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Barbaresi P, Fabri M, Lorenzi T, Sagrati A, Morroni M. Intrinsic organization of the corpus callosum. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1393000. [PMID: 39035452 PMCID: PMC11259024 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1393000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum-the largest commissural fiber system connecting the two cerebral hemispheres-is considered essential for bilateral sensory integration and higher cognitive functions. Most studies exploring the corpus callosum have examined either the anatomical, physiological, and neurochemical organization of callosal projections or the functional and/or behavioral aspects of the callosal connections after complete/partial callosotomy or callosal lesion. There are no works that address the intrinsic organization of the corpus callosum. We review the existing information on the activities that take place in the commissure in three sections: I) the topographical and neurochemical organization of the intracallosal fibers, II) the role of glia in the corpus callosum, and III) the role of the intracallosal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Barbaresi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mara Fabri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Teresa Lorenzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Sagrati
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Manrico Morroni
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ancona, Italy
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2
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Calado M, Ferreira R, Pires D, Santos-Costa Q, Anes E, Brites D, Azevedo-Pereira JM. Unravelling the triad of neuroinvasion, neurodissemination, and neuroinflammation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the central nervous system. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2534. [PMID: 38588024 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Since the identification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in 1983, many improvements have been made to control viral replication in the peripheral blood and to treat opportunistic infections. This has increased life expectancy but also the incidence of age-related central nervous system (CNS) disorders and HIV-associated neurodegeneration/neurocognitive impairment and depression collectively referred to as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). HAND encompasses a spectrum of different clinical presentations ranging from milder forms such as asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment or mild neurocognitive disorder to a severe HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Although control of viral replication and suppression of plasma viral load with combination antiretroviral therapy has reduced the incidence of HAD, it has not reversed milder forms of HAND. The objective of this review, is to describe the mechanisms by which HIV-1 invades and disseminates in the CNS, a crucial event leading to HAND. The review will present the evidence that underlies the relationship between HIV infection and HAND. Additionally, recent findings explaining the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of HAND will be discussed, along with prospects for treatment and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calado
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Octávio Pato, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Quirina Santos-Costa
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Zapata-Acevedo JF, Mantilla-Galindo A, Vargas-Sánchez K, González-Reyes RE. Blood-brain barrier biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 121:1-88. [PMID: 38797540 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface that regulates the exchange of molecules and cells between the brain parenchyma and the peripheral blood. The BBB is mainly composed of endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes. The integrity of this structure is essential for maintaining brain and spinal cord homeostasis and protection from injury or disease. However, in various neurological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis, the BBB can become compromised thus allowing passage of molecules and cells in and out of the central nervous system parenchyma. These agents, however, can serve as biomarkers of BBB permeability and neuronal damage, and provide valuable information for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Herein, we provide an overview of the BBB and changes due to aging, and summarize current knowledge on biomarkers of BBB disruption and neurodegeneration, including permeability, cellular, molecular and imaging biomarkers. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for developing a biomarker toolkit that can reliably assess the BBB in physiologic and pathophysiologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Zapata-Acevedo
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Mantilla-Galindo
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Karina Vargas-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Grupo de Neurociencia Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo E González-Reyes
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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4
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Edison P. Astroglial activation: Current concepts and future directions. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:3034-3053. [PMID: 38305570 PMCID: PMC11032537 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytes are abundantly and ubiquitously expressed cell types with diverse functions throughout the central nervous system. Astrocytes show remarkable plasticity and exhibit morphological, molecular, and functional remodeling in response to injury, disease, or infection of the central nervous system, as evident in neurodegenerative diseases. Astroglial mediated inflammation plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. This review focus on the role of astrocytes as essential players in neuroinflammation and discuss their morphological and functional heterogeneity in the normal central nervous system and explore the spatial and temporal variations in astroglial phenotypes observed under different disease conditions. This review discusses the intimate relationship of astrocytes to pathological hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, this review considers the putative therapeutic strategies that can be deployed to modulate the astroglial functions in neurodegenerative diseases. HIGHLIGHTS: Astroglia mediated neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Activated astrocytes exhibit diverse phenotypes in a region-specific manner in brain and interact with β-amyloid, tau, and α-synuclein species as well as with microglia and neuronal circuits. Activated astrocytes are likely to influence the trajectory of disease progression of neurodegenerative diseases, as determined by the stage of disease, individual susceptibility, and state of astroglial priming. Modulation of astroglial activation may be a therapeutic strategy at various stages in the trajectory of neurodegenerative diseases to modify the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Edison
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of Brain SciencesFaculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
- Division of Psychological medicine and clinical neurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityWalesUK
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Renden RB, Institoris A, Sharma K, Tran CHT. Modulatory effects of noradrenergic and serotonergic signaling pathway on neurovascular coupling. Commun Biol 2024; 7:287. [PMID: 38459113 PMCID: PMC10923894 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic changes in astrocyte Ca2+ are recognized as contributors to functional hyperemia, a critical response to increased neuronal activity mediated by a process known as neurovascular coupling (NVC). Although the critical role of glutamatergic signaling in this process has been extensively investigated, the impact of behavioral state, and the release of behavior-associated neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and serotonin, on astrocyte Ca2+ dynamics and functional hyperemia have received less attention. We used two-photon imaging of the barrel cortex in awake mice to examine the role of noradrenergic and serotonergic projections in NVC. We found that both neurotransmitters facilitated sensory stimulation-induced increases in astrocyte Ca2+. Interestingly, while ablation of serotonergic neurons reduced sensory stimulation-induced functional hyperemia, ablation of noradrenergic neurons caused both attenuation and potentiation of functional hyperemia. Our study demonstrates that norepinephrine and serotonin are involved in modulating sensory stimulation-induced astrocyte Ca2+ elevations and identifies their differential effects in regulating functional hyperemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Renden
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Adam Institoris
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kushal Sharma
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Cam Ha T Tran
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA.
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Bernardino PN, Luo AS, Andrew PM, Unkel CM, Gonzalez MI, Gelli A, Lein PJ. Evidence Implicating Blood-Brain Barrier Impairment in the Pathogenesis of Acquired Epilepsy following Acute Organophosphate Intoxication. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:301-312. [PMID: 37827702 PMCID: PMC10801776 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) poisoning can trigger cholinergic crisis, a life-threatening toxidrome that includes seizures and status epilepticus. These acute toxic responses are associated with persistent neuroinflammation and spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), also known as acquired epilepsy. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment has recently been proposed as a pathogenic mechanism linking acute OP intoxication to chronic adverse neurologic outcomes. In this review, we briefly describe the cellular and molecular components of the BBB, review evidence of altered BBB integrity following acute OP intoxication, and discuss potential mechanisms by which acute OP intoxication may promote BBB dysfunction. We highlight the complex interplay between neuroinflammation and BBB dysfunction that suggests a positive feedforward interaction. Lastly, we examine research from diverse models and disease states that suggest mechanisms by which loss of BBB integrity may contribute to epileptogenic processes. Collectively, the literature identifies BBB impairment as a convergent mechanism of neurologic disease and justifies further mechanistic research into how acute OP intoxication causes BBB impairment and its role in the pathogenesis of SRS and potentially other long-term neurologic sequelae. Such research is critical for evaluating BBB stabilization as a neuroprotective strategy for mitigating OP-induced epilepsy and possibly seizure disorders of other etiologies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Clinical and preclinical studies support a link between blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and epileptogenesis; however, a causal relationship has been difficult to prove. Mechanistic studies to delineate relationships between BBB dysfunction and epilepsy may provide novel insights into BBB stabilization as a neuroprotective strategy for mitigating epilepsy resulting from acute organophosphate (OP) intoxication and non-OP causes and potentially other adverse neurological conditions associated with acute OP intoxication, such as cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro N Bernardino
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (P.N.B., A.S.L., P.M.A., C.M.U., P.J.L.); Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (M.I.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California (A.G.)
| | - Audrey S Luo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (P.N.B., A.S.L., P.M.A., C.M.U., P.J.L.); Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (M.I.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California (A.G.)
| | - Peter M Andrew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (P.N.B., A.S.L., P.M.A., C.M.U., P.J.L.); Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (M.I.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California (A.G.)
| | - Chelsea M Unkel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (P.N.B., A.S.L., P.M.A., C.M.U., P.J.L.); Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (M.I.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California (A.G.)
| | - Marco I Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (P.N.B., A.S.L., P.M.A., C.M.U., P.J.L.); Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (M.I.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California (A.G.)
| | - Angie Gelli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (P.N.B., A.S.L., P.M.A., C.M.U., P.J.L.); Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (M.I.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California (A.G.)
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California (P.N.B., A.S.L., P.M.A., C.M.U., P.J.L.); Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (M.I.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California (A.G.)
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Catalano M, Limatola C, Trettel F. Non-neoplastic astrocytes: key players for brain tumor progression. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1352130. [PMID: 38293652 PMCID: PMC10825036 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1352130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are highly plastic cells whose activity is essential to maintain the cerebral homeostasis, regulating synaptogenesis and synaptic transmission, vascular and metabolic functions, ions, neuro- and gliotransmitters concentrations. In pathological conditions, astrocytes may undergo transient or long-lasting molecular and functional changes that contribute to disease resolution or exacerbation. In recent years, many studies demonstrated that non-neoplastic astrocytes are key cells of the tumor microenvironment that contribute to the pathogenesis of glioblastoma, the most common primary malignant brain tumor and of secondary metastatic brain tumors. This Mini Review covers the recent development of research on non-neoplastic astrocytes as tumor-modulators. Their double-edged capability to promote cancer progression or to represent potential tools to counteract brain tumors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Catalano
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Flavia Trettel
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Vestring S, Dorner A, Scholliers J, Ehrenberger K, Kiss A, Arenz L, Theiss A, Rossner P, Frase S, Du Vinage C, Wendler E, Serchov T, Domschke K, Bischofberger J, Normann C. D-Cycloserine enhances the bidirectional range of NMDAR-dependent hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:18. [PMID: 38195548 PMCID: PMC10776623 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The partial N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) agonist D-Cycloserine (DCS) has been evaluated for the treatment of a wide variety of psychiatric disorders, including dementia, schizophrenia, depression and for the augmentation of exposure-based psychotherapy. Most if not all of the potential psychiatric applications of DCS target an enhancement or restitution of cognitive functions, learning and memory. Their molecular correlate is long-term synaptic plasticity; and many forms of synaptic plasticity depend on the activation of NMDA receptors. Here, we comprehensively examined the modulation of different forms of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus by DCS and its mechanism. We found that DCS positively modulates NMDAR-dependent forms of long-term synaptic plasticity (long-term synaptic potentiation, LTP, and long-term synaptic depression, LTD) in hippocampal brain slices of juvenile rats without affecting basal synaptic transmission. DCS binds to the D-serine/glycine binding site of the NMDAR. Pharmacological inhibition of this site prevented the induction of LTP, whereas agonism at the D-serine/glycine binding site augmented LTP and could functionally substitute for weak LTP induction paradigms. The most probable origin of endogenous D-serine are astrocytes, and its exocytosis is regulated by astrocytic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1). Functional eradication of astrocytes, inhibition of mGluR1 receptors and G-protein signaling in astrocytes adjacent to postsynaptic neurons prevented the induction of NMDAR-dependent forms of LTP and LTD. Our results support the enhancement of a bidirectional range of NMDAR-dependent hippocampal synaptic plasticity by DCS and D-serine-mediated gliotransmission. Therefore, the D-serine/glycine-binding site in NMDAR is a major target for psychopharmacological interventions targeting plasticity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vestring
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- Berta-Ottenstein-Programme for Clinician Scientists, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79110, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Dorner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Scholliers
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Ehrenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Kiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luis Arenz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alice Theiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paul Rossner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Frase
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Du Vinage
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Wendler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tsvetan Serchov
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR3212, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg, Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in Neuromodulation (NeuoModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Claus Normann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in Neuromodulation (NeuoModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79106, Freiburg, Germany
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Collignon A, Dion-Albert L, Ménard C, Coelho-Santos V. Sex, hormones and cerebrovascular function: from development to disorder. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:2. [PMID: 38178239 PMCID: PMC10768274 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Proper cerebrovascular development and neurogliovascular unit assembly are essential for brain growth and function throughout life, ensuring the continuous supply of nutrients and oxygen. This involves crucial events during pre- and postnatal stages through key pathways, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Wnt signaling. These pathways are pivotal for brain vascular growth, expansion, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) maturation. Interestingly, during fetal and neonatal life, cerebrovascular formation coincides with the early peak activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, supporting the idea of sex hormonal influence on cerebrovascular development and barriergenesis.Sex hormonal dysregulation in early development has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders with highly sexually dimorphic features, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both disorders show higher prevalence in men, with varying symptoms between sexes, with boys exhibiting more externalizing behaviors, such as aggressivity or hyperactivity, and girls displaying higher internalizing behaviors, including anxiety, depression, or attention disorders. Indeed, ASD and ADHD are linked to high prenatal testosterone exposure and reduced aromatase expression, potentially explaining sex differences in prevalence and symptomatology. In line with this, high estrogen levels seem to attenuate ADHD symptoms. At the cerebrovascular level, sex- and region-specific variations of cerebral blood flow perfusion have been reported in both conditions, indicating an impact of gonadal hormones on the brain vascular system, disrupting its ability to respond to neuronal demands.This review aims to provide an overview of the existing knowledge concerning the impact of sex hormones on cerebrovascular formation and maturation, as well as the onset of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we explore the concept of gonadal hormone interactions with brain vascular and BBB development to function, with a particular focus on the modulation of VEGF and Wnt signaling. We outline how these pathways may be involved in the underpinnings of ASD and ADHD. Outstanding questions and potential avenues for future research are highlighted, as uncovering sex-specific physiological and pathological aspects of brain vascular development might lead to innovative therapeutic approaches in the context of ASD, ADHD and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Collignon
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience and CERVO Brain Research Center, Universite Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Laurence Dion-Albert
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience and CERVO Brain Research Center, Universite Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Caroline Ménard
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience and CERVO Brain Research Center, Universite Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Vanessa Coelho-Santos
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Institute of Physiology, Coimbra, Portugal.
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10
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Larriva-Sahd J, Martínez-Cabrera G, Lozano-Flores C, Concha L, Varela-Echavarría A. The neurovascular unit of capillary blood vessels in the rat nervous system. A rapid-Golgi electron microscopy study. J Comp Neurol 2023; 532:e25559. [PMID: 38009706 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe a pericapillary organ in the rat forebrain and cerebellar cortex. It consists of a series of tripartite synapses with synaptic extensions enveloped by astrocytic endfeet that are linked to the capillary wall by synaptic extensions. Reciprocal specializations of the pericyte-capillary blood vessel (CBV) with such specialized synapses suggest a mechanoreceptor role. In Golgi-impregnated and 3D reconstructions of the cerebral cortex and thalamus, a series of TSs appear to be sequentially ordered in a common dendrite, paralleled by synaptic outgrowths termed golf club synaptic extensions (GCE) opposed to a longitudinal crest (LC) from the capillary basal lamina (BL). Our results show that, in the cerebellar cortex, afferent fibers and interneurons display microanatomical structures that strongly suggest an interaction with the capillary wall. Afferent mossy fiber (MF) rosettes and ascending granule cell axons and their dendrites define the pericapillary passage interactions that are entangled by endfeet. The presence of mRNA of the mechanosensitive channel Piezo1 in the MF rosettes, together with the surrounding end-feet and the capillary wall form mechanosensory units. The ubiquity of such units to modulate synaptic transmission is also supported by Piezo1 mRNA expressing pyramidal isocortical and thalamic neurons. This scenario suggests that ascending impulses to the cerebellar and cortical targets are presynaptically modulated by the reciprocal interaction with the mechanosensory pericapillary organ that ultimately modulates the vasomotor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Larriva-Sahd
- Campus Juriquilla, Instituto de Neurobiología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Gema Martínez-Cabrera
- Campus Juriquilla, Instituto de Neurobiología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Carlos Lozano-Flores
- Campus Juriquilla, Instituto de Neurobiología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Luis Concha
- Campus Juriquilla, Instituto de Neurobiología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Alfredo Varela-Echavarría
- Campus Juriquilla, Instituto de Neurobiología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
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11
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Yuan WQ, Huang WP, Jiang YC, Xu H, Duan CS, Chen NH, Liu YJ, Fu XM. The function of astrocytes and their role in neurological diseases. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:3932-3961. [PMID: 37831013 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes have countless links with neurons. Previously, astrocytes were only considered a scaffold of neurons; in fact, astrocytes perform a variety of functions, including providing support for neuronal structures and energy metabolism, offering isolation and protection and influencing the formation, function and elimination of synapses. Because of these functions, astrocytes play an critical role in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The regulation of the secretiory factors, receptors, channels and pathways of astrocytes can effectively inhibit the occurrence and development of CNS diseases, such as neuromyelitis optica (NMO), multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease. The expression of aquaporin 4 in AS is directly related to NMO and indirectly involved in the clearance of Aβ and tau proteins in AD. Connexin 43 has a bidirectional effect on glutamate diffusion at different stages of stroke. Interestingly, astrocytes reduce the occurrence of PD through multiple effects such as secretion of related factors, mitochondrial autophagy and aquaporin 4. Therefore, this review is focused on the structure and function of astrocytes and the correlation between astrocytes and CNS diseases and drug treatment to explore the new functions of astrocytes with the astrocytes as the target. This, in turn, would provide a reference for the development of new drugs to protect neurons and promote the recovery of nerve function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qin Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei-Peng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-Chao Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hao Xu
- College of Economics and Management, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Chong-Shen Duan
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Jiao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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12
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Alarcon-Martinez L, Shiga Y, Villafranca-Baughman D, Cueva Vargas JL, Vidal Paredes IA, Quintero H, Fortune B, Danesh-Meyer H, Di Polo A. Neurovascular dysfunction in glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 97:101217. [PMID: 37778617 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells, the neurons that die in glaucoma, are endowed with a high metabolism requiring optimal provision of oxygen and nutrients to sustain their activity. The timely regulation of blood flow is, therefore, essential to supply firing neurons in active areas with the oxygen and glucose they need for energy. Many glaucoma patients suffer from vascular deficits including reduced blood flow, impaired autoregulation, neurovascular coupling dysfunction, and blood-retina/brain-barrier breakdown. These processes are tightly regulated by a community of cells known as the neurovascular unit comprising neurons, endothelial cells, pericytes, Müller cells, astrocytes, and microglia. In this review, the neurovascular unit takes center stage as we examine the ability of its members to regulate neurovascular interactions and how their function might be altered during glaucomatous stress. Pericytes receive special attention based on recent data demonstrating their key role in the regulation of neurovascular coupling in physiological and pathological conditions. Of particular interest is the discovery and characterization of tunneling nanotubes, thin actin-based conduits that connect distal pericytes, which play essential roles in the complex spatial and temporal distribution of blood within the retinal capillary network. We discuss cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurovascular interactions and their pathophysiological implications, while highlighting opportunities to develop strategies for vascular protection and regeneration to improve functional outcomes in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alarcon-Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, QC, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yukihiro Shiga
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, QC, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Deborah Villafranca-Baughman
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, QC, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jorge L Cueva Vargas
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, QC, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Isaac A Vidal Paredes
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, QC, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Heberto Quintero
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, QC, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brad Fortune
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute and Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Healthy, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Helen Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Station centre-ville, Montreal, QC, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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13
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van Hameren G, Muradov J, Minarik A, Aboghazleh R, Orr S, Cort S, Andrews K, McKenna C, Pham NT, MacLean MA, Friedman A. Mitochondrial dysfunction underlies impaired neurovascular coupling following traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 186:106269. [PMID: 37619791 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves an acute injury (primary damage), which may evolve in the hours to days after impact (secondary damage). Seizures and cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) are metabolically demanding processes that may worsen secondary brain injury. Metabolic stress has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, including impaired calcium homeostasis, reduced ATP production, and elevated ROS production. However, the association between mitochondrial impairment and vascular function after TBI is poorly understood. Here, we explored this association using a rodent closed head injury model. CSD is associated with neurobehavioral decline after TBI. Craniotomy was performed to elicit CSD via electrical stimulation or to induce seizures via 4-aminopyridine application. We measured vascular dysfunction following CSDs and seizures in TBI animals using laser doppler flowmetry. We observed a more profound reduction in local cortical blood flow in TBI animals compared to healthy controls. CSD resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction and pathological signs of increased oxidative stress adjacent to the vasculature. We explored these findings further using electron microscopy and found that TBI and CSDs resulted in vascular morphological changes and mitochondrial cristae damage in astrocytes, pericytes and endothelial cells. Overall, we provide evidence that CSDs induce mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired cortical blood flow, and neurobehavioral deficits in the setting of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben van Hameren
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada.
| | - Jamil Muradov
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada
| | - Anna Minarik
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada
| | - Refat Aboghazleh
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - Sophie Orr
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada
| | - Shayna Cort
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada
| | - Keiran Andrews
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada
| | - Caitlin McKenna
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada
| | - Nga Thy Pham
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada
| | - Mark A MacLean
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 3A7, Halifax, Canada
| | - Alon Friedman
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, NS B3H 4H7, Halifax, Canada; Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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14
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Zhou R, Li J, Wang R, Chen Z, Zhou F. The neurovascular unit in healthy and injured spinal cord. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1437-1455. [PMID: 37190756 PMCID: PMC10414016 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231172008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) reflects the close temporal and spatial link between neurons and blood vessels. However, the understanding of the NVU in the spinal cord is far from clear and largely based on generalized knowledge obtained from the brain. Herein, we review the present knowledge of the NVU and highlight candidate approaches to investigate the NVU, particularly focusing on the spinal cord. Several unique features maintain the highly regulated microenvironment in the NVU. Autoregulation and neurovascular coupling ensure regional blood flow meets the metabolic demand according to the blood supply or local neural activation. The blood-central nervous system barrier partitions the circulating blood from neural parenchyma and facilitates the selective exchange of substances. Furthermore, we discuss spinal cord injury (SCI) as a common injury from the perspective of NVU dysfunction. Hopefully, this review will help expand the understanding of the NVU in the spinal cord and inspire new insights into SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubing Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Junzhao Li
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ruideng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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15
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Panchenko PE, Hippauf L, Konsman JP, Badaut J. Do astrocytes act as immune cells after pediatric TBI? Neurobiol Dis 2023; 185:106231. [PMID: 37468048 PMCID: PMC10530000 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are in contact with the vasculature, neurons, oligodendrocytes and microglia, forming a local network with various functions critical for brain homeostasis. One of the primary responders to brain injury are astrocytes as they detect neuronal and vascular damage, change their phenotype with morphological, proteomic and transcriptomic transformations for an adaptive response. The role of astrocytic responses in brain dysfunction is not fully elucidated in adult, and even less described in the developing brain. Children are vulnerable to traumatic brain injury (TBI), which represents a leading cause of death and disability in the pediatric population. Pediatric brain trauma, even with mild severity, can lead to long-term health complications, such as cognitive impairments, emotional disorders and social dysfunction later in life. To date, the underlying pathophysiology is still not fully understood. In this review, we focus on the astrocytic response in pediatric TBI and propose a potential immune role of the astrocyte in response to trauma. We discuss the contribution of astrocytes in the local inflammatory cascades and secretion of various immunomodulatory factors involved in the recruitment of local microglial cells and peripheral immune cells through cerebral blood vessels. Taken together, we propose that early changes in the astrocytic phenotype can alter normal development of the brain, with long-term consequences on neurological outcomes, as described in preclinical models and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lea Hippauf
- CNRS UMR 5536 RMSB-University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5536 RMSB-University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Astrocyte endfeet enwrap the entire vascular tree within the central nervous system, where they perform important functions in regulating the blood-brain barrier (BBB), cerebral blood flow, nutrient uptake, and waste clearance. Accordingly, astrocyte endfeet contain specialized organelles and proteins, including local protein translation machinery and highly organized scaffold proteins, which anchor channels, transporters, receptors, and enzymes critical for astrocyte-vascular interactions. Many neurological diseases are characterized by the loss of polarization of specific endfoot proteins, vascular dysregulation, BBB disruption, altered waste clearance, or, in extreme cases, loss of endfoot coverage. A role for astrocyte endfeet has been demonstrated or postulated in many of these conditions. This review provides an overview of the development, composition, function, and pathological changes of astrocyte endfeet and highlights the gaps in our knowledge that future research should address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Díaz-Castro
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK;
| | - Stefanie Robel
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA;
| | - Anusha Mishra
- Department of Neurology Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA;
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17
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Spalloni A, de Stefano S, Gimenez J, Greco V, Mercuri NB, Chiurchiù V, Longone P. The Ying and Yang of Hydrogen Sulfide as a Paracrine/Autocrine Agent in Neurodegeneration: Focus on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells 2023; 12:1691. [PMID: 37443723 PMCID: PMC10341301 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since its presence was reported in the brain, the nature and role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the Central Nervous System (CNS) have changed. Consequently, H2S has been elected as the third gas transmitter, along with carbon monoxide and nitric oxide, and a number of studies have focused on its neuromodulatory and protectant functions in physiological conditions. The research on H2S has highlighted its many facets in the periphery and in the CNS, and its role as a double-faced compound, switching from protective to toxic depending on its concentration. In this review, we will focus on the bell-shaped nature of H2S as an angiogenic factor and as a molecule released by glial cells (mainly astrocytes) and non-neuronal cells acting on the surrounding environment (paracrine) or on the releasing cells themselves (autocrine). Finally, we will discuss its role in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, a paradigm of a neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida Spalloni
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (S.d.S.); (J.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Susanna de Stefano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (S.d.S.); (J.G.); (P.L.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Juliette Gimenez
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (S.d.S.); (J.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Viviana Greco
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Unity of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola B. Mercuri
- Department of Systems Medicine, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Chiurchiù
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Laboratory of Resolution of Neuroinflammation, Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Longone
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (S.d.S.); (J.G.); (P.L.)
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18
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Balkaya M, Dohare P, Chen S, Schober AL, Fidaleo AM, Nalwalk JW, Sah R, Mongin AA. Conditional deletion of LRRC8A in the brain reduces stroke damage independently of swelling-activated glutamate release. iScience 2023; 26:106669. [PMID: 37182109 PMCID: PMC10173736 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) facilitate cell volume control and contribute to many other physiological processes. Treatment with non-specific VRAC blockers or brain-specific deletion of the essential VRAC subunit LRRC8A is highly protective in rodent models of stroke. Here, we tested the widely accepted idea that the harmful effects of VRACs are mediated by release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. We produced conditional LRRC8A knockout either exclusively in astrocytes or in the majority of brain cells. Genetically modified mice were subjected to an experimental stroke (middle cerebral artery occlusion). The astrocytic LRRC8A knockout yielded no protection. Conversely, the brain-wide LRRC8A deletion strongly reduced cerebral infarction in both heterozygous (Het) and full KO mice. Yet, despite identical protection, Het mice had full swelling-activated glutamate release, whereas KO animals showed its virtual absence. These findings suggest that LRRC8A contributes to ischemic brain injury via a mechanism other than VRAC-mediated glutamate release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Balkaya
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Preeti Dohare
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Sophie Chen
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Alexandra L. Schober
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Antonio M. Fidaleo
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Julia W. Nalwalk
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Rajan Sah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexander A. Mongin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
- Corresponding author
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Pérez-Sala D, Pajares MA. Appraising the Role of Astrocytes as Suppliers of Neuronal Glutathione Precursors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098059. [PMID: 37175763 PMCID: PMC10179008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism and intercellular transfer of glutathione or its precursors may play an important role in cellular defense against oxidative stress, a common hallmark of neurodegeneration. In the 1990s, several studies in the Neurobiology field led to the widely accepted notion that astrocytes produce large amounts of glutathione that serve to feed neurons with precursors for glutathione synthesis. This assumption has important implications for health and disease since a reduction in this supply from astrocytes could compromise the capacity of neurons to cope with oxidative stress. However, at first glance, this shuttling would imply a large energy expenditure to get to the same point in a nearby cell. Thus, are there additional underlying reasons for this expensive mechanism? Are neurons unable to import and/or synthesize the three non-essential amino acids that are the glutathione building blocks? The rather oxidizing extracellular environment favors the presence of cysteine (Cys) as cystine (Cis), less favorable for neuronal import. Therefore, it has also been proposed that astrocytic GSH efflux could induce a change in the redox status of the extracellular space nearby the neurons, locally lowering the Cis/Cys ratio. This astrocytic glutathione release would also increase their demand for precursors, stimulating Cis uptake, which these cells can import, further impacting the local decline of the Cis/Cys ratio, in turn, contributing to a more reduced extracellular environment and subsequently favoring neuronal Cys import. Here, we revisit the experimental evidence that led to the accepted hypothesis of astrocytes acting as suppliers of neuronal glutathione precursors, considering recent data from the Human Protein Atlas. In addition, we highlight some potential drawbacks of this hypothesis, mainly supported by heterogeneous cellular models. Finally, we outline additional and more cost-efficient possibilities by which astrocytes could support neuronal glutathione levels, including its shuttling in extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Pajares
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Tureckova J, Hermanova Z, Marchetti V, Anderova M. Astrocytic TRPV4 Channels and Their Role in Brain Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087101. [PMID: 37108263 PMCID: PMC10138480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential cation channels subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) are non-selective cation channels expressed in different cell types of the central nervous system. These channels can be activated by diverse physical and chemical stimuli, including heat and mechanical stress. In astrocytes, they are involved in the modulation of neuronal excitability, control of blood flow, and brain edema formation. All these processes are significantly impaired in cerebral ischemia due to insufficient blood supply to the tissue, resulting in energy depletion, ionic disbalance, and excitotoxicity. The polymodal cation channel TRPV4, which mediates Ca2+ influx into the cell because of activation by various stimuli, is one of the potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. However, its expression and function vary significantly between brain cell types, and therefore, the effect of its modulation in healthy tissue and pathology needs to be carefully studied and evaluated. In this review, we provide a summary of available information on TRPV4 channels and their expression in healthy and injured neural cells, with a particular focus on their role in ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tureckova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hermanova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 84 V Uvalu, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Valeria Marchetti
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 84 V Uvalu, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 84 V Uvalu, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
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21
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Lia A, Di Spiezio A, Speggiorin M, Zonta M. Two decades of astrocytes in neurovascular coupling. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 3:1162757. [PMID: 37078069 PMCID: PMC10106690 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2023.1162757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a highly energy demanding organ, which accounts in humans for the 20% of total energy consumption at resting state although comprising only 2% of the body mass. The necessary delivery of nutrients to brain parenchyma is ensured by the cerebral circulatory system, through the exchange of glucose and oxygen (O2) at the capillary level. Notably, a tight spatial and temporal correlation exists between local increases in neuronal activity and the subsequent changes in regional cerebral blood flow. The recognized concept of neurovascular coupling (NVC), also named functional hyperemia, expresses this close relationship and stands at the basis of the modern functional brain imaging techniques. Different cellular and molecular mechanisms have been proposed to mediate this tight coupling. In this context, astrocytes are ideally positioned to act as relay elements that sense neuronal activity through their perisynaptic processes and release vasodilator agents at their endfeet in contact with brain parenchymal vessels. Two decades after the astrocyte involvement in neurovascular coupling has been proposed, we here review the experimental evidence that contributed to unraveling the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cerebral blood flow regulation. While traveling through the different controversies that moved the research in this field, we keep a peculiar focus on those exploring the role of astrocytes in neurovascular coupling and conclude with two sections related to methodological aspects in neurovascular research and to some pathological conditions resulting in altered neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Lia
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Spiezio
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Micaela Zonta
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Micaela Zonta,
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22
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Paquette T, Eskandari N, Leblond H, Piché M. Spinal neurovascular coupling is preserved despite time-dependent alterations of spinal cord blood flow responses in a rat model of chronic back pain: implications for functional spinal cord imaging. Pain 2023; 164:758-770. [PMID: 36036900 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Functional magnetic resonance imaging has been used to investigate nociceptive processes in patients with chronic pain. However, the results may be confounded with changes in neurovascular coupling induced by chronic pain. The objective of this study was to examine spinal neurovascular coupling in a rat model of chronic back pain induced by muscle inflammation. Rats received 150 µL intramuscular injections of either complete Freund adjuvant (CFA: n = 18) or saline (control [CTL]: n = 18) in L5-L6 paravertebral muscles. Under 1.2% isoflurane anesthesia, spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) and local field potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve were recorded simultaneously in the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord, 14 or 28 days after the injections. Mechanical hypersensitivity was observed in CFA rats compared with CTL rats for the back ( P < 0.001) and hind paws ( P < 0.01). Spinal cord blood flow response amplitude and local field potential amplitude were not significantly different between groups (day 14: P > 0.5; day 28: P > 0.6). However, the time course of SCBF responses was different between groups on day 14 ( P < 0.001) and day 28 ( P < 0.001). Nevertheless, neurovascular coupling was comparable between groups on days 14 and 28, whether neurovascular coupling was calculated with the amplitude or the area under the curve of SCBF responses (all P > 0.2). These results indicate that spinal hemodynamic changes reflect neuronal activity in this animal model, although the time course of SCBF responses is affected by chronic inflammatory back pain. This warrants a careful use of spinal functional magnetic resonance imaging in animal models and patients with chronic back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Paquette
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- CogNAC Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Nasim Eskandari
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- CogNAC Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Hugues Leblond
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- CogNAC Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Piché
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- CogNAC Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
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23
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St-Pierre MK, Carrier M, González Ibáñez F, Khakpour M, Wallman MJ, Parent M, Tremblay MÈ. Astrocytes display ultrastructural alterations and heterogeneity in the hippocampus of aged APP-PS1 mice and human post-mortem brain samples. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:73. [PMID: 36918925 PMCID: PMC10015698 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed increasing evidence for a crucial role played by glial cells, notably astrocytes, in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To provide novel insights into the roles of astrocytes in the pathophysiology of AD, we performed a quantitative ultrastructural characterization of their intracellular contents and parenchymal interactions in an aged mouse model of AD pathology, as aging is considered the main risk factor for developing AD. We compared 20-month-old APP-PS1 and age-matched C57BL/6J male mice, among the ventral hippocampus CA1 strata lacunosum-moleculare and radiatum, two hippocampal layers severely affected by AD pathology. Astrocytes in both layers interacted more with synaptic elements and displayed more ultrastructural markers of increased phagolysosomal activity in APP-PS1 versus C57BL6/J mice. In addition, we investigated the ultrastructural heterogeneity of astrocytes, describing in the two examined layers a dark astrocytic state that we characterized in terms of distribution, interactions with AD hallmarks, and intracellular contents. This electron-dense astrocytic state, termed dark astrocytes, was observed throughout the hippocampal parenchyma, closely associated with the vasculature, and possessed several ultrastructural markers of cellular stress. A case study exploring the hippocampal head of an aged human post-mortem brain sample also revealed the presence of a similar electron-dense, dark astrocytic state. Overall, our study provides the first ultrastructural quantitative analysis of astrocytes among the hippocampus in aged AD pathology, as well as a thorough characterization of a dark astrocytic state conserved from mouse to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Départment de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Fernando González Ibáñez
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Départment de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Mohammadparsa Khakpour
- Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Wallman
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada. .,Départment de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada. .,Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. .,Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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24
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Mughal A, Nelson MT, Hill-Eubanks D. The post-arteriole transitional zone: a specialized capillary region that regulates blood flow within the CNS microvasculature. J Physiol 2023; 601:889-901. [PMID: 36751860 PMCID: PMC9992301 DOI: 10.1113/jp282246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is an energy hog, consuming available energy supplies at a rate out of all proportion to its relatively small size. This outsized demand, largely reflecting the unique computational activity of the brain, is met by an ensemble of neurovascular coupling mechanisms that link neuronal activity with local increases in blood delivery. This just-in-time replenishment strategy, made necessary by the limited energy-storage capacity of neurons, complicates the nutrient-delivery task of the cerebral vasculature, layering on a temporo-spatial requirement that invites - and challenges - mechanistic interpretation. The centre of gravity of research efforts to disentangle these mechanisms has shifted from an initial emphasis on astrocyte-arteriole-level processes to mechanisms that operate on the capillary level, a shift that has brought into sharp focus questions regarding the fine control of blood distribution to active neurons. As these investigations have drilled down into finer reaches of the microvasculature, they have revealed an arteriole-proximate subregion of CNS capillary networks that serves a regulatory function in directing blood flow into and within downstream capillaries. They have also illuminated differences in researchers' perspectives on the vascular structures and identity of mural cells in this region that impart the vasomodulatory effects that control blood distribution. In this review, we highlight the regulatory role of a variably named region of the microvasculature, referred to here as the post-arteriole transition zone, in channeling blood flow within CNS capillary networks, and underscore the contribution of dynamically contractile perivascular mural cell - generally, but not universally, recognized as pericytes - to this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreen Mughal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Mark T. Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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25
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Function of the GABAergic System in Diabetic Encephalopathy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:605-619. [PMID: 35460435 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a common metabolic disease characterized by loss of blood sugar control and a high rate of complications. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) functions as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain. The normal function of the GABAergic system is affected in diabetes. Herein, we summarize the role of the GABAergic system in diabetic cognitive dysfunction, diabetic blood sugar control disorders, diabetes-induced peripheral neuropathy, diabetic central nervous system damage, maintaining diabetic brain energy homeostasis, helping central control of blood sugar and attenuating neuronal oxidative stress damage. We show the key regulatory role of the GABAergic system in multiple comorbidities in patients with diabetes and hope that further studies elucidating the role of the GABAergic system will yield benefits for the treatment and prevention of comorbidities in patients with diabetes.
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26
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Hazra R, Novelli EM, Hu X. Astrocytic mitochondrial frataxin-A promising target for ischemic brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:783-788. [PMID: 36550598 PMCID: PMC9928550 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the ischemic brain, hypoxia leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, insufficient energy production, and astrocyte activation. Yet, most studies investigating mitochondrial dysfunction in cerebral ischemia have focused exclusively on neurons. This review will highlight the importance of the morphological, molecular, and functional heterogeneity of astrocytes in their role in brain injuries and explore how activated astrocytes exhibit calcium imbalance, reactive oxygen species overproduction, and apoptosis. In addition, special focus will be given to the role of the mitochondrial protein frataxin in activated astrocytes during ischemia and its putative role in the pharmacological management of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimi Hazra
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Enrico M Novelli
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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27
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Yao D, Zhang R, Xie M, Ding F, Wang M, Wang W. Updated Understanding of the Glial-Vascular Unit in Central Nervous System Disorders. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:503-518. [PMID: 36374471 PMCID: PMC10043098 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of the glial-vascular unit (GVU) was raised recently to emphasize the close associations between brain cells and cerebral vessels, and their coordinated reactions to diverse neurological insults from a "glio-centric" view. GVU is a multicellular structure composed of glial cells, perivascular cells, and perivascular space. Each component is closely linked, collectively forming the GVU. The central roles of glial and perivascular cells and their multi-level interconnections in the GVU under normal conditions and in central nervous system (CNS) disorders have not been elucidated in detail. Here, we comprehensively review the intensive interactions between glial cells and perivascular cells in the niche of perivascular space, which take part in the modulation of cerebral blood flow and angiogenesis, formation of the blood-brain barrier, and clearance of neurotoxic wastes. Next, we discuss dysfunctions of the GVU in various neurological diseases, including ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, and major depression disorder. In addition, we highlight the possible therapies targeting the GVU, which may have potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ruoying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Minjie Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fengfei Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Minghuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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28
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Henao‐Restrepo J, López‐Murillo C, Valderrama‐Carmona P, Orozco‐Santa N, Gomez J, Gutiérrez‐Vargas J, Moraga R, Toledo J, Littau JL, Härtel S, Arboleda‐Velásquez JF, Sepulveda‐Falla D, Lopera F, Cardona‐Gómez GP, Villegas A, Posada‐Duque R. Gliovascular alterations in sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease: APOE3 Christchurch homozygote glioprotection. Brain Pathol 2023; 33:e13119. [PMID: 36130084 PMCID: PMC10041169 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to brain insults, astrocytes become reactive, promoting protection and tissue repair. However, astroglial reactivity is typical of brain pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Considering the heterogeneity of the reactive response, the role of astrocytes in the course of different forms of AD has been underestimated. Colombia has the largest human group known to have familial AD (FAD). This group carries the autosomal dominant and fully penetrant mutation E280A in PSEN1, which causes early-onset AD. Recently, our group identified an E280A carrier who did not develop FAD. The individual was homozygous for the Christchurch mutation R136S in APOE3 (APOEch). Remarkably, APOE is the main genetic risk factor for developing sporadic AD (SAD) and most of cerebral ApoE is produced by astroglia. Here, we characterized astrocyte properties related to reactivity, glutamate homeostasis, and structural integrity of the gliovascular unit (GVU), as factors that could underlie the pathogenesis or protection of AD. Specifically, through histological and 3D microscopy analyses of postmortem samples, we briefly describe the histopathology and cytoarchitecture of the frontal cortex of SAD, FAD, and APOEch, and demonstrate that, while astrodegeneration and vascular deterioration are prominent in SAD, FAD is characterized by hyperreactive-like glia, and APOEch displays the mildest astrocytic and vascular alterations despite having the highest burden of Aβ. Notably, astroglial, gliovascular, and vascular disturbances, as well as brain cell death, correlate with the specific astrocytic phenotypes identified in each condition. This study provides new insights into the potential relevance of the gliovasculature in the development and protection of AD. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the components of the GVU in human samples of SAD, FAD, and APOEch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Henao‐Restrepo
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de AntioquiaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Carolina López‐Murillo
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de AntioquiaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Pablo Valderrama‐Carmona
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de AntioquiaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Natalia Orozco‐Santa
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de AntioquiaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Johana Gomez
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de MedicinaSIU, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Johanna Gutiérrez‐Vargas
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Health Sciences FacultyRemington University CorporationMedellínColombia
| | - Renato Moraga
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Jessica Lisa Littau
- Molecular Neuropathology of Alzheimer's DiseaseInstitute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Joseph F. Arboleda‐Velásquez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Department of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Diego Sepulveda‐Falla
- Molecular Neuropathology of Alzheimer's DiseaseInstitute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de MedicinaSIU, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona‐Gómez
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de AntioquiaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Andrés Villegas
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de MedicinaSIU, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Rafael Posada‐Duque
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de AntioquiaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
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29
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Chang J, Qian Z, Wang B, Cao J, Zhang S, Jiang F, Kong R, Yu X, Cao X, Yang L, Chen H. Transplantation of A2 type astrocytes promotes neural repair and remyelination after spinal cord injury. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:37. [PMID: 36797790 PMCID: PMC9936716 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-01036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited progress in terms of an effective treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI) emphasizes the urgent need for novel therapies. As a vital central nervous system component, the resident astrocytes play crucial roles in regulating recovery after SCI. In this study, recovery after SCI was compared following the transplantation of either A1 or A2 astrocytes. A1 astrocytes are harmful as they upregulate the neurotoxic classical complement cascade genes. Conversely, A2 astrocytes are characterized as neuroprotective as they upregulate the production of many neurotrophic factors. METHODS We used different supernatant obtained from microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or interleukin-4 to generate A1 and A2 astrocytes. We detected the influence of astrocytes on neurons by co-culturing A1 and A2 astrocytes with neurons. We transplanted astrocytes into the lesion site of the spinal cord and assessed lesion progression, neural restoration, glia formation and locomotor recovery. RESULTS Astrocytes were polarized into A1 and A2 phenotypes following culture in the supernatant obtained from microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or interleukin-4, respectively. Furthermore, co-culturing A2 astrocytes with neurons significantly suppressed glutamate-induced neuronal apoptosis and promoted the degree of neuron arborization. Transplantation of these A2 astrocytes into the lesion site of the spinal cord of mice significantly improved motor function recovery, preserved spared supraspinal pathways, decreased glia scar deposition, and increased neurofilament formation at the site of injury compared to the transplantation of A1 astrocytes. Additionally, enhanced A2 astrocytes with potentially beneficial A2-like genes were also detected in the A2 group. Moreover, luxol fast blue staining and electron microscopy indicated increased preservation of myelin with organized structure after transplantation of A2 astrocytes than of A1 astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS A2 astrocyte transplantation could be a promising potential therapy for SCI. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhanyang Qian
- Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Binyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renyi Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojian Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 366 Taihu Road, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China. .,School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongtao Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
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30
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Millet LJ, Jain A, Gillette MU. Less Is More: Oligomer Extraction and Hydrothermal Annealing Increase PDMS Adhesion Forces for Materials Studies and for Biology-Focused Microfluidic Applications. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:214. [PMID: 36677275 PMCID: PMC9866318 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cues in the micro-environment are key determinants in the emergence of complex cellular morphologies and functions. Primary among these is the presence of neighboring cells that form networks. For high-resolution analysis, it is crucial to develop micro-environments that permit exquisite control of network formation. This is especially true in cell science, tissue engineering, and clinical biology. We introduce a new approach for assembling polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microfluidic environments that enhances cell network formation and analyses. We report that the combined processes of PDMS solvent-extraction and hydrothermal annealing create unique conditions that produce high-strength bonds between solvent-extracted PDMS (E-PDMS) and glass-properties not associated with conventional PDMS. Extraction followed by hydrothermal annealing removes unbound oligomers, promotes polymer cross-linking, facilitates covalent bond formation with glass, and retains the highest biocompatibility. Herein, our extraction protocol accelerates oligomer removal from 5 to 2 days. Resulting microfluidic platforms are uniquely suited for cell-network studies owing to high adhesion forces, effectively corralling cellular extensions and eliminating harmful oligomers. We demonstrate the simple, simultaneous actuation of multiple microfluidic domains for invoking ATP- and glutamate-induced Ca2+ signaling in glial-cell networks. These E-PDMS modifications and flow manipulations further enable microfluidic technologies for cell-signaling and network studies as well as novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J. Millet
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- The Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Anika Jain
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- The Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Martha U. Gillette
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- The Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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31
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Ji Y, Wang L, Ding H, Tian Q, Fan K, Shi D, Yu C, Qin W. Aberrant neurovascular coupling in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy: Evidence from a multi-model MRI analysis. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1050772. [PMID: 36703998 PMCID: PMC9871937 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1050772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the neurovascular coupling abnormalities in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and their associations with clinical manifestations. Twenty qualified acute Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (A-LHON, disease duration ≤ 1 year), 29 chronic Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (C-LHON, disease duration > 1 year), as well as 37 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. The neurovascular coupling strength was quantified as the ratio between regional homogeneity (ReHo), which represents intrinsic neuronal activity and relative cerebral blood flow (CBF), representing microcirculatory blood supply. A one-way analysis of variance was used to compare intergroup differences in ReHo/CBF ratio with gender and age as co-variables. Pearson's Correlation was used to clarify the association between ReHo, CBF, and neurovascular coupling strength. Furthermore, we applied linear and exponential non-linear regression models to explore the associations among ReHo/CBF, disease duration, and neuro-ophthalmological metrics. Compared with HCs, A_LHON, and C_LHON patients demonstrated a higher ReHo/CBF ratio than the HCs in the bilateral primary visual cortex (B_CAL), which was accompanied by reduced CBF while preserved ReHo. Besides, only C_LHON had a higher ReHo/CBF ratio and reduced CBF in the left middle temporal gyrus (L_MTG) and left sensorimotor cortex (L_SMC) than the HCs, which was accompanied by increased ReHo in L_MTG (p < 1.85e-3, Bonferroni correction). A-LHON and C-LHON showed a negative Pearson correlation between ReHo/CBF ratio and CBF in B_CAL, L_SMC, and L_MTG. Only C_LHON showed a weak positive correlation between ReHo/CBF ratio and ReHo in L_SMC and L_MTG (p < 0.05, uncorrected). Finally, disease duration was positively correlated with ReHo/CBF ratio of L_SMC (Exponential: Radj2 = 0.23, p = 8.66e-4, Bonferroni correction). No statistical correlation was found between ReHo/CBF ratio and neuro-ophthalmological metrics (p > 0.05, Bonferroni correction). Brain neurovascular "dyscoupling" within and outside the visual system might be an important neurological mechanism of LHON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ji
- Tianjin Key Lab of Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Tianjin Key Lab of Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Tian
- Department of Medical Imaging, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ke Fan
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dapeng Shi
- Department of Medical Imaging, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,*Correspondence: Dapeng Shi,
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Chunshui Yu,
| | - Wen Qin
- Tianjin Key Lab of Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Wen Qin,
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Marchese NA, Ríos MN, Guido ME. Müller glial cell photosensitivity: a novel function bringing higher complexity to vertebrate retinal physiology. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2023.100162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Kugler E, Breitenbach EM, MacDonald R. Glia Cell Morphology Analysis Using the Fiji GliaMorph Toolkit. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e654. [PMID: 36688682 PMCID: PMC10108223 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells are the support cells of the nervous system. Glial cells typically have elaborate morphologies that facilitate close contacts with neighboring neurons, synapses, and the vasculature. In the retina, Müller glia (MG) are the principal glial cell type that supports neuronal function by providing a myriad of supportive functions via intricate cell morphologies and precise contacts. Thus, complex glial morphology is critical for glial function, but remains challenging to resolve at a sub-cellular level or reproducibly quantify in complex tissues. To address this issue, we developed GliaMorph as a Fiji-based macro toolkit that allows 3D glial cell morphology analysis in the developing and mature retina. As GliaMorph is implemented in a modular fashion, here we present guides to (a) setup of GliaMorph, (b) data understanding in 3D, including z-axis intensity decay and signal-to-noise ratio, (c) pre-processing data to enhance image quality, (d) performing and examining image segmentation, and (e) 3D quantification of MG features, including apicobasal texture analysis. To allow easier application, GliaMorph tools are supported with graphical user interfaces where appropriate, and example data are publicly available to facilitate adoption. Further, GliaMorph can be modified to meet users' morphological analysis needs for other glial or neuronal shapes. Finally, this article provides users with an in-depth understanding of data requirements and the workflow of GliaMorph. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Download and installation of GliaMorph components including example data Basic Protocol 2: Understanding data properties and quality 3D-essential for subsequent analysis and capturing data property issues early Basic Protocol 3: Pre-processing AiryScan microscopy data for analysis Alternate Protocol: Pre-processing confocal microscopy data for analysis Basic Protocol 4: Segmentation of glial cells Basic Protocol 5: 3D quantification of glial cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Kugler
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Greater London, UK
| | | | - Ryan MacDonald
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Greater London, UK
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Xu J, Li P, Lu F, Chen Y, Guo Q, Yang Y. Domino reaction of neurovascular unit in neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2023; 359:114273. [PMID: 36375510 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury is complex, and the communication between neurons, glia, and blood vessels in neurovascular units significantly affects the occurrence and development of neuropathic pain. After spinal cord injury, a domino chain reaction occurs in the neuron-glia-vessel, which affects the permeability of the blood-spinal cord barrier and jointly promotes the development of neuroinflammation. This article discusses the signal transduction between neuro-glial-endothelial networks from a multidimensional point of view and reviews its role in neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87th Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders,Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Department of Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87th Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan medical university, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yulu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87th Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87th Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders,Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87th Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders,Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China.
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35
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de Lima IB, Ribeiro FM. The Implication of Glial Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:164-182. [PMID: 34951388 PMCID: PMC10190153 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666211223140303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) was first identified more than 100 years ago, yet aspects pertaining to its origin and the mechanisms underlying disease progression are not well known. To this date, there is no therapeutic approach or disease-modifying drug that could halt or at least delay disease progression. Until recently, glial cells were seen as secondary actors in brain homeostasis. Although this view was gradually refuted and the relevance of glial cells for the most diverse brain functions such as synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission was vastly proved, many aspects of its functioning, as well as its role in pathological conditions, remain poorly understood. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in glial cells were shown to be involved in neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity. Besides its relevance for glial function, glutamatergic receptors are also central in the pathology of AD, and recent studies have shown that glial mGluRs play a role in the establishment and progression of AD. AD-related alterations in Ca2+ signalling, APP processing, and Aβ load, as well as AD-related neurodegeneration, are influenced by glial mGluRs. However, different types of mGluRs play different roles, depending on the cell type and brain region that is being analysed. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the current understanding of glial mGluRs and their implication in AD, providing an insight for future therapeutics and identifying existing research gaps worth investigating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella B.Q. de Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabíola M. Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Nag S, Uludag K. Dynamic Effective Connectivity using Physiologically informed Dynamic Causal Model with Recurrent Units: A functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging simulation study. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1001848. [PMID: 36936613 PMCID: PMC10014816 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1001848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional MRI (fMRI) is an indirect reflection of neuronal activity. Using generative biophysical model of fMRI data such as Dynamic Causal Model (DCM), the underlying neuronal activities of different brain areas and their causal interactions (i.e., effective connectivity) can be calculated. Most DCM studies typically consider the effective connectivity to be static for a cognitive task within an experimental run. However, changes in experimental conditions during complex tasks such as movie-watching might result in temporal variations in the connectivity strengths. In this fMRI simulation study, we leverage state-of-the-art Physiologically informed DCM (P-DCM) along with a recurrent window approach and discretization of the equations to infer the underlying neuronal dynamics and concurrently the dynamic (time-varying) effective connectivities between various brain regions for task-based fMRI. Results from simulation studies on 3- and 10-region models showed that functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses and effective connectivity time-courses can be accurately predicted and distinguished from faulty graphical connectivity models representing cognitive hypotheses. In summary, we propose and validate a novel approach to determine dynamic effective connectivity between brain areas during complex cognitive tasks by combining P-DCM with recurrent units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Nag
- Techna Institute & Koerner Scientist in MR Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Sayan Nag,
| | - Kamil Uludag
- Techna Institute & Koerner Scientist in MR Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Kamil Uludag,
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Astrocytes amplify neurovascular coupling to sustained activation of neocortex in awake mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7872. [PMID: 36550102 PMCID: PMC9780254 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional hyperemia occurs when enhanced neuronal activity signals to increase local cerebral blood flow (CBF) to satisfy regional energy demand. Ca2+ elevation in astrocytes can drive arteriole dilation to increase CBF, yet affirmative evidence for the necessity of astrocytes in functional hyperemia in vivo is lacking. In awake mice, we discovered that functional hyperemia is bimodal with a distinct early and late component whereby arteriole dilation progresses as sensory stimulation is sustained. Clamping astrocyte Ca2+ signaling in vivo by expressing a plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (CalEx) reduces sustained but not brief sensory-evoked arteriole dilation. Elevating astrocyte free Ca2+ using chemogenetics selectively augments sustained hyperemia. Antagonizing NMDA-receptors or epoxyeicosatrienoic acid production reduces only the late component of functional hyperemia, leaving brief increases in CBF to sensory stimulation intact. We propose that a fundamental role of astrocyte Ca2+ is to amplify functional hyperemia when neuronal activation is prolonged.
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38
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Toth L, Czigler A, Hegedus E, Komaromy H, Amrein K, Czeiter E, Yabluchanskiy A, Koller A, Orsi G, Perlaki G, Schwarcz A, Buki A, Ungvari Z, Toth PJ. Age-related decline in circulating IGF-1 associates with impaired neurovascular coupling responses in older adults. GeroScience 2022; 44:2771-2783. [PMID: 35869380 PMCID: PMC9768079 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairment of moment-to-moment adjustment of cerebral blood flow (CBF) to the increased oxygen and energy requirements of active brain regions via neurovascular coupling (NVC) contributes to the genesis of age-related cognitive impairment. Aging is associated with marked deficiency in the vasoprotective hormone insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Preclinical studies on animal models of aging suggest that circulating IGF-1 deficiency is causally linked to impairment of NVC responses. The present study was designed to test the hypotheses that decreases in circulating IGF-1 levels in older adults also predict the magnitude of age-related decline of NVC responses. In a single-center cross-sectional study, we enrolled healthy young (n = 31, 11 female, 20 male, mean age: 28.4 + / - 4.2 years) and aged volunteers (n = 32, 18 female, 14 male, mean age: 67.9 + / - 4.1 years). Serum IGF-1 level, basal CBF (phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)), and NVC responses during the trail making task (with transcranial Doppler sonography) were assessed. We found that circulating IGF-1 levels were significantly decreased with age and associated with decreased basal CBF. Age-related decline in IGF-1 levels predicted the magnitude of age-related decline in NVC responses. In conclusion, our study provides additional evidence in support of the concept that age-related circulating IGF-1 deficiency contributes to neurovascular aging, impairing CBF and functional hyperemia in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Toth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 2 Ret Street, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Andras Czigler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 2 Ret Street, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Emoke Hegedus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 2 Ret Street, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Hedvig Komaromy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 2 Ret Street, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Amrein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 2 Ret Street, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Endre Czeiter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 2 Ret Street, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Akos Koller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 2 Ret Street, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Gergely Orsi
- ELKH-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network (ELKH), Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gabor Perlaki
- ELKH-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network (ELKH), Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Attila Schwarcz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 2 Ret Street, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Andras Buki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 2 Ret Street, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter J Toth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 2 Ret Street, Pecs, 7624, Hungary.
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Liu T, Xiao W, Chen M, Mao R, San X, Peng Q, Zhao Z, Wang Q, Xie H, Deng Z, Li J. Aberrant amino acid metabolism promotes neurovascular reactivity in rosacea. JCI Insight 2022; 7:161870. [PMID: 36219476 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosacea is a chronic skin disorder characterized by abnormal neurovascular and inflammatory conditions on the central face. Despite increasing evidence suggesting that rosacea is associated with metabolic disorders, the role of metabolism in rosacea pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, via a targeted metabolomics approach, we characterized significantly altered metabolic signatures in patients with rosacea, especially for amino acid-related metabolic pathways. Among these, glutamic acid and aspartic acid were highlighted and positively correlated with the disease severity in patients with rosacea. We further demonstrated that glutamic acid and aspartic acid can facilitate the development of erythema and telangiectasia, typical features of rosacea, in the skin of mice. Mechanistically, glutamic acid and aspartic acid stimulated the production of vasodilation-related neuropeptides from peripheral neurons and keratinocytes and induced the release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells and keratinocytes. Interestingly, we provided evidence showing that doxycycline can improve the symptoms of patients with rosacea possibly by targeting the amino acid metabolic pathway. These findings reveal that abnormal amino acid metabolism promotes neurovascular reactivity in rosacea and raise the possibility of targeting dysregulated metabolism as a promising strategy for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangxiele Liu
- Department of Dermatology.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, and.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenqin Xiao
- Department of Dermatology.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, and.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengting Chen
- Department of Dermatology.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, and.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Mao
- Department of Dermatology.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, and.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xu San
- Department of Dermatology.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, and.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qinqin Peng
- Department of Dermatology.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, and.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, and.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Hunan Binsis Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Hongfu Xie
- Department of Dermatology.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, and.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhili Deng
- Department of Dermatology.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, and.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Dermatology.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, and.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Ojha A, Miller JG, King LS, Davis EG, Humphreys KL, Gotlib IH. Empathy for others versus for one's child: Associations with mothers' brain activation during a social cognitive task and with their toddlers' functioning. Dev Psychobiol 2022; 64:e22313. [PMID: 36282757 PMCID: PMC9608359 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Caregivers who are higher in dispositional empathy tend to have children with better developmental outcomes; however, few studies have considered the role of child-directed (i.e., "parental") empathy, which may be relevant for the caregiver-child relationship. We hypothesized that mothers' parental empathy during their child's infancy will be a stronger predictor of their child's social-emotional functioning as a toddler than will mothers' dispositional empathy. We further explored whether parental and dispositional empathy have shared or distinct patterns of neural activation during a social-cognitive movie-watching task. In 118 mother-infant dyads, greater parental empathy assessed when infants were 6 months old was associated with more social-emotional competencies and fewer problems in the children 1 year later, even after adjusting for dispositional empathy. In contrast, dispositional empathy was not associated with child functioning when controlling for parental empathy. In a subset of 20 mothers, insula activation was positively associated with specific facets of both dispositional and parental empathy, whereas right temporoparietal junction activation was associated only with parental empathy. Thus, dispositional and parental empathy appear to be dissociable by both brain and behavioral metrics. Parental empathy may be a viable target for interventions, especially for toddlers at risk for developing social-emotional difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Ojha
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Lucy S. King
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Elena G. Davis
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Kathryn L. Humphreys
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Ian H. Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Murrant CL, Fletcher NM. Capillary communication: the role of capillaries in sensing the tissue environment, coordinating the microvascular, and controlling blood flow. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H1019-H1036. [PMID: 36149771 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00088.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Historically, capillaries have been viewed as the microvascular site for flux of nutrients to cells and removal of waste products. Capillaries are the most numerous blood vessel segment within the tissue, whose vascular wall consists of only a single layer of endothelial cells and are situated within microns of each cell of the tissue, all of which optimizes capillaries for the exchange of nutrients between the blood compartment and the interstitial space of tissues. There is, however, a growing body of evidence to support that capillaries play an important role in sensing the tissue environment, coordinating microvascular network responses, and controlling blood flow. Much of our growing understanding of capillaries stems from work in skeletal muscle and more recent work in the brain, where capillaries can be stimulated by products released from cells of the tissue during increased activity and are able to communicate with upstream and downstream vascular segments, enabling capillaries to sense the activity levels of the tissue and send signals to the microvascular network to coordinate the blood flow response. This review will focus on the emerging role that capillaries play in communication between cells of the tissue and the vascular network required to direct blood flow to active cells in skeletal muscle and the brain. We will also highlight the emerging central role that disruptions in capillary communication may play in blood flow dysregulation, pathophysiology, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral L Murrant
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole M Fletcher
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Tabata H. Crosstalk between Blood Vessels and Glia during the Central Nervous System Development. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1761. [PMID: 36362915 PMCID: PMC9699316 DOI: 10.3390/life12111761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of proper blood vessel patterns in the central nervous system (CNS) is crucial to deliver oxygen and nutrient to neurons efficiently. At the same time, neurons must be isolated from the outer blood circulation by a specialized structure, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), to maintain the microenvironment of brain parenchyma for the survival of neurons and proper synaptic transmission. To develop this highly organized structure, glial cells, a major component of the brain, have been reported to play essential roles. In this review, the crosstalk between the macroglia, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and endothelial cells during the development of CNS will be discussed. First, the known roles of astrocytes in neuro-vascular unit and its development, and then, the requirements of astrocytes for BBB development and maintenance are shown. Then, various genetic and cellular studies revealing the roles of astrocytes in the growth of blood vessels by providing a scaffold, including laminins and fibronectin, as well as by secreting trophic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) are introduced. Finally, the interactions between oligodendrocyte progenitors and blood vessels are overviewed. Although these studies revealed the necessity for proper communication between glia and endothelial cells for CNS development, our knowledge about the detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms for them is still limited. The questions to be clarified in the future are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Tabata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai 480-0392, Japan
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43
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Donadello K, Su F, Annoni F, Scolletta S, He X, Peluso L, Gottin L, Polati E, Creteur J, De Witte O, Vincent JL, De Backer D, Taccone FS. The Effects of Temperature Management on Brain Microcirculation, Oxygenation and Metabolism. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12101422. [PMID: 36291355 PMCID: PMC9599843 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Target temperature management (TTM) is often used in patients after cardiac arrest, but the effects of cooling on cerebral microcirculation, oxygenation and metabolism are poorly understood. We studied the time course of these variables in a healthy swine model.Methods: Fifteen invasively monitored, mechanically ventilated pigs were allocated to sham procedure (normothermia, NT; n = 5), cooling (hypothermia, HT, n = 5) or cooling with controlled oxygenation (HT-Oxy, n = 5). Cooling was induced by cold intravenous saline infusion, ice packs and nasal cooling to achieve a body temperature of 33–35 °C. After 6 h, animals were rewarmed to baseline temperature (within 5 h). The cerebral microvascular network was evaluated (at baseline and 2, 7 and 12 h thereafter) using sidestream dark-field (SDF) video-microscopy. Cerebral blood flow (laser Doppler MNP100XP, Oxyflow, Oxford Optronix, Oxford, UK), oxygenation (PbtO2, Licox catheter, Integra Lifesciences, USA) and lactate/pyruvate ratio (LPR) using brain microdialysis (CMA, Stockholm, Sweden) were measured hourly. Results: In HT animals, cerebral functional capillary density (FCD) and proportion of small-perfused vessels (PSPV) significantly decreased over time during the cooling phase; concomitantly, PbtO2 increased and LPR decreased. After rewarming, all microcirculatory variables returned to normal values, except LPR, which increased during the rewarming phase in the two groups subjected to HT when compared to the group maintained at normothermia. Conclusions: In healthy animals, TTM can be associated with alterations in cerebral microcirculation during cooling and altered metabolism at rewarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Donadello
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care B, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, AOUI-University Hospital Integrated Trust of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale Ludovico Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Fuhong Su
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Filippo Annoni
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabino Scolletta
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Service of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medical Science, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Xinrong He
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lorenzo Peluso
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leonardo Gottin
- Departement of Cardio-Thoracic Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, AOUI-University Hospital Integrated Trust of Verona, Piazzale Aristide Stefani, 37100 Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Polati
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care B, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, AOUI-University Hospital Integrated Trust of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale Ludovico Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Jacques Creteur
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Witte
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Vincent
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel De Backer
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care, CHIREC, 1420 Braine L’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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44
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Mori A, Seki H, Mizukoshi S, Uezono T, Sakamoto K. Role of Prostaglandins in Nitric Oxide-Induced Glial Cell-Mediated Vasodilation in Rat Retina. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101403. [PMID: 36291611 PMCID: PMC9599243 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified that NO derived from neuronal cells acts on glial cells and causes vasodilation in the healthy rat retina via the release of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and prostaglandins (PGs) by activation of the arachidonic acid cascade. However, it is not clear which PG types are involved in these responses. The aim of the present study was to identify prostanoid receptors involved in glial cell-derived vasodilation induced by NO in rat retina. Male Wistar rats were used to examine the effects of intravitreal pretreatment with indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor; PF-04418948, a prostanoid EP2 receptor antagonist; and CAY10441, a prostanoid IP receptor antagonist, on the changes in the retinal arteriolar diameter induced by intravitreal administration of NOR3, an NO donor. Retinal arteriolar diameters were measured using ocular fundus images captured with a high-resolution digital camera in vivo. The increase in the retinal arteriolar diameter induced by intravitreal injection of NOR3 was significantly suppressed by intravitreal pretreatment with indomethacin and PF-04418948, but not by CAY10441. The dose of PF-04418948 and CAY10441 injected intravitreally in the present study significantly reduced the increase in the retinal arteriolar diameter induced by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2), respectively. These results suggest that activation of the arachidonic acid cascade and subsequent stimulation of prostanoid EP2 receptors are involved in rat retinal vasodilatory responses evoked by NO-induced glial cell stimulation. Therefore, glial cell-derived PGE2, similar to EETs, may play an important role in retinal vasodilatory mechanisms.
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45
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Kuebler IRK, Jolton JA, Hermreck C, Hubbard NA, Wakabayashi KT. Contrasting dose-dependent effects of acute intravenous methamphetamine on lateral hypothalamic extracellular glucose dynamics in male and female rats. J Neurophysiol 2022; 128:819-836. [PMID: 36043803 PMCID: PMC9529272 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00257.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the brain's primary energetic resource. The brain's use of glucose is dynamic, balancing delivery from the neurovasculature with local metabolism. Although glucose metabolism is known to differ in humans with and without methamphetamine use disorder (MUD), it is unknown how central glucose regulation changes with acute methamphetamine experience. Here, we determined how intravenous methamphetamine regulates extracellular glucose levels in a brain region implicated in MUD-like behavior, the lateral hypothalamus (LH). We measured extracellular LH glucose in awake adult male and female drug-naive Wistar rats using enzyme-linked amperometric glucose biosensors. Changes in LH glucose were monitored during a single session after: 1) natural nondrug stimuli (novel object presentation and a tail-touch), 2) increasing cumulative doses of intravenous methamphetamine (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg), and 3) an injection of 60 mg of glucose. We found second-scale fluctuations in LH glucose in response to natural stimuli that differed by both stimulus type and sex. Although rapid, second-scale changes in LH glucose during methamphetamine injections were variable, slow, minute-scale changes following most injections were robust and resulted in a reduction in LH glucose levels. Dose and sex differences at this timescale indicated that female rats may be more sensitive to the impact of methamphetamine on central glucose regulation. These findings suggest that the effects of MUD on healthy brain function may be linked to how methamphetamine alters extracellular glucose regulation in the LH and point to possible mechanisms by which methamphetamine influences central glucose metabolism more broadly.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Enzyme-linked glucose biosensors were used to monitor lateral hypothalamic (LH) extracellular fluctuations during nondrug stimuli and intravenous methamphetamine injections in drug-naive awake male and female rats. Second-scale glucose changes occurred after nondrug stimuli, differing by modality and sex. Robust minute-scale decreases followed most methamphetamine injections. Sex differences at the minute-scale indicate female central glucose regulation is more sensitive to methamphetamine effects. We discuss likely mechanisms underlying these fluctuations, and their implications in methamphetamine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R K Kuebler
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Joshua A Jolton
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Chase Hermreck
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Nicholas A Hubbard
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Ken T Wakabayashi
- Neurocircuitry of Motivated Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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46
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Signorelli CM, Boils JD, Tagliazucchi E, Jarraya B, Deco G. From Brain-Body Function to Conscious Interactions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104833. [PMID: 36037978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss empirical results inspiring the introduction of a formal mathematical multilayer model for the biological neuroscience of conscious experience. First, we motivate the discussion through evidence regarding the dynamic brain. Second, we review different brain-body couplings associated with conscious experience and its potential role in driving brain dynamics. Third, we introduce the machinery of multilayer networks to account for several types of interactions in brain-body systems. Then, a multilayer structure consists of two main generalizations: a formal semantic to study biological systems, and an integrative account for several signatures and models of consciousness. Finally, under this framework, we define composition of layers to account for entangled features of brain-body systems related to conscious experience. As such, a multilayer mathematical framework is highly integrative and thus may be more complete than other models. In this short review, we discuss a variety of empirical results inspiring the introduction of a formal mathematical multilayer model for the biological neuroscience of conscious experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Miguel Signorelli
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, 7 Parks Rd, OxfordOX1 3QG, United Kingdom; Physiology of Cognition, GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging, Allée du 6 Août, 8 (B30), 4000 Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Belgium; Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France; Computational Neuroscience Group, Center for Brain and Cognition, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Díaz Boils
- Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Avda La Paz, 137, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Enzo Tagliazucchi
- Physics Department, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bechir Jarraya
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Gustavo Deco
- Computational Neuroscience Group, Center for Brain and Cognition, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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47
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Glutamate drives 'local Ca 2+ release' in cardiac pacemaker cells. Cell Res 2022; 32:843-854. [PMID: 35840807 PMCID: PMC9437105 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00693-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The sinoatrial node (SAN) is the origin of the electrical signals for rhythmic heartbeats in mammals. The spontaneous firing of SAN pacemaker cells (SANPCs) triggers cardiac contraction. ‘Local Ca2+ release’ (LCR), a unique cellular activity, acts as the ‘engine’ of the spontaneous firing of SANPCs. However, the mechanism of LCR initiation remains unclear. Here, we report that endogenous glutamate drives LCRs in SANPCs. Using a glutamate sensor, we unraveled a tight correlation between glutamate accumulation and LCR occurrence, indicating a potential relationship between glutamate and LCRs. Intracellular application of glutamate significantly enhanced the LCRs in both intact and permeabilized SANPCs. Mechanistically, we revealed that mitochondrial excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1)-dependent mitochondrial glutamate import promoted ROS generation, which in turn led to the oxidation of Ca2+-handling proteins, ultimately resulting in enhanced LCRs. Importantly, EAAT1 depletion reduced both the spontaneous firing rates of isolated SANPCs and the heart rate in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the central role of EAAT1 as a glutamate transporter in the regulation of cardiac autonomic rhythm. In conclusion, our results indicate that glutamate serves as an LCR igniter in SANPCs, adding a potentially important element to the coupled-clock theory that explains the origin of spontaneous firing. These findings shed new light on the future prevention and treatment of cardiac pacemaker cell-related arrhythmias.
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48
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Critical Role of Neuronal Vps35 in Blood Vessel Branching and Maturation in Developing Mouse Brain. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071653. [PMID: 35884959 PMCID: PMC9313219 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vps35 (vacuolar protein sorting 35), a key component of retromer, plays a crucial role in selective retrieval of transmembrane proteins from endosomes to trans-Golgi networks. Dysfunctional Vps35/retromer is a risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Vps35 is highly expressed in developing pyramidal neurons, both in the mouse neocortex and hippocampus, Although embryonic neuronal Vps35’s function in promoting neuronal terminal differentiation and survival is evident, it remains unclear whether and how neuronal Vps35 communicates with other types of brain cells, such as blood vessels (BVs), which are essential for supplying nutrients to neurons. Dysfunctional BVs contribute to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we provide evidence for embryonic neuronal Vps35 as critical for BV branching and maturation in the developing mouse brain. Selectively knocking out (KO) Vps35 in mouse embryonic, not postnatal, neurons results in reductions in BV branching and density, arteriole diameter, and BV-associated pericytes and microglia but an increase in BV-associated reactive astrocytes. Deletion of microglia by PLX3397 enhances these BV deficits in mutant mice. These results reveal the function of neuronal Vps35 in neurovascular coupling in the developing mouse brain and implicate BV-associated microglia as underlying this event.
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49
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Barloese MCJ, Bauer C, Petersen ET, Hansen CS, Madsbad S, Siebner HR. Neurovascular Coupling in Type 2 Diabetes With Cognitive Decline. A Narrative Review of Neuroimaging Findings and Their Pathophysiological Implications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:874007. [PMID: 35860697 PMCID: PMC9289474 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.874007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes causes substantial long-term damage in several organs including the brain. Cognitive decline is receiving increased attention as diabetes has been established as an independent risk factor along with the identification of several other pathophysiological mechanisms. Early detection of detrimental changes in cerebral blood flow regulation may represent a useful clinical marker for development of cognitive decline for at-risk persons. Technically, reliable evaluation of neurovascular coupling is possible with several caveats but needs further development before it is clinically convenient. Different modalities including ultrasound, positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance are used preclinically to shed light on the many influences on vascular supply to the brain. In this narrative review, we focus on the complex link between type 2 diabetes, cognition, and neurovascular coupling and discuss how the disease-related pathology changes neurovascular coupling in the brain from the organ to the cellular level. Different modalities and their respective pitfalls are covered, and future directions suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads C. J. Barloese
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Imaging, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Bauer
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Radiography, Department of Technology, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esben Thade Petersen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Fredriksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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50
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Dai R, Yu T, Weng D, Li H, Cui Y, Wu Z, Guo Q, Zou H, Wu W, Gao X, Qi Z, Ren Y, Wang S, Li Y, Luo M. A neuropsin-based optogenetic tool for precise control of G q signaling. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:1271-1284. [PMID: 35579776 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gq-coupled receptors regulate numerous physiological processes by activating enzymes and inducing intracellular Ca2+ signals. There is a strong need for an optogenetic tool that enables powerful experimental control over Gq signaling. Here, we present chicken opsin 5 (cOpn5) as the long sought-after, single-component optogenetic tool that mediates ultra-sensitive optical control of intracellular Gq signaling with high temporal and spatial resolution. Expressing cOpn5 in HEK 293T cells and primary mouse astrocytes enables blue light-triggered, Gq-dependent Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and protein kinase C activation. Strong Ca2+ transients were evoked by brief light pulses of merely 10 ms duration and at 3 orders lower light intensity of that for common optogenetic tools. Photostimulation of cOpn5-expressing cells at the subcellular and single-cell levels generated fast intracellular Ca2+ transition, thus demonstrating the high spatial precision of cOpn5 optogenetics. The cOpn5-mediated optogenetics could also be applied to activate neurons and control animal behavior in a circuit-dependent manner. cOpn5 optogenetics may find broad applications in studying the mechanisms and functional relevance of Gq signaling in both non-excitable cells and excitable cells in all major organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Dai
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-NIBS Joint Graduate Program, NIBS, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Tao Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-NIBS Joint Graduate Program, NIBS, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Danwei Weng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Heng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research (TIMBR), Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuting Cui
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhaofa Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China
- PKU-McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qingchun Guo
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Haiyue Zou
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenting Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-NIBS Joint Graduate Program, NIBS, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xinwei Gao
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhongyang Qi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuqi Ren
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China
- PKU-McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Minmin Luo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China.
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research (TIMBR), Beijing, 102206, China.
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