1
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Martinot M. Ventilation: why infectious diseases specialists should care. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024; 30:977-979. [PMID: 38729304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Martinot
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar, Colmar, Alsace, France.
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2
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Asplin P, Mancy R, Finnie T, Cumming F, Keeling MJ, Hill EM. Symptom propagation in respiratory pathogens of public health concern: a review of the evidence. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20240009. [PMID: 39045688 PMCID: PMC11267474 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2024.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Symptom propagation occurs when the symptom set an individual experiences is correlated with the symptom set of the individual who infected them. Symptom propagation may dramatically affect epidemiological outcomes, potentially causing clusters of severe disease. Conversely, it could result in chains of mild infection, generating widespread immunity with minimal cost to public health. Despite accumulating evidence that symptom propagation occurs for many respiratory pathogens, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we conducted a scoping literature review for 14 respiratory pathogens to ascertain the extent of evidence for symptom propagation by two mechanisms: dose-severity relationships and route-severity relationships. We identify considerable heterogeneity between pathogens in the relative importance of the two mechanisms, highlighting the importance of pathogen-specific investigations. For almost all pathogens, including influenza and SARS-CoV-2, we found support for at least one of the two mechanisms. For some pathogens, including influenza, we found convincing evidence that both mechanisms contribute to symptom propagation. Furthermore, infectious disease models traditionally do not include symptom propagation. We summarize the present state of modelling advancements to address the methodological gap. We then investigate a simplified disease outbreak scenario, finding that under strong symptom propagation, isolating mildly infected individuals can have negative epidemiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Asplin
- EPSRC & MRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Mathematics for Real-World Systems, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Rebecca Mancy
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas Finnie
- Data, Analytics and Surveillance, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Fergus Cumming
- Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, London, UK
| | - Matt J. Keeling
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Edward M. Hill
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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3
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Mancusi A, Proroga YTR, Maiolino P, Marrone R, D’Emilio C, Girardi S, Egidio M, Boni A, Vicenza T, Suffredini E, Power K. Droplet Digital RT-PCR (dd RT-PCR) Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Honey Bees and Honey Collected in Apiaries across the Campania Region. Viruses 2024; 16:729. [PMID: 38793611 PMCID: PMC11126096 DOI: 10.3390/v16050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs), a subfamily of Orthocoronavirinae, are viruses that sometimes present a zoonotic character. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the recent outbreak of COVID-19, which, since its outbreak in 2019, has caused about 774,593,066 confirmed cases and 7,028,881 deaths. Aereosols are the main route of transmission among people; however, viral droplets can contaminate surfaces and fomites as well as particulate matter (PM) in suspensions of natural and human origin. Honey bees are well known bioindicators of the presence of pollutants and PMs in the environment as they can collect a great variety of substances during their foraging activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible role of honey bees as bioindicators of the prevalence SARS-CoV-2. In this regard, 91 samples of honey bees and 6 of honey were collected from different apiaries of Campania region (Southern Italy) in four time periods from September 2020 to June 2022 and were analyzed with Droplet Digital RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 target genes Orf1b and N. The screening revealed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in 12/91 in honey bee samples and in 2/6 honey samples. These results suggest that honey bees could also be used as indicators of outbreaks of airborne pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mancusi
- Department of Food Security Coordination, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute No. 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.M.); (Y.T.R.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Yolande Thérèse Rose Proroga
- Department of Food Security Coordination, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute No. 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.M.); (Y.T.R.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Paola Maiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (P.M.); (R.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Raffaele Marrone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (P.M.); (R.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Claudia D’Emilio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (P.M.); (R.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Santa Girardi
- Department of Food Security Coordination, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute No. 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.M.); (Y.T.R.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Marica Egidio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (P.M.); (R.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Arianna Boni
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (T.V.); (E.S.)
| | - Teresa Vicenza
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (T.V.); (E.S.)
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (T.V.); (E.S.)
| | - Karen Power
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy;
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4
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Port JR, Morris DH, Riopelle JC, Yinda CK, Avanzato VA, Holbrook MG, Bushmaker T, Schulz JE, Saturday TA, Barbian K, Russell CA, Perry-Gottschalk R, Shaia C, Martens C, Lloyd-Smith JO, Fischer RJ, Munster VJ. Host and viral determinants of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the Syrian hamster. eLife 2024; 12:RP87094. [PMID: 38416804 PMCID: PMC10942639 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
It remains poorly understood how SARS-CoV-2 infection influences the physiological host factors important for aerosol transmission. We assessed breathing pattern, exhaled droplets, and infectious virus after infection with Alpha and Delta variants of concern (VOC) in the Syrian hamster. Both VOCs displayed a confined window of detectable airborne virus (24-48 hr), shorter than compared to oropharyngeal swabs. The loss of airborne shedding was linked to airway constriction resulting in a decrease of fine aerosols (1-10 µm) produced, which are suspected to be the major driver of airborne transmission. Male sex was associated with increased viral replication and virus shedding in the air. Next, we compared the transmission efficiency of both variants and found no significant differences. Transmission efficiency varied mostly among donors, 0-100% (including a superspreading event), and aerosol transmission over multiple chain links was representative of natural heterogeneity of exposure dose and downstream viral kinetics. Co-infection with VOCs only occurred when both viruses were shed by the same donor during an increased exposure timeframe (24-48 hr). This highlights that assessment of host and virus factors resulting in a differential exhaled particle profile is critical for understanding airborne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Port
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamiltonUnited States
| | - Dylan H Morris
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Jade C Riopelle
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamiltonUnited States
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamiltonUnited States
| | - Victoria A Avanzato
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamiltonUnited States
| | - Myndi G Holbrook
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamiltonUnited States
| | - Trenton Bushmaker
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamiltonUnited States
| | - Jonathan E Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamiltonUnited States
| | - Taylor A Saturday
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamiltonUnited States
| | - Kent Barbian
- Rocky Mountain Research and Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamiltonUnited States
| | - Colin A Russell
- Department of Medical Microbiology | Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Rose Perry-Gottschalk
- Rocky Mountain Visual and Medical Arts Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamiltonUnited States
| | - Carl Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamiltonUnited States
| | - Craig Martens
- Rocky Mountain Research and Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamiltonUnited States
| | - James O Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Robert J Fischer
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamiltonUnited States
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamiltonUnited States
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5
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Zhang J, Rissmann M, Kuiken T, Haagmans BL. Comparative Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:423-451. [PMID: 37832946 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052620-121224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades the world has witnessed the global spread of two genetically related highly pathogenic coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2. However, the impact of these outbreaks differed significantly with respect to the hospitalizations and fatalities seen worldwide. While many studies have been performed recently on SARS-CoV-2, a comparative pathogenesis analysis with SARS-CoV may further provide critical insights into the mechanisms of disease that drive coronavirus-induced respiratory disease. In this review, we comprehensively describe clinical and experimental observations related to transmission and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with SARS-CoV, focusing on human, animal, and in vitro studies. By deciphering the similarities and disparities of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, in terms of transmission and pathogenesis mechanisms, we offer insights into the divergent characteristics of these two viruses. This information may also be relevant to assessing potential novel introductions of genetically related highly pathogenic coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Zhang
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Melanie Rissmann
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
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6
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Ragan I, Perez J, Davenport W, Hartson L, Doyle B. UV-C Light Intervention as a Barrier against Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2024; 16:89. [PMID: 38257789 PMCID: PMC10820972 DOI: 10.3390/v16010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 continues to impact human health globally, with airborne transmission being a significant mode of transmission. In addition to tools like vaccination and testing, countermeasures that reduce viral spread in indoor settings are critical. This study aims to assess the efficacy of UV-C light, utilizing the Violett sterilization device, as a countermeasure against airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the highly susceptible Golden Syrian hamster model. METHODS Two cohorts of naïve hamsters were subjected to airborne transmission from experimentally infected hamsters; one cohort was exposed to air treated with UV-C sterilization, while the other cohort was exposed to untreated air. RESULTS Treatment of air with UV-C light prevented the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from the experimentally exposed hamster to naïve hamsters. Notably, this protection was sustained over a multi-day exposure period during peak viral shedding by hamsters. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the efficacy of the UV-C light to mitigate against airborne SARS-CoV-2 transmission. As variants continue to emerge, UV-C light holds promise as a tool for reducing infections in diverse indoor settings, ranging from healthcare facilities to households. This study reinforces the urgency of implementing innovative methods to reduce airborne disease transmission and safeguard public health against emerging biological threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Ragan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | | | | | - Lindsay Hartson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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7
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Zhao J, Kang M, Wu H, Sun B, Baele G, He WT, Lu M, Suchard MA, Ji X, He N, Su S, Veit M. Risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 replicating and evolving in animals. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:79-92. [PMID: 37541811 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The retransmissions of SARS-CoV-2 from several mammals - primarily mink and white-tailed deer - to humans have raised concerns for the emergence of a new animal-derived SARS-CoV-2 variant to worsen the pandemic. Here, we discuss animal species that are susceptible to natural or experimental infection with SARS-CoV-2 and can transmit the virus to mates or humans. We describe cutting-edge techniques to assess the impact of a mutation in the viral spike (S) protein on its receptor and on antibody binding. Our review of spike sequences of animal-derived viruses identified nine unique amino acid exchanges in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) that are not present in any variant of concern (VOC). These mutations are present in SARS-CoV-2 found in companion animals such as dogs and cats, and they exhibit a higher frequency in SARS-CoV-2 found in mink and white-tailed deer, suggesting that sustained transmissions may contribute to maintaining novel mutations. Four of these exchanges, such as Leu452Met, could undermine acquired immune protection in humans while maintaining high affinity for the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Finally, we discuss important avenues of future research into animal-derived viruses with public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Kang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Clinical Research Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bowen Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wan-Ting He
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Meng Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Na He
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Su
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute for Virology, Center for Infection Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Kuehl PJ, Dearing J, Werts A, Cox J, Irshad H, Barrett EG, Tucker SN, Langel SN. Design and validation of an exposure system for efficient inter-animal SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission in Syrian hamsters. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0471722. [PMID: 37882564 PMCID: PMC10714807 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04717-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The main route of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission is airborne. However, there are few experimental systems that can assess the airborne transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in vivo. Here, we designed, built, and characterized a hamster transmission caging and exposure system that allows for efficient SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission in Syrian hamsters without contributions from fomite or direct contact transmission. We successfully measured SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in aerosols and demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted efficiently at either a 1:1 or 1:4 infected index to naïve recipient hamster ratio. This is meaningful as a 1:4 infected index to naïve hamster ratio would allow for simultaneous comparisons of various interventions in naïve animals to determine their susceptibility to infection by aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Our SARS-CoV-2 exposure system allows for testing viral airborne transmission dynamics and transmission-blocking therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2 in Syrian hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Kuehl
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Justin Dearing
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Adam Werts
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jason Cox
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Hammad Irshad
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Edward G. Barrett
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Stephanie N. Langel
- Department of Pathology, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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9
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Xu N, Wang X, Cai M, Tang X, Yang W, Lu X, Liu X, Hu S, Gu M, Hu J, Gao R, Liu K, Chen Y, Liu X, Wang X. Mutations in HA and PA affect the transmissibility of H7N9 avian influenza virus in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2023; 287:109910. [PMID: 38016409 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Low pathogenic (LP) H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) emerged in 2013 and had spread widely over several months in China, experienced a noteworthy reduction in isolation rate in poultry and human since 2017. Here, we examined the transmission of H7N9 viruses to better understand viral spread and dissemination mechanisms. Three out of four viruses (2013-2016) could transmit in chickens through direct contact, and airborne transmission was confirmed in the JT157 (2016) virus. However, we did not detect the transmission of the two 2017 viruses, WF69 and AH395, through either direct or airborne exposure. Molecular analysis of genome sequence of two viruses identified eleven mutations located in viral proteins (except for matrix protein), such as PA (K362R and S364N) and HA (D167N, H7 numbering), etc. We explored the genetic determinants that contributed to the difference in transmissibility of the viruses in chickens by generating a series of reassortants in the JT157 background. We found that the replacement of HA gene in JT157 by that of WF69 abrogated the airborne transmission in recipient chickens, whereas the combination of HA and PA replacement led to the loss of airborne and direct contact transmission. Failure with contact transmission of the viruses has been associated with the emergence of the mutations D167N in HA and K362R and S364N in PA. Furthermore, the HA D167N mutation significantly reduced viral attachment to chicken lung and trachea tissues, while mutations K362R and S364N in PA reduced the nuclear transport efficiency and the PA protein expression levels in both cytoplasm and nucleus of CEF cells. The D167N substitution in HA reduced the H7N9 viral acid stability and avian-like receptor binding, while enhanced human-like receptor binding. Further analysis revealed these mutants grew poorly in vitro and in vivo. To conclude, H7N9 AIVs that contain mutations in the HA and PA protein reduced the viral transmissibility in chicken, and may pose a reduced threat for poultry but remain a heightened public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiqing Xu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao Cai
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinen Tang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolong Lu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kaituo Liu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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10
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Li W, Wang T, Rajendrakumar AM, Acharya G, Miao Z, Varghese BP, Yu H, Dhakal B, LeRoith T, Karunakaran A, Tuo W, Zhu X. An FcRn-targeted mucosal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7114. [PMID: 37932271 PMCID: PMC10628175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is primarily transmitted through droplets and airborne aerosols, and in order to prevent infection and reduce viral spread vaccines should elicit protective immunity in the airways. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) transfers IgG across epithelial barriers and can enhance mucosal delivery of antigens. Here we explore FcRn-mediated respiratory delivery of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S). A monomeric IgG Fc was fused to a stabilized spike; the resulting S-Fc bound to S-specific antibodies and FcRn. Intranasal immunization of mice with S-Fc and CpG significantly induced antibody responses compared to the vaccination with S alone or PBS. Furthermore, we intranasally immunized mice or hamsters with S-Fc. A significant reduction of virus replication in nasal turbinate, lung, and brain was observed following nasal challenges with SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Intranasal immunization also significantly reduced viral airborne transmission in hamsters. Nasal IgA, neutralizing antibodies, lung-resident memory T cells, and bone-marrow S-specific plasma cells mediated protection. Hence, FcRn delivers an S-Fc antigen effectively into the airway and induces protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Li
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Arunraj M Rajendrakumar
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Gyanada Acharya
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Zizhen Miao
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Berin P Varghese
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Hailiang Yu
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Bibek Dhakal
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Athira Karunakaran
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Wenbin Tuo
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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11
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Kim DH, Kim DY, Kim KS, Han SH, Go HJ, Kim JH, Lim KB, Lee DH, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi YK, Shin YK, Kwon OK, Kim DG, Choi IS. Neurologic Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Transmitted among Dogs. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2275-2284. [PMID: 37877548 PMCID: PMC10617347 DOI: 10.3201/eid2911.230804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 induces illness and death in humans by causing systemic infections. Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 can induce brain pathology in humans and other hosts. In this study, we used a canine transmission model to examine histopathologic changes in the brains of dogs infected with SARS-CoV-2. We observed substantial brain pathology in SARS-CoV-2-infected dogs, particularly involving blood-brain barrier damage resembling small vessel disease, including changes in tight junction proteins, reduced laminin levels, and decreased pericyte coverage. Furthermore, we detected phosphorylated tau, a marker of neurodegenerative disease, indicating a potential link between SARS-CoV-2-associated small vessel disease and neurodegeneration. Our findings of degenerative changes in the dog brain during SARS-CoV-2 infection emphasize the potential for transmission to other hosts and induction of similar signs and symptoms. The dynamic brain changes in dogs highlight that even asymptomatic individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 may develop neuropathologic changes in the brain.
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12
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Meehan GR, Herder V, Allan J, Huang X, Kerr K, Mendonca DC, Ilia G, Wright DW, Nomikou K, Gu Q, Molina Arias S, Hansmann F, Hardas A, Attipa C, De Lorenzo G, Cowton V, Upfold N, Palmalux N, Brown JC, Barclay WS, Filipe ADS, Furnon W, Patel AH, Palmarini M. Phenotyping the virulence of SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters by digital pathology and machine learning. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011589. [PMID: 37934791 PMCID: PMC10656012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has continued to evolve throughout the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, giving rise to multiple variants of concern (VOCs) with different biological properties. As the pandemic progresses, it will be essential to test in near real time the potential of any new emerging variant to cause severe disease. BA.1 (Omicron) was shown to be attenuated compared to the previous VOCs like Delta, but it is possible that newly emerging variants may regain a virulent phenotype. Hamsters have been proven to be an exceedingly good model for SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Here, we aimed to develop robust quantitative pipelines to assess the virulence of SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters. We used various approaches including RNAseq, RNA in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and digital pathology, including software assisted whole section imaging and downstream automatic analyses enhanced by machine learning, to develop methods to assess and quantify virus-induced pulmonary lesions in an unbiased manner. Initially, we used Delta and Omicron to develop our experimental pipelines. We then assessed the virulence of recent Omicron sub-lineages including BA.5, XBB, BQ.1.18, BA.2, BA.2.75 and EG.5.1. We show that in experimentally infected hamsters, accurate quantification of alveolar epithelial hyperplasia and macrophage infiltrates represent robust markers for assessing the extent of virus-induced pulmonary pathology, and hence virus virulence. In addition, using these pipelines, we could reveal how some Omicron sub-lineages (e.g., BA.2.75 and EG.5.1) have regained virulence compared to the original BA.1. Finally, to maximise the utility of the digital pathology pipelines reported in our study, we developed an online repository containing representative whole organ histopathology sections that can be visualised at variable magnifications (https://covid-atlas.cvr.gla.ac.uk). Overall, this pipeline can provide unbiased and invaluable data for rapidly assessing newly emerging variants and their potential to cause severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R. Meehan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
- CVR-CRUSH, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Herder
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
- CVR-CRUSH, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Jay Allan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Xinyi Huang
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Kerr
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
- CVR-CRUSH, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Diogo Correa Mendonca
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
- CVR-CRUSH, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Ilia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Derek W. Wright
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Quan Gu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Sergi Molina Arias
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
- CVR-CRUSH, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Alexandros Hardas
- Department of Pathobiology & Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | - Charalampos Attipa
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vanessa Cowton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Upfold
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
- CVR-CRUSH, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Palmalux
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C. Brown
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy S. Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wilhelm Furnon
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Arvind H. Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
- CVR-CRUSH, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
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13
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Port JR, Yinda CK, Riopelle JC, Weishampel ZA, Saturday TA, Avanzato VA, Schulz JE, Holbrook MG, Barbian K, Perry-Gottschalk R, Haddock E, Martens C, Shaia CI, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, van Doremalen N, Munster VJ. Infection- or AZD1222 vaccine-mediated immunity reduces SARS-CoV-2 transmission but increases Omicron competitiveness in hamsters. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6592. [PMID: 37852960 PMCID: PMC10584863 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited data is available on the effect of vaccination and previous virus exposure on the nature of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and immune-pressure on variants. To understand the impact of pre-existing immunity on SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission efficiency, we perform a transmission chain experiment using naïve, intranasally or intramuscularly AZD1222 vaccinated, and previously infected hamsters. A clear gradient in transmission efficacy is observed: Transmission in hamsters vaccinated via the intramuscular route was reduced over three airborne chains (approx. 60%) compared to naïve animals, whereas transmission in previously infected hamsters and those vaccinated via the intranasal route was reduced by 80%. We also find that the Delta B.1.617.2 variant outcompeted Omicron B.1.1.529 after dual infection within and between hosts in naïve, vaccinated, and previously infected transmission chains, yet an increase in Omicron B.1.1.529 competitiveness is observed in groups with pre-existing immunity against Delta B.1.617.2. This correlates with an increase in the strength of the humoral response against Delta B.1.617.2, with the strongest response seen in previously infected animals. These data highlight the continuous need to improve vaccination strategies and address the additional evolutionary pressure pre-existing immunity may exert on SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Port
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jade C Riopelle
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Zachary A Weishampel
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Taylor A Saturday
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Victoria A Avanzato
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jonathan E Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Myndi G Holbrook
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kent Barbian
- Genomics Research Section, Research Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Rose Perry-Gottschalk
- Rocky Mountain Visual and Medical Arts Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Elaine Haddock
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Craig Martens
- Genomics Research Section, Research Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Carl I Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute; Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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14
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Port JR, Morris DH, Riopelle JC, Yinda CK, Avanzato VA, Holbrook MG, Bushmaker T, Schulz JE, Saturday TA, Barbian K, Russell CA, Perry-Gottschalk R, Shaia CI, Martens C, Lloyd-Smith JO, Fischer RJ, Munster VJ. Host and viral determinants of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the Syrian hamster. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2022.08.15.504010. [PMID: 36032963 PMCID: PMC9413705 DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.15.504010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
It remains poorly understood how SARS-CoV-2 infection influences the physiological host factors important for aerosol transmission. We assessed breathing pattern, exhaled droplets, and infectious virus after infection with Alpha and Delta variants of concern (VOC) in the Syrian hamster. Both VOCs displayed a confined window of detectable airborne virus (24-48 h), shorter than compared to oropharyngeal swabs. The loss of airborne shedding was linked to airway constriction resulting in a decrease of fine aerosols (1-10μm) produced, which are suspected to be the major driver of airborne transmission. Male sex was associated with increased viral replication and virus shedding in the air. Next, we compared the transmission efficiency of both variants and found no significant differences. Transmission efficiency varied mostly among donors, 0-100% (including a superspreading event), and aerosol transmission over multiple chain links was representative of natural heterogeneity of exposure dose and downstream viral kinetics. Co-infection with VOCs only occurred when both viruses were shed by the same donor during an increased exposure timeframe (24-48 h). This highlights that assessment of host and virus factors resulting in a differential exhaled particle profile is critical for understanding airborne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R. Port
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Dylan H. Morris
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jade C. Riopelle
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Victoria A. Avanzato
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Myndi G. Holbrook
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Trenton Bushmaker
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Taylor A. Saturday
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kent Barbian
- Rocky Mountain Research and Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Colin A. Russell
- Department of Medical Microbiology | Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Rose Perry-Gottschalk
- Rocky Mountain Visual and Medical Arts Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Carl I. Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Craig Martens
- Rocky Mountain Research and Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - James O. Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert J. Fischer
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
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15
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Clancy CS, Meade-White K, Shaia C, Saturday G, Feldmann H, Rosenke K. Histopathologic Characterization of Experimental Peracute SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Syrian Hamster. Vet Sci 2023; 10:536. [PMID: 37756057 PMCID: PMC10536131 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Infectious Disease 2019 (COVID-19) initiated a global pandemic that thus far has resulted in the death of over 6.5 million people internationally. Understanding the viral tropism during the initial, subclinical phase of infection is critical to develop targeted vaccines and therapeutics. With the continued emergence of variants of concern, particularly those that appear to have a tropism for the upper respiratory tract, understanding the complete pathogenesis is critical to develop more effective interventions. Thus far, the Syrian hamster has served as the most consistent small animal model of SARS-CoV-2 infection for mild to moderate respiratory disease. Herein, we utilize histopathology and immunohistochemistry to characterize the peracute phase of disease initiating at 6-h-post-inoculation in the intranasal inoculation route Syrian hamster model. Inflammation and viral replication initiates in the respiratory epithelium of nasal turbinates as early as 12-h-post-inoculation and moves caudally through the nasal cavity by 36-h-post inoculation. Lower respiratory involvement can be detected as early as 12-h-post inoculation in the intranasal inoculated hamster model. These data highlight the importance of rostral nasal cavity sampling at early timepoints for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in the Syrian hamster model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad S Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Carl Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kyle Rosenke
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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16
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Rodriguez-Rodriguez BA, Ciabattoni GO, Duerr R, Valero-Jimenez AM, Yeung ST, Crosse KM, Schinlever AR, Bernard-Raichon L, Rodriguez Galvan J, McGrath ME, Vashee S, Xue Y, Loomis CA, Khanna KM, Cadwell K, Desvignes L, Frieman MB, Ortigoza MB, Dittmann M. A neonatal mouse model characterizes transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 variants and reveals a role for ORF8. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3026. [PMID: 37230979 PMCID: PMC10211296 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Small animal models have been a challenge for the study of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, with most investigators using golden hamsters or ferrets. Mice have the advantages of low cost, wide availability, less regulatory and husbandry challenges, and the existence of a versatile reagent and genetic toolbox. However, adult mice do not robustly transmit SARS-CoV-2. Here we establish a model based on neonatal mice that allows for transmission of clinical SARS-CoV-2 isolates. We characterize tropism, respiratory tract replication and transmission of ancestral WA-1 compared to variants Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), Omicron BA.1 and Omicron BQ.1.1. We identify inter-variant differences in timing and magnitude of infectious particle shedding from index mice, both of which shape transmission to contact mice. Furthermore, we characterize two recombinant SARS-CoV-2 lacking either the ORF6 or ORF8 host antagonists. The removal of ORF8 shifts viral replication towards the lower respiratory tract, resulting in significantly delayed and reduced transmission in our model. Our results demonstrate the potential of our neonatal mouse model to characterize viral and host determinants of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, while revealing a role for an accessory protein in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grace O Ciabattoni
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Vaccine Center, NYU Grossmann of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ana M Valero-Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Stephen T Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Keaton M Crosse
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Austin R Schinlever
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Lucie Bernard-Raichon
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Joaquin Rodriguez Galvan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Marisa E McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sanjay Vashee
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Yong Xue
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Cynthia A Loomis
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ludovic Desvignes
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- High Containment Laboratories - Office of Science and Research, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Mila B Ortigoza
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Meike Dittmann
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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17
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Nakayama EE, Shioda T. SARS-CoV-2 Related Antibody-Dependent Enhancement Phenomena In Vitro and In Vivo. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041015. [PMID: 37110438 PMCID: PMC10145615 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a phenomenon in which antibodies produced in the body after infection or vaccination may enhance subsequent viral infections in vitro and in vivo. Although rare, symptoms of viral diseases are also enhanced by ADE following infection or vaccination in vivo. This is thought to be due to the production of antibodies with low neutralizing activity that bind to the virus and facilitate viral entry, or antigen-antibody complexes that cause airway inflammation, or a predominance of T-helper 2 cells among the immune system cells which leads to excessive eosinophilic tissue infiltration. Notably, ADE of infection and ADE of disease are different phenomena that overlap. In this article, we will describe the three types of ADE: (1) Fc receptor (FcR)-dependent ADE of infection in macrophages, (2) FcR-independent ADE of infection in other cells, and (3) FcR-dependent ADE of cytokine production in macrophages. We will describe their relationship to vaccination and natural infection, and discuss the possible involvement of ADE phenomena in COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi E Nakayama
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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18
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Knisely JM, Buyon LE, Mandt R, Farkas R, Balasingam S, Bok K, Buchholz UJ, D'Souza MP, Gordon JL, King DFL, Le TT, Leitner WW, Seder RA, Togias A, Tollefsen S, Vaughn DW, Wolfe DN, Taylor KL, Fauci AS. Mucosal vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: scientific gaps and opportunities-workshop report. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:53. [PMID: 37045860 PMCID: PMC10091310 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Knisely
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Lucas E Buyon
- Office of Scientific Management and Operations, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca Mandt
- Office of Scientific Management and Operations, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca Farkas
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Skøyen Atrium, Askekroken 11, 0277, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Karin Bok
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, US
| | - M Patricia D'Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer L Gordon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Deborah F L King
- Infectious Disease, Prevention, Wellcome Trust, UK, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Tung T Le
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Skøyen Atrium, Askekroken 11, 0277, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wolfgang W Leitner
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alkis Togias
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Stig Tollefsen
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Skøyen Atrium, Askekroken 11, 0277, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Daniel N Wolfe
- Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, 200 C Street SW, Washington, DC, 20024, USA
| | - Kimberly L Taylor
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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19
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Short KR, Cowling BJ. Assessing the potential for fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023:S2666-5247(23)00099-X. [PMID: 37031688 PMCID: PMC10079269 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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20
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Adlhoch C, Aznar I, Baldinelli F, Boklund A, Broglia A, Gerhards N, Mur L, Nannapaneni P, Ståhl K. SARS-CoV-2 in animals: susceptibility of animal species, risk for animal and public health, monitoring, prevention and control. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07822. [PMID: 36860662 PMCID: PMC9968901 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiological situation of SARS-CoV-2 in humans and animals is continually evolving. To date, animal species known to transmit SARS-CoV-2 are American mink, raccoon dog, cat, ferret, hamster, house mouse, Egyptian fruit bat, deer mouse and white-tailed deer. Among farmed animals, American mink have the highest likelihood to become infected from humans or animals and further transmit SARS-CoV-2. In the EU, 44 outbreaks were reported in 2021 in mink farms in seven MSs, while only six in 2022 in two MSs, thus representing a decreasing trend. The introduction of SARS-CoV-2 into mink farms is usually via infected humans; this can be controlled by systematically testing people entering farms and adequate biosecurity. The current most appropriate monitoring approach for mink is the outbreak confirmation based on suspicion, testing dead or clinically sick animals in case of increased mortality or positive farm personnel and the genomic surveillance of virus variants. The genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 showed mink-specific clusters with a potential to spill back into the human population. Among companion animals, cats, ferrets and hamsters are those at highest risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which most likely originates from an infected human, and which has no or very low impact on virus circulation in the human population. Among wild animals (including zoo animals), mostly carnivores, great apes and white-tailed deer have been reported to be naturally infected by SARS-CoV-2. In the EU, no cases of infected wildlife have been reported so far. Proper disposal of human waste is advised to reduce the risks of spill-over of SARS-CoV-2 to wildlife. Furthermore, contact with wildlife, especially if sick or dead, should be minimised. No specific monitoring for wildlife is recommended apart from testing hunter-harvested animals with clinical signs or found-dead. Bats should be monitored as a natural host of many coronaviruses.
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21
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Gabrielson K, Myers S, Yi J, Gabrielson E, Jimenez IA. Comparison of Cardiovascular Pathology In Animal Models of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Recommendations Regarding Standardization of Research Methods. Comp Med 2023; 73:58-71. [PMID: 36731878 PMCID: PMC9948900 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged as the viral pathogen that led to the global COVID-19 pandemic that began in late 2019. Because SARS-CoV-2 primarily causes a respiratory disease, much research conducted to date has focused on the respiratory system. However, SARS-CoV-2 infection also affects other organ systems, including the cardiovascular system. In this critical analysis of published data, we evaluate the evidence of cardiovascular pathology in human patients and animals. Overall, we find that the presence or absence of cardiovascular pathology is reported infrequently in both human autopsy studies and animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, in those studies that have reported cardiovascular pathology, we identified issues in their design and execution that reduce confidence in the conclusions regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection as a cause of significant cardiovascular pathology. Throughout this overview, we expand on these limitations and provide recommendations to ensure a high level of scientific rigor and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Gabrielson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephanie Myers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, Texas; and
| | - Jena Yi
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edward Gabrielson
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Isabel A Jimenez
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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22
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Carpenter KC, Yang J, Xu JJ. Animal Models for the Study of Neurologic Manifestations Of COVID-19. Comp Med 2023; 73:91-103. [PMID: 36744556 PMCID: PMC9948905 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of the worldwide coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, has infected an estimated 525 million people with over 6 million deaths. Although COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory disease, an escalating number of neurologic symptoms have been reported in humans. Some neurologic symptoms, such as loss of smell or taste, are mild. However, other symptoms, such as meningoencephalitis or stroke, are potentially fatal. Along with surveys and postmortem evaluations on humans, scientists worked with several animal species to try to elucidate the causes of neurologic symptoms. Neurologic sequelae remain challenging to study due to the complexity of the nervous system and difficulties in identification and quantification of neurologic signs. We reviewed animal models used in the study of neurologic COVID-19, specifically research in mice, hamsters, ferrets, and nonhuman primates. We summarized findings on the presence and pathologic effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the nervous system. Given the need to increase understanding of COVID-19 and its effects on the nervous system, scientists must strive to obtain new information from animals to reduce mortality and morbidity with neurologic complications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey C Carpenter
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan;,
| | - Jibing Yang
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jiajie J Xu
- Division of Animal Resources, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
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23
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Li Q, Vijaykumar K, Phillips SE, Hussain SS, Huynh NV, Fernandez-Petty CM, Lever JEP, Foote JB, Ren J, Campos-Gómez J, Daya FA, Hubbs NW, Kim H, Onuoha E, Boitet ER, Fu L, Leung HM, Yu L, Detchemendy TW, Schaefers LT, Tipper JL, Edwards LJ, Leal SM, Harrod KS, Tearney GJ, Rowe SM. Mucociliary transport deficiency and disease progression in Syrian hamsters with SARS-CoV-2 infection. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e163962. [PMID: 36625345 PMCID: PMC9870055 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.163962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial clinical evidence supports the notion that ciliary function in the airways is important in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Although ciliary damage has been observed in both in vitro and in vivo models, the extent or nature of impairment of mucociliary transport (MCT) in in vivo models remains unknown. We hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 infection results in MCT deficiency in the airways of golden Syrian hamsters that precedes pathological injury in lung parenchyma. Micro-optical coherence tomography was used to quantitate functional changes in the MCT apparatus. Both genomic and subgenomic viral RNA pathological and physiological changes were monitored in parallel. We show that SARS-CoV-2 infection caused a 67% decrease in MCT rate as early as 2 days postinfection (dpi) in hamsters, principally due to 79% diminished airway coverage of motile cilia. Correlating quantitation of physiological, virological, and pathological changes reveals steadily descending infection from the upper airways to lower airways to lung parenchyma within 7 dpi. Our results indicate that functional deficits of the MCT apparatus are a key aspect of COVID-19 pathogenesis, may extend viral retention, and could pose a risk factor for secondary infection. Clinically, monitoring abnormal ciliated cell function may indicate disease progression. Therapies directed toward the MCT apparatus deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Medicine
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
| | | | - Scott E. Phillips
- Department of Medicine
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
| | - Shah S. Hussain
- Department of Medicine
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Farah Abou Daya
- Department of Medicine
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
| | - Nathaniel W. Hubbs
- Department of Medicine
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
| | - Harrison Kim
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
- Department of Radiology, and
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ezinwanne Onuoha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Evan R. Boitet
- Department of Medicine
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
| | - Lianwu Fu
- Department of Medicine
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
| | - Hui Min Leung
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Linhui Yu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Levi T. Schaefers
- Department of Microbiology
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | | | | | - Sixto M. Leal
- Department of Microbiology
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | | | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven M. Rowe
- Department of Medicine
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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24
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Zsichla L, Müller V. Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors. Viruses 2023; 15:175. [PMID: 36680215 PMCID: PMC9863423 DOI: 10.3390/v15010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes. The factors considered in detail include the age and frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- and superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, and lifestyle of the patient; viral genetic variation and infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; and air pollution. For each category, we compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for the association of the factor with COVID-19 outcomes (including the strength of the effect) and outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Zsichla
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Müller
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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25
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Hayden M, Morrow B, Yang W, Wang J. Quantifying the role of airborne transmission in the spread of COVID-19. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:587-612. [PMID: 36650780 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate on the different transmission modes of SARS-CoV-2 and their relative contributions to the pandemic. In this paper, we employ a simple mathematical model, which incorporates both the human-to-human and environment-to-human transmission routes, to study the transmission dynamics of COVID-19. We focus our attention on the role of airborne transmission in the spread of the disease in a university campus setting. We conduct both mathematical analysis and numerical simulation, and incorporate published experimental data for the viral concentration in the air to fit model parameters. Meanwhile, we compare the outcome to that of the standard SIR model, utilizing a perturbation analysis in the presence of multiple time scales. Our data fitting and numerical simulation results show that the risk of airborne transmission for SARS-CoV-2 strongly depends on how long the virus can remain viable in the air. If the time for this viability is short, the airborne transmission route would be inconsequential in shaping the overall transmission risk and the total infection size. On the other hand, if the infectious virus can persist in aerosols beyond a few hours, then airborne transmission could play a much more significant role in the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hayden
- Department of Mathematics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Bryce Morrow
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Wesley Yang
- Department of Mathematics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA
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26
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Wilson AM, Mussio I, Chilton S, Gerald LB, Jones RM, Drews FA, LaKind JS, Beamer PI. A Novel Application of Risk-Risk Tradeoffs in Occupational Health: Nurses' Occupational Asthma and Infection Risk Perceptions Related to Cleaning and Disinfection during COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16092. [PMID: 36498164 PMCID: PMC9736618 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nurses face the risk of new onset occupational asthma (OA) due to exposures to cleaning and disinfection (C&D) agents used to prevent infections in healthcare facilities. The objective of this study was to measure nurses' preferences when presented with simultaneous OA and respiratory viral infection (e.g., COVID-19) risks related to increased/decreased C&D activities. METHODS Nurses working in healthcare for ≥1 year and without physician-diagnosed asthma were recruited for an online anonymous survey, including four risk-risk tradeoff scenarios between OA and respiratory infection with subsequent recovery (Infect and Recovery) or subsequent death (Infect and Death). Nurses were presented with baseline risks at hypothetical "Hospital 1", and were asked to choose Hospital 2 (increased OA risk to maintain infection risk), Hospital 3 (increased infection risk to maintain OA risk), or indicate that they were equally happy. RESULTS Over 70% of nurses were willing to increase infection risk to maintain baseline OA risk if they were confident they would recover from the infection. However, even when the risk of infection leading to death was much lower than OA, most nurses were not willing to accept a larger (but still small) risk of death to avoid doubling their OA risk. Age, work experience, and ever having contracted or knowing anyone who has contracted a respiratory viral infection at work influenced choices. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the novel application of a risk-risk tradeoff framework to address an occupational health issue. However, more data are needed to test the generalizability of the risk preferences found in this specific risk-risk tradeoff context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Wilson
- Department of Community, Environment & Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Irene Mussio
- Business School (Economics), Newcastle University, 5 Barrack Rd., Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4SE, UK
| | - Susan Chilton
- Business School (Economics), Newcastle University, 5 Barrack Rd., Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4SE, UK
| | - Lynn B. Gerald
- Population Health Sciences Program, Office of the Vice Chancellor for Health Affairs, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rachael M. Jones
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Frank A. Drews
- Department of Psychology, College of Social & Behavioral Science, University of Utah, 380 1530 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Judy S. LaKind
- LaKind Associates, LLC, 106 Oakdale Ave., Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Paloma I. Beamer
- Department of Community, Environment & Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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27
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Zhang X, Chen S, Cao Z, Yao Y, Yu J, Zhou J, Gao G, He P, Dong Z, Zhong J, Luo J, Wei H, Zhang H. Increased pathogenicity and aerosol transmission for one SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta variant over the wild-type strain in hamsters. Virol Sin 2022; 37:796-803. [PMID: 36182073 PMCID: PMC9519367 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the two-year pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), its causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been evolving. SARS-CoV-2 Delta, a variant of concern, has become the dominant circulating strain worldwide within just a few months. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of a new B.1.617.2 Delta strain (Delta630) compared with the early WIV04 strain (WIV04) in vitro and in vivo, in terms of replication, infectivity, pathogenicity, and transmission in hamsters. When inoculated intranasally, Delta630 led to more pronounced weight loss and more severe disease in hamsters. Moreover, 40% mortality occurred about one week after infection with 104 PFU of Delta630, whereas no deaths occurred even after infection with 105 PFU of WIV04 or other strains belonging to the Delta variant. Moreover, Delta630 outgrew over WIV04 in the competitive aerosol transmission experiment. Taken together, the Delta630 strain showed increased replication ability, pathogenicity, and transmissibility over WIV04 in hamsters. To our knowledge, this is the first SARS-CoV-2 strain that causes death in a hamster model, which could be an asset for the efficacy evaluation of vaccines and antivirals against infections of SARS-CoV-2 Delta strains. The underlying molecular mechanisms of increased virulence and transmission await further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China,Corresponding authors
| | - Shaohong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101409, China
| | - Zengguo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yanfeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Junping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Junhui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101409, China
| | - Ge Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ping He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101409, China
| | - Zhuo Dong
- Hubei International Travel Healthcare Center (Wuhan Customs Port Outpatient Department), Wuhan, 430040, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Hubei International Travel Healthcare Center (Wuhan Customs Port Outpatient Department), Wuhan, 430040, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Hubei International Travel Healthcare Center (Wuhan Customs Port Outpatient Department), Wuhan, 430040, China
| | - Hongping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China,Corresponding authors
| | - Huajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China,Corresponding authors
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28
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Science M, Caldeira-Kulbakas M, Parekh RS, Maguire BR, Carroll S, Anthony SJ, Bitnun A, Bourns LE, Campbell DM, Cohen E, Dodds A, Dubey V, Friedman JN, Greenwood JL, Hopkins JP, Imgrund R, Korczak DJ, Looi T, Louca E, Mertz D, Nashid J, Panzera G, Schneiderman JE, Schwartz KL, Streitenberger L, Vuppal S, Walsh CM, Jüni P, Matava CT, Allen U, Alvares AD, Birken CS, Brown A, Carbone VL, Christie A, Cividino ME, Cohen-Silver JH, Cohn RD, Crosbie J, da Costa BR, Dharmaraj B, Freeman SJ, Gaebe K, Hajjaj O, Huang L, Khan S, Lee E, Logeman C, Manteghi S, Moore C, Morris SK, Orkin J, Pelger SD, Pickel L, Salman S, Shouldice A, Solomon R, Thampi N, Thorpe K, Wasiak A, Xie J. Effect of Wearing a Face Mask on Hand-to-Face Contact by Children in a Simulated School Environment: The Back-to-School COVID-19 Simulation Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr 2022; 176:1169-1175. [PMID: 36279142 PMCID: PMC9593317 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Wearing a face mask in school can reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission but it may also lead to increased hand-to-face contact, which in turn could increase infection risk through self-inoculation. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of wearing a face mask on hand-to-face contact by children while at school. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This prospective randomized clinical trial randomized students from junior kindergarten to grade 12 at 2 schools in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, during August 2020 in a 1:1 ratio to either a mask or control class during a 2-day school simulation. Classes were video recorded from 4 angles to accurately capture outcomes. INTERVENTIONS Participants in the mask arm were instructed to bring their own mask and wear it at all times. Students assigned to control classes were not required to mask at any time (grade 4 and lower) or in the classroom where physical distancing could be maintained (grade 5 and up). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was the number of hand-to-face contacts per student per hour on day 2 of the simulation. Secondary outcomes included hand-to-mucosa contacts and hand-to-nonmucosa contacts. A mixed Poisson regression model was used to derive rate ratios (RRs), adjusted for age and sex with a random intercept for class with bootstrapped 95% CIs. RESULTS A total of 174 students underwent randomization and 171 students (mask group, 50.6% male; control group, 52.4% male) attended school on day 2. The rate of hand-to-face contacts did not differ significantly between the mask and the control groups (88.2 vs 88.7 events per student per hour; RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.78-1.28; P = >.99). When compared with the control group, the rate of hand-to-mucosa contacts was significantly lower in the mask group (RR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.07-0.21), while the rate of hand-to-nonmucosa contacts was higher (RR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.08-1.82). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this clinical trial of simulated school attendance, hand-to-face contacts did not differ among students required to wear face masks vs students not required to wear face masks; however, hand-to-mucosa contracts were lower in the face mask group. This suggests that mask wearing is unlikely to increase infection risk through self-inoculation. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04531254.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Science
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monica Caldeira-Kulbakas
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rulan S. Parekh
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryan R. Maguire
- Biostatistics Design and Analysis Unit, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stacie Carroll
- Child and Family Centred Care, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Education and Community Partnership Program, Toronto District School Board, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha J. Anthony
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ari Bitnun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Douglas M. Campbell
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Allan Waters Family Simulation Program, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eyal Cohen
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Complex Care Program, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Institute of Health Policy, Management & Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison Dodds
- SimKids Simulation Program, The Learning Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vinita Dubey
- Communicable Disease Control, Toronto Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy N. Friedman
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jodi L. Greenwood
- Child and Family Centred Care, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Education and Community Partnership Program, Toronto District School Board, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica P. Hopkins
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Imgrund
- Biostatistics, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daphne J. Korczak
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Looi
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,The Wilfred and Joyce Posluns Centre for Image-Guided Innovation and Therapeutic Intervention, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Louca
- SimKids Simulation Program, The Learning Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dominik Mertz
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada,Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Nashid
- Corporate Strategy, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giovanna Panzera
- Child and Family Centred Care, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Education and Community Partnership Program, Toronto District School Board, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jane E. Schneiderman
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Clinical Research Services, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin L. Schwartz
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurie Streitenberger
- Infection Prevention & Control (IPAC) Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sunayna Vuppal
- SimKids Simulation Program, The Learning Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catharine M. Walsh
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Institute of Health Policy, Management & Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,SimKids Simulation Program, The Learning Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Jüni
- Institute of Health Policy, Management & Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clyde T. Matava
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Upton Allen
- for the Back-to-School COVID-19 School Study Group
| | | | | | - Ahuva Brown
- for the Back-to-School COVID-19 School Study Group
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Omar Hajjaj
- for the Back-to-School COVID-19 School Study Group
| | - Lennox Huang
- for the Back-to-School COVID-19 School Study Group
| | - Sarah Khan
- for the Back-to-School COVID-19 School Study Group
| | - Eon Lee
- for the Back-to-School COVID-19 School Study Group
| | | | | | - Clara Moore
- for the Back-to-School COVID-19 School Study Group
| | | | - Julia Orkin
- for the Back-to-School COVID-19 School Study Group
| | | | | | - Soha Salman
- for the Back-to-School COVID-19 School Study Group
| | | | | | - Nisha Thampi
- for the Back-to-School COVID-19 School Study Group
| | - Kevin Thorpe
- for the Back-to-School COVID-19 School Study Group
| | - Anna Wasiak
- for the Back-to-School COVID-19 School Study Group
| | - Jiayin Xie
- for the Back-to-School COVID-19 School Study Group
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29
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Li W, Wang T, Rajendrakumar AM, Acharya G, Miao Z, Varghese BP, Yu H, Dhakal B, LeRoith T, Tuo W, Zhu X. An FcRn-targeted mucosal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.11.23.517678. [PMID: 36451890 PMCID: PMC9709799 DOI: 10.1101/2022.11.23.517678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and its variants cause COVID-19, which is primarily transmitted through droplets and airborne aerosols. To prevent viral infection and reduce viral spread, vaccine strategies must elicit protective immunity in the airways. FcRn transfers IgG across epithelial barriers; we explore FcRn-mediated respiratory delivery of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S). A monomeric IgG Fc was fused to a stabilized S protein; the resulting S-Fc bound to S-specific antibodies (Ab) and FcRn. A significant increase in Ab responses was observed following the intranasal immunization of mice with S-Fc formulated in CpG as compared to the immunization with S alone or PBS. Furthermore, we intranasally immunize adult or aged mice and hamsters with S-Fc. A significant reduction of virus replication in nasal turbinate, lung, and brain was observed following nasal challenges with SARS-CoV-2, including Delta and Omicron variants. Intranasal immunization also significantly reduced viral transmission between immunized and naive hamsters. Protection was mediated by nasal IgA, serum-neutralizing Abs, tissue-resident memory T cells, and bone marrow S-specific plasma cells. Hence FcRn delivers an S-Fc antigen effectively into the airway and induces protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission. Based on these findings, FcRn-targeted non-invasive respiratory immunizations are superior strategies for preventing highly contagious respiratory viruses from spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Li
- Division of Immunology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, *Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Immunology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, *Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Arunraj M. Rajendrakumar
- Division of Immunology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, *Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Gyanada Acharya
- Division of Immunology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, *Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Zizhen Miao
- Division of Immunology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, *Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Berin P. Varghese
- Division of Immunology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, *Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Hailiang Yu
- Division of Immunology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, *Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Bibek Dhakal
- Division of Immunology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, *Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Wenbin Tuo
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Division of Immunology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, *Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
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30
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Mihajlovski K, Buttner MP, Cruz P, Labus B, St. Pierre Schneider B, Detrick E. SARS-CoV-2 surveillance with environmental surface sampling in public areas. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278061. [PMID: 36417446 PMCID: PMC9683569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Contaminated surfaces are one of the ways that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be transmitted. SARS-CoV-2 can be detected on environmental surfaces; however, few environmental sampling studies have been conducted in nonclinical settings. The objective of this study was to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA on environmental surfaces in public areas in Las Vegas, Nevada. In total, 300 surface samples were collected from high-touch surfaces from high-congregate public locations and from a public health facility (PHF) that was visited by COVID-19 patients. Environmental samples were analyzed with quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) using SARS-CoV-2 specific primers and probes for three target genes. Results showed that 31 out of 300 (10.3%) surface samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, 24 at the PHF and 7 in high-congregate public locations. Concentrations ranged from 102 to 106 viral particles per 3 ml sample on a wide variety of materials. The data also showed that the N gene assay had greater sensitivity compared to the S and ORF gene assays. Besides frequently touched surfaces, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in restrooms, on floors and surfaces in contact with floors, as well as in a mop water sample. The results of this study describe the extent and distribution of environmental SARS-CoV-2 contamination in public areas in Las Vegas, Nevada. A method using the N gene PCR assay was developed for SARS-CoV-2 environmental monitoring in public areas. Environmental monitoring with this method can determine the specific sites of surface contamination in the community and may be beneficial for prevention of COVID-19 indirect transmission, and evaluation and improvement of infection control practices in public areas, public health facilities, universities, and businesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Mihajlovski
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark P. Buttner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States of America
| | - Patricia Cruz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States of America
| | - Brian Labus
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States of America
| | - Barbara St. Pierre Schneider
- Graduate Nursing Department, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, TX, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Detrick
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States of America
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31
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Changes in interstitial fluid flow, mass transport and the bone cell response in microgravity and normogravity. Bone Res 2022; 10:65. [PMID: 36411278 PMCID: PMC9678891 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, our scientific interest in spaceflight has grown exponentially and resulted in a thriving area of research, with hundreds of astronauts spending months of their time in space. A recent shift toward pursuing territories farther afield, aiming at near-Earth asteroids, the Moon, and Mars combined with the anticipated availability of commercial flights to space in the near future, warrants continued understanding of the human physiological processes and response mechanisms when in this extreme environment. Acute skeletal loss, more severe than any bone loss seen on Earth, has significant implications for deep space exploration, and it remains elusive as to why there is such a magnitude of difference between bone loss on Earth and loss in microgravity. The removal of gravity eliminates a critical primary mechano-stimulus, and when combined with exposure to both galactic and solar cosmic radiation, healthy human tissue function can be negatively affected. An additional effect found in microgravity, and one with limited insight, involves changes in dynamic fluid flow. Fluids provide the most fundamental way to transport chemical and biochemical elements within our bodies and apply an essential mechano-stimulus to cells. Furthermore, the cell cytoplasm is not a simple liquid, and fluid transport phenomena together with viscoelastic deformation of the cytoskeleton play key roles in cell function. In microgravity, flow behavior changes drastically, and the impact on cells within the porous system of bone and the influence of an expanding level of adiposity are not well understood. This review explores the role of interstitial fluid motion and solute transport in porous bone under two different conditions: normogravity and microgravity.
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32
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Oksanen L, Auvinen M, Kuula J, Malmgren R, Romantschuk M, Hyvärinen A, Laitinen S, Maunula L, Sanmark E, Geneid A, Sofieva S, Salokas J, Veskiväli H, Sironen T, Grönholm T, Hellsten A, Atanasova N. Combining Phi6 as a surrogate virus and computational large-eddy simulations to study airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a restaurant. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13165. [PMID: 36437671 PMCID: PMC10100099 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has highlighted the need for indoor risk-reduction strategies. Our aim is to provide information about the virus dispersion and attempts to reduce the infection risk. Indoor transmission was studied simulating a dining situation in a restaurant. Aerosolized Phi6 viruses were detected with several methods. The aerosol dispersion was modeled by using the Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) technique. Three risk-reduction strategies were studied: (1) augmenting ventilation with air purifiers, (2) spatial partitioning with dividers, and (3) combination of 1 and 2. In all simulations infectious viruses were detected throughout the space proving the existence long-distance aerosol transmission indoors. Experimental cumulative virus numbers and LES dispersion results were qualitatively similar. The LES results were further utilized to derive the evolution of infection probability. Air purifiers augmenting the effective ventilation rate by 65% reduced the spatially averaged infection probability by 30%-32%. This relative reduction manifests with approximately 15 min lag as aerosol dispersion only gradually reaches the purifier units. Both viral findings and LES results confirm that spatial partitioning has a negligible effect on the mean infection-probability indoors, but may affect the local levels adversely. Exploitation of high-resolution LES jointly with microbiological measurements enables an informative interpretation of the experimental results and facilitates a more complete risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Oksanen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Phoniatrics – Head and Neck SurgeryHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Joel Kuula
- Finnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - Rasmus Malmgren
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Martin Romantschuk
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiLahtiFinland
| | | | | | - Leena Maunula
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Food Hygiene and Environmental HealthUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Enni Sanmark
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Phoniatrics – Head and Neck SurgeryHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Ahmed Geneid
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Phoniatrics – Head and Neck SurgeryHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Svetlana Sofieva
- Finnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Julija Salokas
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Helin Veskiväli
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | | | - Nina Atanasova
- Finnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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33
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James J, Byrne AMP, Goharriz H, Golding M, Cuesta JMA, Mollett BC, Shipley R, M McElhinney L, Fooks AR, Brookes SM. Infectious droplet exposure is an inefficient route for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the ferret model. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 36748502 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in humans, has a wide host range, naturally infecting felids, canids, cervids, rodents and mustelids. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is universally accepted to occur via contact with contaminated secretions from the respiratory epithelium, either directly or indirectly. Transmission via droplet nuclei, generated from a cough or sneeze, has also been reported in several human and experimental animal scenarios. However, the role of droplet transmission at the human-animal interface remains to be fully elucidated. Here, the ferret infection model was used to investigate the routes of infection for the SARS-CoV-2 beta variant (B.1.351). Ferrets were exposed to droplets containing infectious SARS-CoV-2, ranging between 4 and 106 µm in diameter, simulating larger droplets produced by a cough from an infected person. Following exposure, viral RNA was detected on the fur of ferrets, and was deposited onto environmental surfaces, as well as the fur of ferrets placed in direct contact; SARS-CoV-2 remained infectious on the fur for at least 48 h. Low levels of viral RNA were detected in the nasal washes early post-exposure, yet none of the directly exposed, or direct-contact ferrets, became robustly infected or seroconverted to SARS-CoV-2. In comparison, ferrets intranasally inoculated with the SARS-CoV-2 beta variant became robustly infected, shedding viral RNA and infectious virus from the nasal cavity, with transmission to 75 % of naive ferrets placed in direct contact. These data suggest that larger infectious droplet nuclei and contaminated fur play minor roles in SARS-CoV-2 transmission among mustelids and potentially other companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Alexander M P Byrne
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Hooman Goharriz
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Megan Golding
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Joan M A Cuesta
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Benjamin C Mollett
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rebecca Shipley
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Lorraine M McElhinney
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Sharon M Brookes
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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34
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Zahmatkesh S, Klemeš JJ, Bokhari A, Wang C, Sillanpaa M, Hasan M, Amesho KTT. Critical role of Hyssop plant in the possible transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in contaminated human Feces and its implications for the prevention of the virus spread in sewage. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135247. [PMID: 35688196 PMCID: PMC9173688 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The significant issue affecting wastewater treatment is human faeces containing SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2, as a novel coronavirus, has expanded globally. While the current focus on the COVID-19 epidemic is rightly on preventing direct transmission, the risk of secondary transmission via wastewater should not be overlooked. Many researchers have demonstrated various methods and tools for preventing and declining this virus in wastewater treatment, especially for SARS-CoV-2 in human faeces. This research reports two people tested for 30 d, with written consent, at Mosa-Ebne-Jafar Hospital of Quchan, Iran, from September 1st to October 9th, 2021. The two people's conditions are the same. The Hyssop plant was used, which boosts the immune system's effectiveness and limonene, rosemary, caffeic acids and flavonoids, all biologically active compounds in this plant, cause improved breathing problems, colds, and especially for SARS-CoV-2. As a result, utilising the Hyssop plant can help in reducing SARS-CoV-2 in faeces. This plant's antioxidant properties effectively reduce SARS-CoV-2 in faeces by 30%; nevertheless, depending on the patient's condition. This plant is also beneficial for respiratory and digestive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Zahmatkesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, P.O. Box 48518-78195, Behshahr, Iran.
| | - Jiří Jaromír Klemeš
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Chemical Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Chongqing Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Mika Sillanpaa
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied Physics, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Mudassir Hasan
- College of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kassian T T Amesho
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan; The International University of Management, Centre for Environmental Studies, Main Campus, Dorado Park Ext 1, Windhoek, Namibia
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35
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Oksanen LAH, Virtanen J, Sanmark E, Rantanen N, Venkat V, Sofieva S, Aaltonen K, Kivistö I, Svirskaite J, Pérez AD, Kuula J, Levanov L, Hyvärinen A, Maunula L, Atanasova NS, Laitinen S, Anttila V, Lehtonen L, Lappalainen M, Geneid A, Sironen T. SARS-CoV-2 indoor environment contamination with epidemiological and experimental investigations. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13118. [PMID: 36305066 PMCID: PMC9828560 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has been detected both in air and on surfaces, but questions remain about the patient-specific and environmental factors affecting virus transmission. Additionally, more detailed information on viral sampling of the air is needed. This prospective cohort study (N = 56) presents results from 258 air and 252 surface samples from the surroundings of 23 hospitalized and eight home-treated COVID-19 index patients between July 2020 and March 2021 and compares the results between the measured environments and patient factors. Additionally, epidemiological and experimental investigations were performed. The proportions of qRT-PCR-positive air (10.7% hospital/17.6% homes) and surface samples (8.8%/12.9%) showed statistical similarity in hospital and homes. Significant SARS-CoV-2 air contamination was observed in a large (655.25 m3 ) mechanically ventilated (1.67 air changes per hour, 32.4-421 L/s/patient) patient hall even with only two patients present. All positive air samples were obtained in the absence of aerosol-generating procedures. In four cases, positive environmental samples were detected after the patients had developed a neutralizing IgG response. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the following particle sizes: 0.65-4.7 μm, 7.0-12.0 μm, >10 μm, and <100 μm. Appropriate infection control against airborne and surface transmission routes is needed in both environments, even after antibody production has begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta‐Maria A. H. Oksanen
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Phoniatrics – Head and Neck SurgeryHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Jenni Virtanen
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Enni Sanmark
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Phoniatrics – Head and Neck SurgeryHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Noora Rantanen
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Phoniatrics – Head and Neck SurgeryHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Vinaya Venkat
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Svetlana Sofieva
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Finnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - Kirsi Aaltonen
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Ilkka Kivistö
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Julija Svirskaite
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Joel Kuula
- Finnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - Lev Levanov
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Leena Maunula
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Nina S. Atanasova
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Finnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Veli‐Jukka Anttila
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- HUS Inflammation CenterHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Lasse Lehtonen
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLABHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Maija Lappalainen
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLABHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Ahmed Geneid
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Phoniatrics – Head and Neck SurgeryHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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36
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Geng Y, Wang Y. Stability and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment. J Med Virol 2022; 95:e28103. [PMID: 36039831 PMCID: PMC9537778 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus causing the ongoing global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, is believed to be transmitted primarily through respiratory droplets and aerosols. However, reports are increasing regarding the contamination of environmental surfaces, shared objects, and cold-chain foods with SARS-CoV-2 RNA and the possibility of environmental fomite transmission of the virus raises much concern and debate. This study summarizes the current knowledge regarding potential mechanisms of environmental transmission of SARS-CoV-2, including the prevalence of surface contamination in various settings, the viability and stability of the virus on surfaces or fomites, as well as environmental factors affecting virus viability and survival such as temperature and relative humidity. Instances of fomite transmission, including cold-chain food transmission, and the importance of fomite transmission in epidemics, are discussed. The knowledge gaps regarding fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 are also briefly analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansheng Geng
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, School of Public HealthHebei UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex‐Transmitted Virus VaccinesNational Institutes for Food and Drug ControlBeijingChina
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Brosseau LM, Escandón K, Ulrich AK, Rasmussen AL, Roy CJ, Bix GJ, Popescu SV, Moore KA, Osterholm MT. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Dose, Infection, and Disease Outcomes for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:e1195-e1201. [PMID: 34651164 PMCID: PMC8524637 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) dose, infection, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes remains poorly understood. This review summarizes the existing literature regarding this issue, identifies gaps in current knowledge, and suggests opportunities for future research. In humans, host characteristics, including age, sex, comorbidities, smoking, and pregnancy, are associated with severe COVID-19. Similarly, in animals, host factors are strong determinants of disease severity, although most animal infection models manifest clinically with mild to moderate respiratory disease. The influence of variants of concern as it relates to infectious dose, consequence of overall pathogenicity, and disease outcome in dose-response remains unknown. Epidemiologic data suggest a dose-response relationship for infection contrasting with limited and inconsistent surrogate-based evidence between dose and disease severity. Recommendations include the design of future infection studies in animal models to investigate inoculating dose on outcomes and the use of better proxies for dose in human epidemiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Brosseau
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kevin Escandón
- School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Virus Emergentes y Enfermedad (VIREM), Department of Microbiology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Angela K Ulrich
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Angela L Rasmussen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Georgetown Center for Global Health Science and Security, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Chad J Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Division of Microbiology, Covington, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gregory J Bix
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USAand
| | - Saskia V Popescu
- Georgetown Center for Global Health Science and Security, Washington, D.C., USA
- Biodefense Program, Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Kristine A Moore
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael T Osterholm
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Alexander RW, Tian J, Haddrell AE, Oswin HP, Neal E, Hardy DA, Otero-Fernandez M, Mann JFS, Cogan TA, Finn A, Davidson AD, Hill DJ, Reid JP. Mucin Transiently Sustains Coronavirus Infectivity through Heterogenous Changes in Phase Morphology of Evaporating Aerosol. Viruses 2022; 14:1856. [PMID: 36146663 PMCID: PMC9503081 DOI: 10.3390/v14091856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory pathogens can be spread though the transmission of aerosolised expiratory secretions in the form of droplets or particulates. Understanding the fundamental aerosol parameters that govern how such pathogens survive whilst airborne is essential to understanding and developing methods of restricting their dissemination. Pathogen viability measurements made using Controlled Electrodynamic Levitation and Extraction of Bioaerosol onto Substrate (CELEBS) in tandem with a comparative kinetics electrodynamic balance (CKEDB) measurements allow for a direct comparison between viral viability and evaporation kinetics of the aerosol with a time resolution of seconds. Here, we report the airborne survival of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and determine a comparable loss of infectivity in the aerosol phase to our previous observations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Through the addition of clinically relevant concentrations of mucin to the bioaerosol, there is a transient mitigation of the loss of viral infectivity at 40% RH. Increased concentrations of mucin promoted heterogenous phase change during aerosol evaporation, characterised as the formation of inclusions within the host droplet. This research demonstrates the role of mucus in the aerosol phase and its influence on short-term airborne viral stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Alexander
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jianghan Tian
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Allen E. Haddrell
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Henry P. Oswin
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Edward Neal
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Daniel A. Hardy
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Mara Otero-Fernandez
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Jamie F. S. Mann
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Tristan A. Cogan
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Adam Finn
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrew D. Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Darryl J. Hill
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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Ji S, Xiao S, Wang H, Lei H. Increasing contributions of airborne route in SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant transmission compared with the ancestral strain. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 221:109328. [PMID: 35784591 PMCID: PMC9233747 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant has become the dominant lineage worldwide. Experimental studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is more stable on various environmental surfaces than the ancestral strains of SARS-CoV-2. However, the influences on the role of the contact route in SARS-CoV-2 transmission are still unknown. In this study, we built a Markov chain model to simulate the transmission of the Omicron and ancestral strains of SARS-CoV-2 within a household over a 1-day period from multiple pathways; that is, airborne, droplet, and contact routes. We assumed that there were two adults and one child in the household, and that one of the adults was infected with SARS-CoV-2. We assumed two scenarios. (1) Asymptomatic/presymptomatic infection, and (2) symptomatic infection. During asymptomatic/presymptomatic infection, the contact route contributing the most (37%-45%), followed by the airborne (34%-38%) and droplet routes (21%-28%). During symptomatic infection, the droplet route was the dominant pathway (48%-71%), followed by the contact route (25%-42%), with the airborne route playing a negligible role (<10%). Compared to the ancestral strain, although the contribution of the contact route increased in Omicron variant transmission, the increase was slight, from 25%-41% to 30%-45%. With the growing concern about the increase in the proportion of asymptomatic/presymptomatic infection in Omicron strain transmissions, the airborne route, rather than the fomite route, should be of focus. Our findings suggest the importance of ventilation in the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant prevention in building environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Ji
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Shenglan Xiao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China
| | - Huaibin Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China
| | - Hao Lei
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
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Port JR, Yinda CK, Riopelle JC, Weishampel ZA, Saturday TA, Avanzato VA, Schulz JE, Holbrook MG, Barbian K, Perry-Gottschalk R, Haddock E, Martens C, Shaia CI, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, van Doremalen N, Munster VJ. Infection- or vaccine mediated immunity reduces SARS-CoV-2 transmission, but increases competitiveness of Omicron in hamsters. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.07.29.502072. [PMID: 35982658 PMCID: PMC9387121 DOI: 10.1101/2022.07.29.502072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Omicron has demonstrated a competitive advantage over Delta in vaccinated people. To understand this, we designed a transmission chain experiment using naïve, intranasally (IN) or intramuscularly (IM) vaccinated, and previously infected (PI) hamsters. Vaccination and previous infection protected animals from disease and virus replication after Delta and Omicron dual challenge. A gradient in transmission blockage was observed: IM vaccination displayed moderate transmission blockage potential over three airborne chains (approx. 70%), whereas, IN vaccination and PI blocked airborne transmission in >90%. In naïve hamsters, Delta completely outcompeted Omicron within and between hosts after dual infection in onward transmission. Although Delta also outcompeted Omicron in the vaccinated and PI transmission chains, an increase in Omicron competitiveness was observed in these groups. This correlated with the increase in the strength of the humoral response against Delta, with the strongest response seen in PI animals. These data highlight the continuous need to assess the emergence and spread of novel variants in populations with pre-existing immunity and address the additional evolutionary pressure this may exert on the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R. Port
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jade C. Riopelle
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Zachary A. Weishampel
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Taylor A. Saturday
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Victoria A. Avanzato
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Myndi G. Holbrook
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kent Barbian
- Genomics Research Section, Research Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Rose Perry-Gottschalk
- Rocky Mountain Visual and Medical Arts Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Elaine Haddock
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Craig Martens
- Genomics Research Section, Research Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Carl. I. Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
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41
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Bestion E, Halfon P, Mezouar S, Mège JL. Cell and Animal Models for SARS-CoV-2 Research. Viruses 2022; 14:1507. [PMID: 35891487 PMCID: PMC9319816 DOI: 10.3390/v14071507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last two years following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, development of potent antiviral drugs and vaccines has been a global health priority. In this context, the understanding of virus pathophysiology, the identification of associated therapeutic targets, and the screening of potential effective compounds have been indispensable advancements. It was therefore of primary importance to develop experimental models that recapitulate the aspects of the human disease in the best way possible. This article reviews the information concerning available SARS-CoV-2 preclinical models during that time, including cell-based approaches and animal models. We discuss their evolution, their advantages, and drawbacks, as well as their relevance to drug effectiveness evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïne Bestion
- Microbe Evolution Phylogeny Infection, Institut pour la Recherche et le Developpement, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France; (E.B.); (P.H.)
- Institue Hospitalo, Universitaire Mediterranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Genoscience Pharma, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Halfon
- Microbe Evolution Phylogeny Infection, Institut pour la Recherche et le Developpement, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France; (E.B.); (P.H.)
- Institue Hospitalo, Universitaire Mediterranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Genoscience Pharma, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Microbe Evolution Phylogeny Infection, Institut pour la Recherche et le Developpement, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France; (E.B.); (P.H.)
- Institue Hospitalo, Universitaire Mediterranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Genoscience Pharma, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Microbe Evolution Phylogeny Infection, Institut pour la Recherche et le Developpement, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France; (E.B.); (P.H.)
- Institue Hospitalo, Universitaire Mediterranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
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Rosenke K, Okumura A, Lewis MC, Feldmann F, Meade-White K, Bohler WF, Griffin A, Rosenke R, Shaia C, Jarvis MA, Feldmann H. Molnupiravir inhibits SARS-CoV-2 variants including Omicron in the hamster model. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e160108. [PMID: 35579953 PMCID: PMC9310535 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.160108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern (VOC), which contains a heavily mutated spike protein capable of escaping preexisting immunity, identifies a continued need for interventional measures. Molnupiravir (MK-4482), an orally administered nucleoside analog, has demonstrated efficacy against earlier SARS-CoV-2 lineages and was recently approved for SARS-CoV-2 infections in high-risk adults. Here, we assessed the efficacy of MK-4482 against the earlier Alpha, Beta, and Delta VOCs and Omicron in the hamster COVID-19 model. Omicron replication and associated lung disease in vehicle-treated hamsters was reduced compared with replication and lung disease associated with earlier VOCs. MK-4482 treatment inhibited virus replication in the lungs of hamsters infected with Alpha, Beta, or Delta VOCs. Importantly, MK-4482 profoundly inhibited virus replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract of hamsters infected with the Omicron VOC. Consistent with its mutagenic mechanism, MK-4482 treatment had a more pronounced inhibitory effect on infectious titers compared with viral RNA genome load. Histopathologic analysis showed that MK-4482 treatment caused a concomitant reduction in the level of lung disease and viral antigen load in infected hamsters across all VOCs examined. Together, our data indicate the potential of MK-4482 as an effective antiviral against known SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, especially Omicron, and likely future SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca Rosenke
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Carl Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Michael A. Jarvis
- Laboratory of Virology and
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- The Vaccine Group, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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Oswin HP, Haddrell AE, Otero-Fernandez M, Mann JFS, Cogan TA, Hilditch TG, Tian J, Hardy DA, Hill DJ, Finn A, Davidson AD, Reid JP. The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity with changes in aerosol microenvironment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200109119. [PMID: 35763573 PMCID: PMC9271203 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200109119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors that influence the airborne survival of viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in aerosols is important for identifying routes of transmission and the value of various mitigation strategies for preventing transmission. We present measurements of the stability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol droplets (∼5 to 10 µm equilibrated radius) over timescales spanning 5 s to 20 min using an instrument to probe survival in a small population of droplets (typically 5 to 10) containing ∼1 virus/droplet. Measurements of airborne infectivity change are coupled with a detailed physicochemical analysis of the airborne droplets containing the virus. A decrease in infectivity to ∼10% of the starting value was observable for SARS-CoV-2 over 20 min, with a large proportion of the loss occurring within the first 5 min after aerosolization. The initial rate of infectivity loss was found to correlate with physical transformation of the equilibrating droplet; salts within the droplets crystallize at relative humidities (RHs) below 50%, leading to a near-instant loss of infectivity in 50 to 60% of the virus. However, at 90% RH, the droplet remains homogenous and aqueous, and the viral stability is sustained for the first 2 min, beyond which it decays to only 10% remaining infectious after 10 min. The loss of infectivity at high RH is consistent with an elevation in the pH of the droplets, caused by volatilization of CO2 from bicarbonate buffer within the droplet. Four different variants of SARS-CoV-2 were compared and found to have a similar degree of airborne stability at both high and low RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry P. Oswin
- aSchool of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Allen E. Haddrell
- aSchool of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
- 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. , , or
| | - Mara Otero-Fernandez
- aSchool of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie F. S. Mann
- bBristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
| | - Tristan A. Cogan
- bBristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G. Hilditch
- aSchool of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Jianghan Tian
- aSchool of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A. Hardy
- aSchool of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Darryl J. Hill
- cSchool of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Finn
- cSchool of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Davidson
- cSchool of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
- 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. , , or
| | - Jonathan P. Reid
- aSchool of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
- 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. , , or
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Su W, Choy KT, Gu H, Sia SF, Cheng KM, Nizami SIN, Krishnan P, Ng YM, Chang LDJ, Liu Y, Cheng SM, Peiris M, Poon LL, Nicholls JM, Yen HL. Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 sub-lineages show reduced pathogenicity and transmission potential than the early SARS-CoV-2 D614G variant in Syrian hamsters. J Infect Dis 2022; 227:1143-1152. [PMID: 35776136 PMCID: PMC9278237 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The epidemiological advantage of Omicron variant is evidenced by its rapid spread and the ability to outcompete prior variants. Among Omicron sub-lineages, early outbreaks were dominated by BA.1 while BA.2 has gained dominance since February 2022. The relative pathogenicity and transmissibility of BA.1 and BA.2 have not been fully defined. Methods We compared viral loads and clinical signs in Syrian hamsters after infection with BA.1, BA.2, or D614G variant. A competitive transmission model and next generation sequencing were used to compare the relative transmission potential of BA.1 and BA.2. Results BA.1 and BA.2 caused no apparent clinical signs while D614G caused more than 10% weight loss. Higher viral loads were detected from the nasal washes, nasal turbinate and lungs of BA.1 than BA.2 inoculated hamsters. No aerosol transmission was observed for BA.1 or BA.2 under the experimental condition that D614G transmitted efficiently. BA.1 and BA.2 were able to transmit among hamsters via direct contact; however, BA.1 transmitted more efficiently than BA.2 under the competitive transmission model. No recombination was detected from direct contacts exposed simultaneously to BA.1 and BA.2. Conclusions Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 demonstrated attenuated pathogenicity and reduced transmission potential in hamsters when compared to early SARS-CoV-2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John M Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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45
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Chen P, Zhang D, Liu J, Jian IY. Assessing personal exposure to COVID-19 transmission in public indoor spaces based on fine-grained trajectory data: A simulation study. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 218:109153. [PMID: 35531051 PMCID: PMC9066746 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed substantial challenges to worldwide health systems in quick response to epidemics. The assessment of personal exposure to COVID-19 in enclosed spaces is critical to identifying potential infectees and preventing outbreaks. However, traditional contact tracing methods rely heavily on a manual interview, which is costly and time consuming given the large population involved. With advanced indoor localisation techniques, it is possible to collect people's footprints accurately by locating their smartphones. This study presents a new framework for the assessment of personal exposure to COVID-19 carriers using their fine-grained trajectory data. An integral model was established to quantify the exposure risk, in which the spatial and temporal decay effects are simultaneously considered when modelling the airborne transmission of COVID-19. Regarding the obstacle effect of the indoor layout on airborne transmission, a weight graph based on the space syntax technique was further introduced to constrain the transmission strength between subspaces that are less inter-visible. The proposed framework was demonstrated by a simulation study, in which external comparison and internal analysis were conducted to justify its validity and robustness in different scenarios. Our method is expected to promote the efficient identification of potential infectees and provide an extensible spatial-temporal model to simulate different control measures and examine their effectiveness in a built environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Chen
- School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
- The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519082, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongchu Zhang
- School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianxiao Liu
- Department of Real Estate and Construction, Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Izzy Yi Jian
- School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong, China
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46
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Paranthaman MP, Peroutka-Bigus N, Larsen KR, Phadke KS, Summers T, Theodore M, Hensley DK, Levine AM, Lee RJ, Bellaire BH. Effective antiviral coatings for deactivating SARS-CoV-2 virus on N95 respirator masks or filters. MATERIALS TODAY. ADVANCES 2022; 14:100228. [PMID: 35284812 PMCID: PMC8901369 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtadv.2022.100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The application of antiviral coatings to masks and respirators is a potential mitigating step toward reducing viral transmission during the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic. The use of appropriate masks, social distancing, and vaccines is the immediate solution for limiting the viral spread and protecting people from this virus. N95 respirator masks are effective in filtering the virus particles, but they cannot kill or deactivate the virus. We report a possible approach to deactivating SARS-CoV-2 by applying an antimicrobial coating (Goldshield 75) to masks and respirators, rendering them suitable for repeated use. Masks coated with Goldshield 75 demonstrated continuous inactivation of the Alpha and Beta variants of the SARS-CoV-2 over a 3-day period and no loss of inactivation when stored at temperatures at 50 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan Peroutka-Bigus
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kristina R Larsen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kruttika S Phadke
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Tina Summers
- Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Merlin Theodore
- Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Dale K Hensley
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Bryan H Bellaire
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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47
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The STING Ligand and Delivery System Synergistically Enhance the Immunogenicity of an Intranasal Spike SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Candidate. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051142. [PMID: 35625879 PMCID: PMC9138454 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory organ serves as a primary target site for SARS-CoV-2. Thus, the vaccine-stimulating immune response of the respiratory tract is significant in controlling SARS-CoV-2 transmission and disease development. In this study, mucoadhesive nanoparticles were used to deliver SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (S-NPs) into the nasal tracts of mice. The responses in the respiratory organ and the systemic responses were monitored. The administration of S-NPs along with cGAMP conferred a robust stimulation of antibody responses in the respiratory tract, as demonstrated by an increase of IgA and IgG antibodies toward the spike proteins in bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) and the lungs. Interestingly, the elicited antibodies were able to neutralize both the wild-type and Delta variant strains of SARS-CoV-2. Significantly, the intranasal immunization also stimulated systemic responses. This is evidenced by the increased production of circulating IgG and IgA, which were able to neutralize and bind specifically to the SARS-CoV-2 virion and spike protein. Additionally, this intranasal administration potently activated a splenic T cell response and the production of Th-1 cytokines, suggesting that this vaccine may well activate a cellular response in the respiratory tract. The results demonstrate that STING agonist strongly acts as an adjuvant to the immunogenicity of S-NPs. This platform may be an ideal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.
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Nakayama EE, Kubota-Koketsu R, Sasaki T, Suzuki K, Uno K, Shimizu J, Okamoto T, Matsumoto H, Matsuura H, Hashimoto S, Tanaka T, Harada H, Tomita M, Kaneko M, Yoshizaki K, Shioda T. Anti-nucleocapsid antibodies enhance the production of IL-6 induced by SARS-CoV-2 N protein. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8108. [PMID: 35577892 PMCID: PMC9109953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A cytokine storm induces acute respiratory distress syndrome, the main cause of death in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. However, the detailed mechanisms of cytokine induction due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remain unclear. To examine the cytokine production in COVID-19, we mimicked the disease in SARS-CoV-2-infected alveoli by adding the lysate of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells to cultured macrophages or induced pluripotent stem cell-derived myeloid cells. The cells secreted interleukin (IL)-6 after the addition of SARS-CoV-2-infected cell lysate. Screening of 25 SARS-CoV-2 protein-expressing plasmids revealed that the N protein-coding plasmid alone induced IL-6 production. The addition of anti-N antibody further enhanced IL-6 production, but the F(ab')2 fragment did not. Sera from COVID-19 patients also enhanced IL-6 production, and sera from patients with severer disease induced higher levels of IL-6. These results suggest that anti-N antibody promotes IL-6 production in SARS-CoV-2-infected alveoli, leading to the cytokine storm of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi E Nakayama
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Ritsuko Kubota-Koketsu
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Sasaki
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keita Suzuki
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,TANAKA Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 254-0076, Japan
| | - Kazuko Uno
- Division of Basic Research, Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, Kyoto, 606-8225, Japan
| | - Jun Shimizu
- MiCAN Technologies Inc., Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
| | - Toru Okamoto
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
| | - Hisatake Matsumoto
- Trauma and Acute Critical Care Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuura
- Osaka Prefectural Nakakawachi Emergency and Critical Care Center, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 678-0947, Japan
| | - Shoji Hashimoto
- Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization Osaka Habikino Medical Center, Habikino, Osaka, 583-8588, Japan
| | - Toshio Tanaka
- Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization Osaka Habikino Medical Center, Habikino, Osaka, 583-8588, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Harada
- Yao Tokushukai General Hospital, Yao, Osaka, 581-0011, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazuyuki Yoshizaki
- Institute of Scientific and Industry Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Bixler SL, Stefan CP, Jay AN, Rossi FD, Ricks KM, Shoemaker CJ, Moreau AM, Zeng X, Hooper JW, Dyer DN, Frick OM, Koehler JW, Kearney BJ, DiPinto N, Liu J, Tostenson SD, Clements TL, Smith JM, Johnson JA, Berrier KL, Esham HL, Delp KL, Coyne SR, Bloomfield HA, Kuehnert PA, Akers K, Gibson KM, Minogue TD, Nalca A, Pitt MLM. Exposure Route Influences Disease Severity in the COVID-19 Cynomolgus Macaque Model. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051013. [PMID: 35632755 PMCID: PMC9145782 DOI: 10.3390/v14051013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent pandemic has highlighted the need for animal models that faithfully replicate the salient features of COVID-19 disease in humans. These models are necessary for the rapid selection, testing, and evaluation of potential medical countermeasures. Here, we performed a direct comparison of two distinct routes of SARS-CoV-2 exposure—combined intratracheal/intranasal and small particle aerosol—in two nonhuman primate species, rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. While all four experimental groups displayed very few outward clinical signs, evidence of mild to moderate respiratory disease was present on radiographs and at necropsy. Cynomolgus macaques exposed via the aerosol route also developed the most consistent fever responses and had the most severe respiratory disease and pathology. This study demonstrates that while all four models produced suitable representations of mild COVID-like illness, aerosol exposure of cynomolgus macaques to SARS-CoV-2 produced the most severe disease, which may provide additional clinical endpoints for evaluating therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L. Bixler
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.W.H.); (J.M.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.L.B.); (M.L.M.P.); Tel.: +1-301-619-3014 (S.L.B.); +1-301-619-4230 (M.L.M.P.)
| | - Christopher P. Stefan
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Alexandra N. Jay
- Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.N.J.); (F.D.R.); (D.N.D.); (O.M.F.); (K.L.B.); (H.L.E.)
| | - Franco D. Rossi
- Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.N.J.); (F.D.R.); (D.N.D.); (O.M.F.); (K.L.B.); (H.L.E.)
| | - Keersten M. Ricks
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Charles J. Shoemaker
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Alicia M. Moreau
- Pathology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.M.M.); (X.Z.); (N.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Pathology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.M.M.); (X.Z.); (N.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Jay W. Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.W.H.); (J.M.S.)
| | - David N. Dyer
- Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.N.J.); (F.D.R.); (D.N.D.); (O.M.F.); (K.L.B.); (H.L.E.)
| | - Ondraya M. Frick
- Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.N.J.); (F.D.R.); (D.N.D.); (O.M.F.); (K.L.B.); (H.L.E.)
| | - Jeffrey W. Koehler
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Brian J. Kearney
- Core Laboratory Services, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.D.T.); (J.A.J.); (H.A.B.); (K.A.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Nina DiPinto
- Pathology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.M.M.); (X.Z.); (N.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun Liu
- Pathology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.M.M.); (X.Z.); (N.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Samantha D. Tostenson
- Core Laboratory Services, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.D.T.); (J.A.J.); (H.A.B.); (K.A.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Tamara L. Clements
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Jeffrey M. Smith
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.W.H.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Joshua A. Johnson
- Core Laboratory Services, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.D.T.); (J.A.J.); (H.A.B.); (K.A.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Kerry L. Berrier
- Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.N.J.); (F.D.R.); (D.N.D.); (O.M.F.); (K.L.B.); (H.L.E.)
| | - Heather L. Esham
- Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.N.J.); (F.D.R.); (D.N.D.); (O.M.F.); (K.L.B.); (H.L.E.)
| | - Korey L. Delp
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Susan R. Coyne
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Holly A. Bloomfield
- Core Laboratory Services, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.D.T.); (J.A.J.); (H.A.B.); (K.A.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Paul A. Kuehnert
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Kristen Akers
- Core Laboratory Services, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.D.T.); (J.A.J.); (H.A.B.); (K.A.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Kathleen M. Gibson
- Core Laboratory Services, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.D.T.); (J.A.J.); (H.A.B.); (K.A.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Timothy D. Minogue
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Aysegul Nalca
- Core Support Directorate, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Margaret L. M. Pitt
- Office of the Science Advisor, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Correspondence: (S.L.B.); (M.L.M.P.); Tel.: +1-301-619-3014 (S.L.B.); +1-301-619-4230 (M.L.M.P.)
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50
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SARS-CoV-2 infection induces inflammatory bone loss in golden Syrian hamsters. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2539. [PMID: 35534483 PMCID: PMC9085785 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30195-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrapulmonary complications of different organ systems have been increasingly recognized in patients with severe or chronic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, limited information on the skeletal complications of COVID-19 is known, even though inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract have been known to perturb bone metabolism and cause pathological bone loss. In this study, we characterize the effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on bone metabolism in an established golden Syrian hamster model for COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 causes significant multifocal loss of bone trabeculae in the long bones and lumbar vertebrae of all infected hamsters. Moreover, we show that the bone loss is associated with SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine dysregulation, as the circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines not only upregulate osteoclastic differentiation in bone tissues, but also trigger an amplified pro-inflammatory cascade in the skeletal tissues to augment their pro-osteoclastogenesis effect. Our findings suggest that pathological bone loss may be a neglected complication which warrants more extensive investigations during the long-term follow-up of COVID-19 patients. The benefits of potential prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against pathological bone loss should be further evaluated. Although extrapulmonary complications of different organ systems are recognized in patients with severe COVID19 effects are less well studied. Here, Qiao et al. characterize the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 on bone metabolism in Syrian hamster and find that bone loss is associated with virus-mediated cytokine dysregulation.
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