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Ming K, Xing B, Ren X, Hu Y, Wei L, Wang Z, Mei M, Weng J, Wei Z. De novo design of mini-binder proteins against IL-2 receptor β chain. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133834. [PMID: 39002899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
IL-2 regulates the immune response by interacting with different IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) subunits. High dose of IL-2 binds to IL-2Rβγc heterodimer, which induce various side effects while activating immune function. Disrupting IL-2 and IL-2R interactions can block IL-2 mediated immune response. Here, we used a computational approach to de novo design mini-binder proteins against IL-2R β chain (IL-2Rβ) to block IL-2 signaling. The hydrophobic region where IL-2 binds to IL-2Rβ was selected and the promising binding mode was broadly explored. Three mini-binders with amino acid numbers ranging from 55 to 65 were obtained and binder 1 showed the best effects in inhibiting CTLL-2 cells proliferation and STAT5 phosphorylation. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that the binding of binder 1 to IL-2Rβ was stable; the free energy of binder1/IL-2Rβ complex was lower, indicating that the affinity of binder 1 to IL-2Rβ was higher than that of IL-2. Free energy decomposition suggested that the ARG35 and ARG131 of IL-2Rβ might be the key to improve the affinity of binder. Our efforts provided new insights in developing of IL-2R blocker, offering a potential strategy for ameliorating the side effects of IL-2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Banbin Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xinyi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Lin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhizheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Meng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jun Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Zigong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of life sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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Younis N, Puigmal N, Kurdi AE, Badaoui A, Zhang D, Morales-Garay C, Saad A, Cruz D, Rahy NA, Daccache A, Huerta T, Deban C, Halawi A, Choi J, Dosta P, Guo Lian C, Artzi N, Azzi JR. Microneedle-Mediated Delivery of Immunomodulators Restores Immune Privilege in Hair Follicles and Reverses Immune-Mediated Alopecia. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312088. [PMID: 38638030 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Disorders in the regulatory arm of the adaptive immune system result in autoimmune-mediated diseases. While systemic immunosuppression is the prevailing approach to manage them, it fails to achieve long-lasting remission due to concomitant suppression of the regulatory arm and carries the risk of heightened susceptibility to infections and malignancies. Alopecia areata is a condition characterized by localized hair loss due to autoimmunity. The accessibility of the skin allows local rather than systemic intervention to avoid broad immunosuppression. It is hypothesized that the expansion of endogenous regulatory T cells (Tregs) at the site of antigen encounter can restore the immune balance and generate a long-lasting tolerogenic response. A hydrogel microneedle (MN) patch is therefore utilized for delivery of CCL22, a Treg-chemoattractant, and IL-2, a Treg survival factor to amplify them. In an immune-mediated murine model of alopecia, local bolstering of Treg numbers is shown, leading to sustained hair regrowth and attenuation of inflammatory pathways. In a humanized skin transplant mouse model, expansion of Tregs within human skin is confirmed without engendering peripheral immunosuppression. The patch offers high-loading capacity and shelf-life stability for prospective clinical translation. By harmonizing immune responses locally, the aim is to reshape the landscape of autoimmune skin disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Younis
- Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Núria Puigmal
- Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Abdallah El Kurdi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, 11-0236, Lebanon
| | - Andrew Badaoui
- Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dongliang Zhang
- Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Claudia Morales-Garay
- Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anis Saad
- Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Diane Cruz
- Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nadim Al Rahy
- Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andrea Daccache
- Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Triana Huerta
- Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christa Deban
- Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ahmad Halawi
- Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - John Choi
- Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Pere Dosta
- Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Christine Guo Lian
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Natalie Artzi
- Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jamil R Azzi
- Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Ullah A, Singla RK, Batool Z, Cao D, Shen B. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are the game-changers in childhood obesity-associated metabolic disorders (diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases). Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:783-803. [PMID: 38709387 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-024-09884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a chronic inflammatory epidemic that affects children worldwide. Obesity affects approximately 1 in 5 children worldwide. Obesity in children can worsen weight gain and raise the risk of obesity-related comorbidities like diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It can also negatively impact the quality of life for these children. Obesity disrupts immune system function, influencing cytokine (interleukins) balance and expression levels, adipokines, and innate and adaptive immune cells. The altered expression of immune system mediators, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-18 (IL-18), transforming growth factor (TGF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and others, caused inflammation, progression, and the development of pediatric obesity and linked illnesses such as diabetes and NAFLD. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-2 (IL-2), have been shown to have anti-diabetes and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) anti-diabetic and pro-NAFLFD properties, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been shown to have a dual role in managing diabetes and anti-NAFLD. In light of the substantial increase in childhood obesity-associated disorders such as diabetes and NAFLD and the absence of an effective pharmaceutical intervention to inhibit immune modulation factors, it is critical to consider the alteration of immune system components as a preventive and therapeutic approach. Thus, the current review focuses on the most recent information regarding the influence of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukins) and their molecular mechanisms on pediatric obesity-associated disorders (diabetes and NAFLD). Furthermore, we discussed the current therapeutic clinical trials in childhood obesity-associated diseases, diabetes, and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ullah
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center of West China Hospital and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rajeev K Singla
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center of West China Hospital and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, 144411, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Zahra Batool
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center of West China Hospital and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center of West China Hospital and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bairong Shen
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center of West China Hospital and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Liric Rajlic I, Guglieri‐Lopez B, Rangoonwala N, Ivaturi V, Van L, Mori S, Wipke B, Burdette D, Attarwala H. Translational kinetic-pharmacodynamics of mRNA-6231, an investigational mRNA therapeutic encoding mutein interleukin-2. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2024; 13:1067-1078. [PMID: 38676306 PMCID: PMC11179705 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for maintaining immune homeostasis by serving as negative regulators of adaptive immune system effector cell responses. Reduced production or function of Tregs has been implicated in several human autoimmune diseases. The cytokine interleukin 2 plays a central role in promoting Treg differentiation, survival, and function in vivo and may therefore have therapeutic benefits for autoimmune diseases. mRNA-6231 is an investigational, lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated, mRNA-based therapy that encodes a modified human interleukin 2 mutein fused to human serum albumin (HSA-IL2m). Herein, we report the development of a semi-mechanistic kinetic-pharmacodynamic model to quantify the relationship between subcutaneous dose(s) of mRNA-6231, HSA-IL2m protein expression, and Treg expansion in nonhuman primates. The nonclinical kinetic-pharmacodynamic model was extrapolated to humans using allometric scaling principles and the physiological basis of pharmacological mechanisms to predict the clinical response to therapy a priori. Model-based simulations were used to inform the dose selection and design of the first-in-human clinical study (NCT04916431). The modeling approach used to predict human responses was validated when data became available from the phase I clinical study. This validation indicates that the approach is valuable in informing clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Linh Van
- Pharmacometrics, Moderna, Inc.CambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Simone Mori
- External Research Ventures, Moderna, Inc.CambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Brian Wipke
- Immune Therapeutics Discovery, Moderna, Inc.CambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Douglas Burdette
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Moderna, Inc.CambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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Zhang R, Zhao Y, Chen X, Zhuang Z, Li X, Shen E. Low-dose IL-2 therapy in autoimmune diseases: An update review. Int Rev Immunol 2024; 43:113-137. [PMID: 37882232 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2023.2274574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for maintaining self-immune tolerance. Reduced numbers or functions of Treg cells have been involved in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection. Therefore, the approaches that increase the pool or suppressive function of Treg cells in vivo could be a general strategy to treat different autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is essential for the development, survival, maintenance, and function of Treg cells, constitutively expressing the high-affinity receptor of IL-2 and sensitive response to IL-2 in vivo. And low-dose IL-2 therapy in vivo could restore the imbalance between autoimmune response and self-tolerance toward self-tolerance via promoting Treg cell expansion and inhibiting follicular helper T (Tfh) and IL-17-producing helper T (Th17) cell differentiation. Currently, low-dose IL-2 treatment is receiving extensive attention in autoimmune disease and transplantation treatment. In this review, we summarize the biology of IL-2/IL-2 receptor, the mechanisms of low-dose IL-2 therapy in autoimmune diseases, the application in the progress of different autoimmune diseases, including Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH), Alopecia Areata (AA), Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) and Chronic graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD). We also discuss the future directions to optimize low-dose IL-2 treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Zhang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangming Chen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoqing Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erxia Shen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Kong JC, Sa’ad MA, Vijayan HM, Ravichandran M, Balakrishnan V, Tham SK, Tye GJ. Chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer cell therapy: current advancements and strategies to overcome challenges. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1384039. [PMID: 38726000 PMCID: PMC11079817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1384039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer (CAR-NK) cell therapy is a novel immunotherapy targeting cancer cells via the generation of chimeric antigen receptors on NK cells which recognize specific cancer antigens. CAR-NK cell therapy is gaining attention nowadays owing to the ability of CAR-NK cells to release potent cytotoxicity against cancer cells without side effects such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS), neurotoxicity and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). CAR-NK cells do not require antigen priming, thus enabling them to be used as "off-the-shelf" therapy. Nonetheless, CAR-NK cell therapy still possesses several challenges in eliminating cancer cells which reside in hypoxic and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Therefore, this review is envisioned to explore the current advancements and limitations of CAR-NK cell therapy as well as discuss strategies to overcome the challenges faced by CAR-NK cell therapy. This review also aims to dissect the current status of clinical trials on CAR-NK cells and future recommendations for improving the effectiveness and safety of CAR-NK cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang Kong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Auwal Sa’ad
- Celestialab Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | | | - Manickam Ravichandran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
- MyGenome, ALPS Global Holding, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Venugopal Balakrishnan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Seng Kong Tham
- ALPS Medical Centre, ALPS Global Holding, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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Muchowicz A, Bartoszewicz A, Zaslona Z. The Exploitation of the Glycosylation Pattern in Asthma: How We Alter Ancestral Pathways to Develop New Treatments. Biomolecules 2024; 14:513. [PMID: 38785919 PMCID: PMC11117584 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Asthma has reached epidemic levels, yet progress in developing specific therapies is slow. One of the main reasons for this is the fact that asthma is an umbrella term for various distinct subsets. Due to its high heterogeneity, it is difficult to establish biomarkers for each subset of asthma and to propose endotype-specific treatments. This review focuses on protein glycosylation as a process activated in asthma and ways to utilize it to develop novel biomarkers and treatments. We discuss known and relevant glycoproteins whose functions control disease development. The key role of glycoproteins in processes integral to asthma, such as inflammation, tissue remodeling, and repair, justifies our interest and research in the field of glycobiology. Altering the glycosylation states of proteins contributing to asthma can change the pathological processes that we previously failed to inhibit. Special emphasis is placed on chitotriosidase 1 (CHIT1), an enzyme capable of modifying LacNAc- and LacdiNAc-containing glycans. The expression and activity of CHIT1 are induced in human diseased lungs, and its pathological role has been demonstrated by both genetic and pharmacological approaches. We propose that studying the glycosylation pattern and enzymes involved in glycosylation in asthma can help in patient stratification and in developing personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zbigniew Zaslona
- Molecure S.A., Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland; (A.M.); (A.B.)
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Saleh QW, Mohammadnejad A, Tepel M. FOXP3 full length splice variant is associated with kidney allograft tolerance. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1389105. [PMID: 38660296 PMCID: PMC11040551 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1389105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Progressive decline of allograft function leads to premature graft loss. Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), a characteristic gene of T-regulatory cells, is known to be essential for auto-antigen tolerance. We assessed the hypothesis that low FOXP3 mRNA splice variant levels in peripheral blood cells early after transplantation are associated with progressive allograft injury. Methods Blood samples were prospectively collected from 333 incident kidney transplant recipients on the first and 29th postoperative day. We used quantitative polymerase chain reaction to determine transcripts of 3 isotypes of FOXP3 splice variants, including pre-mature FOXP3 and full length FOXP3 (FOXP3fl). We investigated the association between FOXP3 splice variant levels and the declines in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of more than 5ml/min/1.73m2 within the first-year post-transplant using logistic regression. Results We observed lower FOXP3fl levels in recipients with declining eGFR (N = 132) than in recipients with stable eGFR (N = 201), (logarithmic value -4.13 [IQR -4.50 to -3.84] vs -4.00 [4.32 to -3.74], p=0.02). In ad hoc analysis pre-transplant FOXP3fl levels were similar in both groups. The association between FOXP3fl and declining eGFR was confirmed by multivariable analysis adjusted for potential confounding factors (Odds Ratio 0.51, 95% confidence interval 0.28 to 0.91: p=0.02). When stratifying FOXP3fl levels into quartiles, recipients with lower day1 FOXP3fl had the highest rate of declining eGFR (p=0.04). Conclusion Low FOXP3fl splice variant levels at the first postoperative day in kidney transplant recipients were associated with severe decline of eGFR, a well-known surrogate for hard endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qais W. Saleh
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Afsaneh Mohammadnejad
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Tepel
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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9
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Lansberry TR, Stabler CL. Immunoprotection of cellular transplants for autoimmune type 1 diabetes through local drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 206:115179. [PMID: 38286164 PMCID: PMC11140763 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune condition that results in the destruction of insulin-secreting β cells of the islets of Langerhans. Allogeneic islet transplantation could be a successful treatment for T1DM; however, it is limited by the need for effective, permanent immunosuppression to prevent graft rejection. Upon transplantation, islets are rejected through non-specific, alloantigen specific, and recurring autoimmune pathways. Immunosuppressive agents used for islet transplantation are generally successful in inhibiting alloantigen rejection, but they are suboptimal in hindering non-specific and autoimmune pathways. In this review, we summarize the challenges with cellular immunological rejection and therapeutics used for islet transplantation. We highlight agents that target these three immune rejection pathways and how to package them for controlled, local delivery via biomaterials. Exploring macro-, micro-, and nano-scale immunomodulatory biomaterial platforms, we summarize their advantages, challenges, and future directions. We hypothesize that understanding their key features will help identify effective platforms to prevent islet graft rejection. Outcomes can further be translated to other cellular therapies beyond T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Lansberry
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - C L Stabler
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Immunology and Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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10
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Fernandes S, Cassani M, Cavalieri F, Forte G, Caruso F. Emerging Strategies for Immunotherapy of Solid Tumors Using Lipid-Based Nanoparticles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305769. [PMID: 38054651 PMCID: PMC10885677 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of lipid-based nanoparticles for COVID-19 vaccines and transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis treatment have highlighted their potential for translation to cancer therapy. However, their use in delivering drugs to solid tumors is limited by ineffective targeting, heterogeneous organ distribution, systemic inflammatory responses, and insufficient drug accumulation at the tumor. Instead, the use of lipid-based nanoparticles to remotely activate immune system responses is an emerging effective strategy. Despite this approach showing potential for treating hematological cancers, its application to treat solid tumors is hampered by the selection of eligible targets, tumor heterogeneity, and ineffective penetration of activated T cells within the tumor. Notwithstanding, the use of lipid-based nanoparticles for immunotherapy is projected to revolutionize cancer therapy, with the ultimate goal of rendering cancer a chronic disease. However, the translational success is likely to depend on the use of predictive tumor models in preclinical studies, simulating the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (e.g., the fibrotic extracellular matrix that impairs therapeutic outcomes) and stimulating tumor progression. This review compiles recent advances in the field of antitumor lipid-based nanoparticles and highlights emerging therapeutic approaches (e.g., mechanotherapy) to modulate tumor stiffness and improve T cell infiltration, and the use of organoids to better guide therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Fernandes
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM)International Clinical Research Centre (ICRC)St. Anne HospitalBrno656 91Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
| | - Marco Cassani
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM)International Clinical Research Centre (ICRC)St. Anne HospitalBrno656 91Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
| | - Francesca Cavalieri
- School of ScienceRMIT UniversityMelbourneVictoria3000Australia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversita di Roma “Tor Vergata”Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1Rome00133Italy
| | - Giancarlo Forte
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM)International Clinical Research Centre (ICRC)St. Anne HospitalBrno656 91Czech Republic
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & SciencesKing's College LondonLondonSE5 9NUUK
| | - Frank Caruso
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
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11
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Batista KS, de Albuquerque JG, de Vasconcelos MHA, Bezerra MLR, da Silva Barbalho MB, Pinheiro RO, Aquino JDS. Probiotics and prebiotics: potential prevention and therapeutic target for nutritional management of COVID-19? Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:181-198. [PMID: 34668465 PMCID: PMC8593414 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422421000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Scientists are working to identify prevention/treatment methods and clinical outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Nutritional status and diet have a major impact on the COVID-19 disease process, mainly because of the bidirectional interaction between gut microbiota and lung, that is, the gut-lung axis. Individuals with inadequate nutritional status have a pre-existing imbalance in the gut microbiota and immunity as seen in obesity, diabetes, hypertension and other chronic diseases. Communication between the gut microbiota and lungs or other organs and systems may trigger worse clinical outcomes in viral respiratory infections. Thus, this review addresses new insights into the use of probiotics and prebiotics as a preventive nutritional strategy in managing respiratory infections such as COVID-19 and highlighting their anti-inflammatory effects against the main signs and symptoms associated with COVID-19. Literature search was performed through PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Web of Science databases; relevant clinical articles were included. Significant randomised clinical trials suggest that specific probiotics and/or prebiotics reduce diarrhoea, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, cough, sore throat, fever, and viral infection complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. These beneficial effects are linked with modulation of the microbiota, products of microbial metabolism with antiviral activity, and immune-regulatory properties of specific probiotics and prebiotics through Treg cell production and function. There is a need to conduct clinical and pre-clinical trials to assess the combined effect of consuming these components and undergoing current therapies for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Sabino Batista
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Juliana Gondim de Albuquerque
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Cidade Universitária s/n, Recife, Brazil
- Post Graduate in Biotechnology, Division of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Maria Helena Araújo de Vasconcelos
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Rolim Bezerra
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Mariany Bernardino da Silva Barbalho
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Rafael Oliveira Pinheiro
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Jailane de Souza Aquino
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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12
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Faridar A, Eid AM, Thome AD, Zhao W, Beers DR, Pascual MB, Nakawah MO, Roman GC, Davis CS, Grundman M, Masdeu JC, Appel SH. A phase 1 open-label pilot study of low-dose interleukine-2 immunotherapy in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:54. [PMID: 37968718 PMCID: PMC10652426 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05821153, Registered April 20 2023, Retrospectively registered, https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS gov/ct2/show/NCT05821153.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Faridar
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6565 Fannin Street, Suite P3-201, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abdulmunaim M Eid
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6565 Fannin Street, Suite P3-201, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aaron D Thome
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6565 Fannin Street, Suite P3-201, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weihua Zhao
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6565 Fannin Street, Suite P3-201, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David R Beers
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6565 Fannin Street, Suite P3-201, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria B Pascual
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6565 Fannin Street, Suite P3-201, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mohammad O Nakawah
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6565 Fannin Street, Suite P3-201, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gustavo C Roman
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6565 Fannin Street, Suite P3-201, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Michael Grundman
- Global R&D Partners, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joseph C Masdeu
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6565 Fannin Street, Suite P3-201, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stanley H Appel
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6565 Fannin Street, Suite P3-201, Houston, TX, USA.
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13
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Orcutt-Jahns B, Emmel PC, Snyder EM, Taylor SD, Meyer AS. Multivalent, asymmetric IL-2-Fc fusions show enhanced selectivity for regulatory T cells. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eadg0699. [PMID: 37847758 PMCID: PMC10658882 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adg0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) has the potential to treat autoimmune disease but is limited by its modest specificity toward immunosuppressive regulatory T (Treg) cells. IL-2 receptors consist of combinations of α, β, and γ chains of variable affinity and cell specificity. Engineering IL-2 to treat autoimmunity has primarily focused on retaining binding to the relatively Treg-selective, high-affinity receptor while reducing binding to the less selective, low-affinity receptor. However, we found that refining the designs to focus on targeting the high-affinity receptor through avidity effects is key to optimizing Treg selectivity. We profiled the dynamics and dose dependency of signaling responses in primary human immune cells induced by engineered fusions composed of either wild-type IL-2 or mutant forms with altered affinity, valency, and fusion to the antibody Fc region for stability. Treg selectivity and signaling response variations were explained by a model of multivalent binding and dimer-enhanced avidity-a combined measure of the strength, number, and conformation of interaction sites-from which we designed tetravalent IL-2-Fc fusions that had greater Treg selectivity in culture than do current designs. Biasing avidity toward IL2Rα with an asymmetrical multivalent design consisting of one α/β chain-binding and one α chain-binding mutant further enhanced Treg selectivity. Comparative analysis revealed that IL2Rα was the optimal cell surface target for Treg selectivity, indicating that avidity for IL2Rα may be the optimal route to producing IL-2 variants that selectively target Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Orcutt-Jahns
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter C. Emmel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eli M. Snyder
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Scott D. Taylor
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aaron S. Meyer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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14
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Requejo Cier CJ, Valentini N, Lamarche C. Unlocking the potential of Tregs: innovations in CAR technology. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1267762. [PMID: 37900916 PMCID: PMC10602912 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1267762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) adoptive immunotherapy is emerging as a viable treatment option for both autoimmune and alloimmune diseases. However, numerous challenges remain, including limitations related to cell number, availability of target-specific cells, stability, purity, homing ability, and safety concerns. To address these challenges, cell engineering strategies have emerged as promising solutions. Indeed, it has become feasible to increase Treg numbers or enhance their stability through Foxp3 overexpression, post-translational modifications, or demethylation of the Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR). Specificity can be engineered by the addition of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), with new techniques designed to fine-tune specificity (tandem chimeric antigen receptors, universal chimeric antigen receptors, synNotch chimeric antigen receptors). The introduction of B-cell targeting antibody receptor (BAR) Tregs has paved the way for effective regulation of B cells and plasma cells. In addition, other constructs have emerged to enhance Tregs activation and function, such as optimized chimeric antigen receptors constructs and the use of armour proteins. Chimeric antigen receptor expression can also be better regulated to limit tonic signaling. Furthermore, various opportunities exist for enhancing the homing capabilities of CAR-Tregs to improve therapy outcomes. Many of these genetic modifications have already been explored for conventional CAR-T therapy but need to be further considered for CAR-Tregs therapies. This review highlights innovative CAR-engineering strategies that have the potential to precisely and efficiently manage immune responses in autoimmune diseases and improve transplant outcomes. As these strategies are further explored and optimized, CAR-Treg therapies may emerge as powerful tools for immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Requejo Cier
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Valentini
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Lamarche
- Department of Medicine, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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15
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Saleh QW, Mohammadnejad A, Tepel M. Lower levels of FOXP3 are associated with prolonged inflammatory responses in kidney transplant recipients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1252857. [PMID: 37771580 PMCID: PMC10525697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1252857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immunosuppressive treatment of kidney transplant recipients is mainly aimed at pro-inflammatory T effector cells, yet they also target the immunosuppressive T regulatory cells. Here, we test the hypothesis that low levels of the master gene regulator of T regulatory cells, forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) splice variants, are associated with prolonged inflammatory responses to stimuli. Methods From blood samples obtained the first - and 29th day post-transplant, we extracted peripheral blood mononuclear cells and measured mRNA levels of Total FOXP3, pre-mature RNA FOXP3 (pre-mRNA FOXP3), full length FOXP3 (FOXP3fl) and, FOXP3 splice variant excluding exon two (FOXP3d2). We defined the primary outcome as the number of days in which C reactive protein (CRP) was above 50 mg/L. CRP levels were gathered in two periods, the first from the second to 29 days post-transplant, and the second from 30 to 57 days post-transplant. The association was tested using adjusted negative binomial regression. Results From 507 included kidney transplant recipients, 382 recipients had at least one CRP measurement >50 mg/L in the first period, median duration of elevated CRP was 4 days [interquartile range (IQR) 2 to 6]. In the second period, 69 recipients had at least one CRP measurement >50 mg/L, median duration of elevated CRP was 3 days [IQR 2 to 5]. In the first period, we found a significant association between lower levels of Total FOXP3 and prolonged duration of CRP elevation, incidence rate ratio 0.61 (95% confidence interval 0.46-0.80), p<0.01. Conclusion Lower levels of total FOXP3 mRNA levels in peripheral blood of kidney transplant recipients are associated with prolonged duration of inflammatory responses regardless of the underlying stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qais W. Saleh
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Afsaneh Mohammadnejad
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Tepel
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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16
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Zhang M, Lam KP, Xu S. Natural Killer Cell Engagers (NKCEs): a new frontier in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1207276. [PMID: 37638058 PMCID: PMC10450036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1207276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are a type of innate lymphoid cells that play a crucial role in immunity by killing virally infected or tumor cells and secreting cytokines and chemokines. NK cell-mediated immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach for cancer treatment due to its safety and effectiveness. NK cell engagers (NKCEs), such as BiKE (bispecific killer cell engager) or TriKE (trispecific killer cell engager), are a novel class of antibody-based therapeutics that exhibit several advantages over other cancer immunotherapies harnessing NK cells. By bridging NK and tumor cells, NKCEs activate NK cells and lead to tumor cell lysis. A growing number of NKCEs are currently undergoing development, with some already in clinical trials. However, there is a need for more comprehensive studies to determine how the molecular design of NKCEs affects their functionality and manufacturability, which are crucial for their development as off-the-shelf drugs for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on NKCE development and discuss critical factors required for the production of effective NKCEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchuan Zhang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shengli Xu
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Muhammad S, Fan T, Hai Y, Gao Y, He J. Reigniting hope in cancer treatment: the promise and pitfalls of IL-2 and IL-2R targeting strategies. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:121. [PMID: 37516849 PMCID: PMC10385932 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and its receptor (IL-2R) are essential in orchestrating immune responses. Their function and expression in the tumor microenvironment make them attractive targets for immunotherapy, leading to the development of IL-2/IL-2R-targeted therapeutic strategies. However, the dynamic interplay between IL-2/IL-2R and various immune cells and their dual roles in promoting immune activation and tolerance presents a complex landscape for clinical exploitation. This review discusses the pivotal roles of IL-2 and IL-2R in tumorigenesis, shedding light on their potential as diagnostic and prognostic markers and their therapeutic manipulation in cancer. It underlines the necessity to balance the anti-tumor activity with regulatory T-cell expansion and evaluates strategies such as dose optimization and selective targeting for enhanced therapeutic effectiveness. The article explores recent advancements in the field, including developing genetically engineered IL-2 variants, combining IL-2/IL-2R-targeted therapies with other cancer treatments, and the potential benefits of a multidimensional approach integrating molecular profiling, immunological analyses, and clinical data. The review concludes that a deeper understanding of IL-2/IL-2R interactions within the tumor microenvironment is crucial for realizing the full potential of IL-2-based therapies, heralding the promise of improved outcomes for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Muhammad
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yang Hai
- Department of Children's and Adolescent Health, Public Health College of Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yibo Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
- Central Laboratory & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Precision Medicine for Cancers, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, 518116, China.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
- Central Laboratory & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Precision Medicine for Cancers, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, 518116, China.
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18
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Lin Z. More than a key-the pathological roles of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in COVID-19 related cardiac injury. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023:S2666-3376(23)00024-0. [PMID: 37361919 PMCID: PMC10062797 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac injury is common in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and cardiac abnormalities have been observed in a significant number of recovered COVID-19 patients, portending long-term health issues for millions of infected individuals. To better understand how Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, CoV-2 for short) damages the heart, it is critical to fully comprehend the biology of CoV-2 encoded proteins, each of which may play multiple pathological roles. For example, CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (CoV-2-S) not only engages angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) to mediate virus infection but also directly activates immune responses. In this work, the goal is to review the known pathological roles of CoV-2-S in the cardiovascular system, thereby shedding lights on the pathogenesis of COVID-19 related cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Lin
- Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker Street, Utica, NY, 13501, USA
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19
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Giardino G, Romano R, Lougaris V, Castagnoli R, Cillo F, Leonardi L, La Torre F, Soresina A, Federici S, Cancrini C, Pacillo L, Toriello E, Cinicola BL, Corrente S, Volpi S, Marseglia GL, Pignata C, Cardinale F. Immune tolerance breakdown in inborn errors of immunity: Paving the way to novel therapeutic approaches. Clin Immunol 2023; 251:109302. [PMID: 36967025 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Up to 25% of the patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) also exhibit immunodysregulatory features. The association of immune dysregulation and immunodeficiency may be explained by different mechanisms. The understanding of mechanisms underlying immune dysregulation in IEI has paved the way for the development of targeted treatments. In this review article, we will summarize the mechanisms of immune tolerance breakdown and the targeted therapeutic approaches to immune dysregulation in IEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Giardino
- Pediatric Section, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberta Romano
- Pediatric Section, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Vassilios Lougaris
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Castagnoli
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Cillo
- Pediatric Section, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Leonardi
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco La Torre
- Department of Pediatrics, Giovanni XXIII Pediatric Hospital, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Annarosa Soresina
- Unit of Pediatric Immunology, Pediatrics Clinic, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Federici
- Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Pacillo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Toriello
- Pediatric Section, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Bianca Laura Cinicola
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Volpi
- Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and Immunodeficiency, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Pediatric Section, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Cardinale
- Department of Pediatrics, Giovanni XXIII Pediatric Hospital, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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20
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Harris F, Berdugo YA, Tree T. IL-2-based approaches to Treg enhancement. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 211:149-163. [PMID: 36399073 PMCID: PMC10019135 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune homeostasis is heavily dependent on the action of regulatory T cells (Tregs) which act to suppress the activation of many immune cell types including autoreactive conventional T cells. A body of evidence has shown that Tregs are intrinsically defective in many common autoimmune diseases, and gene polymorphisms which increase the susceptibility of autoimmune disease development have implicated the interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling pathway as a key dysregulated mechanism. IL-2 is essential for Treg function and survival, and Tregs are highly sensitive to low levels of this cytokine in their environment. This review will revisit the rationale behind using low-dose IL-2 as a therapy to treat autoimmune diseases and evaluate the outcomes of trials to date. Furthermore, novel engineered IL-2 therapies with increased Treg specificity have shown promise in pre-clinical studies and human clinical trials for some agents have begun. Future studies will determine whether low-dose IL-2 or engineered IL-2 therapies can change the course of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ffion Harris
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Yoana Arroyo Berdugo
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Timothy Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust, King’s College London, London, UK
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21
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Dhawan M, Rabaan AA, Fawarah MMA, Almuthree SA, Alsubki RA, Alfaraj AH, Mashraqi MM, Alshamrani SA, Abduljabbar WA, Alwashmi ASS, Ibrahim FA, Alsaleh AA, Khamis F, Alsalman J, Sharma M, Emran TB. Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:101. [PMID: 36679947 PMCID: PMC9861463 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 and their abilities to evade the immune response elicited through presently available vaccination makes it essential to recognize the mechanisms through which SARS-CoV-2 interacts with the human immune response. It is essential not only to comprehend the infection mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 but also for the generation of effective and reliable vaccines against COVID-19. The effectiveness of the vaccine is supported by the adaptive immune response, which mainly consists of B and T cells, which play a critical role in deciding the prognosis of the COVID-19 disease. T cells are essential for reducing the viral load and containing the infection. A plethora of viral proteins can be recognized by T cells and provide a broad range of protection, especially amid the emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2. However, the hyperactivation of the effector T cells and reduced number of lymphocytes have been found to be the key characteristics of the severe disease. Notably, excessive T cell activation may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by producing unwarranted and excessive amounts of cytokines and chemokines. Nevertheless, it is still unknown how T-cell-mediated immune responses function in determining the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, it is unknown how the functional perturbations in the T cells lead to the severe form of the disease and to reduced protection not only against SARS-CoV-2 but many other viral infections. Hence, an updated review has been developed to understand the involvement of T cells in the infection mechanism, which in turn determines the prognosis of the disease. Importantly, we have also focused on the T cells' exhaustion under certain conditions and how these functional perturbations can be modulated for an effective immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, a range of therapeutic strategies has been discussed that can elevate the T cell-mediated immune response either directly or indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
- Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud M. Al Fawarah
- Microbiology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Souad A. Almuthree
- Department of Infectious Disease, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 43442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua A. Alsubki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal H. Alfaraj
- Pediatric Department, Abqaiq General Hospital, First Eastern Health Cluster, Abqaiq 33261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mutaib M. Mashraqi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Alshamrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wesam A. Abduljabbar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Science, Jeddah 21134, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameen S. S. Alwashmi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Al Ibrahim
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam 32245, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmonem A. Alsaleh
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faryal Khamis
- Infection Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Royal Hospital, Muscat 1331, Oman
| | - Jameela Alsalman
- Infection Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama 435, Bahrain
| | - Manish Sharma
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
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22
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Jiang J, Wang Y, Deng M. New developments and opportunities in drugs being trialed for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from 2020 to 2022. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1054006. [PMID: 36518658 PMCID: PMC9742490 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1054006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. In the recent past, there have been just two drugs approved for treatment, riluzole and edaravone, which only prolong survival by a few months. However, there are many novel experimental drugs in development. In this review, we summarize 53 new drugs that have been evaluated in clinical trials from 2020 to 2022, which we have classified into eight mechanistic groups (anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-excitotoxicity, regulated integrated stress response, neurotrophic factors and neuroprotection, anti-aggregation, gene therapy and other). Six were tested in phase 1 studies, 31 were in phase 2 studies, three failed in phase 3 studies and stopped further development, and the remaining 13 drugs were being tested in phase 3 studies, including methylcobalamin, masitinib, MN-166, verdiperstat, memantine, AMX0035, trazodone, CNM-Au8, pridopidine, SLS-005, IONN363, tofersen, and reldesemtiv. Among them, five drugs, including methylcobalamin, masitinib, AMX0035, CNM-Au8, and tofersen, have shown potent therapeutic effects in clinical trials. Recently, AMX0035 has been the third medicine approved by the FDA for the treatment of ALS after riluzole and edaravone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Min Deng
- Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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23
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Rial Saborido J, Völkl S, Aigner M, Mackensen A, Mougiakakos D. Role of CAR T Cell Metabolism for Therapeutic Efficacy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5442. [PMID: 36358860 PMCID: PMC9658570 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells hold enormous potential. However, a substantial proportion of patients receiving CAR T cells will not reach long-term full remission. One of the causes lies in their premature exhaustion, which also includes a metabolic anergy of adoptively transferred CAR T cells. T cell phenotypes that have been shown to be particularly well suited for CAR T cell therapy display certain metabolic characteristics; whereas T-stem cell memory (TSCM) cells, characterized by self-renewal and persistence, preferentially meet their energetic demands through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), effector T cells (TEFF) rely on glycolysis to support their cytotoxic function. Various parameters of CAR T cell design and manufacture co-determine the metabolic profile of the final cell product. A co-stimulatory 4-1BB domain promotes OXPHOS and formation of central memory T cells (TCM), while T cells expressing CARs with CD28 domains predominantly utilize aerobic glycolysis and differentiate into effector memory T cells (TEM). Therefore, modification of CAR co-stimulation represents one of the many strategies currently being investigated for improving CAR T cells' metabolic fitness and survivability within a hostile tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we will focus on the role of CAR T cell metabolism in therapeutic efficacy together with potential targets of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Rial Saborido
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität and University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Völkl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität and University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Aigner
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität and University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität and University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität and University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität and University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität and University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Center, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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24
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IL-2K35C-moFA, a Long-Acting Engineered Cytokine with Decreased Interleukin 2 Receptor α Binding, Improved the Cellular Selectivity Profile and Antitumor Efficacy in a Mouse Tumor Model. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194742. [PMID: 36230665 PMCID: PMC9563011 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The application of IL-2 for treating cancer is limited owing to its toxicity and short half-life. Its high binding ability to IL-2 receptor α expands immunosuppressive Treg cells, which represents an undesirable toxicity in cancer immunotherapy. Moreover, its small molecular size is the reason for its short half-life. We solved these problems by using a covalent modification strategy of IL-2 variant IL-2K35C with fatty acid by maleimide chemistry, namely, IL-2K35C-moFA. The experiments performed in vitro and in vivo proved that IL-2K35C-moFA is a novel immunotherapeutic agent with the potential to selectively stimulate CD8+ T cells and NK cells. Compared to IL-2WT, IL-2K35C-moFA showed a specifically reduced potency for the stimulation of Treg cells. Our results also showed that fatty acid conjugation appears to be effective in half-life extension. The combination of selective lymphocyte expansion and its long half-life means IL-2K35C-moFA should be evaluated as a potential human immunotherapeutic in the future. Abstract Human interleukin 2 (IL-2) has shown impressive results as a therapeutic agent for cancer. However, IL-2-based cancer therapy is limited by strong Treg amplification owing to its high binding affinity to IL-2 receptor α (IL-2Rα) and its short half-life owing to its small molecular size. In this study, we solved these problems using a covalent modification strategy of the IL-2 variant, i.e., substituting cysteine (C) for lysine (K) at position 35, using octadecanedicarboxylic acid through maleimide chemistry, creating IL-2K35C-moFA. IL-2K35C-moFA was equipotent to human IL-2 wild type (IL-2WT) in activating tumor-killing CD8+ memory effector T cells (CD8+ T) and NK cells bearing the intermediate affinity IL-2 receptors, and less potent than IL-2WT on CTLL-2 cells bearing the high-affinity IL-2 receptors. Moreover, it was shown to support the preferential activation of IL-2 receptor β (IL-2Rβ) over IL-2Rα because of the mutation and fatty acid conjugation. In a B16F10 murine tumor model, IL-2K35C-moFA showed efficacy as a single dose and provided durable immunity for 1 week. Our results support the further evaluation of IL-2K35C-moFA as a novel cancer immunotherapy.
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25
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Ha R, Keynan Y, Rueda ZV. Increased susceptibility to pneumonia due to tumour necrosis factor inhibition and prospective immune system rescue via immunotherapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:980868. [PMID: 36159650 PMCID: PMC9489861 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.980868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulators such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are used to treat autoimmune conditions by reducing the magnitude of the innate immune response. Dampened innate responses pose an increased risk of new infections by opportunistic pathogens and reactivation of pre-existing latent infections. The alteration in immune response predisposes to increased severity of infections. TNF inhibitors are used to treat autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, transplant recipients, and inflammatory bowel disease. The efficacies of immunomodulators are shown to be varied, even among those that target the same pathways. Monoclonal antibody-based TNF inhibitors have been shown to induce stronger immunosuppression when compared to their receptor-based counterparts. The variability in activity also translates to differences in risk for infection, moreover, parallel, or sequential use of immunosuppressive drugs and corticosteroids makes it difficult to accurately attribute the risk of infection to a single immunomodulatory drug. Among recipients of TNF inhibitors, Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been shown to be responsible for 12.5-59% of all infections; Pneumocystis jirovecii has been responsible for 20% of all non-viral infections; and Legionella pneumophila infections occur at 13-21 times the rate of the general population. This review will outline the mechanism of immune modulation caused by TNF inhibitors and how they predispose to infection with a focus on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella pneumophila, and Pneumocystis jirovecii. This review will then explore and evaluate how other immunomodulators and host-directed treatments influence these infections and the severity of the resulting infection to mitigate or treat TNF inhibitor-associated infections alongside antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Ha
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Community-Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Zulma Vanessa Rueda
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin, Colombia
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26
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Naoun AA, Raphael I, Forsthuber TG. Immunoregulation via Cell Density and Quorum Sensing-like Mechanisms: An Underexplored Emerging Field with Potential Translational Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152442. [PMID: 35954285 PMCID: PMC9368058 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) was historically described as a mechanism by which bacteria detect and optimize their population density via gene regulation based on dynamic environmental cues. Recently, it was proposed that QS or similar mechanisms may have broader applications across different species and cell types. Indeed, emerging evidence shows that the mammalian immune system can also elicit coordinated responses on a population level to regulate cell density and function, thus suggesting that QS-like mechanisms may also be a beneficial trait of the immune system. In this review, we explore and discuss potential QS-like mechanisms deployed by the immune system to coordinate cellular-level responses, such as T cell responses mediated via the common gamma chain (γc) receptor cytokines and the aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs). We present evidence regarding a novel role of QS as a multifunctional mechanism coordinating CD4+ and CD8+ T cell behavior during steady state and in response to infection, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Successful clinical therapies such as adoptive cell transfer for cancer treatment may be re-evaluated to harness the effects of the QS mechanism(s) and enhance treatment responsiveness. Moreover, we discuss how signaling threshold perturbations through QS-like mediators may result in disturbances of the complex crosstalk between immune cell populations, undesired T cell responses, and induction of autoimmune pathology. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic role of modulating immune-system-related QS as a promising avenue to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A. Naoun
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Itay Raphael
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA
- Correspondence: (I.R.); (T.G.F.)
| | - Thomas G. Forsthuber
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Correspondence: (I.R.); (T.G.F.)
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27
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Mishra R, Saha P, Datla SR, Mellacheruvu P, Gunasekaran M, Guru SA, Fu X, Chen L, Bolli R, Sharma S, Kaushal S. Transplanted allogeneic cardiac progenitor cells secrete GDF-15 and stimulate an active immune remodeling process in the ischemic myocardium. J Transl Med 2022; 20:323. [PMID: 35864544 PMCID: PMC9306063 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite promising results in clinical studies, the mechanism for the beneficial effects of allogenic cell-based therapies remains unclear. Macrophages are not only critical mediators of inflammation but also critical players in cardiac remodeling. We hypothesized that transplanted allogenic rat cardiac progenitor cells (rCPCs) augment T-regulatory cells which ultimately promote proliferation of M2 like macrophages by an as-yet undefined mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS To test this hypothesis, we used crossover rat strains for exploring the mechanism of myocardial repair by allogenic CPCs. Human CPCs (hCPCs) were isolated from adult patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, and rat CPCs (rCPCs) were isolated from male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat hearts. Allogenic rCPCs suppressed the proliferation of T-cells observed in mixed lymphocyte reactions in vitro. Transplanted syngeneic or allogeneic rCPCs significantly increased cardiac function in a rat myocardial infarct (MI) model, whereas xenogeneic CPCs did not. Allogeneic rCPCs stimulated immunomodulatory responses by specifically increasing T-regulatory cells and M2 polarization, while maintaining their cardiac recovery potential and safety profile. Mechanistically, we confirmed the inactivation of NF-kB in Treg cells and increased M2 macrophages in the myocardium after MI by transplanted CPCs derived GDF15 and it's uptake by CD48 receptor on immune cells. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings strongly support the active immunomodulatory properties and robust therapeutic potential of allogenic CPCs in post-MI cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Mishra
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.413808.60000 0004 0388 2248Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Progyaparamita Saha
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.413808.60000 0004 0388 2248Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Srinivasa Raju Datla
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Pranav Mellacheruvu
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Muthukumar Gunasekaran
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.413808.60000 0004 0388 2248Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Sameer Ahmad Guru
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.413808.60000 0004 0388 2248Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Xubin Fu
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.413808.60000 0004 0388 2248Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ling Chen
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.413808.60000 0004 0388 2248Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Roberto Bolli
- grid.266623.50000 0001 2113 1622Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA
| | - Sudhish Sharma
- Department of Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Sunjay Kaushal
- Department of Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.
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28
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Wang S, Qin P, Zhang F, Liu J. A review of the literature on randomized controlled trials of acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic-pain syndrome within 2016–2021. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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29
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Radovani B, Gudelj I. N-Glycosylation and Inflammation; the Not-So-Sweet Relation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:893365. [PMID: 35833138 PMCID: PMC9272703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is the main feature of many long-term inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. There is a growing number of studies in which alterations of N-glycosylation have been observed in many pathophysiological conditions, yet studies of the underlying mechanisms that precede N-glycome changes are still sparse. Proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to alter the substrate synthesis pathways as well as the expression of glycosyltransferases required for the biosynthesis of N-glycans. The resulting N-glycosylation changes can further contribute to disease pathogenesis through modulation of various aspects of immune cell processes, including those relevant to pathogen recognition and fine-tuning the inflammatory response. This review summarizes our current knowledge of inflammation-induced N-glycosylation changes, with a particular focus on specific subsets of immune cells of innate and adaptive immunity and how these changes affect their effector functions, cell interactions, and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Radovani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ivan Gudelj
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
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30
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Duarte I, de Souza MCM, Curinga RM, Mendonça HM, de Lacerda de Oliveira L, Milenkovic D, Hassimotto NMA, Costa AM, Malaquias JV, Dos Santos Borges TK. Effect of Passiflora setacea juice and its phenolic metabolites on insulin resistance markers in overweight individuals and on microglial cell activity. Food Funct 2022; 13:6498-6509. [PMID: 35621054 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04334j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Passiflora setacea (PS) is a species of wild Brazilian passion fruit, rich in bioactive compounds. Scientific evidence suggests that food rich in polyphenols can modulate inflammation, thereby playing an important role in preventing chronic non-communicable diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (DT2) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This study aimed to investigate the effect of PS consumption on metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in overweight male volunteers and to identify the underlying mechanism of action using an in vitro study using phenolic metabolites isolated from the plasma of volunteers at physiologically relevant concentrations. Volunteers participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled (PB) study with two phases: phase I (acute study) and phase II (chronic study). In phase I, 15 volunteers ingested a single dose of 50 g, 150 g of PS pulp and PB in three different interventions. In phase II, nine volunteers ingested 50 g of PS or PB for 14 days. Blood samples were collected before (T0 h) and 3 h (T3 h) (phase I) or 15 days after (phase II) ingestion of PS or PB. Blood biochemical markers, HOMA IR, and inflammatory markers were analyzed and data on BMI, waist circumference, and consumption of polyphenol-rich foods were collected. Phenolic metabolites were extracted from plasma by solid-phase separation and were used to treat BV-2 cells stimulated by LPS or anacardic acid to assess p50, p65 and PPAR-γ activation. It was observed that the consumption of a single dose of PS juice significantly reduced basal insulin levels and HOMA IR. After prolonged consumption for two weeks, PS contributed to the reduction of circulating levels of IL-6. BV-2 cells treated with PS phenolic metabolites showed increased PPAR-γ activity, which resulted in an anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effect of PS metabolites. In conclusion, PS juice consumption exerts beneficial effects on inflammatory markers in overweight individuals, being a possible and important tool in the prevention of T2D and CVD in risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Duarte
- Postgraduate Program in Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70.910-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Carolina Miranda de Souza
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70.910-900, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Moura Curinga
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70.910-900, Brazil
| | - Henrique Matos Mendonça
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70.910-900, Brazil
| | - Livia de Lacerda de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70.910-900, Brazil.
| | - Dragan Milenkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Neuza Mariko Aymoto Hassimotto
- Food Research Center (FoRC-CEPID) and Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Costa
- Embrapa Cerrados, BR 020, Km18, Laboratory of Food Science, Planaltina, DF, 73.310-970, Brazil
| | - Juaci Vitorio Malaquias
- Embrapa Cerrados, BR 020, Km18, Laboratory of Food Science, Planaltina, DF, 73.310-970, Brazil
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31
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Establishment of a novel myocarditis mouse model based on cyclosporine A. Genes Genomics 2022; 44:1593-1605. [PMID: 35666459 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-022-01267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocarditis is a myocardial injury that can easily cause adolescent death. Traditional research models of animal invasion with viral components, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or porcine myocardial myosin, among others, have the shortcomings of potential biological safety hazards and high animal mortality. OBJECTIVE To explore the construction of a novel myocarditis model with cyclosporine A and the potential genes and pathways associated with it. METHODS BALB/c mice were used in this study, and cyclosporin A and LPS were injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice. The successful establishment of the model was assessed by detecting serum myocardial injury markers and inflammatory factors levels, HE, IHC staining, and RT-qPCR methods. Key genes were obtained using the GSE35182 dataset from the GEO database and validated with the RT-qPCR method. RESULTS We found that a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated the myocardium of mice in each group of Cyclosporin A constructed model, while the expression of inflammatory factor indicators was increased, and this model has the characteristics of high degree of local inflammation in myocardial tissue, low mortality, and safe and non-toxic treatment. Using GSE35182 data, we selected 18 Hub genes and validated Hub genes in myocardial tissue with RT-qPCR and found that multiple signaling pathways such as Toll-likereceptor signaling pathway(TLRs), Rap1 signal pathway(Rap1), and Chemokine signaling pathway may be involved in the development of myocarditis. CONCLUSION Cyclosporin A can construct a new myocarditis model, and TLRs, Chemokines and Rap1 signaling pathways may be the core pathways of myocarditis.
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Weiß E, Ramos GC, Delgobo M. Myocardial-Treg Crosstalk: How to Tame a Wolf. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914033. [PMID: 35693830 PMCID: PMC9176752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a vital role in maintaining tissue integrity and organismal homeostasis. The sudden stress caused by myocardial infarction (MI) poses a significant challenge for the immune system: it must quickly substitute dead myocardial with fibrotic tissue while controlling overt inflammatory responses. In this review, we will discuss the central role of myocardial regulatory T-cells (Tregs) in orchestrating tissue repair processes and controlling local inflammation in the context of MI. We herein compile recent advances enabled by the use of transgenic mouse models with defined cardiac antigen specificity, explore whole-heart imaging techniques, outline clinical studies and summarize deep-phenotyping conducted by independent labs using single-cell transcriptomics and T-cell repertoire analysis. Furthermore, we point to multiple mechanisms and cell types targeted by Tregs in the infarcted heart, ranging from pro-fibrotic responses in mesenchymal cells to local immune modulation in myeloid and lymphoid lineages. We also discuss how both cardiac-specific and polyclonal Tregs participate in MI repair. In addition, we consider intriguing novel evidence on how the myocardial milieu takes control of potentially auto-aggressive local immune reactions by shaping myosin-specific T-cell development towards a regulatory phenotype. Finally, we examine the potential use of Treg manipulating drugs in the clinic after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Weiß
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gustavo Campos Ramos
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Murilo Delgobo
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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B cells in autoimmune hepatitis: bystanders or central players? Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:411-427. [PMID: 35488094 PMCID: PMC9256567 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00937-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B cells are central for the adaptive immune system to mount successful immune responses not only as antibody producers but also as regulators of cellular immunity. These multifaceted features are also reflected in autoimmunity where autoreactive B cells can fuel disease by production of cytotoxic autoantibodies, presentation of autoantigens to autoreactive T cells, and secretion of cytokines and chemokines that either promote detrimental immune activation or impair regulatory T and B cells. The role of B cells and autoantibodies in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) have been controversially discussed, with typical autoantibodies and hypergammaglobulinemia indicating a key role, while strong HLA class II association suggests T cells as key players. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on B cells in AIH and how different B cell subpopulations may drive AIH progression beyond autoantibodies. We also discuss recent findings of B cell-directed therapies in AIH.
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Han Y, Bian ZH, Yang SY, Wang CB, Li L, Yang YQ, Ansari AA, Gershwin ME, Zeng X, Lian ZX, Zhao ZB. Single-Cell Characterization of Hepatic CD8 + T Cells in a Murine Model of Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:860311. [PMID: 35514982 PMCID: PMC9065443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.860311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), an organ-specific autoimmune disease, is characterized by injury to small bile ducts, inflammatory cell infiltrates within the liver, progressive cholestasis, and in some cases, cirrhosis with unclear pathogenesis. We aimed to clarify the importance role of hepatic immunce cells in the pathogenesis of human and experimental PBC.The dominant-negative TGFβ receptor type II transgenic (dnTGFβRII) mice, a well-studied and established murine model of PBC were used to identify changes of immune cells, especially the pathogenic CD8+ T cells. The high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing technology were applied and found functional heterogeneity among the hepatic CD8+ T cells subsets in dnTGFβRII mice. CD8+ T cells were confirmed the key cells leading to the pathogenesis of PBC in dnTGFβRII mice, and identified the terminally differentiated CD8αα T cells and CD8αβ T cell subsets in the liver of dnTGFβRII mice. While terminally differentiated CD8αα T cells have higher cytokine production ability and cytotoxicity, the terminally differentiated CD8αβ T cells retain their proliferative profile. Our work suggests that there are developmental and differentiated trajectories of pathogenic CD8+ T cell subsets in the pathogenesis of PBC. A further clarification of their roles would be helpful to our understanding of the pathogenesis of PBC and may potentially lead to identifying novel therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Han
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Bian
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Yu Yang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Wang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Li
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Qing Yang
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Zhao
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Yoon YN, Lee E, Kwon YJ, Gim JA, Kim TJ, Kim JS. PI3Kδ/γ inhibitor BR101801 extrinsically potentiates effector CD8 + T cell-dependent antitumor immunity and abscopal effect after local irradiation. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003762. [PMID: 35288465 PMCID: PMC8921929 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy enhances antitumor immunity. However, it also induces immunosuppressive responses, which are major hurdles for an effective treatment. Thus, targeting the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment is essential for enhancing the antitumor immunity after radiotherapy. Retrospective studies show that a blockade of PI3Kδ and/or γ, which are abundant in leukocytes, exhibits antitumor immune response by attenuating activity of immune suppressive cells, however, the single blockade of PI3Kδ or γ is not sufficient to completely eliminate solid tumor. METHODS We used BR101801, PI3Kδ/γ inhibitor in the CT-26 syngeneic mouse model with a subcutaneously implanted tumor. BR101801 was administered daily, and the target tumor site was locally irradiated. We monitored the tumor growth regularly and evaluated the immunological changes using flow cytometry, ELISpot, and transcriptional analysis. RESULTS This study showed that BR101801 combined with irradiation promotes systemic antitumor immunity and abscopal response by attenuating the activity of immune suppressive cells in the CT-26 tumor model. BR101801 combined with irradiation systemically reduced the proliferation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and enhanced the number of tumor-specific CD8α+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment, thereby leading to tumor regression. Furthermore, the high ratio of CD8α+ T cells to Tregs was maintained for 14 days after irradiation, resulting in remote tumor regression in metastatic lesions, the so-called abscopal effect. Moreover, our transcriptomic analysis showed that BR101801 combined with irradiation promoted the immune-stimulatory tumor microenvironment, suggesting that the combined therapy converts immunologically cold tumors into hot one. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest the first evidence that PI3Kδ/γ inhibition combined with irradiation promotes systemic antitumor immunity against solid tumors, providing the preclinical result of the potential use of PI3Kδ/γ inhibitor as an immune-regulatory radiosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Na Yoon
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, The Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, The Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ju Kwon
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, The Republic of Korea.,Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, The Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-An Gim
- Medical Science Research Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, The Republic of Korea .,Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, The Republic of Korea
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Mitchell AM, Michels AW. Self-Antigens Targeted by Regulatory T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3155. [PMID: 35328581 PMCID: PMC8954990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While progress has been made toward understanding mechanisms that lead to the development of autoimmunity, there is less knowledge regarding protective mechanisms from developing such diseases. For example, in type 1 diabetes (T1D), the immune-mediated form of diabetes, the role of pathogenic T cells in the destruction of pancreatic islets is well characterized, but immune-mediated mechanisms that contribute to T1D protection have not been fully elucidated. One potential protective mechanism includes the suppression of immune responses by regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) that recognize self-peptides from islets presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules. In this review, we summarize what is known about the antigenic self-peptides recognized by Tregs in the context of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron W. Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
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Fang H, Knight JC. Priority index: database of genetic targets in immune-mediated disease. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:D1358-D1367. [PMID: 34751399 PMCID: PMC8728240 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a comprehensive and unique database 'Priority index' (Pi; http://pi.well.ox.ac.uk) of prioritized genes encoding potential therapeutic targets that encompasses all major immune-mediated diseases. We provide targets at the gene level, each receiving a 5-star rating supported by: genomic evidence arising from disease genome-wide associations and functional immunogenomics, annotation evidence using ontologies restricted to genes with genomic evidence, and network evidence from protein interactions. Target genes often act together in related molecular pathways. The underlying Pi approach is unique in identifying a network of highly rated genes that mediate pathway crosstalk. In the Pi website, disease-centric pages are specially designed to enable the users to browse a complete list of prioritized genes and also a manageable list of nodal genes at the pathway crosstalk level; both switchable by clicks. Moreover, target genes are cross-referenced and supported using additional information, particularly regarding tractability, including druggable pockets viewed in 3D within protein structures. Target genes highly rated across diseases suggest drug repurposing opportunity, while genes in a particular disease reveal disease-specific targeting potential. To facilitate the ease of such utility, cross-disease comparisons involving multiple diseases are also supported. This facility, together with the faceted search, enhances integrative mining of the Pi resource to accelerate early-stage therapeutic target identification and validation leveraging human genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Fang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Centre for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Julian C Knight
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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Ye XJ, Xu R, Liu SY, Hu B, Shi ZJ, Shi FL, Zeng B, Xu LH, Huang YT, Chen MY, Zha QB, He XH, Ouyang DY. Taraxasterol mitigates Con A-induced hepatitis in mice by suppressing interleukin-2 expression and its signaling in T lymphocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 102:108380. [PMID: 34848154 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of anti-inflammatory drugs that can suppress T lymphocyte activation and proliferation by inhibiting TCR/CD3 and IL-2/IL-2R signaling is still needed in clinic, though rapamycin and other related reagents have made great success. Taraxasterol (TAS) is an active ingredient of dandelion, an anti-inflammatory medicinal herb with low in vivo toxicity that has long been used in China. Yet the action mechanism of TAS on lymphocytes remains elusive. The anti-inflammatory effects of TAS were evaluated in C57BL/6 mouse primary lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) in vitro and in mouse model of Con A-induced acute hepatitis in vivo. Our results showed that TAS significantly suppressed Con A-induced acute hepatitis in a mouse model, reducing the hepatic necrosis areas, the release of aminotransferases, and the production of IL-2 and other inflammatory cytokines. Supporting this, in vitro study also showed that TAS reduced the production of IL-2 and the expression of IL-2 receptor subunit α (CD25) upon the stimulation of Con A, which was likely mediated by suppressing NF-κB activation. The downstream pathways of IL-2/IL-2R signaling, including the activation of PI3K/PDK1/mTOR, STAT3 and STAT5, were also suppressed by TAS. Consistently, Con A-induced T cell proliferation was also inhibited by TAS in vitro. Our data indicate that TAS can suppress both T lymphocyte activation and cell proliferation by down-regulating IL-2 expression and its signaling pathway thereby ameliorating Con A-induced acute hepatitis, highlighting TAS as a potential drug candidate for treating inflammatory diseases including autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-Jia Ye
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Si-Ying Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zi-Jian Shi
- Department of Fetal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Fu-Li Shi
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Li-Hui Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yuan-Ting Huang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ming-Ye Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qing-Bing Zha
- Department of Fetal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xian-Hui He
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Dong-Yun Ouyang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Saleh OM, Albakri KA, Alabdallat YJ, Dajani MH, El Gazzar WB. The safety and efficacy of CAR-T cells in the treatment of prostate cancer: review. Biomarkers 2021; 27:22-34. [PMID: 34882051 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2021.2016973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A new breakthrough development in cancer treatment is chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. In this review, we focussed on its efficacy & safety in prostate cancer, obstacles impeding its clinical use, and some strategies trying to overcome them. METHODS Searching for relevant articles was done using the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases. Studies had to be published in full-text in English in order to be considered. RESULTS Many factors can limit optimal CAR-T cell outcomes, including the hostile Prostate microenvironment, age, comorbidities, and tumour grade. The adverse effects of the therapy, particularly the cytokine release syndrome, are a major source of worry after treatment administration. Attempts to alter gamma/delta T-cells and NK cells with CAR, on the other hand, have demonstrated higher effectiveness and safety than conventional CAR-T cells. CONCLUSION To improve the use of immunotherapies, a greater understanding of the prostate cancer microenvironment is required. Concerning toxicity, more research is needed to find the most specific and highly expressed prostate antigens. Furthermore, discovering predictive biomarkers for toxicities, as well as choosing the correct patient for therapy, might decrease immune-related side effects and achieve a greater response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Majd Hamdi Dajani
- Medical Student, Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Walaa Bayoumie El Gazzar
- Department of Basic medical sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and molecular biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha city, Egypt
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de Araújo Esteves Duarte I, Milenkovic D, Borges TK, de Lacerda de Oliveira L, Costa AM. Brazilian passion fruit as a new healthy food: from its composition to health properties and mechanisms of action. Food Funct 2021; 12:11106-11120. [PMID: 34651638 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01976g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Brazilian biodiversity is one of the largest in the world, with about 41 000 species cataloged within two global biodiversity hotspots: Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, the Brazilian savannah. Passiflora, known also as passion flowers, is a genus of which 96% of its species are distributed in the Americas, mainly Brazil and Colombia. Passion fruit extracts have a commercial value on a global scale through the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, self-care, and food and beverage industries. Passiflora are widely studied due to their potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, antidepressant and vascular and neuronal protective effects, probably owing to their content of polyphenols. Passiflora setacea DC is a species of wild passion fruit from the Brazilian Cerrado, rich in flavonoid C-glycosides, homoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin and orientin. Intake of these plant food bioactives has been associated with protection against chronic non-communicable diseases (CNDCs), including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aimed to discuss the varieties of Passiflora, their content in plant food bioactives and their potential molecular mechanisms of action in preventing or reversing CNDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella de Araújo Esteves Duarte
- Postgraduate Program in Human Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasilia, Brasília DF 70.910-900, Brazil.
| | - Dragan Milenkovic
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tatiana Karla Borges
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasília DF 70.910-900, Brazil
| | - Livia de Lacerda de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Human Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasilia, Brasília DF 70.910-900, Brazil.
| | - Ana Maria Costa
- Laboratory of Food Science, Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina DF 73.310-970, Brazil
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Anderson RP. Emergence of an adaptive immune paradigm to explain celiac disease: a perspective on new evidence and implications for future interventions and diagnosis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 18:75-91. [PMID: 34767744 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.2006636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent patient studies have shown that gluten-free diet is less effective in treating celiac disease than previously believed, and additionally patients remain vulnerable to gluten-induced acute symptoms and systemic cytokine release. Safe and effective pharmacological adjuncts to gluten-free diet are in preclinical and clinical development. Clear understanding of the pathogenesis of celiac disease is critical for drug target identification, establishing efficacy endpoints and to develop non-invasive biomarkers suitable to monitor and potentially diagnose celiac disease. AREAS COVERED The role and clinical effects of CD4+ T cells directed against deamidated gluten in the context of an "adaptive immune paradigm" are reviewed. Alternative hypotheses of gluten toxicity are discussed and contrasted. In the context of recent patient studies, implications of the adaptive immune paradigm for future strategies to prevent, diagnose, and treat celiac disease are outlined. EXPERT OPINION Effective therapeutics for celiac disease are likely to be approved and necessitate a variety of new clinical instruments and tests to stratify patient need, monitor remission, and confirm diagnosis in uncertain cases. Sensitive assessments of CD4+ T cells specific for deamidated gluten are likely to play a central role in clinical management, and to facilitate research and pharmaceutical development.
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Vergani D, Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli B, Mieli-Vergani G. A reasoned approach to the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Dig Liver Dis 2021; 53:1381-1393. [PMID: 34162505 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2021.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease affecting all ages, characterised by elevated transaminase and immunoglobulin G levels, positive autoantibodies, interface hepatitis on histology and good response to immunosuppressive treatment. If untreated, it has a poor prognosis. The aim of this review is to analyse AIH therapeutic interventions with reference to our knowledge of the pathogenesis of AIH. Standard treatment, based on steroids and azathioprine, leads to disease remission in 80-90% of patients. Alternative first-line treatment with budesonide is effective in adults, but less so in the juvenile form of AIH; first-line treatment with ciclosporin does not provide convincing advantages compared to standard treatment. Second-line treatments are needed for patients not responding or intolerant to first-line standard management. Mycophenolate mofetil is the most widely used second-line drug, and has good efficacy particularly for patients intolerant to azathioprine, but is teratogenic. Only few and heterogeneous data on calcineurin inhibitors and m-TOR inhibitors are available. Biologicals, including anti-tumour necrosis factor- α and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, have given ambivalent results and may have severe side-effects. Clinical trials with new therapeutic options aiming at targeting B lymphocytes and proinflammatory cytokines, or expanding regulatory T cells to restore tolerance are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Vergani
- King's College London Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK; Institute of Liver Studies, MowatLabs, King's College Hospital, London, UK; Epatocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Benedetta Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli
- Institute of Liver Studies, MowatLabs, King's College Hospital, London, UK; Epatocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Switzerland
| | - Giorgina Mieli-Vergani
- King's College London Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK; Epatocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland; Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, MowatLabs, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
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Zoldan K, Ehrlich S, Killmer S, Wild K, Smits M, Russ M, Globig AM, Hofmann M, Thimme R, Boettler T. Th1-Biased Hepatitis C Virus-Specific Follicular T Helper-Like Cells Effectively Support B Cells After Antiviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742061. [PMID: 34659236 PMCID: PMC8514946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating Th1-biased follicular T helper (cTfh1) cells have been associated with antibody responses to viral infection and after vaccination but their B cell helper functionality is less understood. After viral elimination, Tfh1 cells are the dominant subset within circulating Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-specific CD4 T cells, but their functional capacity is currently unknown. To address this important point, we established a clone-based system to evaluate CD4 T cell functionality in vitro to overcome experimental limitations associated with their low frequencies. Specifically, we analyzed the transcription factor expression, cytokine secretion and B cell help in co-culture assays of HCV- (n = 18) and influenza-specific CD4 T cell clones (n = 5) in comparison to Tfh (n = 26) and Th1 clones (n = 15) with unknown antigen-specificity derived from healthy donors (n = 4) or direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-treated patients (n = 5). The transcription factor expression and cytokine secretion patterns of HCV-specific CD4 T cell clones indicated a Tfh1 phenotype, with expression of T-bet and Bcl6 and production of IFN-γ and IL-21. Their B helper capacity was superior compared to influenza-specific or Tfh and Th1 clones. Moreover, since Tfh cells are enriched in the IFN-rich milieu of the HCV-infected liver, we investigated the impact of IFN exposure on Tfh phenotype and function. Type I IFN exposure was able to introduce similar phenotypic and functional characteristics in the Tfh cell population within PBMCs or Tfh clones in vitro in line with our finding that Tfh cells are elevated in HCV-infected patients shortly after initiation of IFN-α therapy. Collectively, we were able to functionally characterize HCV-specific CD4 T cells in vitro and not only confirmed a Tfh1 phenotype but observed superior Tfh functionality despite their Th1 bias. Furthermore, our results suggest that chronic type I IFN exposure supports the enrichment of highly functional HCV-specific Tfh-like cells during HCV infection. Thus, HCV-specific Tfh-like cells after DAA therapy may be a promising target for future vaccination design aiming to introduce a neutralizing antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Zoldan
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Ehrlich
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Killmer
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Wild
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Smits
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marissa Russ
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Globig
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Deer E, Amaral LM, Campbell N, Fitzgerald S, Herrock O, Ibrahim T, LaMarca B. Low Dose of IL-2 Normalizes Hypertension and Mitochondrial Function in the RUPP Rat Model of Placental Ischemia. Cells 2021; 10:2797. [PMID: 34685775 PMCID: PMC8534834 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-2 is a cytokine released from CD4+T cells with dual actions and can either potentiate the inflammatory response or quell a chronic inflammatory response depending on its circulating concentration. IL-2 is elevated in many chronic inflammatory conditions and is increased during preeclampsia (PE). PE is characterized by new-onset hypertension during pregnancy and organ dysfunction and increasing evidence indicates that proinflammatory cytokines cause hypertension and mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction during pregnancy. The reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) model of placental ischemia is a rat model of PE that we commonly use in our laboratory and we have previously shown that low doses of recombinant IL-2 can decrease blood pressure in RUPP rats. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a low dose of recombinant IL-2 on multi-organ mt dysfunction in the RUPP rat model of PE. We tested our hypothesis by infusing recombinant IL-2 (0.05 ng/mL) into RUPP rats on GD14 and examined mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal, placental and endothelial cell mt function compared to control RUPP. MAP was elevated in RUPP rats (n = 6) compared to controls (n = 5) (122 ± 5 vs. 102 ± 3 mmHg, p < 0.05), but was reduced by administration of LD recombinant IL-2 (107 ± 1 vs. 122 ± 5 mmHg, n = 9, p < 0.05). Renal, placental and endothelial mt ROS were significantly increased in RUPP rats compared to RUPP+ IL-2 and controls. Placental and renal respiration rates were reduced in RUPP rats compared to control rats but were normalized with IL-2 administration to RUPPs. These data indicate that low-dose IL-2 normalized multi-organ mt function and hypertension in response to placental ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangeline Deer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (E.D.); (L.M.A.); (N.C.); (S.F.); (O.H.); (T.I.)
| | - Lorena M. Amaral
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (E.D.); (L.M.A.); (N.C.); (S.F.); (O.H.); (T.I.)
| | - Nathan Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (E.D.); (L.M.A.); (N.C.); (S.F.); (O.H.); (T.I.)
| | - Sarah Fitzgerald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (E.D.); (L.M.A.); (N.C.); (S.F.); (O.H.); (T.I.)
| | - Owen Herrock
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (E.D.); (L.M.A.); (N.C.); (S.F.); (O.H.); (T.I.)
| | - Tarek Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (E.D.); (L.M.A.); (N.C.); (S.F.); (O.H.); (T.I.)
| | - Babbette LaMarca
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (E.D.); (L.M.A.); (N.C.); (S.F.); (O.H.); (T.I.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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LI ZH, HU JW, LI X, CHEN YL. Mechanism progress of acupuncture and moxibustion for chronic prostatitis. WORLD JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE-MOXIBUSTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wjam.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Engineered Natural Killer (CAR NK) Cells in Cancer Treatment; Recent Advances and Future Prospects. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:2081-2106. [PMID: 34472037 PMCID: PMC8410173 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are critical members of the innate immunity lymphocytes and have a critical role in host defense against malignant cells. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) redirects the specificity of the immune cell against a target-specific antigen. ACT has recently created an outstanding opportunity for cancer treatment. Unlike CAR-armored T cells which hadnsome shortcomings as the CAR-receiving construct, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independency, shorter lifespan, the potential to produce an off-the-shelf immune product, and potent anti-tumor properties of the NK cells has introduced NK cells as a potent alternative target for expression of CAR. Here, we aim to provide an updated overview on the current improvements in CAR NK design and immunobiology and describe the potential of CAR-modified NK cells as an alternative “off-the-shelf” carrier of CAR. We also provide lists for the sources of NK cells in the process of CAR NK cell production, different methods for transduction of the CAR genetic sequence to NK cells, the differences between CAR T and CAR NK, and CAR NK-targeted tumor antigens in current studies. Additionally, we provide data on recently published preclinical and clinical studies of CAR NK therapy and a list of finished and ongoing clinical trials. For achieving CAR NK products with higher efficacy and safety, we discuss current challenges in transduction and expansion of CAR NK cells, CAR NK therapy side effects, and challenges that limit the optimal efficacy of CAR NK cells and recommend possible solutions to enhance the persistence, function, safety, and efficacy of CAR NK cells with a special focus on solid tumors.
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Lopes JE, Sun L, Flick HL, Murphy EA, Losey HC. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Effects of Nemvaleukin Alfa, a Selective Agonist of the Intermediate-Affinity IL-2 Receptor, in Cynomolgus Monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:203-210. [PMID: 34362793 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nemvaleukin alfa (nemvaleukin, ALKS 4230) is a novel cytokine, created by the fusion of circularly permuted interleukin-2 (IL-2) to the IL-2Rα subunit of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) complex, that confers selectivity for the intermediate-affinity IL-2R expressed on CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. The pharmacokinetics and selective pharmacodynamic properties of nemvaleukin have been demonstrated using in vitro and in vivo mouse models. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic effects of nemvaleukin on immune cell subtypes were evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys following intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration to inform dose selection and predict pharmacodynamic effects in humans. Male drug-naïve cynomolgus monkeys (N = 15) were administered either single-dose (i.v. 0.3 mg/kg; s.c. 0.3 mg/kg or 1.0 mg/kg) or repeated-doses (i.v. 0.1 mg/kg on days 1-5 or s.c. 0.5 mg/kg on days 1 and 4) of nemvaleukin. Serial blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic assessment, immunophenotyping by flow cytometry, and profiling of serum cytokines. Repeat-dose s.c. administration of nemvaleukin with less frequent dosing resulted in total systemic exposure and trough serum concentrations comparable to those seen with i.v. administration, with lower peak serum concentrations. Transient elevation of interferon-γ and IL-6 peaked at 2 and 8 hours after i.v. and s.c. administration, respectively. Selective expansion of immunoprotective central memory, effector memory, and terminal effector CD8+ T cells and CD56+ NK cells, and minimal expansion of immunosuppressive CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells was observed following both i.v. and s.c. administration. These data support the ongoing clinical evaluation of i.v. and s.c. nemvaleukin. Significance Statement Administration of the novel interleukin-2 receptor agonist nemvaleukin alfa (nemvaleukin, ALKS 4230) to cynomolgus monkeys resulted in selective expansion of immune effector cells, including CD8+ T and NK cells, with minimal effects on immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells, confirming the design of nemvaleukin and highlighting its potential as a cancer immunotherapy. Subcutaneous administration of nemvaleukin achieved systemic exposure and immunostimulatory effects similar to those observed following more frequent intravenous dosing and may represent a practical alternative in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Sun
- Alkermes, Inc., United States
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Tseng JC, Chang YC, Huang CM, Hsu LC, Chuang TH. Therapeutic Development Based on the Immunopathogenic Mechanisms of Psoriasis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071064. [PMID: 34371756 PMCID: PMC8308930 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis, a complex inflammatory autoimmune skin disorder that affects 2–3% of the global population, is thought to be genetically predetermined and induced by environmental and immunological factors. In the past decades, basic and clinical studies have significantly expanded knowledge on the molecular, cellular, and immunological mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Based on these pathogenic mechanisms, the current disease model emphasizes the role of aberrant Th1 and Th17 responses. Th1 and Th17 immune responses are regulated by a complex network of different cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-23; signal transduction pathways downstream to the cytokine receptors; and various activated transcription factors, including NF-κB, interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), and signal transducer and activator of transcriptions (STATs). The biologics developed to specifically target the cytokines have achieved a better efficacy and safety for the systemic management of psoriasis compared with traditional treatments. Nevertheless, the current therapeutics can only alleviate the symptoms; there is still no cure for psoriasis. Therefore, the development of more effective, safe, and affordable therapeutics for psoriasis is important. In this review, we discussed the current trend of therapeutic development for psoriasis based on the recent discoveries in the immune modulation of the inflammatory response in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chih Tseng
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Chi Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Chung Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan;
- Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-C.H.); (T.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 65700) (L.-C.H.); +886-37-246-166 (ext. 37611) (T.-H.C.)
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (L.-C.H.); (T.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 65700) (L.-C.H.); +886-37-246-166 (ext. 37611) (T.-H.C.)
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Fabian KP, Padget MR, Donahue RN, Solocinski K, Robbins Y, Allen CT, Lee JH, Rabizadeh S, Soon-Shiong P, Schlom J, Hodge JW. PD-L1 targeting high-affinity NK (t-haNK) cells induce direct antitumor effects and target suppressive MDSC populations. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000450. [PMID: 32439799 PMCID: PMC7247398 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer treatment, clinical benefit with this class of agents has been limited to a subset of patients. Hence, more effective means to target tumor cells that express immune checkpoint molecules should be developed. For the first time, we report a novel natural killer (NK) cell line, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) targeting high-affinity natural killer (t-haNK), which was derived from NK-92 and was engineered to express high-affinity CD16, endoplasmic reticulum-retained interleukin (IL)-2, and a PD-L1-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). We show that PD-L1 t-haNK cells also retained the expression of native NK receptors and carried a high content of granzyme and perforin granules. Methods NanoString, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence analyses were performed to characterize the phenotype of irradiated PD-L1 t-haNK cells. In vitro PD-L1 t-haNK cell activity against cancer cell lines and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was determined via flow-based and 111In-release killing assays. The antitumor effect of PD-L1 t-haNK cells in vivo was investigated using MDA-MB-231, H460, and HTB1 xenograft models in NOD-scid IL2Rgammanull (NSG) mice. Additionally, the antitumor effect of PD-L1 t-haNK cells, in combination with anti-PD-1 and N-803, an IL-15 superagonist, was evaluated using mouse oral cancer 1 syngeneic model in C57BL/6 mice. Results We show that PD-L1 t-haNK cells expressed PD-L1-targeting CAR and CD16, retained the expression of native NK receptors, and carried a high content of granzyme and perforin granules. In vitro, we demonstrate the ability of irradiated PD-L1 t-haNK cells to lyse 20 of the 20 human cancer cell lines tested, including triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and lung, urogenital, and gastric cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of PD-L1 t-haNK cells was correlated to the PD-L1 expression of the tumor targets and can be improved by pretreating the targets with interferon (IFN)-γ. In vivo, irradiated PD-L1 t-haNK cells inhibited the growth of engrafted TNBC and lung and bladder tumors in NSG mice. The combination of PD-L1 t-haNK cells with N-803 and anti-PD-1 antibody resulted in superior tumor growth control of engrafted oral cavity squamous carcinoma tumors in C57BL/6 mice. In addition, when cocultured with human PBMCs, PD-L1 t-haNK cells preferentially lysed the myeloid-derived suppressor cell population but not other immune cell types. Conclusion These studies demonstrate the antitumor efficacy of PD-L1 t-haNK cells and provide a rationale for the potential use of these cells in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellsye P Fabian
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle R Padget
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristen Solocinski
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yvette Robbins
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Clint T Allen
- Section on Translational Tumor Immunology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John H Lee
- ImmunityBio, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Shahrooz Rabizadeh
- NantOmics, Culver City, California, USA.,ImmunityBio, Culver City, California, USA
| | - Patrick Soon-Shiong
- NantOmics, Culver City, California, USA.,ImmunityBio, Culver City, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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50
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Su Z, Dutta A. De-stressing the T cells in need. Science 2021; 372:683-684. [PMID: 33986167 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi7265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangli Su
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Anindya Dutta
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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