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Mendez-Victoriano G, Zhu Y, Middleton F, Massa PT, Ajulu K, Webster MJ, Weickert CS. Increased Parenchymal Macrophages are associated with decreased Tyrosine Hydroxylase mRNA levels in the Substantia Nigra of people with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Psychiatry Res 2024; 340:116141. [PMID: 39153291 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Increased activation of inflammatory macrophages and altered expression of dopamine markers are found in the midbrains of people with schizophrenia (SZ). The relationship of midbrain macrophages to dopamine neurons has not been explored, nor is it known if changes in midbrain macrophages are also present in bipolar disorder (BD) or major depressive disorder (MDD). Herein, we determined whether there were differences in CD163+ cell density in the Substantia Nigra (SN), and cerebral peduncles (CP) of SZ, BD, and MDD compared to controls (CTRL). We also analyzed whether CD163 protein and dopamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA levels differed among diagnostic groups and if they correlated with the density of macrophages. Overall, perivascular CD163+ cell density was higher in the gray matter (SN) than in the white matter (CP). Compared to CTRL, we found increased density of parenchymal CD163+ cells in the SN of the three psychiatric groups and increased CD163 protein levels in SZ. CD163 protein was positively correlated with density of perivascular CD163+ cells. TH mRNA was reduced in SZ and BD and negatively correlated with parenchymal CD163+ cell density. We provide the first quantitative and molecular evidence of an increase in the density of parenchymal macrophages in the midbrain of major mental illnesses and show that the presence of these macrophages may negatively impact dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Mendez-Victoriano
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yunting Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Frank Middleton
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Paul T Massa
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Kachikwulu Ajulu
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Maree J Webster
- Laboratory of Brain Research, Stanley Medical Research Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia S Weickert
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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2
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Zhang Y, Wang SW, Ding J, Wen X, Li T, Yang L, Peng J, Dong Y, Mi W, Gao Y, Sun G. Causal role of immune cells in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder: Mendelian randomization (MR) study. J Affect Disord 2024; 361:165-171. [PMID: 38838789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are prevalent psychiatric conditions linked to inflammatory processes. However, it is unclear whether associations of immune cells with these disorders are likely to be causal. METHODS We used two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to investigate the relationship between 731 immune cells and the risk of MDD and BD. Rigorous sensitivity analyses are conducted to assess the reliability, heterogeneity, and horizontal pleiotropy of the findings. RESULTS Genetically-predicted CD27 on IgD+ CD38- unswitched memory B cell (inverse variance weighting (IVW): odds ratio (OR) [95 %]: 1.017 [1.007 to 1.027], p = 0.001), CD27 on IgD+ CD24+ B cell (IVW: OR [95 %]: 1.021 [1.011 to 1.031], p = 4.821E-05) and other 12 immune cells were associated with increased risk of MDD in MR, while HLA DR++ monocyte %leukocyte (IVW: OR [95 %]: 0.973 [0.948 to 0.998], p = 0.038), CD4 on Central Memory CD4+ T cell (IVW: OR [95 %]: 0.979 [0.963 to 0.995], p = 0.011) and other 13 immune cells were associated with decreased risk of MDD in MR. Additionally, CD33+ HLA DR+ Absolute Count (IVW: OR [95 %]: 1.022[1.007 to 1.036], p = 0.007), CD28+ CD45RA- CD8+ T cell %T cell (IVW: OR [95 %]: 1.024 [1.008 to 1.041], p = 0.004) and other 18 immune cells were associated with increased risk of BD in MR, while CD62L on CD62L+ myeloid Dendritic Cell (IVW: OR [95 %]: 0.926 [0.871 to 0.985], p = 0.014), IgD- CD27- B cell %lymphocyte (IVW: OR [95 %]: 0.918 [0.880 to 0.956], p = 4.654E-05) and other 13 immune cells were associated with decreased risk of BD in MR. CONCLUSIONS This MR study provides robust evidence supporting a causal relationship between immune cells and the susceptibility to MDD and BD, offering valuable insights for future clinical investigations. Experimental studies are also required to further examine causality, mechanisms, and treatment potential for these immune cells for MDD and BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China; Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430063, China
| | - San-Wang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiahao Ding
- Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy Of Medical Sciences) No. 6699, Qingdao Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China; Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430063, China
| | - Jintao Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China; Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430063, China
| | - Yingying Dong
- Department of Psychiatry, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Mi
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yujun Gao
- Clinical and Translational Sciences (CaTS) Lab, The Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China.
| | - Guizhi Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China.
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Debs SR, Rothmond DA, Zhu Y, Weickert CS, Purves-Tyson TD. Molecular evidence of altered stress responsivity related to neuroinflammation in the schizophrenia midbrain. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 177:118-128. [PMID: 39004003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Stress and inflammation are risk factors for schizophrenia. Chronic psychosocial stress is associated with subcortical hyperdopaminergia, a core feature of schizophrenia. Hyperdopaminergia arises from midbrain neurons, leading us to hypothesise that changes in stress response pathways may occur in this region. To identify whether transcriptional changes in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors (NR3C1/GR, NR3C2/MR) or other stress signalling molecules (FKBP4, FKBP5) exist in schizophrenia midbrain, we measured gene expression in the human brain (N = 56) using qRT-PCR. We assessed whether alterations in these mRNAs were related to previously identified high/low inflammatory status. We investigated relationships between stress-related transcripts themselves, and between FKBP5 mRNA, dopaminergic, and glial cell transcripts in diagnostic and inflammatory subgroups. Though unchanged by diagnosis, GR mRNA levels were reduced in high inflammatory compared to low inflammatory schizophrenia cases (p = 0.026). We found no effect of diagnosis or inflammation on MR mRNA. FKBP4 mRNA was decreased and FKBP5 mRNA was increased in schizophrenia (p < 0.05). FKBP5 changes occurred in high inflammatory (p < 0.001), whereas FKBP4 changes occurred in low inflammatory schizophrenia cases (p < 0.05). The decrease in mRNA encoding the main stress receptor (GR), as well as increased transcript levels of the stress-responsive negative regulator (FKBP5), may combine to blunt the midbrain response to stress in schizophrenia when neuroinflammation is present. Negative correlations between FKBP5 mRNA and dopaminergic transcripts in the low inflammatory subgroup suggest higher levels of FKBP5 mRNA may also attenuate dopaminergic neurotransmission in schizophrenia even when inflammation is absent. We report alterations in GR-mediated stress signalling in the midbrain in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie R Debs
- Preclinical Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Debora A Rothmond
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia
| | - Yunting Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia; Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Tertia D Purves-Tyson
- Preclinical Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.
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4
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Wang M, Wang S, Yuan G, Gao M, Zhao X, Chu Z, Gao D. Causal role of immune cells in bipolar disorder: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1411280. [PMID: 39220183 PMCID: PMC11362081 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1411280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying bipolar disorder (BD) has enhanced in recent years due to the extensive use of high-density genetic markers for genotyping and advancements in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, studies on the relationship between immune cells and the risk of BD remain limited, necessitating further investigation. Methods Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis was employed to investigate the causal association between immune cell morphologies and bipolar disorder. Immune cell traits were collected from a research cohort in Sardinia, whereas the GWAS summary statistics for BD were obtained from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Sensitivity analyses were conducted, and the combination of MR-Egger and MR-Presso was used to assess horizontal pleiotropy. Cochran's Q test was employed to evaluate heterogeneity, and the results were adjusted for false discovery rate (FDR). Results The study identified six immune cell phenotypes significantly associated with BD incidence (P< 0.01). These phenotypes include IgD- CD27- %lymphocyte, CD33br HLA DR+ CD14- AC, CD8 on CD28+ CD45RA+ CD8br, CD33br HLA DR+ AC, CD14 on CD14+ CD16+ monocyte, and HVEM on CD45RA- CD4+. After adjusting the FDR to 0.2, two immune cell phenotypes remained statistically significant: IgD-CD27-% lymphocyte (OR=1.099, 95% CI: 1.051-1.149, P = 3.51E-05, FDR=0.026) and CD33br HLA DR+ CD14-AC (OR=0.981, 95% CI: 0.971-0.991, P = 2.17E-04, FDR=0.079). In the reverse MR analysis, BD significantly impacted the phenotypes of four monocytes (P< 0.01), including CD64 on CD14+ CD16+ monocyte, CD64 on monocyte, CX3CR1 on CD14- CD16-, CD64 on CD14+ CD16- monocyte. However, after applying the FDR correction (FDR < 0.2), no statistically significant results were observed. Conclusions This MR investigation reveals associations between immune cell phenotypes, bipolar disorder, and genetics, providing novel perspectives on prospective therapeutic targets for bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxuan Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Intelligent and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guoshan Yuan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Mingzhou Gao
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiyan Zhao
- Department of Foreign Studies, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenhan Chu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Dongmei Gao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Arraes GC, Barreto FS, Vasconcelos GS, Lima CNDC, da Silva FER, Ribeiro WLC, de Sousa FCF, Furtado CLM, Macêdo DS. Long-term Environmental Enrichment Normalizes Schizophrenia-like Abnormalities and Promotes Hippocampal Slc6a4 Promoter Demethylation in Mice Submitted to a Two-hit Model. Neuroscience 2024; 551:205-216. [PMID: 38843988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Here, we explored the impact of prolonged environmental enrichment (EE) on behavioral, neurochemical, and epigenetic changes in the serotonin transporter gene in mice subjected to a two-hit schizophrenia model. The methodology involved administering the viral mimetic PolyI:C to neonatal Swiss mice as a first hit during postnatal days (PND) 5-7, or a sterile saline solution as a control. At PND21, mice were randomly assigned either to standard environment (SE) or EE housing conditions. Between PND35-44, the PolyI:C-treated group was submitted to various unpredictable stressors, constituting the second hit. Behavioral assessments were conducted on PND70, immediately after the final EE exposure. Following the completion of behavioral assessments, we evaluated the expression of proteins in the hippocampus that are indicative of microglial activation, such as Iba-1, as well as related to neurogenesis, including doublecortin (Dcx). We also performed methylation analysis on the serotonin transporter gene (Slc6a4) to investigate alterations in serotonin signaling. The findings revealed that EE for 50 days mitigated sensorimotor gating deficits and working memory impairments in two-hit mice and enhanced their locomotor and exploratory behaviors. EE also normalized the overexpression of hippocampal Iba-1 and increased the expression of hippocampal Dcx. Additionally, we observed hippocampal demethylation of the Slc6a4 gene in the EE-exposed two-hit group, indicating epigenetic reprogramming. These results contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the protective effects of long-term EE in counteracting behavioral disruptions caused by the two-hit schizophrenia model, pointing to enhanced neurogenesis, diminished microglial activation, and epigenetic modifications of serotonergic pathways as underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greicy Coelho Arraes
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Christus University Center (Unichristus-CE), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Stefânio Barreto
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Germana Silva Vasconcelos
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Camila Nayane de Carvalho Lima
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UT Health), Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Francisco Eliclécio Rodrigues da Silva
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Francisca Cléa Florenço de Sousa
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Cristiana Libardi Miranda Furtado
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Experimental Biology Center - NUBEX, University of Fortaleza, UNIFOR, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Danielle S Macêdo
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM. CNPq), Brazil.
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Hatzimanolis A, Foteli S, Xenaki LA, Selakovic M, Dimitrakopoulos S, Vlachos I, Kosteletos I, Soldatos RF, Gazouli M, Chatzipanagiotou S, Stefanis N. Elevated serum kynurenic acid in individuals with first-episode psychosis and insufficient response to antipsychotics. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 10:61. [PMID: 38987245 PMCID: PMC11237022 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-024-00483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The tryptophan-metabolizing kynurenine pathway (KP) can be activated by enhanced inflammatory responses and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, there is little evidence for KP dysregulation in the early course of psychotic illness. We aimed to investigate the potential immune-mediated hyperactivity of KP in individuals with first-episode psychosis (FEP) and the relationship with symptom severity and treatment response outcomes. Serum immunoassays were performed to measure peripheral levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-a), KP rate-limiting enzymes (IDO/TDO), and kynurenic acid (KYNA) metabolite in 104 antipsychotic-naïve patients with FEP and 80 healthy controls (HC). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) were administered to assess psychopathology and functioning status at admission and following 4-week treatment with antipsychotics. Cytokine and KP components levels were substantially increased in FEP patients compared to HC, before and after antipsychotic treatment. A significant positive correlation between pro-inflammatory IL-1β and KYNA levels was observed among FEP patients, but not in HC. Importantly, within-patient analysis revealed that those with higher baseline KYNA experienced more severe negative symptoms and poorer clinical improvement at follow-up. These findings suggest that KP is upregulated in early psychosis, likely through the induction of IL-1β-dependent pathways, and raised peripheral KYNA might represent a promising indicator of non-response to antipsychotic medication in patients with FEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Hatzimanolis
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.
- Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodore-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece.
| | - Stefania Foteli
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Department of Medical Biopathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Lida-Alkisti Xenaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Mirjana Selakovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stefanos Dimitrakopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Vlachos
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kosteletos
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Rigas-Filippos Soldatos
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos Chatzipanagiotou
- Department of Medical Biopathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Stefanis
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodore-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece
- World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry, First Episode Psychosis Task Force, Barsbüttel, Germany
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Chandra J. The potential role of the p75 receptor in schizophrenia: neuroimmunomodulation and making life or death decisions. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 38:100796. [PMID: 38813083 PMCID: PMC11134531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The nerve growth factor receptor, also referred to as tumour necrosis factor II and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75), serves pleiotropic functions in both the peripheral and central nervous system, involving modulation of immune responses, cell survival and cell death signalling in response to multiple ligands including cytokines such as TNFα, as well as proneurotrophins and mature neurotrophins. Whilst in vitro and in vivo studies have characterised various responses of the p75 receptor in isolated conditions, it remains unclear whether the p75 receptor serves to provide neuroprotection or contributes to neurotoxicity in neuroinflammatory and neurotrophin-deficit conditions, such as those presenting in schizophrenia. The purpose of this mini-review is to characterise the potential signalling mechanisms of the p75 receptor respective to neuropathological changes prevailing in schizophrenia to ultimately propose how specific functions of the receptor may underlie altered levels of p75 in specific cell types. On the basis of this evaluation, this mini-review aims to promote avenues for future research in utilising the therapeutic potential of ligands for the p75 receptor in psychiatric disorders, whereby heightened inflammation and reductions in trophic signalling mechanisms coalesce in the brain, potentially resulting in tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Chandra
- Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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8
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North HF, Weissleder C, Bitar M, Barry G, Fullerton JM, Webster MJ, Weickert CS. RNA-sequencing suggests extracellular matrix and vasculature dysregulation could impair neurogenesis in schizophrenia cases with elevated inflammation. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 10:50. [PMID: 38704390 PMCID: PMC11069512 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-024-00466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
A subgroup of schizophrenia cases with elevated inflammation have reduced neurogenesis markers and increased macrophage density in the human subependymal zone (SEZ; also termed subventricular zone or SVZ) neurogenic niche. Inflammation can impair neurogenesis; however, it is unclear which other pathways are associated with reduced neurogenesis. This research aimed to discover transcriptomic differences between inflammatory subgroups of schizophrenia in the SEZ. Total RNA sequencing was performed on SEZ tissue from schizophrenia cases, designated into low inflammation (n = 13) and high inflammation (n = 14) subgroups, based on cluster analysis of inflammation marker gene expression. 718 genes were differentially expressed in high compared to low inflammation schizophrenia (FDR p < 0.05) and were most significantly over-represented in the pathway 'Hepatic Fibrosis/Hepatic Stellate-Cell Activation'. Genes in this pathway relate to extracellular matrix stability (including ten collagens) and vascular remodelling suggesting increased angiogenesis. Collagen-IV, a key element of the basement membrane and fractones, had elevated gene expression. Immunohistochemistry revealed novel collagen-IV+ fractone bulbs within the human SEZ hypocellular gap. Considering the extracellular matrix's regulatory role in SEZ neurogenesis, fibrosis-related alterations in high inflammation schizophrenia may disrupt neurogenesis. Increased angiogenesis could facilitate immune cell transmigration, potentially explaining elevated macrophages in high inflammation schizophrenia. This discovery-driven analysis sheds light on how inflammation may contribute to schizophrenia neuropathology in the neurogenic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley F North
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christin Weissleder
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Mechanism and therapy for genetic brain diseases, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | | | - Guy Barry
- OncoLife Therapeutics, Yeronga, QLD, Australia
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maree J Webster
- Laboratory of Brain Research, Stanley Medical Research Institute, 9800, Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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9
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Chen Z, Li Y, Gao Y, Fan X, Du X, Li X, Liu Z, Liu S, Cao X. The role of the immune system in early-onset schizophrenia: identifying immune characteristic genes and cells from peripheral blood. BMC Immunol 2024; 25:26. [PMID: 38702611 PMCID: PMC11067251 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-024-00618-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) is a type of schizophrenia (SCZ) with an age of onset of < 18 years. An abnormal inflammatory immune system may be involved in the occurrence and development of SCZ. We aimed to identify the immune characteristic genes and cells involved in EOS and to further explore the pathogenesis of EOS from the perspective of immunology. METHODS We obtained microarray data from a whole-genome mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs); 19 patients with EOS (age range: 14.79 ± 1.90) and 18 healthy controls (HC) (age range: 15.67 ± 2.40) were involved. We screened for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the Limma software package and modular genes using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). In addition, to identify immune characteristic genes and cells, we performed enrichment analysis, immune infiltration analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis; we also used a random forest (RF), a support vector machine (SVM), and the LASSO-Cox algorithm. RESULTS We selected the following immune characteristic genes: CCL8, PSMD1, AVPR1B and SEMG1. We employed a RF, a SVM, and the LASSO-Cox algorithm. We identified the following immune characteristic cells: activated mast cells, CD4+ memory resting T cells, resting mast cells, neutrophils and CD4+ memory activated T cells. In addition, the AUC values of the immune characteristic genes and cells were all > 0.7. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that immune system function is altered in SCZ. In addition, CCL8, PSMD1, AVPR1B and SEMG1 may regulate peripheral immune cells in EOS. Further, immune characteristic genes and cells are expected to be diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Chen
- Department of Mental Health, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Treatment for Mental Disorders, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yuxue Li
- Department of Mental Health, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Treatment for Mental Disorders, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yao Gao
- Department of Mental Health, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Treatment for Mental Disorders, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Fan
- Department of Mental Health, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Treatment for Mental Disorders, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xinzhe Du
- Department of Mental Health, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Treatment for Mental Disorders, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- Department of Mental Health, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Treatment for Mental Disorders, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Zhifen Liu
- Department of Mental Health, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Treatment for Mental Disorders, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Mental Health, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Treatment for Mental Disorders, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- Department of Mental Health, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Treatment for Mental Disorders, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
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10
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Chen S, Tan Y, Tian L. Immunophenotypes in psychosis: is it a premature inflamm-aging disorder? Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02539-z. [PMID: 38532012 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Immunopsychiatric field has rapidly accumulated evidence demonstrating the involvement of both innate and adaptive immune components in psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Nevertheless, researchers are facing dilemmas of discrepant findings of immunophenotypes both outside and inside the brains of psychotic patients, as discovered by recent meta-analyses. These discrepancies make interpretations and interrogations on their roles in psychosis remain vague and even controversial, regarding whether certain immune cells are more activated or less so, and whether they are causal or consequential, or beneficial or harmful for psychosis. Addressing these issues for psychosis is not at all trivial, as immune cells either outside or inside the brain are an enormously heterogeneous and plastic cell population, falling into a vast range of lineages and subgroups, and functioning differently and malleably in context-dependent manners. This review aims to overview the currently known immunophenotypes of patients with psychosis, and provocatively suggest the premature immune "burnout" or inflamm-aging initiated since organ development as a potential primary mechanism behind these immunophenotypes and the pathogenesis of psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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11
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Puvogel S, Alsema A, North HF, Webster MJ, Weickert CS, Eggen BJL. Single-Nucleus RNA-Seq Characterizes the Cell Types Along the Neuronal Lineage in the Adult Human Subependymal Zone and Reveals Reduced Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Abundance with Age. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0246-23.2024. [PMID: 38351133 PMCID: PMC10913050 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0246-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The subependymal zone (SEZ), also known as the subventricular zone (SVZ), constitutes a neurogenic niche that persists during postnatal life. In humans, the neurogenic potential of the SEZ declines after the first year of life. However, studies discovering markers of stem and progenitor cells highlight the neurogenic capacity of progenitors in the adult human SEZ, with increased neurogenic activity occurring under pathological conditions. In the present study, the complete cellular niche of the adult human SEZ was characterized by single-nucleus RNA sequencing, and compared between four youth (age 16-22) and four middle-aged adults (age 44-53). We identified 11 cellular clusters including clusters expressing marker genes for neural stem cells (NSCs), neuroblasts, immature neurons, and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. The relative abundance of NSC and neuroblast clusters did not differ between the two age groups, indicating that the pool of SEZ NSCs does not decline in this age range. The relative abundance of oligodendrocyte progenitors and microglia decreased in middle-age, indicating that the cellular composition of human SEZ is remodeled between youth and adulthood. The expression of genes related to nervous system development was higher across different cell types, including NSCs, in youth as compared with middle-age. These transcriptional changes suggest ongoing central nervous system plasticity in the SEZ in youth, which declined in middle-age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Puvogel
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Alsema
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Hayley F North
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Maree J Webster
- Laboratory of Brain Research, Stanley Medical Research Institute, Rockville 20850, Maryland
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13201
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
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12
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Liu F, Xu W, Wang Y, Huang Z, Zhu Z, Ou W, Tang W, Fu J, Liu C, Gu Y, Liu Y, Du P. LAMB3 Promotes Intestinal Inflammation Through SERPINA3 and Is Directly Transcriptionally Regulated by P65 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024; 30:257-272. [PMID: 37454278 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various extracellular matrix (ECM) reshaping events are involved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). LAMB3 is a vital subunit of laminin-332, an important ECM component. Data on the biological function of LAMB3 in intestinal inflammation are lacking. Our aim is to discuss the effect of LAMB3 in IBD. METHODS LAMB3 expression was assessed in cultured intestinal epithelial cells, inflamed mucosal tissues of patients and mouse colitis models. RNA sequencing, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to detect the LAMB3 expression distribution and potential downstream target genes. Dual-luciferase assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to determine whether P65 could transcriptionally activate LAMB3 under tumor necrosis factor α stimulation. RESULTS LAMB3 expression was increased in inflammatory states in intestinal epithelial cells and colonoids and was associated with adverse clinical outcomes in Crohn's disease. Knockdown of LAMB3 inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Mechanistically, LAMB3 expression was directly transcriptionally activated by P65 and was inhibited by nuclear factor kappa B inhibitors under tumor necrosis factor α stimulation. Furthermore, RNA sequencing and replenishment experiments revealed that LAMB3 upregulated SERPINA3 to promote intestinal inflammation via the integrin α3β1/FAK pathway. CONCLUSION We propose that LAMB3 could serve as a potential therapeutic target of IBD and a predictor of intestinal stenosis of Crohn's disease. Our findings demonstrate the important role of ECM in the progression of IBD and offer an experimental basis for the treatment and prognosis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimin Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaosheng Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Huang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhehui Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijun Ou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbo Tang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jihong Fu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenying Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubei Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Du
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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13
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Weickert TW, Jacomb I, Lenroot R, Lappin J, Weinberg D, Brooks WS, Brown D, Pellen D, Kindler J, Mohan A, Wakefield D, Lloyd AR, Stanton C, O'Donnell M, Liu D, Galletly C, Shannon Weickert C. Adjunctive canakinumab reduces peripheral inflammation markers and improves positive symptoms in people with schizophrenia and inflammation: A randomized control trial. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:191-200. [PMID: 37848096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials of anti-inflammatories in schizophrenia do not show clear and replicable benefits, possibly because patients were not recruited based on elevated inflammation status. Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) mRNA and protein levels are increased in serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain of some chronically ill patients with schizophrenia, first episode psychosis, and clinical high-risk individuals. Canakinumab, an approved anti-IL-1β monoclonal antibody, interferes with the bioactivity of IL-1β and interrupts downstream signaling. However, the extent to which canakinumab reduces peripheral inflammation markers, such as, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and symptom severity in schizophrenia patients with inflammation is unknown. TRIAL DESIGN We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel groups, 8-week trial of canakinumab in chronically ill patients with schizophrenia who had elevated peripheral inflammation. METHODS Twenty-seven patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and elevated peripheral inflammation markers (IL-1β, IL-6, hsCRP and/or neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio: NLR) were randomized to a one-time, subcutaneous injection of canakinumab (150 mg) or placebo (normal saline) as an adjunctive antipsychotic treatment. Peripheral blood hsCRP, NLR, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 levels were measured at baseline (pre injection) and at 1-, 4- and 8-weeks post injection. Symptom severity was assessed at baseline and 4- and 8-weeks post injection. RESULTS Canakinumab significantly reduced peripheral hsCRP over time, F(3, 75) = 5.16, p = 0.003. Significant hsCRP reductions relative to baseline were detected only in the canakinumab group at weeks 1, 4 and 8 (p's = 0.0003, 0.000002, and 0.004, respectively). There were no significant hsCRP changes in the placebo group. Positive symptom severity scores were significantly reduced at week 8 (p = 0.02) in the canakinumab group and week 4 (p = 0.02) in the placebo group. The change in CRP between week 8 and baseline (b = 1.9, p = 0.0002) and between week 4 and baseline (b = 6.0, p = 0.001) were highly significant predictors of week 8 change in PANSS Positive Symptom severity scores. There were no significant changes in negative symptoms, general psychopathology or cognition in either group. Canakinumab was well tolerated and only 7 % discontinued. CONCLUSIONS Canakinumab quickly reduces peripheral hsCRP serum levels in patients with schizophrenia and inflammation; after 8 weeks of canakinumab treatment, the reductions in hsCRP are related to reduced positive symptom severity. Future studies should consider increased doses or longer-term treatment to confirm the potential benefits of adjunctive canakinumab in schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number: ACTRN12615000635561.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Isabella Jacomb
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia Lappin
- School of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - William S Brooks
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Brown
- NSW Health Pathology-ICPMR, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel Pellen
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jochen Kindler
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adith Mohan
- School of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Denis Wakefield
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew R Lloyd
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clive Stanton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maryanne O'Donnell
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dennis Liu
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Northern Adelaide Locah Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Northern Adelaide Locah Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Fiorito AM, Fakra E, Sescousse G, Ibrahim EC, Rey R. Molecular mapping of a core transcriptional signature of microglia-specific genes in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:386. [PMID: 38092734 PMCID: PMC10719376 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides playing a central role in neuroinflammation, microglia regulate synaptic development and is involved in plasticity. Converging lines of evidence suggest that these different processes play a critical role in schizophrenia. Furthermore, previous studies reported altered transcription of microglia genes in schizophrenia, while microglia itself seems to be involved in the etiopathology of the disease. However, the regional specificity of these brain transcriptional abnormalities remains unclear. Moreover, it is unknown whether brain and peripheral expression of microglia genes are related. Thus, we investigated the expression of a pre-registered list of 10 genes from a core signature of human microglia both at brain and peripheral levels. We included 9 independent Gene Expression Omnibus datasets (764 samples obtained from 266 individuals with schizophrenia and 237 healthy controls) from 8 different brain regions and 3 peripheral tissues. We report evidence of a widespread transcriptional alteration of microglia genes both in brain tissues (we observed a decreased expression in the cerebellum, associative striatum, hippocampus, and parietal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls) and whole blood (characterized by a mixed altered expression pattern). Our results suggest that brain underexpression of microglia genes may represent a candidate transcriptional signature for schizophrenia. Moreover, the dual brain-whole blood transcriptional alterations of microglia/macrophage genes identified support the model of schizophrenia as a whole-body disorder and lend weight to the use of blood samples as a potential source of biological peripheral biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Fiorito
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, PSYR2 Team, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
| | - Eric Fakra
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, PSYR2 Team, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Guillaume Sescousse
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, PSYR2 Team, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
| | - El Chérif Ibrahim
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INT, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Rey
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, PSYR2 Team, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France.
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.
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15
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Wang Y, Fang X, Wang G, Tang W, Liu S, Yang Y, Chen J, Ling Y, Zhou C, Zhang X, Zhang C, Su KP. The association between inflammation and kynurenine pathway metabolites in electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia: Implications for clinical efficacy. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 113:1-11. [PMID: 37353059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and its interaction with the immune system has been suggested to play a role. In this study, 28 schizophrenia patients and 25 healthy controls were recruited and divided into different inflammatory subgroups using a two-step recursive clustering analysis. Cytokine gene expression and plasma KP metabolites were measured before, during and after treatment. Our findings indicated that schizophrenia patients had lower levels of Tryptophan (TRP), N-formylkynurenine (NFK), xanthinic acid (XA), quinolinic acid (QA), kynurenic acid (KYNA), KYNA/KYN and QA/KYNA, but higher levels of IL-18 mRNA, KYN/TRP compared to healthy controls (all p < 0.05). After electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), patients with low inflammation achieved better clinical improvement (PANSS scores) compared to those with high inflammation (F = 5.672, P = 0.025), especially in negative symptoms (F = 6.382, P = 0.018, η2 = 0.197). While IL-18 mRNA (F = 32.910, P < 0.0001) was significantly decreased following ECT, the KYN/TRP (F = 3.455, p = 0.047) and KYNA/TRP (F = 4.264, P = 0.026) only significantly decreased in patients with low inflammation. Correlation analyses revealed that baseline IL-18 gene expression significantly correlated with pre- (r = 0.537, p = 0.008) and post-KYNA/TRP (r = 0.443, p = 0.034), post-KYN/TRP (r = 0.510, p = 0.013), and post-negative symptoms (r = 0.525, p = 0.010). Moreover, baseline TRP (r = -0.438, p = 0.037) and XA (r = -0.516, p = 0.012) were negatively correlated with baseline PANSS, while post-KYN (r = -0.475, p = 0.022), 2-AA (r = -0.447, p = 0.032) and KYN/TRP (r = -0.566, p = 0.005) were negatively correlated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) following ECT. Overall, these findings suggested that the association between inflammation and kynurenine pathway plays an essential role in mechanism of ECT for schizophrenia and that the regulation of ECT on KP is influenced by inflammatory characteristics, which may relate to clinical efficacy in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Fang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangfa Wang
- The Affiliated Xuzhou Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Wei Tang
- The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- The Affiliated Xuzhou Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Yujing Yang
- The Affiliated Xuzhou Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; The Affiliated Xuzhou Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Yuru Ling
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangrong Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; The Affiliated Xuzhou Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China.
| | - Caiyi Zhang
- The Affiliated Xuzhou Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China.
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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16
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Shishido R, Kunii Y, Hino M, Izumi R, Nagaoka A, Hayashi H, Kakita A, Tomita H, Yabe H. Evidence for increased DNA damage repair in the postmortem brain of the high stress-response group of schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1183696. [PMID: 37674553 PMCID: PMC10478254 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1183696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schizophrenia (SZ) is a disorder diagnosed by specific symptoms and duration and is highly heterogeneous, clinically and pathologically. Although there are an increasing number of studies on the association between genetic and environmental factors in the development of SZ, the actual distribution of the population with different levels of influence of these factors has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we focused on stress as an environmental factor and stratified SZ based on the expression levels of stress-responsive molecules in the postmortem prefrontal cortex. Methods We selected the following stress-responsive molecules: interleukin (IL) -1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, glucocorticoid receptor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, synaptophysin, S100 calcium-binding protein B, superoxide dismutase, postsynaptic density protein 95, synuclein, apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), ApoA2, and solute carrier family 6 member 4. We performed RNA sequencing in the prefrontal gray matter of 25 SZ cases and 21 healthy controls and conducted a hierarchical cluster analysis of SZ based on the gene expression levels of stress-responsive molecules, which yielded two clusters. After assessing the validity of the clusters, they were designated as the high stress-response SZ group and the low stress-response SZ group, respectively. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between clusters was performed, and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was conducted on four cases each in the high and low stress-response SZ groups to validate DNA damage. Results We found higher prevalence of family history of SZ in the low stress-response SZ group (0/3 vs. 5/4, p = 0.04). Pathway analysis of DEGs between clusters showed the highest enrichment for DNA double-strand break repair. TUNEL staining showed a trend toward a lower percentage of TUNEL-positive cells in the high stress-response SZ group. Conclusion Our results suggest that there are subgroups of SZ with different degrees of stress impact. Furthermore, the pathophysiology of these subgroups may be associated with DNA damage repair. These results provide new insights into the interactions and heterogeneity between genetic and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Shishido
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yasuto Kunii
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mizuki Hino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuta Izumi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nagaoka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tomita
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hirooki Yabe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Nguyen KD, Amerio A, Aguglia A, Magnani L, Parise A, Conio B, Serafini G, Amore M, Costanza A. Microglia and Other Cellular Mediators of Immunological Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: A Narrative Synthesis of Clinical Findings. Cells 2023; 12:2099. [PMID: 37626909 PMCID: PMC10453550 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric condition that may involve immune system dysregulation. Since most putative disease mechanisms in schizophrenia have been derived from genetic association studies and fluid-based molecular analyses, this review aims to summarize the emerging evidence on clinical correlates to immune system dysfunction in this psychiatric disorder. We conclude this review by attempting to develop a unifying hypothesis regarding the relative contributions of microglia and various immune cell populations to the development of schizophrenia. This may provide important translational insights that can become useful for addressing the multifaceted clinical presentation of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoa D. Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA;
- Tranquis Therapeutics, Palo Alto, CA 94065, USA
| | - Andrea Amerio
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (G.S.); (M.A.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Aguglia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (G.S.); (M.A.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Magnani
- Department of Psychiatry, San Maurizio Hospital of Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;
| | - Alberto Parise
- Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Benedetta Conio
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (G.S.); (M.A.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Serafini
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (G.S.); (M.A.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Amore
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (G.S.); (M.A.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Costanza
- Department of Psychiatry, Adult Psychiatry Service, University Hospitals of Geneva (HUG), 1207 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Italian Switzerland (USI), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva (UNIGE), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Sager REH, Walker AK, Middleton FA, Robinson K, Webster MJ, Gentile K, Wong ML, Shannon Weickert C. Changes in cytokine and cytokine receptor levels during postnatal development of the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:186-201. [PMID: 36958512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their traditional roles in immune cell communication, cytokines regulate brain development. Cytokines are known to influence neural cell generation, differentiation, maturation, and survival. However, most work on the role of cytokines in brain development investigates rodents or focuses on prenatal events. Here, we investigate how mRNA and protein levels of key cytokines and cytokine receptors change during postnatal development of the human prefrontal cortex. We find that most cytokine transcripts investigated (IL1B, IL18, IL6, TNF, IL13) are lowest at birth and increase between 1.5 and 5 years old. After 5 years old, transcriptional patterns proceeded in one of two directions: decreased expression in teens and young adults (IL1B, p = 0.002; and IL18, p = 0.004) or increased mean expression with maturation, particularly in teenagers (IL6, p = 0.004; TNF, p = 0.002; IL13, p < 0.001). In contrast, cytokine proteins tended to remain elevated after peaking significantly around 3 years of age (IL1B, p = 0.012; IL18, p = 0.026; IL6, p = 0.039; TNF, p < 0.001), with TNF protein being highest in teenagers. An mRNA-only analysis of cytokine receptor transcripts found that early developmental increases in cytokines were paralleled by increases in their ligand-binding receptor subunits, such as IL1R1 (p = 0.033) and IL6R (p < 0.001) transcripts. In contrast, cytokine receptor-associated signaling subunits, IL1RAP and IL6ST, did not change significantly between age groups. Of the two TNF receptors, the 'pro-death' TNFRSF1A and 'pro-survival' TNFRSF1B, only TNFRSF1B was significantly changed (p = 0.028), increasing first in toddlers and again in young adults. Finally, the cytokine inhibitor, IL13, was elevated first in toddlers (p = 0.006) and again in young adults (p = 0.053). While the mean expression of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) was highest in toddlers, this increase was not statistically significant. The fluctuations in cytokine expression reported here support a role for increases in specific cytokines at two different stages of human cortical development. The first is during the toddler/preschool period (IL1B, IL18, and IL13), and the other occurs at adolescence/young adult maturation (IL6, TNF and IL13).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E H Sager
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Adam K Walker
- Laboratory of Immunopsychiatry, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Frank A Middleton
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Kate Robinson
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Karen Gentile
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Ma-Li Wong
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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19
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Chen W, Gou M, Wang L, Li N, Li W, Tong J, Zhou Y, Xie T, Yu T, Feng W, Li Y, Chen S, Tian B, Tan S, Wang Z, Pan S, Luo X, Zhang P, Huang J, Tian L, Li CSR, Tan Y. Inflammatory disequilibrium and lateral ventricular enlargement in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 72:18-29. [PMID: 37058967 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) patient respond poorly to antipsychotics. Inflammatory imbalance involving pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines may play an important role in the mechanism of antipsychotic-medication response. This study aimed to investigate immune imbalance and how the latter relates to clinical manifestations in patients with TRS. The level of net inflammation was estimated by evaluating the immune-inflammatory response system and compensatory immune-regulatory reflex system (IRS/CIRS) in 52 patients with TRS, 47 with non-TRS, and 56 sex and age matched healthy controls. The immune biomarkers mainly included macrophagic M1, T helper, Th-1, Th-2, Th-17, and T regulatory cytokines and receptors. Plasma cytokine levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Psychopathology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Subcortical volumes were quantified using a 3-T Prisma Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanner. The results showed that (1) patients with TRS were characterized by activated pro-inflammatory cytokines and relatively insufficient anti-inflammatory cytokines, with an elevated IRS/CIRS ratio indicating a new homeostatic immune setpoint; (2) IRS/CIRS ratio was positively correlated with larger lateral ventricle volume and higher PANSS score in patients with TRS. Our findings highlighted the inflammatory disequilibrium as a potential pathophysiological process of TRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Chen
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhuang Gou
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Leilei Wang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghui Tong
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfang Zhou
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Xie
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Li
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Song Chen
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baopeng Tian
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuping Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shujuan Pan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junchao Huang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Tian
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
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20
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Ma S, Ju P, Xia Q, Pan Z, Gao J, Zhang L, Gao H, Yan J, Zhang J, Wang K, Li C, Xie W, Zhu C. Automatic Thoughts, Self-Stigma, and Resilience Among Schizophrenia Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:1195-1206. [PMID: 37220563 PMCID: PMC10200106 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s407662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The study aims to clarify the negative psychological state and resilience impairments of schizophrenia (SCZ) with metabolic syndrome (MetS) while evaluating their potential as risk factors. Patients and Methods We recruited 143 individuals and divided them into three groups. Participants were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD)-24, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA)-14, Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ), Stigma of Mental Illness scale and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Serum biochemical parameters were measured by automatic biochemistry analyzer. Results The score of ATQ was highest in the MetS group (F = 14.5, p < 0.001), and the total score of CD-RISC, subscale tenacity score and subscale strength score of CD-RISC were lowest in the MetS group (F = 8.54, p < 0.001; F = 5.79, p = 0.004; F = 10.9, p < 0.001). A stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that a negative correlation was observed among the ATQ with employment status, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and CD-RISC (β=-0.190, t=-2.297, p = 0.023; β=-0.278, t=-3.437, p = 0.001; β=-0.238, t=-2.904, p = 0.004). A positive correlation was observed among the ATQ with waist, TG, WBC, and stigma (β=0.271, t = 3.340, p = 0.001; β=0.283, t = 3.509, p = 0.001; β=0.231, t = 2.815, p = 0.006; β=0.251, t=-2.504, p = 0.014). The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis showed that among all independent predictors of ATQ, the TG, waist, HDL-C, CD-RISC, and stigma presented excellent specificity at 0.918, 0.852, 0.759, 0.633, and 0.605, respectively. Conclusion Results suggested that the non-MetS and MetS groups had grievous sense of stigma, particularly, high degree of ATQ and resilience impairment was shown by the MetS group. The TG, waist, HDL-C of metabolic parameters, CD-RISC, and stigma presented excellent specificity to predict ATQ, and the waist showed excellent specificity to predict low resilience level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Ma
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peijun Ju
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Mental Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingrong Xia
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongde Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianliang Gao
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Loufeng Zhang
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Gao
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junwei Yan
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keming Wang
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Xie
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuizhen Zhu
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Center for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
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Inam ME, Fernandes BS, Salagre E, Grande I, Vieta E, Quevedo J, Zhao Z. The kynurenine pathway in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cerebrospinal fluid studies. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PSIQUIATRIA (SAO PAULO, BRAZIL : 1999) 2023; 45. [PMID: 37127280 PMCID: PMC10668321 DOI: 10.47626/1516-4446-2022-2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The kynurenine pathway has been attracting attention as a relevant pathway in schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the kynurenine pathway metabolites from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples in SZ, BD, and MDD. METHODS PubMed and Scopus databases were systematically searched to identify peer-reviewed case-control studies until April 2022 that assessed kynurenine metabolites, namely, tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KA), quinolinic acid (QA), and 3- hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) in SZ, BD, or MDD subjects compared with healthy controls (HC). The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. The random effects model method was selected when comparing the standardized mean differences (SMD) between two groups. RESULTS There were 23 articles that met the inclusion criteria (k=8, k=8, k=11, for SZ, BD, and MDD, respectively). In SZ, KA levels were increased [SMD=2.64, confidence interval (CI) =1.16 to 4.13, p=0.0005, I2=96%, k=6, n=384 subjects]. TRP (k=5) and KYN (k=4) did not differ significantly. In BD, TRP levels (k=7) did not differ significantly. The level of KA was increased in MDD (k=2), but the small number of studies made not possible for statistical significance evaluation. Finally, in MDD, although some studies tended to have an increased level of KYN in those with remission versus decreased levels in those with current depression, no significant difference was found in any of the kynurenine metabolite levels. Similarly, there was an increased level of QA (k=2) but the number of studies (k= 2) was small. CONCLUSION KA, which has possibly neuroprotective effects, is increased in SZ. QA, which has neurotoxic effects, may be increased in MDD. There were no alterations in BD. There may be alterations in this pathway based on population characteristics and mood states. Future studies should explore the utility of these metabolites as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Enes Inam
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brisa S. Fernandes
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Estela Salagre
- Department of Affective Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Iria Grande
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - João Quevedo
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
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22
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Mawson ER, Morris BJ. A consideration of the increased risk of schizophrenia due to prenatal maternal stress, and the possible role of microglia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 125:110773. [PMID: 37116354 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is caused by interaction of a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Of the latter, prenatal exposure to maternal stress is reportedly associated with elevated disease risk. The main orchestrators of inflammatory processes within the brain are microglia, and aberrant microglial activation/function has been proposed to contribute to the aetiology of schizophrenia. Here, we evaluate the epidemiological and preclinical evidence connecting prenatal stress to schizophrenia risk, and consider the possible mediating role of microglia in the prenatal stress-schizophrenia relationship. Epidemiological findings are rather consistent in supporting the association, albeit they are mitigated by effects of sex and gestational timing, while the evidence for microglial activation is more variable. Rodent models of prenatal stress generally report lasting effects on offspring neurobiology. However, many uncertainties remain as to the mechanisms underlying the influence of maternal stress on the developing foetal brain. Future studies should aim to characterise the exact processes mediating this aspect of schizophrenia risk, as well as focussing on how prenatal stress may interact with other risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor R Mawson
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Brian J Morris
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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23
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De Simone G, Mazza B, Vellucci L, Barone A, Ciccarelli M, de Bartolomeis A. Schizophrenia Synaptic Pathology and Antipsychotic Treatment in the Framework of Oxidative and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Translational Highlights for the Clinics and Treatment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040975. [PMID: 37107350 PMCID: PMC10135787 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a worldwide mental illness characterized by alterations at dopaminergic and glutamatergic synapses resulting in global dysconnectivity within and between brain networks. Impairments in inflammatory processes, mitochondrial functions, energy expenditure, and oxidative stress have been extensively associated with schizophrenia pathophysiology. Antipsychotics, the mainstay of schizophrenia pharmacological treatment and all sharing the common feature of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy, may affect antioxidant pathways as well as mitochondrial protein levels and gene expression. Here, we systematically reviewed the available evidence on antioxidants' mechanisms in antipsychotic action and the impact of first- and second-generation compounds on mitochondrial functions and oxidative stress. We further focused on clinical trials addressing the efficacy and tolerability of antioxidants as an augmentation strategy of antipsychotic treatment. EMBASE, Scopus, and Medline/PubMed databases were interrogated. The selection process was conducted in respect of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Several mitochondrial proteins involved in cell viability, energy metabolism, and regulation of oxidative systems were reported to be significantly modified by antipsychotic treatment with differences between first- and second-generation drugs. Finally, antioxidants may affect cognitive and psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, and although the evidence is only preliminary, the results indicate that further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe De Simone
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazza
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Licia Vellucci
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Barone
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Ciccarelli
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
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Saccaro LF, Crokaert J, Perroud N, Piguet C. Structural and functional MRI correlates of inflammation in bipolar disorder: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2023; 325:83-92. [PMID: 36621677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common affective disorder characterized by recurrent oscillations between mood states and associated with inflammatory diseases and chronic inflammation. However, data on MRI abnormalities in BD and their relationship with inflammation are heterogeneous and no review has recapitulated them. METHODS In this pre-registered (PROSPERO: CRD42022308461) systematic review we searched Web of Science Core Collection and PubMed for articles correlating functional or structural MRI measures with immune-related markers in BD. RESULTS We included 23 studies (6 on functional, 16 on structural MRI findings, 1 on both, including 1'233 BD patients). Overall, the quality of the studies included was fair, with a low risk of bias. LIMITATIONS Heterogeneity in the methods and results of the studies and small sample sizes limit the generalizability of the conclusions. CONCLUSIONS A qualitative synthesis suggests that the links between immune traits and functional or structural MRI alterations point toward brain areas involved in affective and somatomotor processing, with a trend toward a negative correlation between peripheral inflammatory markers and brain regions volume. We discuss how disentangling the complex relationship between the immune system and MRI alterations in BD may unveil mechanisms underlying symptoms pathophysiology, potentially with quickly translatable diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi F Saccaro
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Psychiatry Department, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.
| | - Jasper Crokaert
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Child and Adolescence Psychiatry Division, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Nader Perroud
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Psychiatry Department, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Camille Piguet
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Psychiatry Department, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland; Child and Adolescence Psychiatry Division, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
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Goldsmith DR, Bekhbat M, Mehta ND, Felger JC. Inflammation-Related Functional and Structural Dysconnectivity as a Pathway to Psychopathology. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:405-418. [PMID: 36725140 PMCID: PMC9895884 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Findings from numerous laboratories and across neuroimaging modalities have consistently shown that exogenous administration of cytokines or inflammatory stimuli that induce cytokines disrupts circuits and networks involved in motivation and motor activity, threat detection, anxiety, and interoceptive and emotional processing. While inflammatory effects on neural circuits and relevant behaviors may represent adaptive responses promoting conservation of energy and heightened vigilance during immune activation, chronically elevated inflammation may contribute to symptoms of psychiatric illnesses. Indeed, biomarkers of inflammation such as cytokines and acute phase reactants are reliably elevated in a subset of patients with unipolar or bipolar depression, anxiety-related disorders, and schizophrenia and have been associated with differential treatment responses and poor clinical outcomes. A growing body of literature also describes higher levels of endogenous inflammatory markers and altered, typically lower functional or structural connectivity within these circuits in association with transdiagnostic symptoms such as anhedonia and anxiety in psychiatric and at-risk populations. This review presents recent evidence that inflammation and its effects on the brain may serve as one molecular and cellular mechanism of dysconnectivity within anatomically and/or functionally connected cortical and subcortical regions in association with transdiagnostic symptoms. We also discuss the need to establish reproducible methods to assess inflammation-associated dysconnectivity in relation to behavior for use in translational studies or biomarker-driven clinical trials for novel pharmacological or behavioral interventions targeting inflammation or its effects on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Goldsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mandakh Bekhbat
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Neeti D Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer C Felger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Sheikh MA, O'Connell KS, Lekva T, Szabo A, Akkouh IA, Osete JR, Agartz I, Engh JA, Andreou D, Boye B, Bøen E, Elvsåshagen T, Hope S, Frogner Werner MC, Joa I, Johnsen E, Kroken RA, Lagerberg TV, Melle I, Drange OK, Morken G, Nærland T, Sørensen K, Vaaler AE, Weibell MA, Westlye LT, Aukrust P, Djurovic S, Steen NE, Andreassen OA, Ueland T. Systemic Cell Adhesion Molecules in Severe Mental Illness: Potential Role of Intercellular CAM-1 in Linking Peripheral and Neuroinflammation. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:187-196. [PMID: 36182530 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) orchestrate leukocyte trafficking and could link peripheral and neuroinflammation in patients with severe mental illness (SMI), by promoting inflammatory and immune-mediated responses and mediating signals across blood-brain barrier. We hypothesized that CAMs would be dysregulated in SMI and evaluated plasma levels of different vascular and neural CAMs. Dysregulated CAMs in plasma were further evaluated in vivo in leukocytes and brain tissue and in vitro in induced pluripotent stem cells. METHODS We compared plasma soluble levels of different vascular (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, P-SEL) and neural (JAM-A, NCAD) CAMs in circulating leukocytes in a large SMI sample of schizophrenia (SCZ) spectrum disorder (n = 895) and affective disorder (n = 737) and healthy control participants (n = 1070) controlling for age, sex, body mass index, C-reactive protein, and freezer storage time. We also evaluated messenger RNA expression of ICAM1 and related genes encoding ICAM-1 receptors in leukocytes using microarray (n = 842) and in available RNA sequencing data from the CommonMind Consortium (CMC) in postmortem samples from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (n = 474). The regulation of soluble ICAM-1 in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons and astrocytes was assessed in patients with SCZ and healthy control participants (n = 8 of each). RESULTS Our major findings were 1) increased soluble ICAM-1 in patients with SMI compared with healthy control participants; 2) increased ITGB2 messenger RNA, encoding the beta chain of the ICAM-1 receptor, in circulating leukocytes from patients with SMI and increased prefrontal cortex messenger RNA expression of ICAM1 in SCZ; and 3) enhanced soluble ICAM-1 release in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from patients with SCZ. CONCLUSIONS Our results support a systemic and cerebral dysregulation of soluble ICAM-1 expression in SMI and especially in patients with SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashhood A Sheikh
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin S O'Connell
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tove Lekva
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Attila Szabo
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ibrahim A Akkouh
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jordi Requena Osete
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John A Engh
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Vestfold Hospital Trust, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Dimitrios Andreou
- NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrun Hope
- Department of Neuro Habilitation, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maren Caroline Frogner Werner
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inge Joa
- Network for Clinical Psychosis Research, Division of Psychiatry, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Network for Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Erik Johnsen
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; NORMENT Centre of Excellence, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rune A Kroken
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; NORMENT Centre of Excellence, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trine Vik Lagerberg
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Kristian Drange
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Østmarka, Division of Mental Health, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, Sørlandet Hospital HF, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Gunnar Morken
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Kjetil Sørensen
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne E Vaaler
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Østmarka, Division of Mental Health, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Melissa Authen Weibell
- Network for Clinical Psychosis Research, Division of Psychiatry, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Network for Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
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Xie L, Zheng L, Chen W, Zhai X, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Yu W, Lai Z, Zhu Z, Li P. Trends in perivascular macrophages research from 1997 to 2021: A bibliometric analysis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:816-830. [PMID: 36514189 PMCID: PMC9928555 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perivascular macrophages (PVMs) play pivotal roles in maintaining the physiological function of the brain. Dysfunction of PVMs is emerging as an important mechanism in various disease conditions in the brain. METHODS In this work, we analyzed recent research advances in PVMs, especially in the brain, from the Web of Science (WoS) core database using bibliometric analysis based on the search terms "perivascular macrophages" and "perivascular macrophage" on October 27, 2021. Visualization and collaboration analysis were performed by Citespace (5.8 R3 mac). RESULTS We found 2384 articles published between 1997 and 2021 in the field of PVMs, which were selected for analysis. PVMs were involved in several physio-pathological fields, in which Neurosciences and Neurology, Neuroscience, Immunology, Pathology, and Cardiovascular System and Cardiology were most reported. The research focuses on PVMs mainly in the central nervous system (CNS), inflammation, macrophage or T-cell, and disease, and highlights the related basic research regarding its activation, oxidative stress, angiotensin II, and insulin resistance. Tumor-associated macrophage, obesity, myeloid cell, and inflammation were relatively recent highlight keywords that attracted increasing attention in recent years. Harvard Univ, Vrije Univ Amsterdam, occupied important positions in the research field of PVMs. Meanwhile, PVM research in China (Peking Univ, Sun Yat Sen Univ, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, and Shandong Univ) is on the rise. Cluster co-citation analysis revealed that the mechanisms of CNS PVMs and related brain diseases are major specialties associated with PVMs, while PVMs in perivascular adipose tissue and vascular diseases or obesity are another big category of PVMs hotspots. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the research on PVMs continues to deepen, and the hotspots are constantly changing. Future studies of PVMs could have multiple disciplines intersecting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv Xie
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Weijie Chen
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaozhu Zhai
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yunlu Guo
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yueman Zhang
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yan Li
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Zhongmeng Lai
- Department of AnesthesiologyFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Ziyu Zhu
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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28
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Alnafisah R, Lundh A, Asah SM, Hoeflinger J, Wolfinger A, Hamoud AR, McCullumsmith RE, O'Donovan SM. Altered purinergic receptor expression in the frontal cortex in schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:96. [PMID: 36376358 PMCID: PMC9663420 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
ATP functions as a neurotransmitter, acting on the ubiquitously expressed family of purinergic P2 receptors. In schizophrenia (SCZ), the pathways that modulate extracellular ATP and its catabolism to adenosine are dysregulated. However, the effects of altered ATP availability on P2 receptor expression in the brain in SCZ have not been assessed. We assayed P2 receptor mRNA and protein expression in the DLPFC and ACC in subjects diagnosed with SCZ and matched, non-psychiatrically ill controls (n = 20-22/group). P2RX7, P2RX4 and male P2RX5 mRNA expression were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the DLPFC in SCZ. Expression of P2RX7 protein isoform was also significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the DLPFC in SCZ. Significant increases in P2RX4 and male P2RX5 mRNA expression may be associated with antipsychotic medication effects. We found that P2RX4 and P2RX7 mRNA are significantly correlated with the inflammatory marker SERPINA3, and may suggest an association between upregulated P2XR and neuroinflammation in SCZ. These findings lend support for brain-region dependent dysregulation of the purinergic system in SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Alnafisah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Anna Lundh
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sophie M Asah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Julie Hoeflinger
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Alyssa Wolfinger
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | - Robert E McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Neurosciences Institute, Promedica, Toledo, OH, USA
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29
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Calero M, Moleiro LH, Sayd A, Dorca Y, Miquel-Rio L, Paz V, Robledo-Montaña J, Enciso E, Acción F, Herráez-Aguilar D, Hellweg T, Sánchez L, Bortolozzi A, Leza JC, García-Bueno B, Monroy F. Lipid nanoparticles for antisense oligonucleotide gene interference into brain border-associated macrophages. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:887678. [PMID: 36406277 PMCID: PMC9671215 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.887678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A colloidal synthesis’ proof-of-concept based on the Bligh–Dyer emulsion inversion method was designed for integrating into lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) cell-permeating DNA antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), also known as GapmeRs (GRs), for mRNA interference. The GR@LNPs were formulated to target brain border-associated macrophages (BAMs) as a central nervous system (CNS) therapy platform for silencing neuroinflammation-related genes. We specifically aim at inhibiting the expression of the gene encoding for lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS), an anti-inflammatory enzyme expressed in BAMs, whose level of expression is altered in neuropsychopathologies such as depression and schizophrenia. The GR@LNPs are expected to demonstrate a bio-orthogonal genetic activity reacting with L-PGDS gene transcripts inside the living system without interfering with other genetic or biochemical circuitries. To facilitate selective BAM phagocytosis and avoid subsidiary absorption by other cells, they were functionalized with a mannosylated lipid as a specific MAN ligand for the mannose receptor presented by the macrophage surface. The GR@LNPs showed a high GR-packing density in a compact multilamellar configuration as structurally characterized by light scattering, zeta potential, and transmission electronic microscopy. As a preliminary biological evaluation of the mannosylated GR@LNP nanovectors into specifically targeted BAMs, we detected in vivo gene interference after brain delivery by intracerebroventricular injection (ICV) in Wistar rats subjected to gene therapy protocol. The results pave the way towards novel gene therapy platforms for advanced treatment of neuroinflammation-related pathologies with ASO@LNP nanovectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Calero
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara H. Moleiro
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Physikalische und Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Aline Sayd
- Health Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) ISCIII. Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yeray Dorca
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluis Miquel-Rio
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) ISCIII. Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) 08036 Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Paz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) ISCIII. Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) 08036 Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Robledo-Montaña
- Health Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) ISCIII. Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Enciso
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Acción
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Herráez-Aguilar
- Health Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Physikalische und Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Analía Bortolozzi
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) ISCIII. Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) 08036 Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan C. Leza
- Health Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) ISCIII. Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Health Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) ISCIII. Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Borja García-Bueno, ; Francisco Monroy,
| | - Francisco Monroy
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Borja García-Bueno, ; Francisco Monroy,
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Visini G, Brown S, Weston-Green K, Shannon Weickert C, Chesworth R, Karl T. The effects of preventative cannabidiol in a male neuregulin 1 mouse model of schizophrenia. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1010478. [PMID: 36406747 PMCID: PMC9669370 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1010478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-intoxicating cannabinoid with antipsychotic-like properties, however it’s potential to prevent schizophrenia development has not been thoroughly investigated. Brain maturation during adolescence creates a window where CBD could potentially limit the development of schizophrenia. The neuregulin 1 transmembrane domain heterozygous (Nrg1 TM HET) mutant mouse shows face, predictive, and construct validity for schizophrenia. Here we sought to determine if CBD given in adolescence could prevent the development of the schizophrenia-relevant phenotype, as well as susceptibility to the psychoactive cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Nrg1 TM HET mice. Adolescent male Nrg1 mutants and wild type-like (WT) animals were administered 30 mg/kg CBD i.p. daily for seven weeks, and were tested for locomotion, social behavior, sensorimotor gating and cognition, and sensitivity to acute THC-induced behaviors. GAD67, GluA1, and NMDAR1 protein levels were measured in the hippocampus, striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Chronic adolescent CBD increased locomotion in animals regardless of genotype, was anxiolytic, and increased social behavior when animals were tested for their acute THC response. CBD did not alleviate the schizophrenia-relevant hyperlocomotive phenotype of Nrg1 mutants, nor deficits in social behaviors. Nrg1 mutant mice treated with CBD and THC showed no habituation to a startle pulse, suggesting CBD increased vulnerability to the startle habituation-reducing effects of THC in mutant mice. CBD increased levels of GluA1, but reduced levels of GAD67 in the hippocampus of Nrg1 mutants. These results suggest adolescent CBD is not effective as a preventative of schizophrenia-relevant behavioral deficits in mutants and may actually contribute to pathological changes in the brain that increase sensitivity to THC in particular behavioral domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Visini
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Samara Brown
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Katrina Weston-Green
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Rose Chesworth
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Rose Chesworth,
| | - Tim Karl
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Tim Karl,
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31
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Zhu Y, Owens SJ, Murphy CE, Ajulu K, Rothmond D, Purves-Tyson T, Middleton F, Webster MJ, Weickert CS. Inflammation-related transcripts define "high" and "low" subgroups of individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in the midbrain. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 105:149-159. [PMID: 35764269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine dysregulation in schizophrenia may be associated with midbrain inflammation. Previously, we found elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs in the post-mortem midbrain of people with schizophrenia (46%) but not from unaffected controls (0%) using a brain cohort from Sydney, Australia. Here, we measured cytokine mRNAs and proteins in the midbrain in the Stanley Medical Research Institute (SMRI) array cohort (N = 105). We tested if the proportions of individuals with schizophrenia and with high inflammation can be replicated, and if individuals with bipolar disorder with elevated midbrain cytokines can be identified. mRNA levels of 7 immune transcripts from post-mortem midbrain tissue were measured via RT-PCR and two-step recursive clustering analysis was performed using 4 immune transcripts to define "high and low" inflammatory subgroups. The clustering predictors used were identical to our earlier midbrain study, and included: IL1B, IL6, TNF, and SERPINA3 mRNA levels. 46% of schizophrenia cases (16/35 SCZ), 6% of controls (2/33 CTRL), and 29% of bipolar disorder cases (10/35 BPD) were identified as belonging to the high inflammation (HI) subgroups [χ2 (2) = 13.54, p < 0.001]. When comparing inflammatory subgroups, all four mRNAs were significantly increased in SCZ-HI and BPD-HI compared to low inflammation controls (CTRL-LI) (p < 0.05). Additionally, protein levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18 were elevated in SCZ-HI and BPD-HI compared to all other low inflammatory subgroups (all p < 0.05). Surprisingly, TNF-α protein levels were unchanged according to subgroups. In conclusion, we determined that almost half of the individuals with schizophrenia were defined as having high inflammation in the midbrain, replicating our previous findings. Further, we detected close to one-third of those with bipolar disorder to be classified as having high inflammation. Elevations in some pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs (IL-1β and IL-6) were also found at the protein level, whereas TNF mRNA and protein levels were not concordant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Samantha J Owens
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Caitlin E Murphy
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Kachikwulu Ajulu
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Debora Rothmond
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Tertia Purves-Tyson
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Frank Middleton
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Maree J Webster
- Laboratory of Brain Research, Stanley Medical Research Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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North HF, Weissleder C, Fullerton JM, Webster MJ, Weickert CS. Increased immune cell and altered microglia and neurogenesis transcripts in an Australian schizophrenia subgroup with elevated inflammation. Schizophr Res 2022; 248:208-218. [PMID: 36108465 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified a subgroup of schizophrenia cases (~40 %) with heightened inflammation in the neurogenic subependymal zone (SEZ) (North et al., 2021b). This schizophrenia subgroup had changes indicating reduced microglial activity, increased peripheral immune cells, increased stem cell dormancy/quiescence and reduced neuronal precursor cells. The present follow-up study aimed to replicate and extend those novel findings in an independent post-mortem cohort of schizophrenia cases and controls from Australia. RNA was extracted from SEZ tissue from 20 controls and 22 schizophrenia cases from the New South Wales Brain Tissue Resource Centre, and gene expression analysis was performed. Cluster analysis of inflammation markers (IL1B, IL1R1, SERPINA3 and CXCL8) revealed a high-inflammation schizophrenia subgroup comprising 52 % of cases, which was a significantly greater proportion than the 17 % of high-inflammation controls. Consistent with our previous report (North et al., 2021b), those with high-inflammation and schizophrenia had unchanged mRNA expression of markers for steady-state and activated microglia (IBA1, HEXB, CD68), decreased expression of phagocytic microglia markers (P2RY12, P2RY13), but increased expression of markers for macrophages (CD163), monocytes (CD14), natural killer cells (FCGR3A), and the adhesion molecule ICAM1. Similarly, the high-inflammation schizophrenia subgroup emulated increased quiescent stem cell marker (GFAPD) and decreased neuronal progenitor (DLX6-AS1) and immature neuron marker (DCX) mRNA expression; but also revealed a novel increase in a marker of immature astrocytes (VIM). Replicating primary results in an independent cohort demonstrates that inflammatory subgroups in the SEZ in schizophrenia are reliable, robust and enhance understanding of neuropathological heterogeneity when studying schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley F North
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christin Weissleder
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maree J Webster
- Laboratory of Brain Research, Stanley Medical Research Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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Byrne JF, Healy C, Mongan D, Susai SR, Zammit S, Fӧcking M, Cannon M, Cotter DR. Transdiagnostic inflammatory subgroups among psychiatric disorders and their relevance to role functioning: a nested case-control study of the ALSPAC cohort. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:377. [PMID: 36085284 PMCID: PMC9463145 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with psychotic disorders and depressive disorder exhibit altered concentrations of peripheral inflammatory markers. It has been suggested that clinical trials of anti-inflammatory therapies for psychiatric disorders should stratify patients by their inflammatory profile. Hence, we investigated whether different subgroups of individuals exist across psychiatric disorders, based on their inflammatory biomarker signatures. We measured the plasma concentrations of 17 inflammatory markers and receptors in 380 participants with psychotic disorder, depressive disorder or generalised anxiety disorder and 399 controls without psychiatric symptoms from the ALSPAC cohort at age 24. We employed a semi-supervised clustering algorithm, which discriminates multiple clusters of psychiatric disorder cases from controls. The best fit was for a two-cluster model of participants with psychiatric disorders (Adjusted Rand Index (ARI) = 0.52 ± 0.01) based on the inflammatory markers. Permutation analysis indicated the stability of the clustering solution performed better than chance (ARI = 0.43 ± 0.11; p < 0.001), and the clusters explained the inflammatory marker data better than a Gaussian distribution (p = 0.021). Cluster 2 exhibited marked increases in sTNFR1/2, suPAR, sCD93 and sIL-2RA, compared to cluster 1. Participants in the cluster exhibiting higher inflammation were less likely to be in employment, education or training, indicating poorer role functioning. This study found evidence for a novel pattern of inflammatory markers specific to psychiatric disorders and strongly associated with a transdiagnostic measure of illness severity. sTNFR1/2, suPAR, sCD93 and sIL-2RA could be used to stratify clinical trials of anti-inflammatory therapies for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah F Byrne
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
- SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Colm Healy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Mongan
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Subash Raj Susai
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stan Zammit
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Melanie Fӧcking
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David R Cotter
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Chen A, Chen X, Deng J, Wei J, Qian H, Huang Y, Wu S, Gao F, Gong C, Liao Y, Zheng X. Dexmedetomidine alleviates olfactory cognitive dysfunction by promoting neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of hypoxic-ischemic neonatal rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:983920. [PMID: 36059991 PMCID: PMC9437207 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.983920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is the main cause of neurological dysfunction in neonates. Olfactory cognitive function is important for feeding, the ability to detect hazardous situations and social relationships. However, only a few studies have investigated olfactory cognitive dysfunction in neonates with HIBD; furthermore, the specific mechanisms involved are yet to be elucidated. It has been reported that neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) is linked to olfactory cognitive function. Recently, dexmedetomidine (DEX) has been shown to provide neuroprotection in neonates following HIBD. In the present study, we investigated whether DEX could improve olfactory cognitive dysfunction in neonatal rats following HIBD and attempted to determine the underlying mechanisms. Methods: We induced HIBD in rats using the Rice–Vannucci model, and DEX (25 μg/kg, i.p.) was administered immediately after the induction of HIBD. Next, we used triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and the Zea-longa score to assess the success of modelling. The levels of BDNF, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were determined by western blotting. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect microglial activation and microglial M1/M2 polarization as well as to evaluate the extent of neurogenesis in the SVZ. To evaluate the olfactory cognitive function, the rats in each group were raised until post-natal days 28–35; then, we performed the buried food test and the olfactory memory test. Results: Analysis showed that HIBD induced significant brain infarction, neurological deficits, and olfactory cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, we found that DEX treatment significantly improved olfactory cognitive dysfunction in rat pups with HIBD. DEX treatment also increased the number of newly formed neuroblasts (BrdU/DCX) and neurons (BrdU/NeuN) in the SVZ by increasing the expression of BDNF in rat pups with HIBD. Furthermore, analysis showed that the neurogenic effects of DEX were possibly related to the inhibition of inflammation and the promotion of M1 to M2 conversion in the microglia. Conclusion: Based on the present findings, DEX treatment could improve olfactory cognitive dysfunction in neonatal rats with HIBD by promoting neurogenesis in the SVZ and enhancing the expression of BDNF in the microglia. It was possible associated that DEX inhibited neuroinflammation and promoted M1 to M2 conversion in the microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianjie Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haitao Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongxin Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cansheng Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanling Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Co-Constructed Laboratory of “Belt and Road”, Fujian Emergency Medical Center, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaochun Zheng,
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Association of complement component 4 with neuroimmune abnormalities in the subventricular zone in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 173:105840. [PMID: 35995342 PMCID: PMC9582995 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An early inflammatory insult is the most recognized risk factor associated with neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders, even more so than genetic variants. Notably, complement component 4 (C4), a molecule involved in inflammatory responses, has been strongly associated with schizophrenia (SZ) and its role in other neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism (ASD), is an area of active investigation. However, while C4 in SZ has been implicated in the context of synaptic pruning, little is known about its neuroinflammatory role. The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a region heavily involved in neurodevelopment and neuroimmune interactions through the lifespan; thus, it is a region wherein C4 may play a vital role in disease pathology. Using in situ hybridization with radioactive riboprobes and RNAscope, we identified robust astrocytic expression of C4 in the SVZ and in the septum pellucidum. C4 was also expressed in ependyma, neurons, and Ki67+ progenitor cells. Examination of mRNA levels showed elevated C4 in both ASD and SZ, with higher expression in SZ compared to controls. Targeted transcriptomic analysis of inflammatory pathways revealed a strong association of complement system genes with SZ, and to a lesser extent, ASD, as well as generalized immune dysregulation without a strong association with known infectious pathways. Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that ASD DEGs were enriched in adaptive immune system functions such as Th cell differentiation, while SZ DEGs were enriched in innate immune system functions, including NF-κB and toll like receptor signaling. Moreover, the number of Ki67+ cells was significantly higher in ASD compared to SZ and controls. Taken together, these results support a role for C4 into inflammatory-neuroimmune dysregulation observed in SZ and ASD pathology.
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Induction of ICAM1 in Brain Vessels is Implicated in an Early AD Pathogenesis by Modulating Neprilysin. Neuromolecular Med 2022:10.1007/s12017-022-08726-x. [PMID: 35948857 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-022-08726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) is a vessel adhesion protein induced during brain vascular inflammation, which could be closely linked with the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigated the effect of ICAM1 on amyloid-degrading enzymes (ADEs) in endothelial cells and their potential involvement in inflammation and AD progression. TNF-α treatment increased ICAM1 in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs) but decreased the neprilysin (NEP) protein level. Knock-down of ICAM1 using siRNA enhanced NEP, which increased the degradation of amyloid-β. In the brains of 4-month-old AD transgenic mice (APPswe/PSEN1dE9), there were significantly higher levels of ICAM1 expression and amyloid deposits but lower levels of NEP and insulin-degrading enzymes (IDE), demonstrating an inverse correlation of ICAM1 with NEP and IDE expression. Further studies demonstrated significantly increased GFAP protein levels in the brain, specifically localized near blood vessels, of both TNF-α-injected and 4-month-old AD transgenic mice. Taken together, the induction of ICAM1 in endothelial cells suppresses NEP expression, accelerating the accumulation of amyloid-β in blood vessels. It also enhances leukocyte adhesion to blood vessels stimulating the migration of leukocytes into the brain, subsequently triggering brain inflammation.
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Du Y, Gao Y, Wu G, Li Z, Du X, Li J, Li X, Liu Z, Xu Y, Liu S. Exploration of the relationship between hippocampus and immune system in schizophrenia based on immune infiltration analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878997. [PMID: 35983039 PMCID: PMC9380889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SZ). Despite previous studies showing a broad link between immune dysregulation and the central nervous system of SZ, the exact relationship has not been completely elucidated. With immune infiltration analysis as an entry point, this study aimed to explore the relationship between schizophrenia and the immune system in more detail from brain regions, immune cells, genes, and pathways. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the hippocampus (HPC), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and striatum (STR) between SZ and control groups. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and functional enrichment analysis showed that three brain regions were closely related to the immune system. Compared with PFC and STR, there were 20 immune-related genes (IRGs) and 42 immune pathways in HPC. The results of immune infiltration analysis showed that the differential immune cells in HPC were effector memory T (Tem) cells. The correlation of immune-related DEGs (IDEGs) and immune cells further analysis showed that NPY, BLNK, OXTR, and FGF12, were moderately correlated with Tem cells. Functional pathway analysis indicated that these four genes might affect Tem by regulating the PI3K-AKT pathway and the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis results indicated that these four genes had a high diagnostic ability (AUC=95.19%). Finally, the disease animal model was successfully replicated, and further validation was conducted using the real-time PCR and the western blot. These results showed that these gene expression changes were consistent with our previous expression profiling. In conclusion, our findings suggested that HPC in SZ may be more closely related to immune disorders and modulate immune function through Tem, PI3K-Akt pathway, and neuroactive ligand-binding receptor interactions. To the best of our knowledge, the Immucell AI tool has been applied for the first time to analyze immune infiltration in SZ, contributing to a better understanding of the role of immune dysfunction in SZ from a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Du
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yao Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guangxian Wu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zexuan Li
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinzhe Du
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junxia Li
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhifen Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Mental Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Sha Liu, ; Yong Xu,
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Sha Liu, ; Yong Xu,
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Petty A, Glass LJ, Rothmond DA, Purves-Tyson T, Sweeney A, Kondo Y, Kubo S, Matsumoto M, Weickert CS. Increased levels of a pro-inflammatory IgG receptor in the midbrain of people with schizophrenia. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:188. [PMID: 35841099 PMCID: PMC9287858 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that neuroinflammation may contribute to schizophrenia neuropathology. Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines are evident in the midbrain from schizophrenia subjects, findings that are driven by a subgroup of patients, characterised as a "high inflammation" biotype. Cytokines trigger the release of antibodies, of which immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most common. The level and function of IgG is regulated by its transporter (FcGRT) and by pro-inflammatory IgG receptors (including FcGR3A) in balance with the anti-inflammatory IgG receptor FcGR2B. Testing whether abnormalities in IgG activity contribute to the neuroinflammatory abnormalities schizophrenia patients, particularly those with elevated cytokines, may help identify novel treatment targets. METHODS Post-mortem midbrain tissue from healthy controls and schizophrenia cases (n = 58 total) was used to determine the localisation and abundance of IgG and IgG transporters and receptors in the midbrain of healthy controls and schizophrenia patients. Protein levels of IgG and FcGRT were quantified using western blot, and gene transcript levels of FcGRT, FcGR3A and FcGR2B were assessed using qPCR. The distribution of IgG in the midbrain was assessed using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Results were compared between diagnostic (schizophrenia vs control) and inflammatory (high vs low inflammation) groups. RESULTS We found that IgG and FcGRT protein abundance (relative to β-actin) was unchanged in people with schizophrenia compared with controls irrespective of inflammatory subtype. In contrast, FcGRT and FcGR3A mRNA levels were elevated in the midbrain from "high inflammation" schizophrenia cases (FcGRT; p = 0.02, FcGR3A; p < 0.0001) in comparison to low-inflammation patients and healthy controls, while FcGR2B mRNA levels were unchanged. IgG immunoreactivity was evident in the midbrain, and approximately 24% of all individuals (control subjects and schizophrenia cases) showed diffusion of IgG from blood vessels into the brain. However, the intensity and distribution of IgG was comparable across schizophrenia cases and control subjects. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that an increase in the pro-inflammatory Fcγ receptor FcGR3A, rather than an overall increase in IgG levels, contribute to midbrain neuroinflammation in schizophrenia patients. However, more precise information about IgG-Fcγ receptor interactions is needed to determine their potential role in schizophrenia neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petty
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - L J Glass
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - D A Rothmond
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - T Purves-Tyson
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - A Sweeney
- NSW Brain Tissue Resource Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Y Kondo
- Astellas Research Institute of America LLC, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - S Kubo
- Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - M Matsumoto
- Astellas Research Institute of America LLC, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - C Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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Childers E, Bowen EFW, Rhodes CH, Granger R. Immune-Related Genomic Schizophrenic Subtyping Identified in DLPFC Transcriptome. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1200. [PMID: 35885983 PMCID: PMC9319783 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Well-documented evidence of the physiologic, genetic, and behavioral heterogeneity of schizophrenia suggests that diagnostic subtyping may clarify the underlying pathobiology of the disorder. Recent studies have demonstrated that increased inflammation may be a prominent feature of a subset of schizophrenics. However, these findings are inconsistent, possibly due to evaluating schizophrenics as a single group. In this study, we segregated schizophrenic patients into two groups ("Type 1", "Type 2") by their gene expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and explored biological differences between the subgroups. The study included post-mortem tissue samples that were sequenced in multiple, publicly available gene datasets using different sequencing methods. To evaluate the role of inflammation, the expression of genes in multiple components of neuroinflammation were examined: complement cascade activation, glial cell activation, pro-inflammatory mediator secretion, blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, chemokine production and peripheral immune cell infiltration. The Type 2 schizophrenics showed widespread abnormal gene expression across all the neuroinflammation components that was not observed in Type 1 schizophrenics. Our results demonstrate the importance of separating schizophrenic patients into their molecularly defined subgroups and provide supporting evidence for the involvement of the immune-related pathways in a schizophrenic subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Childers
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (E.C.); (E.F.W.B.)
| | | | | | - Richard Granger
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (E.C.); (E.F.W.B.)
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