Y., G.L.G.), Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (Z.Y., H.Z., G.L.G.), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Justice, School of Public Health (H.Z.), Rutgers Center for Lipid Research (G.L.G.), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.)
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (Z.Y., G.L.G.), Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (Z.Y., H.Z., G.L.G.), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Justice, School of Public Health (H.Z.), Rutgers Center for Lipid Research (G.L.G.), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and VA New Jersey Health Care System, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey (G.L.G.)
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8
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Zangerolamo L, Carvalho M, Velloso LA, Barbosa HCL. Endocrine FGFs and their signaling in the brain: Relevance for energy homeostasis. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 963:176248. [PMID: 38056616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery in 2000, there has been a continuous expansion of studies investigating the physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology of endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 comprise a subfamily with attributes that distinguish them from typical FGFs, as they can act as hormones and are, therefore, referred to as endocrine FGFs. As they participate in a broad cross-organ endocrine signaling axis, endocrine FGFs are crucial lipidic, glycemic, and energetic metabolism regulators during energy availability fluctuations. They function as powerful metabolic signals in physiological responses induced by metabolic diseases, like type 2 diabetes and obesity. Pharmacologically, FGF19 and FGF21 cause body weight loss and ameliorate glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure in rodents and humans. In contrast, FGF23 expression in mice and humans has been linked with insulin resistance and obesity. Here, we discuss emerging concepts in endocrine FGF signaling in the brain and critically assess their putative role as therapeutic targets for treating metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Zangerolamo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Carvalho
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena C L Barbosa
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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9
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Morón-Ros S, Blasco-Roset A, Navarro-Gascon A, Rupérez C, Zamora M, Crispi F, Uriarte I, Fernández-Barrena MG, Avila M, Ferrer-Curriu G, Lupón J, Bayés-Genis A, Villarroya F, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Planavila A. A new FGF15/19-mediated gut-to-heart axis controls cardiac hypertrophy. J Pathol 2023; 261:335-348. [PMID: 37650293 DOI: 10.1002/path.6193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
FGF15 and its human orthologue, FGF19, are members of the endocrine FGF family and are secreted by ileal enterocytes in response to bile acids. FGF15/19 mainly targets the liver, but recent studies indicate that it also regulates skeletal muscle mass and adipose tissue plasticity. The aim of this study was to determine the role(s) of the enterokine FGF15/19 during the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Studies in a cohort of humans suffering from heart failure showed increased circulating levels of FGF19 compared with control individuals. We found that mice lacking FGF15 did not develop cardiac hypertrophy in response to three different pathophysiological stimuli (high-fat diet, isoproterenol, or cold exposure). The heart weight/tibia length ratio and the cardiomyocyte area (as measures of cardiac hypertrophy development) under hypertrophy-inducing conditions were lower in Fgf15-null mice than in wild-type mice, whereas the levels of the cardiac damage marker atrial natriuretic factor (Nppa) were up-regulated. Echocardiographic measurements showed similar results. Moreover, the genes involved in fatty acid metabolism were down-regulated in Fgf15-null mice. Conversely, experimental increases in FGF15 induced cardiac hypertrophy in vivo, without changes in Nppa and up-regulation of metabolic genes. Finally, in vitro studies using cardiomyocytes showed that FGF19 had a direct effect on these cells promoting hypertrophy. We have identified herein an inter-organ signaling pathway that runs from the gut to the heart, acts through the enterokine FGF15/19, and is involved in cardiac hypertrophy development and regulation of fatty acid metabolism in the myocardium. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Morón-Ros
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Blasco-Roset
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Artur Navarro-Gascon
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celia Rupérez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Zamora
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clinic and Hospital San Juan de Deu), Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatalogia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fatima Crispi
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clinic and Hospital San Juan de Deu), Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatalogia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernández-Barrena
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matias Avila
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gemma Ferrer-Curriu
- Heart Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, CIBERCV, Badalona, Spain
| | - Josep Lupón
- Heart Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, CIBERCV, Badalona, Spain
| | - Antoni Bayés-Genis
- Heart Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, CIBERCV, Badalona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Planavila
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
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Tveter KM, Mezhibovsky E, Wu Y, Roopchand DE. Bile acid metabolism and signaling: Emerging pharmacological targets of dietary polyphenols. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 248:108457. [PMID: 37268113 PMCID: PMC10528343 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Beyond their role as emulsifiers of lipophilic compounds, bile acids (BAs) are signaling endocrine molecules that show differential affinity and specificity for a variety of canonical and non-canonical BA receptors. Primary BAs (PBAs) are synthesized in the liver while secondary BAs (SBAs) are gut microbial metabolites of PBA species. PBAs and SBAs signal to BA receptors that regulate downstream pathways of inflammation and energy metabolism. Dysregulation of BA metabolism or signaling has emerged as a feature of chronic disease. Dietary polyphenols are non-nutritive plant-derived compounds associated with decreased risk of metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes, hepatobiliary and cardiovascular disease. Evidence suggests that the health promoting effects of dietary polyphenols are linked to their ability to alter the gut microbial community, the BA pool, and BA signaling. In this review we provide an overview of BA metabolism and summarize studies that link the cardiometabolic improvements of dietary polyphenols to their modulation of BA metabolism and signaling pathways, and the gut microbiota. Finally, we discuss approaches and challenges in deciphering cause-effect relationships between dietary polyphenols, BAs, and gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Tveter
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Food Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Health [Center for Microbiome, Nutrition and Health & Rutgers Center for Lipid Research], 61 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Esther Mezhibovsky
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Food Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Health [Center for Microbiome, Nutrition and Health & Rutgers Center for Lipid Research], 61 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Food Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Health [Center for Microbiome, Nutrition and Health & Rutgers Center for Lipid Research], 61 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Diana E Roopchand
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Food Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Health [Center for Microbiome, Nutrition and Health & Rutgers Center for Lipid Research], 61 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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11
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Cazzagon N, Gonzalez-Sanchez E, El-Mourabit H, Wendum D, Rainteau D, Humbert L, Corpechot C, Chazouillères O, Arrivé L, Housset C, Lemoinne S. Protective potential of the gallbladder in primary sclerosing cholangitis. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100649. [PMID: 36923239 PMCID: PMC10009728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Gallbladder enlargement is common in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The gallbladder may confer hepatoprotection against bile acid overload, through the sequestration and cholecystohepatic shunt of bile acids. The aim of this study was to assess the potential impact of the gallbladder on disease features and bile acid homeostasis in PSC. Methods Patients with PSC from a single tertiary center who underwent liver MRI with three-dimensional cholangiography and concomitant analyses of serum bile acids were included. Gallbladder volume was measured by MRI and a cut-off of 50 ml was used to define gallbladder enlargement. Bile acid profiles and PSC severity, as assessed by blood tests and MRI features, were compared among patients according to gallbladder size (enlarged vs. normal-sized) or presence (removed vs. conserved). The impact of cholecystectomy was also assessed in the Abcb4 knockout mouse model of PSC. Results Sixty-one patients with PSC, all treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), were included. The gallbladder was enlarged in 30 patients, whereas 11 patients had been previously cholecystectomized. Patients with enlarged gallbladders had significantly lower alkaline phosphatase, a lower tauro-vs. glycoconjugate ratio and a higher UDCA vs. total bile acid ratio compared to those with normal-sized gallbladders. In addition, gallbladder volume negatively correlated with the hydrophobicity index of bile acids. Cholecystectomized patients displayed significantly higher aspartate aminotransferase and more severe bile duct strictures and dilatations compared to those with conserved gallbladder. In the Abcb4 knockout mice, cholecystectomy caused an increase in hepatic bile acid content and in circulating secondary bile acids, and an aggravation in cholangitis, inflammation and liver fibrosis. Conclusion Altogether, our findings indicate that the gallbladder fulfills protective functions in PSC. Impact and implications In patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), gallbladder status impacts on bile acid homeostasis and disease features. We found evidence of lessened bile acid toxicity in patients with PSC and enlarged gallbladders and of increased disease severity in those who were previously cholecystectomized. In the Abcb4 knockout mouse model of PSC, cholecystectomy causes an aggravation of cholangitis and liver fibrosis. Overall, our results suggest that the gallbladder plays a protective role in PSC.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette transporter
- Abcb4 knockout mice
- BA, bile acid
- Bile acids
- C4, 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one
- CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- CK19, cytokeratin 19
- Cholecystectomy
- FGF19, fibroblast growth factor 19
- Gallbladder volume
- HPLC-MS/MS, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- MRC, magnetic resonance cholangiography
- Magnetic resonance imaging
- PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- ULN, upper limit of normal
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Cazzagon
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Azienda Ospedale-Università Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ester Gonzalez-Sanchez
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,TGF-β and Cancer Group. Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet De Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Program, Ciberehd, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Spain.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Haquima El-Mourabit
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Dominique Wendum
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP). Sorbonne Université. Department of Pathology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Rainteau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP). Sorbonne Université. Department of Clinical Metabolomics, Saint Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP). Sorbonne Université. Department of Clinical Metabolomics, Saint Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Corpechot
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP). Sorbonne Université. Department of Hepatology, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis (CRMR MIVB-H), ERN RARE-LIVER, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Chazouillères
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP). Sorbonne Université. Department of Hepatology, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis (CRMR MIVB-H), ERN RARE-LIVER, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Arrivé
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP). Sorbonne Université. Department of Radiology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Housset
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP). Sorbonne Université. Department of Hepatology, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis (CRMR MIVB-H), ERN RARE-LIVER, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sara Lemoinne
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP). Sorbonne Université. Department of Hepatology, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis (CRMR MIVB-H), ERN RARE-LIVER, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
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12
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Kan S, Pi C, Zhang L, Guo D, Niu Z, Liu Y, Duan M, Pu X, Bai M, Zhou C, Zhang D, Xie J. FGF19 increases mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion in chondrocytes via the AMPKα-p38/MAPK pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:55. [PMID: 36915160 PMCID: PMC10009974 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is recognized to play an essential role in cartilage development and physiology, and has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for skeletal metabolic diseases. However, FGF19-mediated cellular behavior in chondrocytes remains a big challenge. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the role of FGF19 on chondrocytes by characterizing mitochondrial biogenesis and fission-fusion dynamic equilibrium and exploring the underlying mechanism. We first found that FGF19 enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis in chondrocytes with the help of β Klotho (KLB), a vital accessory protein for assisting the binding of FGF19 to its receptor, and the enhanced biogenesis accompanied with a fusion of mitochondria, reflecting in the elongation of individual mitochondria and the up-regulation of mitochondrial fusion proteins. We then revealed that FGF19-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion required the binding of FGF19 to the membrane receptor, FGFR4, and the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α)/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) axis. Finally, we demonstrated that FGF19-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion was mainly dependent on the activation of p-p38 signaling. Inhibition of p38 signaling largely reduced the high expression of AMPKα/PGC-1α/SIRT1 axis, decreased the up-regulation of mitochondrial fusion proteins and impaired the enhancement of mitochondrial network morphology in chondrocytes induced by FGF19. Taking together, our results indicate that FGF19 could increase mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion via AMPKα-p38/MAPK signaling, which enlarge the understanding of FGF19 on chondrocyte metabolism. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Kan
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Caixia Pi
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Daimo Guo
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhixing Niu
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengmeng Duan
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiahua Pu
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingru Bai
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Lab of Bone and Joint Disease, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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13
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Nerild HH, Brønden A, Gether IM, Hellmann PH, Baekdal M, Gillum MP, Svenningsen JS, Hartmann B, Rathor N, Kudiyanur Muniraju HA, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Sonne DP, Knop FK. Liraglutide changes postprandial responses of gut hormones involved in the regulation of gallbladder motility. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:1632-1637. [PMID: 36781820 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM Liraglutide treatment is associated with gallbladder-related disorders and has been shown to delay postprandial gallbladder refilling. The gut hormones cholecystokinin (CCK), fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2), are known to regulate gallbladder motility and may be implicated in gallbladder-related disorders associated with liraglutide treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a double-blind, 12-week trial, 52 participants [50% male, age 47.6 ± 10.0 years, body mass index 32.6 ± 3.4 kg/m2 (mean ± standard deviation)] with obesity were randomized 1:1 to once-daily subcutaneous liraglutide (escalated from 0.6 mg to 3.0 mg once-daily) or placebo. During liquid meal tests performed at baseline, after the first dose and following 12 weeks of treatment, we evaluated postprandial gallbladder dynamics and plasma responses of CCK, FGF19 and GLP-2. RESULTS Liraglutide reduced postprandial FGF19 after the first dose [area under the curve (AUC)0-240 min 24.8 vs. 48.0 min × ng/ml, treatment ratio (TR) (95% confidence interval) 0.52 (0.39; 0.69)] and following 12 weeks of treatment [AUC0-240 min 33.7 vs. 48.5 ng/ml × min, TR 0.69 (0.52; 0.93)]. Liraglutide also reduced postprandial GLP-2 responses (AUC0-240 min 3650 vs. 4894 min × pmol/L, TR 0.75 (0.62; 0.90)] following the first dose as well as after 12 weeks [AUC0-240 min 3760 vs. 4882 min × pmol/L, TR 0.77 (0.60; 0.99)]. Liraglutide increased postprandial responses of CCK after the first dose [AUC0-240 min 762 vs. 670 min × pmol/L; TR 1.14 (0.97; 1.33)] and following 12 weeks of treatment [AUC0-240 min 873 vs. 628 min × pmol/L; TR 1.39 (1.12; 1.73)]. CONCLUSION Compared with placebo, treatment with liraglutide decreased postprandial FGF19 and GLP-2 concentrations and increased postprandial CCK concentrations, which may explain the delayed postprandial gallbladder refilling observed in individuals with obesity treated with liraglutide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette H Nerild
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Andreas Brønden
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida M Gether
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Pernille H Hellmann
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Mille Baekdal
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Matthew P Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens S Svenningsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P Sonne
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Zhang Y, Wu T, Wang Y, Chen Z, Chen J, Lu S, Xia W. Reciprocal FGF19-GLI2 signaling induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition to promote lung squamous cell carcinoma metastasis. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023; 46:437-450. [PMID: 36598638 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00760-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Metastatic lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is one of the most common causes of cancer death worldwide. As yet, however, the molecular mechanism underlying LUSC metastasis remains elusive. In this study, we report a novel mechanism involving signaling interactions between FGF19 and GLI2 that could drive the progression of LUSC. METHODS The expression of FGF19 in human LUSC samples was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The concentration of FGF19 in serum samples was assessed by ELISA. RNA sequencing, scratch wound-healing, trans-well, GO analysis, GSEA, luciferase reporter, Western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry assays, as well as an animal model were used to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying FGF19 driven LUSC progression. The therapeutic effect of a GLI2 inhibitor was determined using both in vitro cellular and in vivo animal experiments. RESULTS We found that FGF19, a member of the fibroblast growth factor family, plays a crucial role in the invasion and metastasis of LUSC, and identified GLI2 as an important downstream effector of FGF19 involved in metastasis. Surprisingly, we found that FGF19 and GLI2 could reciprocally induce the expression of each other, and form a positive feedback loop to promote LUSC cell invasion and metastasis. These findings were corroborated by an association between a poor prognosis of LUSC patients and FGF19/GLI2 co-expression. In addition, we found that the GLI inhibitor GANT61 could effectively reduce FGF19-mediated LUSC invasion and metastasis. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that FGF19 may serve as a novel biomarker for predicting metastatic LUSC. Intervening with the FGF19-GLI2 feedback loop may be a strategy for the treatment of FGF19-driven LUSC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiachen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Metry M, Dirda ND, Raufman JP, Polli JE, Kao JPY. Novel nitroxide-bile acid conjugates inform substrate requirements for human bile acid transporters. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 180:106335. [PMID: 36402308 PMCID: PMC9908032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transport of bile acids within the enterohepatic circulation from the liver to the intestines via the gallbladder and back to the liver via the portal vein plays a critical role in bile acid regulation and homeostasis. Deficiency of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), a hormone whose role is to suppress de novo hepatic bile acid synthesis to maintain homeostatic levels, results in bile acid diarrhea (BAD). FGF19 also modulates gallbladder motility so that bile acids are concentrated in the gallbladder until postprandial contraction. To assess bile acid transport and diagnose ailments like BAD that are associated with altered bile acid synthesis and transport, we created bile acid conjugates with nitroxide radicals. Because nitroxides are paramagnetic and can promote proton relaxation, we reasoned that these paramagnetic conjugates should act as contrast agents in in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We tested substrate capability by assessing the inhibitory potential of these novel agents against taurocholate uptake by the apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) and the Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). Surprisingly, neither the paramagnetic compounds CA-Px-1 and CA-Px-2, nor their reduced forms, CA-Px-1H and CA-Px-2H, inhibited hASBT- or hNTCP-mediated taurocholate uptake. Therefore, the new conjugates cannot serve as contrast agents for MRI in vivo. However, our findings identify important structural constraints of transportable bile acid conjugates and suggest potential modifications to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Metry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, N623, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Nathaniel D.A. Dirda
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- VA Maryland Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - James E. Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, N623, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States,Corresponding author: (J.E. Polli)
| | - Joseph P. Y. Kao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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16
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Tilg H, Adolph TE, Trauner M. Gut-liver axis: Pathophysiological concepts and clinical implications. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1700-1718. [PMID: 36208625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bidirectional crosstalk along the gut-liver axis controls gastrointestinal health and disease and exploits environmental and host mediators. Nutrients, microbial antigens, metabolites, and bile acids regulate metabolism and immune responses in the gut and liver, which reciprocally shape microbial community structure and function. Perturbation of such host-microbe interactions is observed in a variety of experimental liver diseases and is facilitated by an impaired intestinal barrier, which is fueling hepatic inflammation and disease progression. Clinical evidence describes perturbation of the gut-liver crosstalk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. In liver cirrhosis, a common sequela of these diseases, the intestinal microbiota and microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns constitute liver inflammation and clinical complications, such as hepatic encephalopathy. Understanding the intricate metabolic interplay between the gut and liver in health and disease opens an avenue for targeted therapies in the future, which is probed in controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Abstract
Bile acids wear many hats, including those of an emulsifier to facilitate nutrient absorption, a cholesterol metabolite, and a signaling molecule in various tissues modulating itching to metabolism and cellular functions. Bile acids are synthesized in the liver but exhibit wide-ranging effects indicating their ability to mediate organ-organ crosstalk. So, how does a steroid metabolite orchestrate such diverse functions? Despite the inherent chemical similarity, the side chain decorations alter the chemistry and biology of the different bile acid species and their preferences to bind downstream receptors distinctly. Identification of new modifications in bile acids is burgeoning, and some of it is associated with the microbiota within the intestine. Here, we provide a brief overview of the history and the various receptors that mediate bile acid signaling in addition to its crosstalk with the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Correspondence: Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk, PhD, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 506 S Mathews Ave, 453 Medical Sciences Bldg, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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18
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Mo P, Chen H, Jiang X, Hu F, Zhang F, Shan G, Chen W, Li S, Li Y, Xu G. FGF15 promotes hepatic NPC1L1 degradation in lithogenic diet-fed mice. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:97. [PMID: 36209166 PMCID: PMC9547418 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol gallstone disease (CGD) is accompanied by biliary cholesterol supersaturation. Hepatic Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), which is present in humans but not in wild-type (WT) mice, promotes hepatocyte cholesterol uptake and decreases biliary cholesterol supersaturation. In contrast, intestinal NPC1L1 promotes intestinal cholesterol absorption, increasing biliary cholesterol supersaturation. Ezetimibe (EZE) can inhibit both hepatic and intestinal NPC1L1. However, whether hepatic NPC1L1 can affect CGD progress remains unknown. METHODS Mice expressing hepatic NPC1L1 (NPC1L1hepatic-OE mice) were generated using Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) gene delivery. The protein level and function of hepatic NPC1L1 were examined under chow diet, high fat-cholesterol diet (HFCD), and lithogenic diet (LD) feeding. Gallstone formation rates were examined with or without EZE treatment. Fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) treatment and inhibition of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) were applied to verify the mechanism of hepatic NPC1L1 degradation. RESULTS The HFCD-fed NPC1L1hepatic-OE mice retained the biliary cholesterol desaturation function of hepatic NPC1L1, whereas EZE treatment decreased biliary cholesterol saturation and did not cause CGD. The ubiquitination and degradation of hepatic NPC1L1 were discovered in LD-fed NPC1L1hepatic-OE mice. Treatment of FGF15 during HFCD feeding and inhibition of FGFR4 during LD feeding could affect the protein level and function of hepatic NPC1L1. CONCLUSIONS LD induces the ubiquitination and degradation of hepatic NPC1L1 via the FGF15-FGFR4 pathway. EZE may act as an effective preventative agent for CGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingfan Mo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongtan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengling Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fenming Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guodong Shan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenguo Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiqiao Li
- Urology& Nephrology Center, Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated People's Hospital, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China.
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FGFR redundancy limits the efficacy of FGFR4-selective inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208844119. [PMID: 36179047 PMCID: PMC9546626 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208844119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19)–FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4)–coreceptor klotho β (KLB) signaling axis has been implicated as a therapeutic target in 20 to 30% of hepatocellular carcinomas. However, patient responses to FGFR4-selective inhibitors were unsatisfactory in recent clinical trials. In this study, we reveal the redundancy of FGFR3 and FGFR4 as mechanisms of de novo resistance to FGFR4-selective inhibitors, supporting the clinical evaluation of pan-FGFR inhibitors for treating FGF19-positive hepatocellular carcinoma. Aberrant fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) signaling mediated by its receptor, FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4), and coreceptor, klotho β (KLB), is a driver of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Several potent FGFR4-selective inhibitors have been developed but have exhibited limited efficacy in HCC clinical trials. Here, by using HCC cell line models from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) and the Liver Cancer Model Repository (LIMORE), we show that selective FGFR4 inactivation was not sufficient to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth in FGF19-positive HCC. Moreover, genetic inactivation of KLB in these HCC cells resulted in a fitness defect more severe than that resulting from inactivation of FGFR4. By a combination of biochemical and genetic approaches, we found that KLB associated with FGFR3 and FGFR4 to mediate the prosurvival functions of FGF19. KLB mutants defective in interacting with FGFR3 or FGFR4 could not support the growth or survival of HCC cells. Genome-wide CRISPR loss-of-function screening revealed that FGFR3 restricted the activity of FGFR4-selective inhibitors in inducing cell death; the pan-FGFR inhibitor erdafitinib displayed superior potency than FGFR4-selective inhibitors in suppressing the growth and survival of FGF19-positive HCC cells. Among FGF19-positive HCC cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), FGFR3 is prevalently coexpressed with FGFR4 and KLB, suggesting that FGFR redundancy may be a common mechanism underlying the de novo resistance to FGFR4 inhibitors. Our study provides a rationale for clinical testing of pan-FGFR inhibitors as a treatment strategy for FGF19-positive HCC.
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Chrysavgis L, Giannakodimos I, Chatzigeorgiou A, Tziomalos K, Papatheodoridis G, Cholongitas E. The role of fibroblast growth factor 19 in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 16:835-849. [PMID: 36124827 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2022.2127408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the predominant cause of chronic liver injury worldwide. Bile acids and their receptors are profoundly implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and its progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. AREAS COVERED We conducted extensive literature search using PubMed database, and we summarized the relevant literature. We provided an overview of the fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF-19)-farnesoid X receptor (FXR) axis and summarized the latest findings derived from animal and human studies concerning the impact of FGF-19 on NAFLD. EXPERT OPINION FGF-19, a nutritionally regulated endocrine post-prandial hormone, governs bile acid metabolism, lipid oxidation, lipogenesis, and energy homeostasis. As no approved medication for NAFLD exists, FGF-19 seems to be a propitious therapeutic opportunity for NAFLD, since its administration was associated with ameliorated results in hepatic steatosis, liver inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, promising results have been derived from clinical trials concerning the beneficial efficacy of FGF-19 on histological findings and laboratory parameters of NAFLD. However, we should bear in mind the pleiotropic effects of FGF-19 on various metabolically active tissues along with its potential tumorigenic reservoir. Further clinical research is required to determine the clinical application of FGF-19-based therapies on NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lampros Chrysavgis
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Giannakodimos
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tziomalos
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Papatheodoridis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital of Athens "Laiko", Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Cholongitas
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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21
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Duan S, Li X, Fan G, Liu R. Targeting bile acid signaling for the treatment of liver diseases: From bench to bed. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113154. [PMID: 35653887 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases and related complications have become one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet effective medicine or approved treatment approach is still limited. Thus, novel therapy is urgently required to prevent or at least slow down the growing burden of liver transplantation or even death caused by malignant liver diseases. As the irreplaceable modulator of hepatic and intestinal signaling cascades, bile acids (BAs) play complex physiological as well as pathological roles in regulating energy and immune homeostasis in various liver diseases, including but not limited to metabolic diseases and cholangiopathies, making them highly attractive therapeutic targets. In the current review, recent progress in the research of enterohepatic circulation of BAs and potential therapeutic targets of BAs signaling, especially the development of currently available treatments, including agonizts of FXR and TGR5, analogs of FGF19, inhibitors of ASBT, and the regulation of gut microbiome through fecal microbiota transplantation were extensively summarized. Their protective effects, molecular mechanisms, and outcomes of clinical trials were highlighted. The structural features of these candidates and perspectives for their future development were further discussed. In conclusion, we believe that pharmacological therapies targeting BAs signaling represent promising and efficient strategies for the treatment of complex and multifactorial liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuni Duan
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guifang Fan
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Runping Liu
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing 100029, China.
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22
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Guthrie G, Vonderohe C, Burrin D. Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 expression, regulation, and function: An overview. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 548:111617. [PMID: 35301051 PMCID: PMC9038700 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19 over 20 years ago, our understanding of the peptide and its role in human biology has moved forward significantly. A member of a superfamily of paracrine growth factors regulating embryonic development, FGF19 is unique in that it is a dietary-responsive endocrine hormone linked with bile acid homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, energy expenditure, and protein synthesis during the fed to fasted state. FGF19 achieves this through targeting multiple tissues and signaling pathways within those tissues. The diverse functional capabilities of FGF19 is due to the unique structural characteristics of the protein and its receptor binding in various cell types. This review will cover the current literature on the protein FGF19, its target receptors, and the biological pathways they target through unique signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Guthrie
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Caitlin Vonderohe
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Douglas Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.
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23
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Chiang JYL, Ferrell JM. Discovery of farnesoid X receptor and its role in bile acid metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 548:111618. [PMID: 35283218 PMCID: PMC9038687 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In 1995, the nuclear hormone orphan receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) was identified as a farnesol receptor expressed mainly in liver, kidney, and adrenal gland of rats. In 1999, bile acids were identified as endogenous FXR ligands. Subsequently, FXR target genes involved in the regulation of hepatic bile acid synthesis, secretion, and intestinal re-absorption were identified. FXR signaling was proposed as a mechanism of feedback regulation of the rate-limiting enzyme for bile acid synthesis, cholesterol 7⍺-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). The primary bile acids synthesized in the liver are transformed to secondary bile acids by the gut microbiota. The gut-to-liver axis plays a critical role in the regulation of bile acid synthesis, composition and circulating bile acid pool size, which in turn regulates glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism. Dysregulation of bile acid metabolism and FXR signaling in the gut-to-liver axis contributes to metabolic diseases including obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This review will cover the discovery of FXR as a bile acid sensor in the regulation of bile acid metabolism and as a metabolic regulator of lipid, glucose, and energy homeostasis. It will also provide an update of FXR functions in the gut-to-liver axis and the drug therapies targeting bile acids and FXR for the treatment of liver metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Y L Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4029 SR 44, P.O. Box 95, Rootstown, OH, 44272, United States.
| | - Jessica M Ferrell
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4029 SR 44, P.O. Box 95, Rootstown, OH, 44272, United States
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24
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Zhang Y, Wu T, Li F, Cheng Y, Han Q, Lu X, Lu S, Xia W. FGF19 Is Coamplified With CCND1 to Promote Proliferation in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Their Combined Inhibition Shows Improved Efficacy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:846744. [PMID: 35463335 PMCID: PMC9021371 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.846744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) remains as a major cause of cancer-associated mortality with few therapeutic options. Continued research on new driver genes is particularly important. FGF19, a fibroblast growth factor, is frequently observed as amplified in human LUSC, which is also associated with multiple genomic gains and losses. However, the importance of these associated changes is largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to clarify a novel mechanism that link neighboring oncogene co-amplification in the development of LUSC. We found that FGF19 was co-amplified and co-expressed with its neighboring gene CCND1 in a subset of LUSC patients and associated with poor prognosis. Moreover, FGF19 combined with CCND1 promoted the cell cycle progression of LUSC cells. Mechanistically, FGF19 also enhanced CCND1 expression by activating FGFR4-ERK1/2 signaling and strengthening CCND1-induced phosphorylation and inactivation of retinoblastoma (RB). In a murine model of lung orthotopic cancer, knockdown of CCND1 was found to prolong survival by attenuating FGF19-induced cell proliferation. Furthermore, the combination treatment of the FGFR4 inhibitor BLU9931 and the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib potentiated the growth inhibition and arrested cells in G1 phase. In vivo, co-targeting FGFR4 and CDK4/6 also showed marked inhibition of tumor growth than single agent treatment. These findings further elucidate the oncogenic role of FGF19 in LUSC and provide insights into how the co-amplification of neighboring genes synergistically function to promote cancer growth, and combined inhibition against both FGF19 and CCND1 is more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yirui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Endocrine Fibroblast Growth Factors in Relation to Stress Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030505. [PMID: 35159314 PMCID: PMC8834311 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play important roles in various growth signaling processes, including proliferation, development, and differentiation. Endocrine FGFs, i.e., atypical FGFs, including FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23, function as endocrine hormones that regulate energy metabolism. Nutritional status is known to regulate the expression of endocrine FGFs through nuclear hormone receptors. The increased expression of endocrine FGFs regulates energy metabolism processes, such as fatty acid metabolism and glucose metabolism. Recently, a relationship was found between the FGF19 subfamily and stress signaling during stresses such as endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress. This review focuses on endocrine FGFs and the recent progress in FGF studies in relation to stress signaling. In addition, the relevance of the stress-FGF pathway to disease and human health is discussed.
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26
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are cell-signaling proteins with diverse functions in cell development, repair, and metabolism. The human FGF family consists of 22 structurally related members, which can be classified into three separate groups based on their action of mechanisms, namely: intracrine, paracrine/autocrine, and endocrine FGF subfamilies. FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 belong to the hormone-like/endocrine FGF subfamily. These endocrine FGFs are mainly associated with the regulation of cell metabolic activities such as homeostasis of lipids, glucose, energy, bile acids, and minerals (phosphate/active vitamin D). Endocrine FGFs function through a unique protein family called klotho. Two members of this family, α-klotho, or β-klotho, act as main cofactors which can scaffold to tether FGF19/21/23 to their receptor(s) (FGFRs) to form an active complex. There are ongoing studies pertaining to the structure and mechanism of these individual ternary complexes. These studies aim to provide potential insights into the physiological and pathophysiological roles and therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the history, structure–function relationship(s), downstream signaling, physiological roles, and future perspectives on endocrine FGFs.
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27
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Sweed N, Kim HJ, Hultenby K, Barros R, Parini P, Sancisi V, Strandvik B, Gabbi C. Liver X receptor β regulates bile volume and the expression of aquaporins and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in the gallbladder. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G243-G251. [PMID: 34259574 PMCID: PMC8815792 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00024.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The gallbladder is considered an important organ in maintaining digestive and metabolic homeostasis. Given that therapeutic options for gallbladder diseases are often limited to cholecystectomy, understanding gallbladder pathophysiology is essential in developing novel therapeutic strategies. Since liver X receptor β (LXRβ), an oxysterol-activated transcription factor, is strongly expressed in gallbladder cholangiocytes, the aim was to investigate LXRβ physiological function in the gallbladder. Thus, we studied the gallbladders of WT and LXRβ-/- male mice using immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, qRT-PCR, bile duct cannulation, bile and blood biochemistry, and duodenal pH measurements. LXRβ-/- mice presented a large gallbladder bile volume with high duodenal mRNA levels of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a strong mediator of gallbladder relaxation. LXRβ-/- gallbladders showed low mRNA and protein expression of Aquaporin-1, Aquaporin-8, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). A cystic fibrosis-resembling phenotype was evident in the liver showing high serum cholestatic markers and the presence of reactive cholangiocytes. For LXRβ being a transcription factor, we identified eight putative binding sites of LXR on the promoter and enhancer of the Cftr gene, suggesting Cftr as a novel LXRβ regulated gene. In conclusion, LXRβ was recognized as a regulator of gallbladder bile volume through multiple mechanisms involving CFTR and aquaporins.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This report reveals a novel and specific role of the nuclear receptor liver X receptor β (LXRβ) in controlling biliary tree pathophysiology. LXRβ-/- mice have high gallbladder bile volume and are affected by a cholangiopathy that resembles cystic fibrosis. We found LXRβ to regulate the expression of both aquaporins water channels and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. This opens a new field in biliary tree pathophysiology, enlightening a possible transcription factor controlling CFTR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Sweed
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Barros
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Paoo Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valentina Sancisi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL Reggio Emilia-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Birgitta Strandvik
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiara Gabbi
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Myers J, Granger LA, Keeton ST, Liu CC, Johnston AN. Quantification of serum fibroblast growth factor-19 concentration in healthy dogs before and after feeding. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:676-682. [PMID: 34296943 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.8.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure serum fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF-19) concentration and gallbladder volume in healthy dogs before and after feeding to determine whether serum FGF-19 concentration increases following gallbladder contraction and to assess FGF-19 stability in blood samples kept under different storage conditions after collection in tubes containing no anticoagulant or in serum separator tubes. ANIMALS 10 healthy dogs of various ages and breeds (30 blood samples and 30 gallbladder volume measurements). PROCEDURES Serum FGF-19 concentration was measured with a commercially available ELISA. Gallbladder volume was determined ultrasonographically. Blood samples and gallbladder measurements were obtained from the dogs after food had been withheld for 12 hours (baseline) and at 1 and 3 hours after feeding. The stability of serum FGF-19 was assessed in samples collected in tubes containing no anticoagulant or in serum separator tubes and stored at -80°C for variable intervals or 4°C for 1 or 5 days. RESULTS Serum FGF-19 concentration was significantly increased from baseline at 1 and 3 hours after feeding. There was a significant decrease in gallbladder volume 1 hour after feeding, compared with baseline findings. Regardless of collection tube used, concentrations of FGF-19 in serum obtained from blood samples that were collected and immediately stored at -80°C differed significantly from concentrations in serum obtained from blood samples that had been collected and stored at 4°C for 5 days. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that postprandial gallbladder contraction results in increases of serum FGF-19 concentration in healthy dogs. Assessment of circulating FGF-19 concentration could be used to detect disruptions in the enterohepatic-biliary axis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Myers
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - L Abbigail Granger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Sarah T Keeton
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Andrea N Johnston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
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Chen T, Liu H, Liu Z, Li K, Qin R, Wang Y, Liu J, Li Z, Gao Q, Pan C, Yang F, Zhao W, Zhang Z, Xu Y. FGF19 and FGFR4 promotes the progression of gallbladder carcinoma in an autocrine pathway dependent on GPBAR1-cAMP-EGR1 axis. Oncogene 2021; 40:4941-4953. [PMID: 34163030 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Treatment options for gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) are limited and GBC prognosis remains poor. There is no well-accepted targeted therapy to date, so effective biomarkers of GBC are urgently needed. Here we investigated the expression and correlations of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR1-4) and 18 fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in two independent patient cohorts and evaluated their prognostic significance. Consequently, we demonstrated that both FGF19 and FGFR4 were unfavorable prognostic biomarkers, and their co-expression was a more sensitive predictor. By analyzing the correlations between all 18 FGFs and FGFR4, we showed that FGF19 expression was significantly associated with FGFR4 and promoted GBC progression via stimulating FGFR4. With experiments using GBC cells, GPBAR1-/- mice models, and human subjects, we demonstrated that elevated bile acids (BAs) could increase the transcription and expression of FGF19 and FGFR4 by activating GPBAR1-cAMP-EGR1 pathway. FGF19 secreted from GBC cells promoted GBC progression by stimulating FGFR4 and downstream ERK in an autocrine manner with bile as a potential carrier. Patients with GBC had significantly higher FGF19 in serum and bile, compared to patients with cholelithiasis. BLU9931 inhibited FGFR4 and attenuated its oncogenic effects in GBC cell line. In conclusion, upregulation of BAs elevated co-expression of FGF19 and FGFR4 by activating GPBAR1-cAMP-EGR1 pathway. Co-expression of FGF19 and FGFR4 was a sensitive and unfavorable prognostic marker. GBC cells secreted FGF19 and facilitated progression by activating FGFR4 with bile as a potential carrier in an autocrine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongda Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengli Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kangshuai Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruixi Qin
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jialiang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qinglun Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Chang Pan
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Role of FGF15 in Hepatic Surgery in the Presence of Tumorigenesis: Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde? Cells 2021; 10:cells10061421. [PMID: 34200439 PMCID: PMC8228386 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-tumorigenic activity of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 (FGF15 in its rodent orthologue) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as well as the unsolved problem that ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury supposes in liver surgeries, are well known. However, it has been shown that FGF15 administration protects against liver damage and regenerative failure in liver transplantation (LT) from brain-dead donors without tumor signals, providing a benefit in avoiding IR injury. The protection provided by FGF15/19 is due to its anti-apoptotic and pro-regenerative properties, which make this molecule a potentially beneficial or harmful factor, depending on the disease. In the present review, we describe the preclinical models currently available to understand the signaling pathways responsible for the apparent controversial effects of FGF15/19 in the liver (to repair a damaged liver or to promote tumorigenesis). As well, we study the potential pharmacological use that has the activation or inhibition of FGF15/19 pathways depending on the disease to be treated. We also discuss whether FGF15/19 non-pro-tumorigenic variants, which have been developed for the treatment of liver diseases, might be promising approaches in the surgery of hepatic resections and LT using healthy livers and livers from extended-criteria donors.
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Matye DJ, Li Y, Chen C, Chao X, Wang H, Ni H, Ding WX, Li T. Gut-restricted apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibitor attenuates alcohol-induced liver steatosis and injury in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:1188-1199. [PMID: 33885179 PMCID: PMC8717856 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that human and experimental alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) is robustly associated with dysregulation of bile acid homeostasis, which may in turn modulate disease severity. Pharmacological agents targeting bile acid metabolism and signaling may be potential therapeutics for ALD. METHODS The potential beneficial effects of a gut-restricted apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitor were studied in a chronic-plus-binge ALD mouse model. RESULTS Blocking intestinal bile acid reabsorption by the gut-restricted ASBT inhibitor GSK2330672 attenuated hepatic steatosis and liver injury in a chronic-plus-binge ALD mouse model. Alcohol feeding is associated with intestinal bile acid accumulation but paradoxically impaired ileal farnesoid × receptor (FXR) function, and repressed hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydrolase (CYP7A1) expression despite decreased hepatic small heterodimer partner (SHP) and ileal fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) expression. ASBT inhibitor treatment decreased intestinal bile acid accumulation and increased hepatic CYP7A1 expression, but further decreased ileal FXR activity. Alcohol feeding induces serum bile acid concentration that strongly correlates with a liver injury marker. However, alcohol-induced serum bile acid elevation is not due to intrahepatic bile acid accumulation but is strongly and positively associated with hepatic multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP4) and MRP4 induction but poorly associated with sodium-taurocholate cotransporting peptide (NTCP) expression. ASBT inhibitor treatment decreases serum bile acid concentration without affecting hepatocyte basolateral bile acid uptake and efflux transporters. CONCLUSION ASBT inhibitor treatment corrects alcohol-induced bile acid dysregulation and attenuates liver injury in experimental ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Matye
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Cheng Chen
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Huaiwen Wang
- Laboratory For Molecular Biology and Cytometry Research, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Hongmin Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Tiangang Li
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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Sharin T, Gyasi H, Williams KL, Crump D, O'Brien JM. Effects of two Bisphenol A replacement compounds, 1,7-bis (4-hydroxyphenylthio)-3,5-dioxaheptane and Bisphenol AF, on development and mRNA expression in chicken embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 215:112140. [PMID: 33730607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about the estrogenic properties of Bisphenol A (BPA) have led to increased efforts to find BPA replacements. 1,7-bis(4-Hydroxyphenylthio)-3,5-dioxaheptane (DD-70) and 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphenol (bisphenol AF, BPAF) are two potential chemical substitutes for BPA; however, toxicity data for these chemicals in avian species are limited. To determine effects on avian embryonic viability, development, and hepatic mRNA expression at two distinct developmental periods (mid-incubation [day 11] and term [day 20]), two egg injection studies were performed. Test chemicals were injected into the air cell of unincubated, fertilized chicken eggs at concentrations ranging from 0-88.2 µg/g for DD-70 and 0-114 µg/g egg for BPAF. Embryonic concentrations of DD-70 and BPAF decreased at mid-incubation and term compared to injected concentrations suggesting embryonic metabolism. Exposure to DD-70 (40.9 and 88.2 µg/g) and BPAF (114 µg/g) significantly decreased embryonic viability at mid-incubation. Exposure to DD-70 (88.2 µg/g) decreased embryo mass and increased gallbladder mass, while 114 µg/g BPAF resulted in increased gallbladder mass in term embryos. Expression of hepatic genes related to xenobiotic metabolism, lipid homeostasis, and response to estrogen were altered at both developmental stages. Given the importance of identifying suitable BPA replacements, the present study provides novel, whole animal avian toxicological data for two replacement compounds, DD-70 and BPAF. DATA AVAILABILITY: Data, associated metadata, and calculation tools are available from the corresponding author (doug.crump@canada.ca).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnia Sharin
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Helina Gyasi
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kim L Williams
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Jason M O'Brien
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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Sciarrillo CM, Keirns BH, Koemel NA, Anderson KL, Emerson SR. Fibroblast Growth Factor 19: Potential modulation of hepatic metabolism for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int 2021; 41:894-904. [PMID: 33506572 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver disease that is becoming more prevalent in concert with obesity and poor lifestyle habits. Although NAFLD is treatable via lifestyle modification in early stages, more advanced liver pathologies (eg non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH]) are harder to reverse. There is no Food and Drug Administration approved pharmacological treatment for NAFLD, and little research has been done to identify compounds that target key NAFLD mechanisms. Bile acids and bile acid receptors have been implicated in NAFLD pathogenesis and modulating bile acids and bile acid receptors has recently been targeted as a therapeutic treatment option for NAFLD. Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), a nutritionally regulated post-prandial hormone, is a chief regulator of bile acid metabolism and an important player in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, including key mechanisms of NAFLD pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss recent findings related to FGF19-regulated processes involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. We summarize known and conjectural frameworks and limitations for the clinical application of FGF19-targeted therapies as they relate to NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryant H Keirns
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Nicholas A Koemel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Kendall L Anderson
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sam R Emerson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Wang H, Yang J, Zhang K, Liu J, Li Y, Su W, Song N. Advances of Fibroblast Growth Factor/Receptor Signaling Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and its Pharmacotherapeutic Targets. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:650388. [PMID: 33935756 PMCID: PMC8082422 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.650388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of primary liver cancer with poor prognosis, and its incidence and mortality rate are increasing worldwide. It is refractory to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy owing to its high tumor heterogeneity. Accumulated genetic alterations and aberrant cell signaling pathway have been characterized in HCC. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and their receptors (FGFRs) are involved in diverse biological activities, including embryonic development, proliferation, differentiation, survival, angiogenesis, and migration, etc. Data mining results of The Cancer Genome Atlas demonstrate high levels of FGF and/or FGFR expression in HCC tumors compared with normal tissues. Moreover, substantial evidence indicates that the FGF/FGFR signaling axis plays an important role in various mechanisms that contribute to HCC development. At present, several inhibitors targeting FGF/FGFR, such as multikinase inhibitors, specific FGFR4 inhibitors, and FGF ligand traps, exhibit antitumor activity in preclinical or early development phases in HCC. In this review, we summarize the research progress regarding the molecular implications of FGF/FGFR-mediated signaling and the development of FGFR-targeted therapeutics in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yushan Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wei Su
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Na Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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FGF/FGFR Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Carcinogenesis to Recent Therapeutic Intervention. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061360. [PMID: 33802841 PMCID: PMC8002748 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As the most common primary liver cancer, HCC is a tricky cancer resistant to systemic therapies. The fibroblast growth factor family and its receptors are gaining more and more attention in various cancers. Noticing an explosion in the number of studies about aberrant FGF/FGFR signaling in HCC being studied, we were encouraged to summarize them. This review discusses how FGF/FGFR signaling influences HCC development and its implications in HCC prediction and target treatment, and combination treatment. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, ranking third in cancer deaths worldwide. Over the last decade, several studies have emphasized the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to target the aberrant pathways in HCC. However, the outcomes are far from satisfactory due to the increasing resistance and adverse effects. The family of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and its receptors (FGFR) are involved in various biological processes, including embryogenesis, morphogenesis, wound repair, and cell growth. The aberrant FGF/FGFR signaling is also observed in multiple cancers, including HCC. Anti-FGF/FGFR provides delightful benefits for cancer patients, especially those with FGF signaling alteration. More and more multi-kinase inhibitors targeting FGF signaling, pan-FGFR inhibitors, and selective FGFR inhibitors are now under preclinical and clinical investigation. This review summarizes the aberrant FGF/FGFR signaling in HCC initiating, development and treatment status, and provide new insights into the treatment of HCC.
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Fiorucci S, Distrutti E, Carino A, Zampella A, Biagioli M. Bile acids and their receptors in metabolic disorders. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 82:101094. [PMID: 33636214 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are a large family of atypical steroids which exert their functions by binding to a family of ubiquitous cell membrane and nuclear receptors. There are two main bile acid activated receptors, FXR and GPBAR1, that are exclusively activated by bile acids, while other receptors CAR, LXRs, PXR, RORγT, S1PR2and VDR are activated by bile acids in addition to other more selective endogenous ligands. In the intestine, activation of FXR and GPBAR1 promotes the release of FGF15/19 and GLP1 which integrate their signaling with direct effects exerted by theother receptors in target tissues. This network is tuned in a time ordered manner by circadian rhythm and is critical for the regulation of metabolic process including autophagy, fast-to-feed transition, lipid and glucose metabolism, energy balance and immune responses. In the last decade FXR ligands have entered clinical trials but development of systemic FXR agonists has been proven challenging because their side effects including increased levels of cholesterol and Low Density Lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-c) and reduced High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). In addition, pruritus has emerged as a common, dose related, side effect of FXR ligands. Intestinal-restricted FXR and GPBAR1 agonists and dual FXR/GPBAR1 agonists have been developed. Here we review the last decade in bile acids physiology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Adriana Carino
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli, Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 Inhibits Postprandial Gallbladder Emptying in Man: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Crossover Study. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2021; 11:e00257. [PMID: 33512799 PMCID: PMC7710225 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: A recent study in mice points to the gut-derived hormone glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) as an important regulator of gallbladder motility inducing gallbladder relaxation and refilling. In this study, we evaluated the effect of exogenous GLP-2 on postprandial gallbladder motility in healthy men. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study, we evaluated the effect of 4-hour intravenous infusions of high-dose GLP-2 (10 pmol × kg−1 × min−1), low-dose GLP-2 (1 pmol × kg−1 × min−1), and placebo (saline) on postprandial gallbladder motility. A 300-kcal liquid-mixed meal (added 1.5 g of acetaminophen for indirect measurement of gastric emptying) was served 30 minutes after start of intravenous infusions. Gallbladder volume was assessed by ultrasonography. RESULTS: Fifteen healthy men, age 24.3 (22.4–26.1) years (mean [95% confidence interval]) and body mass index 22.5 (21.7–23.4) kg × m−2, were included. Basal plasma GLP-2 concentration was 14 (11–17) pmol/L. During low-dose and high-dose GLP-2 infusions, steady-state postprandial plasma GLP-2 concentrations amounted to 201 (188–214) and 2,658 (2,443–2,873) pmol/L, respectively, compared with maximum postprandial plasma GLP-2 concentration of 34 (25–44) pmol/L during placebo. Gallbladder emptying (assessed as baseline-subtracted area under the curve for gallbladder volume) was reduced by low-dose GLP-2 (−0.8 [0.7–1.9] L × min, P < 0.0001) and nearly abolished by high-dose GLP-2 (1.3 [−1.7 to 0.01] L × min, P = 0.029) compared to placebo (−2.0 [−2.8 to −1.1] L × min). Compared to placebo, gastric emptying was reduced by high-dose GLP-2 (P = 0.0060 and 0.019), whereas low-dose GLP-2 did not affect gastric emptying (P = 0.13 and 0.85). DISCUSSION: Exogenous GLP-2 exerts a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on postprandial gallbladder emptying in healthy men.
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Chen MJ, Liu C, Wan Y, Yang L, Jiang S, Qian DW, Duan JA. Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and their emerging roles on glucolipid metabolism. Steroids 2021; 165:108757. [PMID: 33161055 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are amphiphilic molecules with a nonpolar steroid carbon skeleton and a polar carboxylate side chain. Recently, BAs have aroused the attention of scholars due to their potential roles on metabolic diseases. As important endogenous ligands, BAs are wildly active in the enterohepatic circulation, during which microbiota play a significant role in promoting the hydrolysis and dehydroxylation of BAs. Besides, many pathways initiated by BAs including glucolipid metabolism and inflammation signaling pathways have been reported to regulate the host metabolism and maintain immune homeostasis. Herein, the characteristics on the enterohepatic circulation and metabolism of BAs are systematically summarized. Moreover, the regulation mechanism of the glucolipid metabolism by BAs is intensively discussed. Worthily, FXR and TGR5, which are involved in glucolipid metabolism, are the prime candidates for targeted therapies of chronic metabolic diseases such as diabetes and hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jun Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chen Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yue Wan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Lei Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Da-Wei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Role of the fibroblast growth factor 19 in the skeletal system. Life Sci 2020; 265:118804. [PMID: 33245964 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor family (FGFs) is a kind of cytokine that plays an important role in growth, development, metabolism and disease. During bone development, multiple FGFs and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) play important roles. Previous reports have elucidated the great importance of FGF1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 18 in bone development, and FGF21 and 23 in bone homeostasis and bone regulation. FGF19 was initially found in the human foetal brain, and its gene location is related to osteoporosis pseudoglioma syndrome. Presently, gene chip detection has repeatedly found that FGF19 shows spatiotemporal specificity of gene expression in bone development and bone-related diseases, as well as differences in the protein level, indicating that FGF19 affects the skeletal system. Considering the current insufficient understanding of FGF19 and its potential function in the skeletal system, this review aims to introduce the background of FGF19 in bone, summarise the research progress of FGF19 in the skeletal system, and discuss the role and therapeutic potential of FGF19 in bone development and bone-related diseases.
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Curtailing FGF19's mitogenicity by suppressing its receptor dimerization ability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29025-29034. [PMID: 33144503 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010984117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a physiological regulator of bile acid homeostasis, FGF19 is also a potent insulin sensitizer capable of normalizing plasma glucose concentration, improving lipid profile, ameliorating fatty liver disease, and causing weight loss in both diabetic and diet-induced obesity mice. There is therefore a major interest in developing FGF19 as a therapeutic agent for treating type 2 diabetes and cholestatic liver disease. However, the known tumorigenic risk associated with prolonged FGF19 administration is a major hurdle in realizing its clinical potential. Here, we show that nonmitogenic FGF19 variants that retain the full beneficial glucose-lowering and bile acid regulatory activities of WT FGF19 (FGF19WT) can be engineered by diminishing FGF19's ability to induce dimerization of its cognate FGF receptors (FGFR). As proof of principle, we generated three such variants, each with a partial defect in binding affinity to FGFR (FGF19ΔFGFR) and its coreceptors, i.e., βklotho (FGF19ΔKLB) or heparan sulfate (FGF19ΔHBS). Pharmacological assays in WT and db/db mice confirmed that these variants incur a dramatic loss in mitogenic activity, yet are indistinguishable from FGF19WT in eliciting glycemic control and regulating bile acid synthesis. This approach provides a robust framework for the development of safer and more efficacious FGF19 analogs.
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Mao F, Wang MX, Hou X, Zhou Z, Yan YY, Fang LJ, Tan Z, Fang WY, Liu T, He W, Li C, Xie XB, Lu SQ, Sui J, Wang F, Han J, Wang JS, Li W. NTCP Deficiency Causes Gallbladder Abnormalities in Mice and Human Beings. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:831-839. [PMID: 32919083 PMCID: PMC7851344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengfeng Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Xuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinfeng Hou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongmin Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Yan Yan
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Juan Fang
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zexi Tan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Yuan Fang
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Teng Liu
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui He
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Bao Xie
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Qi Lu
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Sui
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchao Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Han
- University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jian-She Wang
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wenhui Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Xie Y, Su N, Yang J, Tan Q, Huang S, Jin M, Ni Z, Zhang B, Zhang D, Luo F, Chen H, Sun X, Feng JQ, Qi H, Chen L. FGF/FGFR signaling in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:181. [PMID: 32879300 PMCID: PMC7468161 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidences suggest that the fibroblast growth factor/FGF receptor (FGF/FGFR) signaling has crucial roles in a multitude of processes during embryonic development and adult homeostasis by regulating cellular lineage commitment, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of various types of cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of FGF signaling and its roles in organ development, injury repair, and the pathophysiology of spectrum of diseases, which is a consequence of FGF signaling dysregulation, including cancers and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this context, the agonists and antagonists for FGF-FGFRs might have therapeutic benefits in multiple systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangli Xie
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Nan Su
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoyan Tan
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenhong Ni
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dali Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengtao Luo
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hangang Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianding Sun
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Huabing Qi
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Lanng AR, Gasbjerg LS, Bergmann NC, Gillum MP, Rehfeld JF, Helsted MM, Møller HJ, Grønbæk H, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. The effect of acute intragastric vs. intravenous alcohol administration on inflammation markers, blood lipids and gallbladder motility in healthy men. Alcohol 2020; 87:29-37. [PMID: 32335270 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol intake increases plasma concentrations of triglycerides and chronic ethanol use impairs lipid metabolism and causes chronic inflammation. The gut plays an important role in metabolic handling of nutrients, including lipids, and a leaky gut associated with alcohol intake, allowing inflammatory signals to the portal vein, has been proposed to constitute a mechanism by which ethanol induces hepatic inflammation. We compared the effects of enteral and parenteral administration of ethanol on a range of circulating inflammation markers (including soluble CD163, a marker of liver macrophage activation), lipids, cholecystokinin (CCK) and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) as well as gallbladder volume. On two separate and randomized study days, we subjected healthy men (n = 12) to double-blinded intragastric ethanol infusion (IGEI) and isoethanolemic intravenous ethanol infusion (IVEI). Blood was sampled and ultrasonographic evaluation of gallbladder volume was performed at frequent intervals for 4 h after initiation of ethanol administration on both days. Little or no effects were observed on plasma levels of inflammation markers during IGEI and IVEI, respectively. Circulating levels of total, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased after ethanol administration independently of the administration form. Triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol concentrations increased more after IGEI compared to IVEI. IVEI had no effect on plasma CCK and caused an increased gallbladder volume whereas IGEI elicited a CCK response (P < 0.0001) without affecting gallbladder volume. Circulating FGF19 concentrations decreased equally in response to both ethanol administration forms. In conclusion, by evaluating a range of circulating inflammation markers during IGEI and IVEI we were not able to detect signs of systemic low-grade inflammation originating from the presence of ethanol in the gut. IVEI increased gallbladder volume whereas IGEI increased plasma CCK (with neutral effect on gallbladder volume), increased plasma VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations; indicating that the enteral route of administration may influence ethanol's effects on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie R Lanng
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lærke S Gasbjerg
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natasha C Bergmann
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Matthew P Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads M Helsted
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Holger J Møller
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henning Grønbæk
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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44
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Di Ciaula A, Baj J, Garruti G, Celano G, De Angelis M, Wang HH, Di Palo DM, Bonfrate L, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Liver Steatosis, Gut-Liver Axis, Microbiome and Environmental Factors. A Never-Ending Bidirectional Cross-Talk. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2648. [PMID: 32823983 PMCID: PMC7465294 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing worldwide and parallels comorbidities such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. Recent studies describe the presence of NAFLD in non-obese individuals, with mechanisms partially independent from excessive caloric intake. Increasing evidences, in particular, point towards a close interaction between dietary and environmental factors (including food contaminants), gut, blood flow, and liver metabolism, with pathways involving intestinal permeability, the composition of gut microbiota, bacterial products, immunity, local, and systemic inflammation. These factors play a critical role in the maintenance of intestinal, liver, and metabolic homeostasis. An anomalous or imbalanced gut microbial composition may favor an increased intestinal permeability, predisposing to portal translocation of microorganisms, microbial products, and cell wall components. These components form microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), with potentials to interact in the intestine lamina propria enriched in immune cells, and in the liver at the level of the immune cells, i.e., Kupffer cells and stellate cells. The resulting inflammatory environment ultimately leads to liver fibrosis with potentials to progression towards necrotic and fibrotic changes, cirrhosis. and hepatocellular carcinoma. By contrast, measures able to modulate the composition of gut microbiota and to preserve gut vascular barrier might prevent or reverse NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (D.M.D.P.); (L.B.)
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Celano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e Degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e Degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Helen H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (H.H.W.); (D.Q.-H.W.)
| | - Domenica Maria Di Palo
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (D.M.D.P.); (L.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e Degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (D.M.D.P.); (L.B.)
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (H.H.W.); (D.Q.-H.W.)
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (D.M.D.P.); (L.B.)
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45
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Perino A, Demagny H, Velazquez-Villegas L, Schoonjans K. Molecular Physiology of Bile Acid Signaling in Health, Disease, and Aging. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:683-731. [PMID: 32790577 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, bile acids (BAs) have become established as important signaling molecules that enable fine-tuned inter-tissue communication from the liver, their site of production, over the intestine, where they are modified by the gut microbiota, to virtually any organ, where they exert their pleiotropic physiological effects. The chemical variety of BAs, to a large extent determined by the gut microbiome, also allows for a complex fine-tuning of adaptive responses in our body. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms by which BA receptors coordinate several aspects of physiology and highlights new therapeutic strategies for diseases underlying pathological BA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Perino
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Hadrien Demagny
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Laura Velazquez-Villegas
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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46
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Lucchinetti E, Lou PH, Wawrzyniak P, Wawrzyniak M, Scharl M, Holtzhauer GA, Krämer SD, Hersberger M, Rogler G, Zaugg M. Novel Strategies to Prevent Total Parenteral Nutrition-Induced Gut and Liver Inflammation, and Adverse Metabolic Outcomes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 65:e1901270. [PMID: 32359213 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a life-saving therapy administered to millions of patients. However, it is associated with significant adverse effects, namely liver injury, risk of infections, and metabolic derangements. In this review, the underlying causes of TPN-associated adverse effects, specifically gut atrophy, dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome, leakage of the epithelial barrier with bacterial invasion, and inflammation are first described. The role of the bile acid receptors farnesoid X receptor and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor, of pleiotropic hormones, and growth factors is highlighted, and the mechanisms of insulin resistance, namely the lack of insulinotropic and insulinomimetic signaling of gut-originating incretins as well as the potentially toxicity of phytosterols and pro-inflammatory fatty acids mainly released from soybean oil-based lipid emulsions, are discussed. Finally, novel approaches in the design of next generation lipid delivery systems are proposed. Propositions include modifying the physicochemical properties of lipid emulsions, the use of lipid emulsions generated from sustainable oils with favorable ratios of anti-inflammatory n-3 to pro-inflammatory n-6 fatty acids, beneficial adjuncts to TPN, and concomitant pharmacotherapies to mitigate TPN-associated adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Lucchinetti
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Phing-How Lou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Paulina Wawrzyniak
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Wawrzyniak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Gregory A Holtzhauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie D Krämer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hersberger
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zaugg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
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47
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Chen J, Sali A, Vitetta L. The gallbladder and vermiform appendix influence the assemblage of intestinal microorganisms. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:541-555. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical procedures for the symptomatic removal of the gallbladder and the vermiform appendix have been posited to adversely shift the assemblage of the intestinal microbiome increasing the risk of disease. The associated mechanisms have been linked with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Cholecystectomy causes changes of bile acid compositions and bile secretion patterns as bile acids interact with the intestinal microbiota in a bidirectional capacity. An appendectomy precludes the further recolonization of the proximal colon with a commensal biofilm that could maintain a stable intestinal microbiome. Epidemiological studies indicate that there is an increased risk of disease rather than causality following a cholecystectomy and appendectomy. This narrative review summarizes studies that report on the role that bile salts and the appendix, contribute to the assemblage of the intestinal microbiome in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Chen
- Research Department, Medlab Clinical Ltd, Sydney, 2015, Australia
| | - Avni Sali
- National Institute of Integrative Medicine, Melbourne, 3022, Australia
| | - Luis Vitetta
- Research Department, Medlab Clinical Ltd, Sydney, 2015, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
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Farr S, Stankovic B, Hoffman S, Masoudpoor H, Baker C, Taher J, Dean AE, Anakk S, Adeli K. Bile acid treatment and FXR agonism lower postprandial lipemia in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G682-G693. [PMID: 32003602 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00386.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial dyslipidemia is a common feature of insulin-resistant states and contributes to increased cardiovascular disease risk. Recently, bile acids have been recognized beyond their emulsification properties as important signaling molecules that promote energy expenditure, improve insulin sensitivity, and lower fasting lipemia. Although bile acid receptors have become novel pharmaceutical targets, their effects on postprandial lipid metabolism remain unclear. Here, we investigated the potential role of bile acids in regulation of postprandial chylomicron production and triglyceride excursion. Healthy C57BL/6 mice were given an intraduodenal infusion of taurocholic acid (TA) under fat-loaded conditions, and circulating lipids were measured. Targeting of bile acid receptors was achieved with GW4064, a synthetic agonist to the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and deoxycholic acid (DCA), an activator of the Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5. TA, GW4064, and DCA treatments all lowered postprandial lipemia. FXR agonism also reduced intestinal triglyceride content and activity of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, involved in chylomicron assembly. Importantly, TA (but not DCA) effects were largely lost in FXR knockout mice. These bile acid effects are reminiscent of the antidiabetic hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Although the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 retained its ability to acutely lower postprandial lipemia during bile acid sequestration and FXR deficiency, it did raise hepatic expression of the rate-limiting enzyme for bile acid synthesis. Bile acid signaling may be an important mechanism of controlling dietary lipid absorption, and bile acid receptors may constitute novel targets for the treatment of postprandial dyslipidemia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We present new data suggesting potentially important roles for bile acids in regulation of postprandial lipid metabolism. Specific bile acid species, particularly secondary bile acids, were found to markedly inhibit absorption of dietary lipid and reduce postprandial triglyceride excursion. These effects appear to be mediated via bile acid receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). Importantly, bile acid signaling may trigger glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion, which may in turn mediate the marked inhibitory effects on dietary fat absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Farr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bogdan Stankovic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon Hoffman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hassan Masoudpoor
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Baker
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Taher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela E Dean
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | | | - Khosrow Adeli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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49
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Cortés VA, Barrera F, Nervi F. Pathophysiological connections between gallstone disease, insulin resistance, and obesity. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12983. [PMID: 31814283 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and cholesterol gallstone disease (GSD) are frequently coexisting diseases; therefore and considering the current worldwide obesity epidemics, a precise understanding of the pathophysiological relationships between GSD and insulin resistance (IR) is important. Classically, obesity has been understood as a risk factor for GSD and the gallbladder (GB) viewed as a simple bile reservoir, with no metabolic roles whatsoever. However, consistent evidence has showed that both GSD and cholecystectomy associates with fatty liver and IR, raising the possibility that the GB is indeed an organ with metabolic regulatory roles. Herein, we review the pathophysiological mechanisms by which GSD, IR, and obesity are interconnected, with emphasis in the actions of the GB as a regulator of bile acids kinetics and a hormone secreting organ, with metabolic actions at the systemic level. We also examine the relationships between increased hepatic lipogenic in IR states and GSD pathogenesis. We propose a model in which GSD and hepatic IR mutually interact to determine a state of dysregulated lipid and energy metabolism that potentiate the metabolic dysregulation of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor A Cortés
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Barrera
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Flavio Nervi
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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50
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Gadaleta RM, Garcia-Irigoyen O, Cariello M, Scialpi N, Peres C, Vetrano S, Fiorino G, Danese S, Ko B, Luo J, Porru E, Roda A, Sabbà C, Moschetta A. Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 modulates intestinal microbiota and inflammation in presence of Farnesoid X Receptor. EBioMedicine 2020; 54:102719. [PMID: 32259714 PMCID: PMC7136604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of bile acid (BA) homeostasis plays a key role in intestinal inflammation. The gut-liver axis is the main site for the regulation of BA synthesis and BA pool size via the combined action of the nuclear Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) and the enterokine Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 (FGF19). Increasing evidence have linked derangement of BA metabolism with dysbiosis and mucosal inflammation. Thus, here we aimed to investigate the potential action of an FGF19 analogue on intestinal microbiota and inflammation. METHODS A novel engineered non-tumorigenic variant of the FGF19 protein, M52-WO 2016/0168219 was generated. WT and FXRnull mice were injected with AAV-FGF19-M52 or the control AAV-GFP and subjected to Sodium Dextran Sulphate-induced colitis. FINDINGS FGF19-M52 reduced BA synthesis and pool size, modulated its composition and protected mice from intestinal inflammation. These events were coupled with preservation of the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity, inhibition of inflammatory immune response and modulation of microbiota composition. Interestingly, FGF19-M52-driven systemic and local anti-inflammatory activity was completely abolished in Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR)null mice, thus underscoring the need of FXR to guarantee enterocytes' fitness and complement FGF19 anti-inflammatory activity. To provide a translational perspective, we also show that circulating FGF19 levels are reduced in patients with Crohn's disease. INTERPRETATION Reactivation of the FXR-FGF19 axis in a murine model of intestinal inflammation could bona fide provide positive changes in BA metabolism with consequent reduction of intestinal inflammation and modulation of microbiota. These results point to the therapeutic potential of FGF19 in the treatment of intestinal inflammation with concomitant derangement of BA homeostasis. FUNDING A. Moschetta is funded by MIUR-PRIN 2017 <- 2017J3E2W2; Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC, IG 23239); Interreg V-A Greece-Italy 2014-2020-SILVER WELLBEING, MIS5003627; HDHL-INTIMIC EuJPI-FATMAL; MIUR PON "R&I" 2014-2020-ARS01_01220. No money has been paid by NGM Biopharmaceuticals or any other agency to write this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Maria Gadaleta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, Via delle Medaglie d'Oro 135, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Oihane Garcia-Irigoyen
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marica Cariello
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Natasha Scialpi
- National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, Via delle Medaglie d'Oro 135, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Peres
- National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, Via delle Medaglie d'Oro 135, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Alessandro Manzoni, 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Humanitas Cancer Center, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Gionatha Fiorino
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Humanitas Cancer Center, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Danese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Alessandro Manzoni, 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Humanitas Cancer Center, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Brian Ko
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals Inc., 333 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jian Luo
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals Inc., 333 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Emanuele Porru
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; National Cancer Center, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco, 65, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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