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Yuan J, Peng M, Tang G, Wang Y. Fine root production, mortality, and turnover in response to simulated nitrogen deposition in the subtropical Abies georgei (Orr) forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171404. [PMID: 38432381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Increased nitrogen deposition has important effects on below-ground ecological processes. Fine roots are the most active part of the root system in terms of physiological activity and the main organs for nutrient and water uptake by plants. However, there is still a limited understanding of how nitrogen deposition affects the fine root dynamics in subtropical Abies georgei (Orr) forests. Consequently, a three-year field experiment was conducted to quantify the effects of three forms of nitrogen sources ((NH4)2SO4, NaNO3, and NH4NO3) at four levels (0, 5, 15, and 30 kg N·ha-1·yr-1) on the fine root dynamics in Abies georgei forests using a randomized block-group experimental design and minirhizotron technique. The first year of nitrogen addition did not affect the first-class fine roots (FR1, 0 < diameter < 0.5 mm) and second-class fine roots (FR2, 0.5 < diameter < 1.0 mm). The next two years of nitrogen addition significantly increased the production, mortality, and turnover of FR1 and FR2; the three year of nitrogen addition did not affect the dynamics of the third- class fine roots (FR3, 1.0 < diameter < 1.5 mm) and fourth- class fine roots (FR4,1.5 < diameter < 2.0 mm). Nitrogen addition positively affected the dynamics of FR1, FR2, FR3 and FR4 by positively affecting the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus contents of fine roots and indirectly affecting the soil pH. Increased carbon allocation to FR1 and FR2 may represent a phosphorus acquisition strategy when nitrogen is not the limiting factor. The nitrogen addition forms and levels affected the fine root dynamics in the following orde: NH4NO3 > (NH4)2SO4 > NaNO3 and high nitrogen > medium nitrogen > low nitrogen. The results suggest that the different-diameter fine root dynamics respond differently to different nitrogen addition forms and levels, and linking the different-diameter fine roots to nitrogen deposition is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyou Yuan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China.
| | - Mingchun Peng
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China.
| | - Guoyong Tang
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650233, China.
| | - Yun Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China.
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Hou J, McCormack ML, Reich PB, Sun T, Phillips RP, Lambers H, Chen HYH, Ding Y, Comas LH, Valverde-Barrantes OJ, Solly EF, Freschet GT. Linking fine root lifespan to root chemical and morphological traits-A global analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320623121. [PMID: 38607930 PMCID: PMC11032481 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320623121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Fine root lifespan is a critical trait associated with contrasting root strategies of resource acquisition and protection. Yet, its position within the multidimensional "root economics space" synthesizing global root economics strategies is largely uncertain, and it is rarely represented in frameworks integrating plant trait variations. Here, we compiled the most comprehensive dataset of absorptive median root lifespan (MRL) data including 98 observations from 79 woody species using (mini-)rhizotrons across 40 sites and linked MRL to other plant traits to address questions of the regulators of MRL at large spatial scales. We demonstrate that MRL not only decreases with plant investment in root nitrogen (associated with more metabolically active tissues) but also increases with construction of larger diameter roots which is often associated with greater plant reliance on mycorrhizal symbionts. Although theories linking organ structure and function suggest that root traits should play a role in modulating MRL, we found no correlation between root traits associated with structural defense (root tissue density and specific root length) and MRL. Moreover, fine root and leaf lifespan were globally unrelated, except among evergreen species, suggesting contrasting evolutionary selection between leaves and roots facing contrasting environmental influences above vs. belowground. At large geographic scales, MRL was typically longer at sites with lower mean annual temperature and higher mean annual precipitation. Overall, this synthesis uncovered several key ecophysiological covariates and environmental drivers of MRL, highlighting broad avenues for accurate parametrization of global biogeochemical models and the understanding of ecosystem response to global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Hou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Silviculture, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang110016, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | | | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN55108
- Institute for Global Change Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
- Hawkesbury Institute Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW2753, Australia
| | - Tao Sun
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Silviculture, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang110016, China
| | | | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA6009, Australia
| | - Han Y. H. Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ONP7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Yiyang Ding
- Department of Forest Sciences/Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, HelsinkiFI-00014, Finland
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, HelsinkiFI-00014, Finland
| | - Louise H. Comas
- Department of Soil & Crop Science, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO80523
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Water Management Research Unit, Ft. Collins, CO80526
| | | | - Emily F. Solly
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–Umwelt Forschungs Zentrum, Leipzig04318, Germany
| | - Gregoire T. Freschet
- Station d’écologie théorique et expérimentale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Moulis09200, France
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Ouyang S, Tie L, Saurer M, Bose AK, Duan H, Li M, Xu X, Shen W, Gessler A. Divergent role of nutrient availability in determining drought responses of sessile oak and Scots pine seedlings: evidence from 13C and 15N dual labeling. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad105. [PMID: 37672222 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased soil nutrient availability can promote tree growth while drought impairs metabolic functioning and induces tree mortality. However, limited information is available about the role of nutrients in the drought responses of trees. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings, which were subjected to three fertilization treatments in the first year and two water regimes in the second year. Old and newly fixed carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) allocation were traced by dual labeling with 13C and 15N tracers, respectively, at two time points. Leaf gas exchange, biomass, as well as N and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations of all organs were measured. Fertilization predisposed sessile oak to drought-induced mortality, mainly by prioritizing aboveground growth, C and N allocation, reducing root NSC concentrations and decreasing old C contribution to new growth of leaves. In contrast, fertilization did not additionally predispose Scots pine to drought, with minor effects of fertilization and drought on newly fixed and old C allocation, tissues N and NSC concentrations. The role of nutrients for drought responses of trees seems to be species-specific. Therefore, we suggest nutrient availability and species identity to be considered in the framework of physiological mechanisms affecting drought-induced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Ouyang
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Forest Dynamics, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Liehua Tie
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Forest Dynamics, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Arun K Bose
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Forest Dynamics, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
- Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Honglang Duan
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Maihe Li
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Forest Dynamics, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xingliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Forest Dynamics, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8902, Switzerland
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Jaeger ACH, Hartmann M, Conz RF, Six J, Solly EF. Prolonged water limitation shifts the soil microbiome from copiotrophic to oligotrophic lifestyles in Scots pine mesocosms. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13211. [PMID: 37991154 PMCID: PMC10866073 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Reductions in soil moisture due to prolonged episodes of drought can potentially affect whole forest ecosystems, including soil microorganisms and their functions. We investigated how the composition of soil microbial communities is affected by prolonged episodes of water limitation. In a mesocosm experiment with Scots pine saplings and natural forest soil maintained at different levels of soil water content over 2 years, we assessed shifts in prokaryotic and fungal communities and related these to changes in plant development and soil properties. Prolonged water limitation induced progressive changes in soil microbial community composition. The dissimilarity between prokaryotic communities at different levels of water limitation increased over time regardless of the recurrent seasons, while fungal communities were less affected by prolonged water limitation. Under low soil water contents, desiccation-tolerant groups outcompeted less adapted, and the lifestyle of prokaryotic taxa shifted from copiotrophic to oligotrophic. While the abundance of saprotrophic and ligninolytic groups increased alongside an accumulation of dead plant material, the abundance of symbiotic and nutrient-cycling taxa decreased, likely impairing the development of the trees. Overall, prolonged episodes of drought appeared to continuously alter the structure of microbial communities, pointing to a potential loss of critical functions provided by the soil microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid C. H. Jaeger
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Rafaela Feola Conz
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Johan Six
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Emily F. Solly
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZLeipzigGermany
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Malyshev AV, Blume-Werry G, Spiller O, Smiljanić M, Weigel R, Kolb A, Nze BY, Märker F, Sommer FCFJ, Kinley K, Ziegler J, Pasang P, Mahara R, Joshi S, Heinsohn V, Kreyling J. Warming nondormant tree roots advances aboveground spring phenology in temperate trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2276-2287. [PMID: 37897071 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming advances the onset of tree growth in spring, but above- and belowground phenology are not always synchronized. These differences in growth responses may result from differences in root and bud dormancy dynamics, but root dormancy is largely unexplored. We measured dormancy in roots and leaf buds of Fagus sylvatica and Populus nigra by quantifying the warming sum required to initiate above- and belowground growth in October, January and February. We furthermore carried out seven experiments, manipulating only the soil and not air temperature before or during tree leaf-out to evaluate the potential of warmer roots to influence budburst timing using seedlings and adult trees of F. sylvatica and seedlings of Betula pendula. Root dormancy was virtually absent in comparison with the much deeper winter bud dormancy. Roots were able to start growing immediately as soils were warmed during the winter. Interestingly, higher soil temperature advanced budburst across all experiments, with soil temperature possibly accounting for c. 44% of the effect of air temperature in advancing aboveground spring phenology per growing degree hour. Therefore, differences in root and bud dormancy dynamics, together with their interaction, likely explain the nonsynchronized above- and belowground plant growth responses to climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Malyshev
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gesche Blume-Werry
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Universitet, Umea, 90187, Sweden
| | - Ophelia Spiller
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marko Smiljanić
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert Weigel
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Goettingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Ecological-Botanical Garden, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alexander Kolb
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Byron Ye Nze
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frederik Märker
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Kinley Kinley
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Ecological-Botanical Garden, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jan Ziegler
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Pasang Pasang
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert Mahara
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Forest and Park Services, Thimphu, 1345, Bhutan
| | - Silviya Joshi
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vincent Heinsohn
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Juergen Kreyling
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
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Solly EF, Jaeger ACH, Barthel M, Werner RA, Zürcher A, Hagedorn F, Six J, Hartmann M. Water limitation intensity shifts carbon allocation dynamics in Scots pine mesocosms. PLANT AND SOIL 2023; 490:499-519. [PMID: 37780069 PMCID: PMC10533586 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-023-06093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims Tree species worldwide suffer from extended periods of water limitation. These conditions not only affect the growth and vitality of trees but also feed back on the cycling of carbon (C) at the plant-soil interface. However, the impact of progressing water loss from soils on the transfer of assimilated C belowground remains unresolved. Methods Using mesocosms, we assessed how increasing levels of water deficit affect the growth of Pinus sylvestris saplings and performed a 13C-CO2 pulse labelling experiment to trace the pathway of assimilated C into needles, fine roots, soil pore CO2, and phospholipid fatty acids of soil microbial groups. Results With increasing water limitation, trees partitioned more biomass belowground at the expense of aboveground growth. Moderate levels of water limitation barely affected the uptake of 13C label and the transit time of C from needles to the soil pore CO2. Comparatively, more severe water limitation increased the fraction of 13C label that trees allocated to fine roots and soil fungi while a lower fraction of 13CO2 was readily respired from the soil. Conclusions When soil water becomes largely unavailable, C cycling within trees becomes slower, and a fraction of C allocated belowground may accumulate in fine roots or be transferred to the soil and associated microorganisms without being metabolically used. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11104-023-06093-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F. Solly
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Astrid C. H. Jaeger
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matti Barthel
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland A. Werner
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Grassland Sciences Group, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alois Zürcher
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Biogeochemistry Group, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903 Switzerland
| | - Frank Hagedorn
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Biogeochemistry Group, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903 Switzerland
| | - Johan Six
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Österberg M, Henn KA, Farooq M, Valle-Delgado JJ. Biobased Nanomaterials─The Role of Interfacial Interactions for Advanced Materials. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2200-2241. [PMID: 36720130 PMCID: PMC9999428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review presents recent advances regarding biomass-based nanomaterials, focusing on their surface interactions. Plant biomass-based nanoparticles, like nanocellulose and lignin from industry side streams, hold great potential for the development of lightweight, functional, biodegradable, or recyclable material solutions for a sustainable circular bioeconomy. However, to obtain optimal properties of the nanoparticles and materials made thereof, it is crucial to control the interactions both during particle production and in applications. Herein we focus on the current understanding of these interactions. Solvent interactions during particle formation and production, as well as interactions with water, polymers, cells and other components in applications, are addressed. We concentrate on cellulose and lignin nanomaterials and their combination. We demonstrate how the surface chemistry of the nanomaterials affects these interactions and how excellent performance is only achieved when the interactions are controlled. We furthermore introduce suitable methods for probing interactions with nanomaterials, describe their advantages and challenges, and introduce some less commonly used methods and discuss their possible applications to gain a deeper understanding of the interfacial chemistry of biobased nanomaterials. Finally, some gaps in current understanding and interesting emerging research lines are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150Espoo, Finland
| | - K Alexander Henn
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150Espoo, Finland
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150Espoo, Finland
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150Espoo, Finland
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Kengdo SK, Ahrens B, Tian Y, Heinzle J, Wanek W, Schindlbacher A, Borken W. Increase in carbon input by enhanced fine root turnover in a long-term warmed forest soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158800. [PMID: 36116665 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fine root litter represents an important carbon input to soils, but the effect of global warming on fine root turnover (FRT) is hardly explored in forest ecosystems. Understanding tree fine roots' response to warming is crucial for predicting soil carbon dynamics and the functioning of forests as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). We studied fine root production (FRP) with ingrowth cores and used radiocarbon signatures of first-order, second- to third-order, and bulk fine roots to estimate fine root turnover times after 8 and 14 years of soil warming (+4 °C) in a temperate forest. Fine root turnover times of the individual root fractions were estimated with a one-pool model. Soil warming strongly increased fine root production by up to 128 % within one year, but after two years, the production was less pronounced (+35 %). The first-year production was likely very high due to the rapid exploitation of the root-free ingrowth cores. The radiocarbon signatures of fine roots were overall variable among treatments and plots. Soil warming tended to decrease fine root turnover times of all the measured root fractions after 8 and 14 years of warming, and there was a tendency for trees to use older carbon reserves for fine root production in warmed plots. Furthermore, soil warming increased fine root turnover from 50 to 106 g C m-2 yr-1 (based on two different approaches). Our findings suggest that future climate warming may increase carbon input into soils by enhancing fine root turnover. If this increase may partly offset carbon losses by increased mineralization of soil organic matter in temperate forest soils is still unclear and should guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Kwatcho Kengdo
- Department of Soil Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BAYCEER), University of Bayreuth, Dr.-Hans-Frisch-Straße 1-3, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Ahrens
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ye Tian
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Center of Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Heinzle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Soil, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape-BFW, Seckendorff-Gudent Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Center of Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Schindlbacher
- Department of Forest Ecology and Soil, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape-BFW, Seckendorff-Gudent Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Borken
- Department of Soil Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BAYCEER), University of Bayreuth, Dr.-Hans-Frisch-Straße 1-3, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
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9
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Growth of alpine grassland will start and stop earlier under climate warming. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7398. [PMID: 36456572 PMCID: PMC9715633 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpine plants have evolved a tight seasonal cycle of growth and senescence to cope with a short growing season. The potential growing season length (GSL) is increasing because of climate warming, possibly prolonging plant growth above- and belowground. We tested whether growth dynamics in typical alpine grassland are altered when the natural GSL (2-3 months) is experimentally advanced and thus, prolonged by 2-4 months. Additional summer months did not extend the growing period, as canopy browning started 34-41 days after the start of the season, even when GSL was more than doubled. Less than 10% of roots were produced during the added months, suggesting that root growth was as conservative as leaf growth. Few species showed a weak second greening under prolonged GSL, but not the dominant sedge. A longer growing season under future climate may therefore not extend growth in this widespread alpine community, but will foster species that follow a less strict phenology.
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10
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Contrasting Dynamics in the Fine Root Mass of Angiosperm and Gymnosperm Forests on the Global Scale. Ecosystems 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-022-00766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Tardy BL, Mattos BD, Otoni CG, Beaumont M, Majoinen J, Kämäräinen T, Rojas OJ. Deconstruction and Reassembly of Renewable Polymers and Biocolloids into Next Generation Structured Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14088-14188. [PMID: 34415732 PMCID: PMC8630709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the most recent developments in supramolecular and supraparticle structures obtained from natural, renewable biopolymers as well as their disassembly and reassembly into engineered materials. We introduce the main interactions that control bottom-up synthesis and top-down design at different length scales, highlighting the promise of natural biopolymers and associated building blocks. The latter have become main actors in the recent surge of the scientific and patent literature related to the subject. Such developments make prominent use of multicomponent and hierarchical polymeric assemblies and structures that contain polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, and others), polyphenols (lignins, tannins), and proteins (soy, whey, silk, and other proteins). We offer a comprehensive discussion about the interactions that exist in their native architectures (including multicomponent and composite forms), the chemical modification of polysaccharides and their deconstruction into high axial aspect nanofibers and nanorods. We reflect on the availability and suitability of the latter types of building blocks to enable superstructures and colloidal associations. As far as processing, we describe the most relevant transitions, from the solution to the gel state and the routes that can be used to arrive to consolidated materials with prescribed properties. We highlight the implementation of supramolecular and superstructures in different technological fields that exploit the synergies exhibited by renewable polymers and biocolloids integrated in structured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Bruno D. Mattos
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Caio G. Otoni
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Federal University
of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São
Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marco Beaumont
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University
of Technology, 2 George
Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Johanna Majoinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tero Kämäräinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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12
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Variation in fine root traits with thinning intensity in a Chinese fir plantation insights from branching order and functional groups. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22710. [PMID: 34811461 PMCID: PMC8608833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Thinning is a widely used practice in forest management, but the acclimation mechanisms of fine roots to forest thinning are still unclear. We examined the variations in fine root traits of different branching orders and functional groups along a thinning intensity gradient in a 26-year-old Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation. With increasing thinning intensity, the root C concentration (RCC), root N concentration (RNC), specific root area (SRA), and specific root length (SRL) of the absorptive roots (the first two orders) significantly decreased, while root abundance (root biomass and root length density) and root tissue density (RTD) significantly increased. Fifty-four percent of the variation in the absorptive root traits could be explained by the soil N concentration and the biomass and diversity of the understorey vegetation. Conversely, transport root (third- and higher-order) traits did not vary significantly among different thinning intensities. The covariation of absorptive root traits across thinning intensities regarding two dimensions was as follows: the first dimension (46% of the total variation) represented changes in root abundance and chemical traits (related to RCC, RNC), belonging to an extensive foraging strategy; the second dimension (41% of the total variation) represented variations in root morphological traits (related to RTD, SRL and SRA), which is an intensive foraging strategy (i.e., root economic spectrum). These results suggested that the absorptive roots of Chinese fir adopt two-dimensional strategies to acclimate to the altered surroundings after thinning.
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13
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Fujii S, Haraguchi TF, Tayasu I. Radiocarbon signature reveals that most springtails depend on carbon from living plants. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210353. [PMID: 34547215 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial carbon cycling is largely mediated by soil food webs. Identifying the carbon source for soil animals has been desired to distinguish their roles in carbon cycling, but it is challenging for small invertebrates at low trophic levels because of methodological limitations. Here, we combined radiocarbon (14C) analysis with stable isotope analyses (13C and 15N) to understand feeding habits of soil microarthropods, especially focusing on springtail (Collembola). Most Collembola species exhibited lower Δ14C values than litter regardless of their δ13C and δ15N signatures, indicating their dependence on young carbon. In contrast with general patterns across all taxonomic groups, we found a significant negative correlation between δ15N and Δ14C values among the edaphic Collembola. This means that the species with higher δ15N values depend on C from more recent photosynthate, which suggests that soil-dwelling species generally feed on mycorrhizae to obtain root-derived C. Many predatory taxa exhibited higher Δ14C values than Collembola but lower than litter, indicating non-negligible effects of collembolan feeding habits on the soil food web. Our study demonstrated the usefulness of radiocarbon analysis, which can untangle the confounding factors that change collembolan δ15N values, clarify animal feeding habits and define the roles of organisms in soil food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Fujii
- Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Takashi F Haraguchi
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan.,Biodiversity Research Center, Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture, 10-4 Koyamotomachi, Neyagawa, Osaka, 572-0088, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan
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14
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TransparC2U–A two-pool, pedology oriented forest soil carbon simulation model aimed at user investigations of multiple uncertainties. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Gutierrez Lopez J, Tor-Ngern P, Oren R, Kozii N, Laudon H, Hasselquist NJ. How tree species, tree size, and topographical location influenced tree transpiration in northern boreal forests during the historic 2018 drought. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3066-3078. [PMID: 33949757 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trees in northern latitude ecosystems are projected to experience increasing drought stress as a result of rising air temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns in northern latitude ecosystems. However, most drought-related studies on high-latitude boreal forests (>50°N) have been conducted in North America, with few studies quantifying the response in European and Eurasian boreal forests. Here, we tested how daily whole-tree transpiration (Q, Liters day-1 ) and Q normalized for mean daytime vapor pressure deficit (QDZ , Liters day-1 kPa-1 ) were affected by the historic 2018 drought in Europe. More specifically, we examined how tree species, size, and topographic position affected drought response in high-latitude mature boreal forest trees. We monitored 30 Pinus sylvestris (pine) and 30 Picea abies (spruce) trees distributed across a topographic gradient in northern Sweden. In general, pine showed a greater QDZ control compared to spruce during periods of severe drought (standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index: SPEI < -1.5), suggesting that the latter are more sensitive to drought. Overall, QDZ reductions (using non-drought QDZ as reference) were less pronounced in larger trees during severe drought, but there was a species-specific pattern: QDZ reductions were greater in pine trees at high elevations and greater in spruce trees at lower elevations. Despite lower QDZ during severe drought, drought spells were interspersed with small precipitation events and overcast conditions, and QDZ returned to pre-drought conditions relatively quickly. This study highlights unique species-specific responses to drought, which are additionally driven by a codependent interaction among tree size, relative topographic position, and unique regional climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Gutierrez Lopez
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pantana Tor-Ngern
- Department of Environmental Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Environment, Health and Social Data Analytics Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Water Science and Technology for Sustainable Environment Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ram Oren
- Division of Environmental Science & Policy, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Forest Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nataliia Kozii
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Niles J Hasselquist
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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16
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Wang J, Defrenne C, McCormack ML, Yang L, Tian D, Luo Y, Hou E, Yan T, Li Z, Bu W, Chen Y, Niu S. Fine-root functional trait responses to experimental warming: a global meta-analysis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1856-1867. [PMID: 33586131 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Whether and how warming alters functional traits of absorptive plant roots remains to be answered across the globe. Tackling this question is crucial to better understanding terrestrial responses to climate change as fine-root traits drive many ecosystem processes. We carried out a detailed synthesis of fine-root trait responses to experimental warming by performing a meta-analysis of 964 paired observations from 177 publications. Warming increased fine-root biomass, production, respiration and nitrogen concentration as well as decreased root carbon : nitrogen ratio and nonstructural carbohydrates. Warming effects on fine-root biomass decreased with greater warming magnitude, especially in short-term experiments. Furthermore, the positive effect of warming on fine-root biomass was strongest in deeper soil horizons and in colder and drier regions. Total fine-root length, morphology, mortality, life span and turnover were unresponsive to warming. Our results highlight the significant changes in fine-root traits in response to warming as well as the importance of warming magnitude and duration in understanding fine-root responses. These changes have strong implications for global soil carbon stocks in a warmer world associated with increased root-derived carbon inputs into deeper soil horizons and increases in fine-root respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Ecosystem Sciences and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Camille Defrenne
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - M Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rt. 53, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
| | - Lu Yang
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dashuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Ecosystem Sciences and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Enqing Hou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Ecosystem Sciences and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Tao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhaolei Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Wensheng Bu
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Shuli Niu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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17
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Gao D, Joseph J, Werner RA, Brunner I, Zürcher A, Hug C, Wang A, Zhao C, Bai E, Meusburger K, Gessler A, Hagedorn F. Drought alters the carbon footprint of trees in soils-tracking the spatio-temporal fate of 13 C-labelled assimilates in the soil of an old-growth pine forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2491-2506. [PMID: 33739617 PMCID: PMC8251913 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Above and belowground compartments in ecosystems are closely coupled on daily to annual timescales. In mature forests, this interlinkage and how it is impacted by drought is still poorly understood. Here, we pulse-labelled 100-year-old trees with 13 CO2 within a 15-year-long irrigation experiment in a naturally dry pine forest to quantify how drought regime affects the transfer and use of assimilates from trees to the rhizosphere and associated microbial communities. It took 4 days until new 13 C-labelled assimilates were allocated to the rhizosphere. One year later, the 13 C signal of the 3-h long pulse labelling was still detectable in stem and soil respiration, which provides evidence that parts of the assimilates are stored in trees before they are used for metabolic processes in the rhizosphere. Irrigation removing the natural water stress reduced the mean C residence time from canopy uptake until soil respiration from 89 to 40 days. Moreover, irrigation increased the amount of assimilates transferred to and respired in the soil within the first 10 days by 370%. A small precipitation event rewetting surface soils altered this pattern rapidly and reduced the effect size to +35%. Microbial biomass incorporated 46 ± 5% and 31 ± 7% of the C used in the rhizosphere in the dry control and irrigation treatment respectively. Mapping the spatial distribution of soil-respired 13 CO2 around the 10 pulse-labelled trees showed that tree rhizospheres extended laterally 2.8 times beyond tree canopies, implying that there is a strong overlap of the rhizosphere among adjacent trees. Irrigation increased the rhizosphere area by 60%, which gives evidence of a long-term acclimation of trees and their rhizosphere to the drought regime. The moisture-sensitive transfer and use of C in the rhizosphere has consequences for C allocation within trees, soil microbial communities and soil carbon storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decai Gao
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai MountainsMinistry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Jobin Joseph
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Roland A Werner
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ivano Brunner
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Alois Zürcher
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Christian Hug
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Ao Wang
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Chunhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai MountainsMinistry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Edith Bai
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai MountainsMinistry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | | | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Frank Hagedorn
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
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18
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Schwieger S, Blume-Werry G, Ciesiolka F, Anadon-Rosell A. Root biomass and root traits of Alnus glutinosa show size-dependent and opposite patterns in a drained and a rewetted forest peatland. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:337-346. [PMID: 33211793 PMCID: PMC7872119 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Forest peatlands represent 25 % of global peatlands and store large amounts of carbon (C) as peat. Traditionally they have been drained in order to increase forestry yield, which may cause large losses of C from the peat. Rewetting aims to stop these losses and to restore the initial storage function of the peatlands. As roots represent major peat-forming elements in these systems, we sampled roots with diameter <5 mm in a drained and a rewetted forest peatland in north-east Germany to evaluate differences in tree biomass investments below ground, root functional characteristics and root age. METHODS We cored soil next to Alnus glutinosa stems and sorted root biomass into <1, 1-2 and 2-5 mm diameter classes. We measured biomass distribution and specific root area (SRA) in 10-cm depth increments down to 50 cm, and estimated root age from annual growth rings. KEY RESULTS Root biomass in the rewetted site was more than double that in the drained site. This difference was mostly driven by very fine roots <1 mm, which accounted for 51 % of the total root biomass and were mostly (75 %) located in the upper 20 cm. For roots <1 mm, SRA did not differ between the sites. However, SRA of the 1-2 mm and 2-5 mm diameter roots was higher in the drained than in the rewetted site. Root age did not differ between sites. CONCLUSIONS The size-dependent opposite patterns between root biomass and their functional characteristics under contrasting water regimes indicate differences between fine and coarse roots in their response to environmental changes. Root age distribution points to similar root turnover rates between the sites, while higher root biomass in the rewetted site clearly indicates larger tree C stocks below ground under rewetting, supporting the C sink function of the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schwieger
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gesche Blume-Werry
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Felix Ciesiolka
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
- Landscape Ecology and Ecosystem Dynamics, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alba Anadon-Rosell
- Landscape Ecology and Ecosystem Dynamics, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
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19
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Withington JM, Goebel M, Bułaj B, Oleksyn J, Reich PB, Eissenstat DM. Remarkable Similarity in Timing of Absorptive Fine-Root Production Across 11 Diverse Temperate Tree Species in a Common Garden. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:623722. [PMID: 33584764 PMCID: PMC7875864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.623722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-term minirhizotron observations of absorptive fine roots provide insights into seasonal patterns of belowground root production and carbon dynamics. Our objective was to compare root dynamics over time across mature individuals of 11 temperate trees species: five evergreen and six deciduous. We analyzed the timing and growth on 1st-and 2nd-order roots in minirhizotron images down to a vertical depth of 35 cm, as well as monthly and total annual length production. Production patterns were related to total annual precipitation of the actual and previous year of root production over 6 years. The main or largest peak of annual fine-root production occurred between June and September for almost all species and years. In most years, when peaks occurred, the timing of peak root production was synchronized across all species. A linear mixed model revealed significant differences in monthly fine-root length production across species in certain years (species x year, P < 0.0001), which was strongly influenced by three tree species. Total annual root production was much higher in 2000-2002, when there was above-average rainfall in the previous year, compared with production in 2005-2007, which followed years of lower-than-average rainfall (2003-2006). Compared to the wetter period all species experienced a decline of at least 75% in annual production in the drier years. Total annual root length production was more strongly associated with previous year's (P < 0.001) compared with the actual year's precipitation (P = 0.003). Remarkably similar timing of monthly absorptive fine-root growth can occur across multiple species of diverse phylogeny and leaf habit in a given year, suggesting a strong influence of extrinsic factors on absorptive fine-root growth. The influence of previous year precipitation on annual absorptive fine-root growth underscores the importance of legacy effects in biological responses and suggests that a growth response of temperate trees to extreme precipitation or drought events can be exacerbated across years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Withington
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY, United States
| | - Marc Goebel
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Bartosz Bułaj
- Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Department of Forest Resources, The University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, The University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - David M. Eissenstat
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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20
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Nikolova PS, Bauerle TL, Häberle KH, Blaschke H, Brunner I, Matyssek R. Fine-Root Traits Reveal Contrasting Ecological Strategies in European Beech and Norway Spruce During Extreme Drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1211. [PMID: 32903505 PMCID: PMC7438540 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Trees adjust multiple structural and functional organ-specific characteristics, "traits", to cope with diverse soil conditions. Studies on traits are widely used to uncover ecological species adaptability to varying environments. However, fine-root traits are rarely studied for methodological reasons. We analyzed the adaptability of the fine-root systems of European beech and Norway spruce to extreme drought within species-specific tree groups at Kranzberger Forst (Germany), focusing on the seasonality of morphological, physiological, and biochemical key traits in view of carbon (C) and nitrogen dynamics. We hypothesized that fine roots of both species adjust to seasonal drought: with beech representing a "fast" (i.e. with fast C turnover), and spruce a "slow" (i.e. with long-term C retention) ecological strategy. We identified three functional fine-root categories, based on root function (absorptive or transport fine roots), and mycorrhizal status of the absorptive fine-roots (mycorrhizal or non-mycorrhizal). Solely the non-mycorrhizal absorptive roots adjusted in a species-specific manner supporting fine-root ecological strategy hypothesis. During drought, beech produced thin ephemeral (absorptive non-mycorrhizal) fine roots with high specific fine-root area and high respiratory activity, representing fast C turnover and enabling effective resource exploitation. These adjustments reflect a "fast" ecological strategy. Conversely, spruce absorptive fine roots did not respond to the soil moisture deficit by growth but instead increased root suberization. Drastically lowered respiratory activity of this functional category facilitated C retention and structural persistence during drought, indicating a "slow" ecological strategy in spruce. Absorptive mycorrhizal fine roots maintained respiration throughout the drought event in both tree species, but in spruce this was the only fine-root category with high respiration. This suggests, that spruce relies heavily on mycorrhizal associations as a method of drought resistance. Accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates and high C concentrations were observed in the transport fine roots of both species, indicating drought-induced osmotic protection of these roots. Thus, functional classification enabled us to determine that fine-root branches of each species are not tied to one sole ecological strategy. The suggested approach helps to better understand the complex interplay between structure and function belowground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petia Simeonova Nikolova
- Forest Resources and Management, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Ecophysiology of Plants, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Taryn L. Bauerle
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Karl-Heinz Häberle
- Ecophysiology of Plants, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Helmut Blaschke
- Ecophysiology of Plants, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Ecophysiology of Plants, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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21
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Hudek C, Barni E, Stanchi S, D'Amico M, Pintaldi E, Freppaz M. Mid and long-term ecological impacts of ski run construction on alpine ecosystems. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11654. [PMID: 32669567 PMCID: PMC7363814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of ski run construction is a worldwide trend. The machine-grading of slopes involved during ski run construction changes the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, having significant long-term ecological impact on the environment. Establishing and developing plant communities in these affected areas is crucial in rehabilitating the biotic and abiotic soil environment, while also improving slope stability and reducing the risk of natural hazards. This study evaluates changes in plant-soil properties and the long-term effects of machine-grading and subsequent restoration of ski runs so as to contribute to formulating the best practices in future ski run constructions. Study plots were established in 2000 and re-surveyed in 2017 on ski runs, which had been machine-graded and hydroseeded in the 1990s. Vegetation, root trait and soil surveys were carried out on ski run plots and compared to paired, undisturbed control sites off the ski runs. Plant cover remained unchanged on the ski-runs over time but plant richness and diversity considerably increased, reaching similar levels to undisturbed vegetation. Plant composition moved towards more semi-natural stages, showing a reduction in seeded plants with a comparable increase in the cover of colonizing native species. Root trait results were site-specific showing great variations between the mid and long-term after-effects of machine-grading and revegetation when compared to undisturbed sites. Under long-term management, the soil pH was still higher and the organic C content still lower in the ski runs than in the undisturbed sites, as the aggregate stability. The standard actions applied (machine-grading, storage and re-use of topsoil, hydroseeding of commercial seed mixtures, application of manure soon after seeding and low-intensity grazing) allowed the ecosystem to partially recover in three decades, and even if the soil has still a lower chemical and physical fertility than the undisturbed sites, the plant species composition reveals a satisfactory degree of renaturalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Hudek
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini, 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy. .,School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, College Rd, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - Elena Barni
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale P.A. Mattioli, 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Stanchi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini, 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy.,University of Turin, Natrisk, Largo Braccini, 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Michele D'Amico
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini, 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pintaldi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini, 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Michele Freppaz
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini, 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy.,University of Turin, Natrisk, Largo Braccini, 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
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22
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Hagedorn F, Gavazov K, Alexander JM. Above- and belowground linkages shape responses of mountain vegetation to climate change. Science 2020; 365:1119-1123. [PMID: 31515385 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax4737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Upward shifts of mountain vegetation lag behind rates of climate warming, partly related to interconnected changes belowground. Here, we unravel above- and belowground linkages by drawing insights from short-term experimental manipulations and elevation gradient studies. Soils will likely gain carbon in early successional ecosystems, while losing carbon as forest expands upward, and the slow, high-elevation soil development will constrain warming-induced vegetation shifts. Current approaches fail to predict the pace of these changes and how much they will be modified by interactions among plants and soil biota. Integrating mountain soils and their biota into monitoring programs, combined with innovative comparative and experimental approaches, will be crucial to overcome the paucity of belowground data and to better understand mountain ecosystem dynamics and their feedbacks to climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hagedorn
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Konstantin Gavazov
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jake M Alexander
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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23
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Collalti A, Tjoelker MG, Hoch G, Mäkelä A, Guidolotti G, Heskel M, Petit G, Ryan MG, Battipaglia G, Matteucci G, Prentice IC. Plant respiration: Controlled by photosynthesis or biomass? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1739-1753. [PMID: 31578796 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two simplifying hypotheses have been proposed for whole-plant respiration. One links respiration to photosynthesis; the other to biomass. Using a first-principles carbon balance model with a prescribed live woody biomass turnover, applied at a forest research site where multidecadal measurements are available for comparison, we show that if turnover is fast the accumulation of respiring biomass is low and respiration depends primarily on photosynthesis; while if turnover is slow the accumulation of respiring biomass is high and respiration depends primarily on biomass. But the first scenario is inconsistent with evidence for substantial carry-over of fixed carbon between years, while the second implies far too great an increase in respiration during stand development-leading to depleted carbohydrate reserves and an unrealistically high mortality risk. These two mutually incompatible hypotheses are thus both incorrect. Respiration is not linearly related either to photosynthesis or to biomass, but it is more strongly controlled by recent photosynthates (and reserve availability) than by total biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Collalti
- Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), Rende (CS), Italy
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science and Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gabriele Guidolotti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystem, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Rome, Italy
| | - Mary Heskel
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Giai Petit
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Michael G Ryan
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Giovanna Battipaglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Giorgio Matteucci
- Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Iain Colin Prentice
- AXA Chair of Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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24
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Dynamics and Vertical Distribution of Roots in European Beech Forests and Douglas Fir Plantations in Bulgaria. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10121123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identifying patterns in roots spatial distribution and dynamics, and quantifying the root stocks, annual production and turnover rates at species level is essential for understanding plant ecological responses to local environmental factors and climate change. We studied selected root traits in four different stands, two European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests and two Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziezii Mirb. Franco) plantations. Root system vertical distribution and dynamics were studied using sequential coring method and characterised into three root diameter size classes (0–2, 2–5 and 5–10 mm) sampled at three different soil depths (0–15, 15–30, 30–45 cm). Root annual production and turnover rates were analysed and quantified using Decision Matrix and Maximum-Minimum estimation approaches. The overall root mass (<10 mm diameter up to 0–45 cm soil depth) was higher in the beech forests than in the Douglas fir plantations. Some root traits, e.g., the overall root mass, the fine (0–2 mm) and small (2–5 mm) roots mass, differed significantly between the sampling plots rather than between the forest types. The root system revealed a tree species specific vertical distribution pattern. More than half of the fine and small roots biomass of the Douglas fir stands were allocated in the uppermost soil layer and decreased significantly with depths, while in the beech forests the biomass was more uniformly distributed and decreased gradually with increasing soil depth. Although both tree species belong to two different plant functional types and the stands were situated in two distantly located regions with different climatic and soil characteristics, we revealed similar trends in the root biomass and necromass dynamics, and close values for the annual production and turnover rates. The mean turnover rates for all studied stands obtained by sequential coring and Decision Matrix were 1.11 yr−1 and 0.76 yr−1 based on mean and maximum biomass data, respectively. They were similar to the averaged values suggested for Central and Northern European forests but higher compared to those reported from Southern Europe.
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25
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The Dynamics of Living and Dead Fine Roots of Forest Biomes Across the Northern Hemisphere. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10110953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Research Highlights: A detailed picture of the seasonality in fine root biomass (FRB), necromass (FRN), and the biomass/necromass ratio (FRBN) throughout the whole year is crucial to uncover profound effects of long-term environmental changes on fine root dynamics. Materials and Methods: We used meta-analysis to characterize the variability of FRB, FRN and FRBN, and determined their relations with climatic (monthly versus annual), edaphic and geomorphic factors for tropical, temperate and boreal forest biomes across the Northern Hemisphere. Results: Boreal forests exhibited the highest FRB and FRN, while tropical forests yielded the lowest FRN, and thus the greatest FRBN. FRB and FRN significantly decreased with sampling depth, but increased with soil organic carbon content and elevation, while an opposite pattern was found for FRBN. Temperature and precipitation at different time scales (monthly versus annual) and latitude had varying influences on fine roots. High FRB and FRN were observed during dry season for tropical forests, but in the late growing season for temperate forests. The three forest biomes exhibited the high root activity (measured as FRBN) in June or July. Conclusions: It is crucial to realize the universal and specific responses of fine roots to multiple environmental factors when attempting to incorporate these parameters into fine root monthly dynamic models in forest ecosystems. The biome-specific fluctuation of fine roots contributes to identify the influence factors on fine root seasonal patterns throughout the whole year. Our analysis is expected to improve the understanding of the key role of fine roots at monthly level in modeling and predicting carbon budget of various forest biomes under future climate change.
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26
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Adamczyk B, Sietiö OM, Straková P, Prommer J, Wild B, Hagner M, Pihlatie M, Fritze H, Richter A, Heinonsalo J. Plant roots increase both decomposition and stable organic matter formation in boreal forest soil. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3982. [PMID: 31484931 PMCID: PMC6726645 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11993-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Boreal forests are ecosystems with low nitrogen (N) availability that store globally significant amounts of carbon (C), mainly in plant biomass and soil organic matter (SOM). Although crucial for future climate change predictions, the mechanisms controlling boreal C and N pools are not well understood. Here, using a three-year field experiment, we compare SOM decomposition and stabilization in the presence of roots, with exclusion of roots but presence of fungal hyphae and with exclusion of both roots and fungal hyphae. Roots accelerate SOM decomposition compared to the root exclusion treatments, but also promote a different soil N economy with higher concentrations of organic soil N compared to inorganic soil N accompanied with the build-up of stable SOM-N. In contrast, root exclusion leads to an inorganic soil N economy (i.e., high level of inorganic N) with reduced stable SOM-N build-up. Based on our findings, we provide a framework on how plant roots affect SOM decomposition and stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Adamczyk
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, Helsinki, Finland.
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, Helsinki, Finland.
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, PL 2, 00791, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Outi-Maaria Sietiö
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petra Straková
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, PL 2, 00791, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Judith Prommer
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Birgit Wild
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marleena Hagner
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Tietotie 2, 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Mari Pihlatie
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Fritze
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, PL 2, 00791, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreas Richter
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate System Research, Helsinki, Finland
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27
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Huo C, Cheng W. Improved root turnover assessment using field scanning rhizotrons with branch order analysis. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Changfu Huo
- Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Weixin Cheng
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz California 95064 USA
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28
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Collalti A, Prentice IC. Is NPP proportional to GPP? Waring's hypothesis 20 years on. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1473-1483. [PMID: 30924876 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gross primary production (GPP) is partitioned to autotrophic respiration (Ra) and net primary production (NPP), the latter being used to build plant tissues and synthesize non-structural and secondary compounds. Waring et al. (1998; Net primary production of forests: a constant fraction of gross primary production? Tree Physiol 18:129-134) suggested that a NPP:GPP ratio of 0.47 ± 0.04 (SD) is universal across biomes, tree species and stand ages. Representing NPP in models as a fixed fraction of GPP, they argued, would be both simpler and more accurate than trying to simulate Ra mechanistically. This paper reviews progress in understanding the NPP:GPP ratio in forests during the 20 years since the Waring et al. paper. Research has confirmed the existence of pervasive acclimation mechanisms that tend to stabilize the NPP:GPP ratio and indicates that Ra should not be modelled independently of GPP. Nonetheless, studies indicate that the value of this ratio is influenced by environmental factors, stand age and management. The average NPP:GPP ratio in over 200 studies, representing different biomes, species and forest stand ages, was found to be 0.46, consistent with the central value that Waring et al. proposed but with a much larger standard deviation (±0.12) and a total range (0.22-0.79) that is too large to be disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Collalti
- National Research Council of Italy-Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Rende, CS, Italy
- Foundation Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change-Impacts on Agriculture, Forests and Ecosystem Services Division (CMCC-IAFES), Viterbo, Italy
| | - I C Prentice
- Department of Life Sciences, AXA Chair of Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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29
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Brunner I, Herzog C, Galiano L, Gessler A. Plasticity of Fine-Root Traits Under Long-Term Irrigation of a Water-Limited Scots Pine Forest. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:701. [PMID: 31231404 PMCID: PMC6558312 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Trait-based approaches are increasingly used to investigate plant strategies for resource acquisition, growth, or competition between individual organisms or across species. However, the characterization of responses to environmental stimuli by fine-root systems of trees at the trait level is rather limited, particularly regarding the timing and degree of plasticity of the traits involved. These aspects become especially relevant under current climate-driven shifts in environmental conditions. In the present study, we examined the responses of the fine roots of Scots pines to increased soil water availability from long-term irrigation starting in the year 2003. The Scots pine forest is situated in a water-limited region in the central European Alps where increased tree mortality has been observed over the last two decades. The fine-root traits investigated include root system traits, root dynamic traits, architectural traits, and morphological traits. A first survey of fine-root traits in 2005 using ingrowth cores did not reveal any trait-based responses resulting from the irrigation treatment over a three-year period. Fine-root biomass, as periodically recorded by coring the topsoil from 2003 to 2016, showed a significant increase compared to the non-irrigated controls between three and nine years after the start of treatment. Overall, a maximum biomass increase due to the irrigation treatment was recorded in 2016 with about 80% higher biomass compared to controls. The analysis of fine-root traits revealed that irrigation significantly increased biomass, length, and production, but did not alter morphological and architectural traits, such as diameter, frequency of tips, specific root length (SRL), and root tissue density (RTD). In contrast, clear significant differences were found for all traits except for length when comparing the two root sampling methods, namely, ingrowth cores and soil coring. However, there were no interactions between the irrigation treatment and the sampling methods used and, therefore, the methods used did not affect the documented patterns, just the actual measured trait values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Claude Herzog
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Lucía Galiano
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Centre for Research on Ecology and Forestry Applications, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Animal, Plant Biology and Ecology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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30
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Fatichi S, Pappas C, Zscheischler J, Leuzinger S. Modelling carbon sources and sinks in terrestrial vegetation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:652-668. [PMID: 30339280 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 652 I. Introduction 652 II. Discrepancy in predicting the effects of rising [CO2 ] on the terrestrial C sink 655 III. Carbon and nutrient storage in plants and its modelling 656 IV. Modelling the source and the sink: a plant perspective 657 V. Plant-scale water and Carbon flux models 660 VI. Challenges for the future 662 Acknowledgements 663 Authors contributions 663 References 663 SUMMARY: The increase in atmospheric CO2 in the future is one of the most certain projections in environmental sciences. Understanding whether vegetation carbon assimilation, growth, and changes in vegetation carbon stocks are affected by higher atmospheric CO2 and translating this understanding in mechanistic vegetation models is of utmost importance. This is highlighted by inconsistencies between global-scale studies that attribute terrestrial carbon sinks to CO2 stimulation of gross and net primary production on the one hand, and forest inventories, tree-scale studies, and plant physiological evidence showing a much less pronounced CO2 fertilization effect on the other hand. Here, we review how plant carbon sources and sinks are currently described in terrestrial biosphere models. We highlight an uneven representation of complexity between the modelling of photosynthesis and other processes, such as plant respiration, direct carbon sinks, and carbon allocation, largely driven by available observations. Despite a general lack of data on carbon sink dynamics to drive model improvements, ways forward toward a mechanistic representation of plant carbon sinks are discussed, leveraging on results obtained from plant-scale models and on observations geared toward model developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fatichi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano Franscini Platz 5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoforos Pappas
- Département de géographie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2V 2B8, Canada
| | - Jakob Zscheischler
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Wakefield Street 46, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand
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