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Pulit-Penaloza JA, Brock N, Belser JA, Sun X, Pappas C, Kieran TJ, Basu Thakur P, Zeng H, Cui D, Frederick J, Fasce R, Tumpey TM, Maines TR. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from a human case in Chile causes fatal disease and transmits between co-housed ferrets. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2332667. [PMID: 38494746 PMCID: PMC11177717 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2332667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses have caused large outbreaks within avian populations on five continents, with concurrent spillover into a variety of mammalian species. Mutations associated with mammalian adaptation have been sporadically identified in avian isolates, and more frequently among mammalian isolates following infection. Reports of human infection with A(H5N1) viruses following contact with infected wildlife have been reported on multiple continents, highlighting the need for pandemic risk assessment of these viruses. In this study, the pathogenicity and transmissibility of A/Chile/25945/2023 HPAI A(H5N1) virus, a novel reassortant with four gene segments (PB1, PB2, NP, MP) from North American lineage, isolated from a severe human case in Chile, was evaluated in vitro and using the ferret model. This virus possessed a high capacity to cause fatal disease, characterized by high morbidity and extrapulmonary spread in virus-inoculated ferrets. The virus was capable of transmission to naïve contacts in a direct contact setting, with contact animals similarly exhibiting severe disease, but did not exhibit productive transmission in respiratory droplet or fomite transmission models. Our results indicate that the virus would need to acquire an airborne transmissible phenotype in mammals to potentially cause a pandemic. Nonetheless, this work warrants continuous monitoring of mammalian adaptations in avian viruses, especially in strains isolated from humans, to aid pandemic preparedness efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Brock
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica A. Belser
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiangjie Sun
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Claudia Pappas
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Troy J. Kieran
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Poulami Basu Thakur
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hui Zeng
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dan Cui
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julia Frederick
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Fasce
- Viral Diseases Sub Department, Public Health Institute, ISP, Santiago, Chile
| | - Terrence M. Tumpey
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taronna R. Maines
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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2
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Hu X, Saxena A, Magstadt DR, Gauger PC, Burrough ER, Zhang J, Siepker C, Mainenti M, Gorden PJ, Plummer PJ, Li G. Genomic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 virus newly emerged in dairy cattle. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2380421. [PMID: 39008278 PMCID: PMC11271078 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2380421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In March 2024, the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) infections in dairy cattle was detected in the United Sates for the first time. We genetically characterize HPAI viruses from dairy cattle showing an abrupt drop in milk production, as well as from two cats, six wild birds, and one skunk. They share nearly identical genome sequences, forming a new genotype B3.13 within the 2.3.4.4b clade. B3.13 viruses underwent two reassortment events since 2023 and exhibit critical mutations in HA, M1, and NS genes but lack critical mutations in PB2 and PB1 genes, which enhance virulence or adaptation to mammals. The PB2 E627 K mutation in a human case associated with cattle underscores the potential for rapid evolution post infection, highlighting the need for continued surveillance to monitor public health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Anugrah Saxena
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Drew R. Magstadt
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eric R. Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Chris Siepker
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Marta Mainenti
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Patrick J. Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Paul J. Plummer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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3
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Loeb K, Lemaille C, Frederick C, Wallace HL, Kindrachuk J. Harnessing high-throughput OMICS in emerging zoonotic virus preparedness and response activities. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167337. [PMID: 38986821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viruses pose unpredictable and significant challenges to global health. Emerging zoonotic infectious diseases, which are transmitted between humans and non-human animals, have been estimated to be responsible for nearly two-thirds of emerging infectious disease events and emergence events attributed to these pathogens have been increasing in frequency with the potential for high global health and economic burdens. In this review we will focus on the application of highthroughput OMICS approaches to emerging zoonotic virus investigtations. We highlight the key contributions of transcriptome and proteome investigations to emerging zoonotic virus preparedness and response activities with a focus on SARS-CoV-2, avian influenza virus subtype H5N1, and Orthoebolavirus investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Loeb
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Candice Lemaille
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Christina Frederick
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Hannah L Wallace
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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4
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Gong H, Cai G, Chen C, Chen F, Cai C. Construction of a monoclonal molecular imprinted sensor with high affinity for specific recognition of influenza a virus subtype. Talanta 2024; 278:126568. [PMID: 39018763 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Although molecular imprinting technology has been widely used in the construction of virus sensors, it is still a great challenge to identify subtypes viruses specifically because of their high similarity in morphology, size and structure. Here, a monoclonal molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) sensor for recognition of H5N1 is constructed to permit the accurate distinguishing of H5N1 from other influenza A virus (IAV) subtypes. Firstly, H5N1 are immobilized on magnetic microspheres to produce H5N1-MagNPs, then the high affinity nanogel H5N1-MIPs is prepared by solid phase imprinting technique. When H5N1-MIPs is combined with MagNP-H5N1, different concentrations of H5N1 are added for competitive substitution. The quantitative detection of H5N1 is realized by the change of fluorescence intensity of supernatant. As expected, the constructed sensor shows satisfactory selectivity, and can identify the target virus from highly similar IAV subtypes, such as H1N1, H7N9 and H9N2. The sensor was highly sensitive, with a detection limit of 0.58 fM, and a selectivity factor that is comparable to that of other small MIPs sensors is achieved. In addition, the proposed sensor is cheap, with a cost of only RMB 0.08 yuan. The proposed monoclonal sensor provides a new method for the specific recognition of designated virus subtype, which is expected to be used for large-scale screening and accurate treatment of infected people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China; The Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China.
| | - Ganping Cai
- The Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Feng Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Changqun Cai
- The Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China.
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Tiwari A, Meriläinen P, Lindh E, Kitajima M, Österlund P, Ikonen N, Savolainen-Kopra C, Pitkänen T. Avian Influenza outbreaks: Human infection risks for beach users - One health concern and environmental surveillance implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 943:173692. [PMID: 38825193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite its popularity for water activities, such as swimming, surfing, fishing, and rafting, inland and coastal bathing areas occasionally experience outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI), including A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b. Asymptomatic infections and symptomatic outbreaks often impact many aquatic birds, which increase chances of spill-over events to mammals and pose concerns for public health. This review examined the existing literature to assess avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission risks to beachgoers and the general population. A comprehensive understanding of factors governing such crossing of the AIV host range is currently lacking. There is limited knowledge on key factors affecting risk, such as species-specific interactions with host cells (including binding, entry, and replication via viral proteins hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, nucleoprotein, and polymerase basic protein 2), overcoming host restrictions, and innate immune response. AIV efficiently transmits between birds and to some extent between marine scavenger mammals in aquatic environments via consumption of infected birds. However, the current literature lacks evidence of zoonotic AIV transmission via contact with the aquatic environment or consumption of contaminated water. The zoonotic transmission risk of the circulating A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus to the general population and beachgoers is currently low. Nevertheless, it is recommended to avoid direct contact with sick or dead birds and to refrain from bathing in locations where mass bird mortalities are reported. Increasing reports of AIVs spilling over to non-human mammals have raised valid concerns about possible virus mutations that lead to crossing the species barrier and subsequent risk of human infections and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Tiwari
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Neulaniementie 4, Kuopio FI-70701, Finland; Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Päivi Meriläinen
- Environmental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Neulaniementie 4, Kuopio FI-70701, Finland
| | - Erika Lindh
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Niina Ikonen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Carita Savolainen-Kopra
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Neulaniementie 4, Kuopio FI-70701, Finland; Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
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6
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Hew YL, Hiono T, Monne I, Nabeshima K, Sakuma S, Kumagai A, Okamura S, Soda K, Ito H, Esaki M, Okuya K, Ozawa M, Yabuta T, Takakuwa H, Nguyen LB, Isoda N, Miyazawa K, Onuma M, Sakoda Y. Cocirculation of Genetically Distinct Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N5 and H5N1 Viruses in Crows, Hokkaido, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1912-1917. [PMID: 39106453 PMCID: PMC11346982 DOI: 10.3201/eid3009.240356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We isolated highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N5 and H5N1 viruses from crows in Hokkaido, Japan, during winter 2023-24. They shared genetic similarity with HPAI H5N5 viruses from northern Europe but differed from those in Asia. Continuous monitoring and rapid information sharing between countries are needed to prevent HPAI virus transmission.
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7
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Li Y, Yin Z, Wang J, Xu Y, Huo S, Wu Y, Dou D, Han Q, Jiang S, Li F, Liu P, Yu F. Surveillance of avian influenza viruses in Hebei Province of China from 2021 to 2023: Identification of a novel reassortant H3N3. J Infect 2024; 89:106240. [PMID: 39173919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza remains a global public health concern for its well-known point mutation and genomic segment reassortment, through which plenty of serum serotypes are generated to escape existing immune protection in animal and human populations. Some occasional cases of human infection of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) since 2020 posed a potential pandemic risk through human-to-human transmission. Both east-west and north-south migratory birds fly through and linger in the Hebei Province of China as a stopover habitat, providing an opportunity for imported AIVs to infect the local poultry and for viral gene reassortment to generate novel stains. In this study, we collected more than 6000 environmental samples (mostly feces) in Hebei Province from 2021 to 2023. Samples were screened using real-time RT-PCR, and virus isolation was performed using the chick embryo culture method. We identified 10 AIV isolates, including a novel reassortant H3N3 isolate. Sequencing analysis revealed these AIVs are highly homologous to those isolated in the Yellow River Basin. Our findings supported that AIVs keep evolving to generate new isolates, necessitating a continuous risk assessment of local avian influenza in wild waterfowl in Hebei, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbai Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Hebei Wild Animal Health Center, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhe Yin
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Hebei Wild Animal Health Center, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Hebei Wild Animal Health Center, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yujuan Xu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Huo
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Hebei Wild Animal Health Center, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Hebei Wild Animal Health Center, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Dou Dou
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Hebei Wild Animal Health Center, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Qingan Han
- Hebei Animal Disease Control Center, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Hebei Wild Animal Health Center, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.
| | - Fei Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Hebei Wild Animal Health Center, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.
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8
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Misra S, Gilbride E, Ramasamy S, Pond SLK, Kuchipudi SV. Enhanced Diversifying Selection on Polymerase Genes in H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b: A Key Driver of Altered Species Tropism and Host Range Expansion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.19.606826. [PMID: 39229076 PMCID: PMC11370473 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.19.606826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses have shown unprecedented host range and pathogenicity, including infections in cattle, previously not susceptible to H5N1. We investigated whether selection pressures on clade 2.3.4.4b viral genes could shed light on their unique epidemiological features. Our analysis revealed that while the gene products of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 primarily undergo purifying selection, there are notable instances of episodic diversifying selection. Specifically, the polymerase genes PB2, PB1, and PA exhibit significantly greater selection pressures in clade 2.3.4.4b than all earlier H5N1 virus clades. Polymerases play critical roles in influenza virus adaptation, including viral fitness, interspecies transmission, and virulence. Our findings provide evidence that significant selection pressures have shaped the evolution of the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, facilitating their expanded host tropism and the potential for further adaptation to mammalian hosts. We discuss how exogenous factors, such as altered bird migration patterns and increased host susceptibility, may have contributed to the expanded host range. As H5N1 viruses continue to infect new hosts, there is a greater risk of emergent novel variants with increased pathogenicity in humans and animals. Thus, comprehensive One Health surveillance is critical to monitor transmission among avian and mammalian hosts.
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9
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Focosi D, Maggi F. Avian Influenza Virus A(H5Nx) and Prepandemic Candidate Vaccines: State of the Art. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8550. [PMID: 39126117 PMCID: PMC11312817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus has been long considered the main threat for a future pandemic. Among the possible avian influenza virus subtypes, A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b is becoming enzootic in mammals, representing an alarming step towards a pandemic. In particular, genotype B3.13 has recently caused an outbreak in US dairy cattle. Since pandemic preparedness is largely based on the availability of prepandemic candidate vaccine viruses, in this review we will summarize the current status of the enzootics, and challenges for H5 vaccine manufacturing and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy;
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10
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Sahoo MK, Morante IEA, Huang C, Solis D, Yamamoto F, Ohiri UC, Romero D, Pinsky BA. Multiplex Dual-Target Reverse Transcription PCR for Subtyping Avian Influenza A(H5) Virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1710-1713. [PMID: 38986151 PMCID: PMC11286043 DOI: 10.3201/eid3008.240785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
An increased risk for human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses is of concern. We developed an internally controlled, dual-target reverse transcription PCR for influenza A(H5) subtyping. This test could be used to detect influenza A(H5) in clinical samples.
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11
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Ahrens AK, Pohlmann A, Grund C, Harder T, Beer M. Novel Genotypes of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Viruses, Germany, November 2023. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1737-1739. [PMID: 38986148 PMCID: PMC11286037 DOI: 10.3201/eid3008.240103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Several subtypes and many different genotypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype H5 clade 2.3.4.4b have repeatedly caused outbreaks in Germany. Four new highly pathogenic avian influenza genotypes emerged in November 2023 after reassortment with low pathogenicity precursors, replacing genotype BB, which had dominated in Europe since 2022.
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12
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Kang M, Wang LF, Sun BW, Wan WB, Ji X, Baele G, Bi YH, Suchard MA, Lai A, Zhang M, Wang L, Zhu YH, Ma L, Li HP, Haerheng A, Qi YR, Wang RL, He N, Su S. Zoonotic infections by avian influenza virus: changing global epidemiology, investigation, and control. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:e522-e531. [PMID: 38878787 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus continues to pose zoonotic, epizootic, and pandemic threats worldwide, as exemplified by the 2020-23 epizootics of re-emerging H5 genotype avian influenza viruses among birds and mammals and the fatal jump to humans of emerging A(H3N8) in early 2023. Future influenza pandemic threats are driven by extensive mutations and reassortments of avian influenza viruses rooted in frequent interspecies transmission and genetic mixing and underscore the urgent need for more effective actions. We examine the changing global epidemiology of human infections caused by avian influenza viruses over the past decade, including dramatic increases in both the number of reported infections in humans and the spectrum of avian influenza virus subtypes that have jumped to humans. We also discuss the use of advanced surveillance, diagnostic technologies, and state-of-the-art analysis methods for tracking emerging avian influenza viruses. We outline an avian influenza virus-specific application of the One Health approach, integrating enhanced surveillance, tightened biosecurity, targeted vaccination, timely precautions, and timely clinical management, and fostering global collaboration to control the threats of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Kang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Clinical Research Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Fang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-Wen Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Bo Wan
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yu-Hai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Lai
- School of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhu
- Department of Scientific Research Management, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Scientific Research Management, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Peng Li
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ayidana Haerheng
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang-Rui Qi
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Lan Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na He
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Su
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Chopra P, Page CK, Shepard JD, Ray SD, Kandeil A, Jeevan T, Bowman AS, Ellebedy AH, Webby RJ, de Vries RP, Tompkins SM, Boons GJ. Receptor Binding Specificity of a Bovine A(H5N1) Influenza Virus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.30.605893. [PMID: 39131339 PMCID: PMC11312569 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.30.605893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Outbreaks in the US of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) in dairy cows have been occurring for months creating new possibilities for direct contact between the virus and humans. Eisfeld et al. examined the pathogenicity and transmissibility of a bovine HPAI H5N1 virus isolated from New Mexico in a series of in vitro and in vivo assays. They found the virus has a dual human- and avian virus-like receptor-binding specificity as measured in a solid phase glycan binding assay. Here, we examined the receptor specificity of a bovine HPAI H5N1 virus (A/bovine/OH/B24OSU-432/2024, H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b) employing four different assays including glycan array technology, bio-layer interferometry (BLI), a solid phase capture assay and hemagglutination of glycan remodeled erythrocytes. As controls, well characterized avian (A/Vietnam/1203/2004, H5N1, clade 1) and human (A/CA/04/2009, H1N1) IAVs were included that bind α2,3- and α2,6-sialosides, respectively. We found that A/bovine/OH/B24OSU-432/2024 preferentially binds to "avian type" receptors (α2,3-sialosides). Furthermore, sequence alignments showed that A/bovine has maintained amino acids in its HA associated with α2,3-sialoside (avian) receptor specificity. We conclude that while we find no evidence that A/bovine has acquired human virus receptor binding specificity, ongoing efforts must be placed on monitoring for this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for Influenza Disease and Emergence Response (CIDER), University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Caroline K. Page
- Center for Influenza Disease and Emergence Response (CIDER), University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA and Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Justin D. Shepard
- Center for Influenza Disease and Emergence Response (CIDER), University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA and Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sean D. Ray
- Center for Influenza Disease and Emergence Response (CIDER), University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA and Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- St. Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- St. Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andrew S. Bowman
- St. Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ali H. Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- St. Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S. Mark Tompkins
- Center for Influenza Disease and Emergence Response (CIDER), University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA and Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for Influenza Disease and Emergence Response (CIDER), University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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14
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Dadonaite B, Ahn JJ, Ort JT, Yu J, Furey C, Dosey A, Hannon WW, Baker AV, Webby RJ, King NP, Liu Y, Hensley SE, Peacock TP, Moncla LH, Bloom JD. Deep mutational scanning of H5 hemagglutinin to inform influenza virus surveillance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.23.595634. [PMID: 38826368 PMCID: PMC11142178 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.23.595634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
H5 influenza is a potential pandemic threat. Previous studies have identified molecular phenotypes of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein that contribute to pandemic risk, including cell entry, receptor preference, HA stability, and reduced neutralization by polyclonal sera. Here we use pseudovirus deep mutational scanning to measure how all mutations to a clade 2.3.4.4b H5 HA affect each phenotype. We identify mutations that allow HA to better bind a2-6-linked sialic acids, and show that some viruses already carry mutations that stabilize HA. We also identify recent viral strains with reduced neutralization to sera elicited by candidate vaccine virus. Overall, the systematic nature of deep mutational scanning combined with the safety of pseudoviruses enables comprehensive characterization of mutations to inform surveillance of H5 influenza.
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15
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de Oliveira CBS, Andrade JMDA, Akter S, da Silva MK, Fulco UL, Oliveira JIN. Investigating whether H5N1 is a risk to human populations in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2024; 57:e01100. [PMID: 39082530 PMCID: PMC11290869 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0056-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shahina Akter
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Maria Karolaynne da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Umberto Laino Fulco
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Jonas Ivan Nobre Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Natal, RN, Brasil
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16
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Erdelyan CNG, Kandeil A, Signore AV, Jones MEB, Vogel P, Andreev K, Bøe CA, Gjerset B, Alkie TN, Yason C, Hisanaga T, Sullivan D, Lung O, Bourque L, Ayilara I, Pama L, Jeevan T, Franks J, Jones JC, Seiler JP, Miller L, Mubareka S, Webby RJ, Berhane Y. Multiple transatlantic incursions of highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N5) virus into North America and spillover to mammals. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114479. [PMID: 39003741 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have spread at an unprecedented scale, leading to mass mortalities in birds and mammals. In 2023, a transatlantic incursion of HPAI A(H5N5) viruses into North America was detected, followed shortly thereafter by a mammalian detection. As these A(H5N5) viruses were similar to contemporary viruses described in Eurasia, the transatlantic spread of A(H5N5) viruses was most likely facilitated by pelagic seabirds. Some of the Canadian A(H5N5) viruses from birds and mammals possessed the PB2-E627K substitution known to facilitate adaptation to mammals. Ferrets inoculated with A(H5N5) viruses showed rapid, severe disease onset, with some evidence of direct contact transmission. However, these viruses have maintained receptor binding traits of avian influenza viruses and were susceptible to oseltamivir and zanamivir. Understanding the factors influencing the virulence and transmission of A(H5N5) in migratory birds and mammals is critical to minimize impacts on wildlife and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Anthony V Signore
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Megan E B Jones
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Region, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Peter Vogel
- Comparative Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Konstantin Andreev
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | | | - Tamiru N Alkie
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Carmencita Yason
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Tamiko Hisanaga
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Daniel Sullivan
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Oliver Lung
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M5, Canada
| | - Laura Bourque
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Region, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Ifeoluwa Ayilara
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Lemarie Pama
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John Franks
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeremy C Jones
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jon P Seiler
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lance Miller
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Yohannes Berhane
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
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17
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Nelli RK, Harm TA, Siepker C, Groeltz-Thrush JM, Jones B, Twu NC, Nenninger AS, Magstadt DR, Burrough ER, Piñeyro PE, Mainenti M, Carnaccini S, Plummer PJ, Bell TM. Sialic Acid Receptor Specificity in Mammary Gland of Dairy Cattle Infected with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1361-1373. [PMID: 38861554 PMCID: PMC11210646 DOI: 10.3201/eid3007.240689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In March 2024, the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service reported detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in dairy cattle in the United States for the first time. One factor that determines susceptibility to HPAI H5N1 infection is the presence of specific virus receptors on host cells; however, little is known about the distribution of the sialic acid (SA) receptors in dairy cattle, particularly in mammary glands. We compared the distribution of SA receptors in the respiratory tract and mammary gland of dairy cattle naturally infected with HPAI H5N1. The respiratory and mammary glands of HPAI H5N1-infected dairy cattle are rich in SA, particularly avian influenza virus-specific SA α2,3-gal. Mammary gland tissues co-stained with sialic acids and influenza A virus nucleoprotein showed predominant co-localization with the virus and SA α2,3-gal. HPAI H5N1 exhibited epitheliotropism within the mammary gland, and we observed rare immunolabeling within macrophages.
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18
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Belser JA, Sun X, Pulit-Penaloza JA, Maines TR. Fatal Infection in Ferrets after Ocular Inoculation with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1484-1487. [PMID: 38916793 PMCID: PMC11210645 DOI: 10.3201/eid3007.240520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Ocular inoculation of a clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus caused severe and fatal infection in ferrets. Virus was transmitted to ferrets in direct contact. The results highlight the potential capacity of these viruses to cause human disease after either respiratory or ocular exposure.
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19
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Gadzhiev A, Petherbridge G, Sharshov K, Sobolev I, Alekseev A, Gulyaeva M, Litvinov K, Boltunov I, Teymurov A, Zhigalin A, Daudova M, Shestopalov A. Pinnipeds and avian influenza: a global timeline and review of research on the impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza on pinniped populations with particular reference to the endangered Caspian seal ( Pusa caspica). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1325977. [PMID: 39071164 PMCID: PMC11273096 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1325977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study reviews chronologically the international scientific and health management literature and resources relating to impacts of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses on pinnipeds in order to reinforce strategies for the conservation of the endangered Caspian seal (Pusa caspica), currently under threat from the HPAI H5N1 subtype transmitted from infected avifauna which share its haul-out habitats. Many cases of mass pinniped deaths globally have occurred from HPAI spill-overs, and are attributed to infected sympatric aquatic avifauna. As the seasonal migrations of Caspian seals provide occasions for contact with viruses from infected migratory aquatic birds in many locations around the Caspian Sea, this poses a great challenge to seal conservation. These are thus critical locations for the surveillance of highly pathogenic influenza A viruses, whose future reassortments may present a pandemic threat to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alimurad Gadzhiev
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Guy Petherbridge
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
- Caspian Centre for Nature Conservation, International Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Association of Universities and Research Centers of Caspian Region States, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Alekseev
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina Gulyaeva
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill Litvinov
- Laboratory of Ecological and Biological Research, Astrakhan State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Astrakhan, Russia
| | - Ivan Boltunov
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Abdulgamid Teymurov
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Alexander Zhigalin
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Madina Daudova
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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20
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Prosser DJ, Kent CM, Sullivan JD, Patyk KA, McCool MJ, Torchetti MK, Lantz K, Mullinax JM. Using an adaptive modeling framework to identify avian influenza spillover risk at the wild-domestic interface. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14199. [PMID: 38902400 PMCID: PMC11189914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64912-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The wild to domestic bird interface is an important nexus for emergence and transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. Although the recent incursion of HPAI H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b into North America calls for emergency response and planning given the unprecedented scale, readily available data-driven models are lacking. Here, we provide high resolution spatial and temporal transmission risk models for the contiguous United States. Considering virus host ecology, we included weekly species-level wild waterfowl (Anatidae) abundance and endemic low pathogenic avian influenza virus prevalence metrics in combination with number of poultry farms per commodity type and relative biosecurity risks at two spatial scales: 3 km and county-level. Spillover risk varied across the annual cycle of waterfowl migration and some locations exhibited persistent risk throughout the year given higher poultry production. Validation using wild bird introduction events identified by phylogenetic analysis from 2022 to 2023 HPAI poultry outbreaks indicate strong model performance. The modular nature of our approach lends itself to building upon updated datasets under evolving conditions, testing hypothetical scenarios, or customizing results with proprietary data. This research demonstrates an adaptive approach for developing models to inform preparedness and response as novel outbreaks occur, viruses evolve, and additional data become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diann J Prosser
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA.
| | - Cody M Kent
- Volunteer to the U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Biology, Frostburg State University, Frostburg, MD, 21532, USA
| | - Jeffery D Sullivan
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Kelly A Patyk
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Strategy and Policy, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Mary-Jane McCool
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Strategy and Policy, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Kristina Lantz
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Jennifer M Mullinax
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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21
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Kojima N, Blumberg A, Radcliffe R, Flannery B, Uyeki TM. US Public Health Preparedness and Response to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses. JAMA 2024; 331:2045-2047. [PMID: 38771675 PMCID: PMC11109922 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.10116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
US public health preparedness and response to highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses are assessed in this survey study conducted by the CDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Kojima
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amelia Blumberg
- Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rachel Radcliffe
- Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, Georgia
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22
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Andreev K, Jones JC, Seiler P, Kandeil A, Turner JCM, Barman S, Rubrum AM, Webby RJ, Govorkova EA. Antiviral Susceptibility of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses Circulating Globally in 2022-2023. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1830-1835. [PMID: 37770028 PMCID: PMC11175693 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiviral susceptibility of currently circulating (2022-2023) highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) viruses was assessed by genotypic and phenotypic approaches. The frequency was low for neuraminidase (NA) and polymerase acidic (PA) substitutions associated with reduced inhibition by NA inhibitors (21/2698, 0.78%) or the PA inhibitor baloxavir (14/2600, 0.54%). Phenotypic testing of 22 clade 2.3.2.1a and 2.3.4.4b viruses revealed broad susceptibility to NA inhibitors and baloxavir for a conclusion that most contemporary HPAI A(H5N1) viruses retain susceptibility to antiviral drugs. Novel NA-K432E and NA-T438I substitutions (N2 numbering) were identified at elevated frequencies (104/2698, 3.85%) and caused reduced zanamivir and peramivir inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Andreev
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jeremy C Jones
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jasmine C M Turner
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Subrata Barman
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Adam M Rubrum
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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23
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Meade PS, Bandawane P, Bushfield K, Hoxie I, Azcona KR, Burgos D, Choudhury S, Diaby A, Diallo M, Gaynor K, Huang A, Kante K, Khan SN, Kim W, Ajayi PK, Roubidoux E, Nelson S, McMahon R, Albrecht RA, Krammer F, Marizzi C. Detection of clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in New York City. J Virol 2024; 98:e0062624. [PMID: 38747601 PMCID: PMC11237497 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00626-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b were detected in North America in the winter of 2021/2022. These viruses have spread across the Americas, causing morbidity and mortality in both wild and domestic birds as well as some mammalian species, including cattle. Many surveillance programs for wildlife as well as commercial poultry operations have detected these viruses. In this study, we conducted surveillance of avian species in the urban environment in New York City. We detected highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses in six samples from four different bird species and performed whole-genome sequencing. Sequencing analysis showed the presence of multiple different genotypes. Our work highlights that the interface between animals and humans that may give rise to zoonotic infections or even pandemics is not limited to rural environments and commercial poultry operations but extends into the heart of our urban centers.IMPORTANCEWhile surveillance programs for avian influenza viruses are often focused on migratory routes and their associated stop-over locations or commercial poultry operations, many bird species-including migratory birds-frequent or live in urban green spaces and wetlands. This brings them into contact with a highly dense population of humans and pets, providing an extensive urban animal-human interface in which the general public may have little awareness of circulating infectious diseases. This study focuses on virus surveillance of this interface, combined with culturally responsive science education and community outreach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S. Meade
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pooja Bandawane
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Bushfield
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Irene Hoxie
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karla R. Azcona
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daneidy Burgos
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sadia Choudhury
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adama Diaby
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mariama Diallo
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kailani Gaynor
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aaron Huang
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kadiatou Kante
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shehryar N. Khan
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, New York, USA
| | - William Kim
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Ericka Roubidoux
- Department of Host Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sasha Nelson
- Animal Care Centers of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Randy A. Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Ignaz Semmelweis Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Infection Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Marizzi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, New York, USA
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24
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Kojima N, Adlhoch C, Mitja O, Dat VQ, Lescano AG, Klausner JD. Building global preparedness for avian influenza. Lancet 2024; 403:2461-2465. [PMID: 38735298 PMCID: PMC11331446 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00934-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah Kojima
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Cornelia Adlhoch
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Oriol Mitja
- University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; National Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - Vu Quoc Dat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Andres G Lescano
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jeffrey D Klausner
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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25
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Uyeki TM, Milton S, Abdul Hamid C, Reinoso Webb C, Presley SM, Shetty V, Rollo SN, Martinez DL, Rai S, Gonzales ER, Kniss KL, Jang Y, Frederick JC, De La Cruz JA, Liddell J, Di H, Kirby MK, Barnes JR, Davis CT. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infection in a Dairy Farm Worker. N Engl J Med 2024; 390:2028-2029. [PMID: 38700506 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2405371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott Milton
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Lubbock, TX
| | | | | | - Steven M Presley
- Texas Tech University Bioterrorism Response Laboratory, Lubbock, TX
| | - Varun Shetty
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX
| | - Susan N Rollo
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX
| | | | - Saroj Rai
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX
| | | | | | - Yunho Jang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | - Jimma Liddell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Han Di
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Marie K Kirby
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - John R Barnes
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - C Todd Davis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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26
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Islam A, Rahman MZ, Hassan MM, Epstein JH, Klaassen M. Farm biosecurity practices affecting avian influenza virus circulation in commercial chicken farms in Bangladesh. One Health 2024; 18:100681. [PMID: 39010948 PMCID: PMC11247270 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) is of major concern to livestock, wildlife, and human health. In many countries in the world, including Bangladesh, AIV is endemic in poultry, requiring improving biosecurity. In Bangladesh, we investigated how variation in biosecurity practices in commercial chicken farms affected their AIV infection status to help guide AIV mitigation strategies. We collected pooled fecal swabs from 225 farms and tested the samples for the AIV matrix gene followed by H5, H7, and H9 subtyping using rRT-PCR. We found that 39.6% of chicken farms were AIV positive, with 13% and 14% being positive for subtypes H5 and H9, respectively. Using a generalized linear mixed effects model, we identified as many as 12 significant AIV risk factors. Two major factors promoting AIV risk that cannot be easily addressed in the short term were farm size and the proximity of the farm to a live bird market. However, the other ten significant determinants of AIV risk can be more readily addressed, of which the most important ones were limiting access by visitors (reducing predicted AIV risk from 42 to 6%), isolation and treatment of sick birds (42 to 7%), prohibiting access of vehicles to poultry sheds (38 to 8%), improving hand hygiene (from 42 to 9%), not sharing farm workers across farms (37 to 8%), and limiting access by wild birds to poultry sheds (37 to 8%). Our findings can be applied to developing practical and cost-effective measures that significantly decrease the prevalence of AIV in chicken farms. Notably, in settings with limited resources, such as Bangladesh, these measures can help governments strengthen biosecurity practices in their poultry industry to limit and possibly prevent the spread of AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | | | - Marcel Klaassen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Muñoz G, Ulloa M, Alegría R, Quezada B, Bennett B, Enciso N, Atavales J, Johow M, Aguayo C, Araya H, Neira V. Stranding and mass mortality in humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti), associated to HPAIV H5N1 outbreak in Chile. Prev Vet Med 2024; 227:106206. [PMID: 38696942 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic Avian Influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 has caused a global outbreak affecting both wild and domestic animals, predominantly avian species. To date, cases of the HPAIV H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b in penguins have exclusively been reported in African Penguins. In Chile, the virus was confirmed in pelicans in December 2022 and subsequently spread across the country, affecting several species, including Humboldt penguins. This study aims to provide an overview of the incidents involving stranded and deceased Humboldt penguins and establish a connection between these events and HPAIV H5N1. Historical data about strandings between 2009 and 2023 was collected, and samples from suspected cases in 2023 were obtained to confirm the presence of HPAIV H5N1. Between January and August 2023, 2,788 cases of stranded and deceased penguins were recorded. Out of these, a total of 2,712 penguins deceased, evidencing a significative increase in mortality starting in early 2023 coinciding with the introduction and spreading of HPAIV H5N1 in the country. Thirty-seven events were categorized as mass mortality events, with the number of deceased penguins varying from 11 to 98. Most cases (97 %) were observed in the North of Chile. One hundred and eighty-one specimens were subjected to HPAIV diagnosis, four of which tested positive for HPAIV H5N1. Spatial analysis validates the correlation between mass mortality events and outbreaks of HPAIV in Chile. However, the limited rate of HPAIV H5N1 detection, which can be attributed to the type and quality of the samples, requiring further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Muñoz
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Ulloa
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Servicio Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Raúl Alegría
- Escuela Medicina Veterinaria, sede Santiago, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Barbara Quezada
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamín Bennett
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nikita Enciso
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | - Hugo Araya
- Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor Neira
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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28
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Furey C, Scher G, Ye N, Kercher L, DeBeauchamp J, Crumpton JC, Jeevan T, Patton C, Franks J, Rubrum A, Alameh MG, Fan SHY, Phan AT, Hunter CA, Webby RJ, Weissman D, Hensley SE. Development of a nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine against clade 2.3.4.4b H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4350. [PMID: 38782954 PMCID: PMC11116520 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48555-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
mRNA lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccines would be useful during an influenza virus pandemic since they can be produced rapidly and do not require the generation of egg-adapted vaccine seed stocks. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from H5 clade 2.3.4.4b are circulating at unprecedently high levels in wild and domestic birds and have the potential to adapt to humans. Here, we generate an mRNA lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccine encoding the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein from a clade 2.3.4.4b H5 isolate. The H5 mRNA-LNP vaccine elicits strong T cell and antibody responses in female mice, including neutralizing antibodies and broadly-reactive anti-HA stalk antibodies. The H5 mRNA-LNP vaccine elicits antibodies at similar levels compared to whole inactivated vaccines in female mice with and without prior H1N1 exposures. Finally, we find that the H5 mRNA-LNP vaccine is immunogenic in male ferrets and prevents morbidity and mortality of animals following 2.3.4.4b H5N1 challenge. Together, our data demonstrate that a monovalent mRNA-LNP vaccine expressing 2.3.4.4b H5 is immunogenic and protective in pre-clinical animal models.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Female
- Mice
- Ferrets
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Male
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- mRNA Vaccines/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Humans
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Birds/virology
- Lipids/chemistry
- Liposomes
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Furey
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Scher
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Naiqing Ye
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer DeBeauchamp
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jeri Carol Crumpton
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Christopher Patton
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John Franks
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Adam Rubrum
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mohamad-Gabriel Alameh
- Infectious Disease Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Anthony T Phan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Infectious Disease Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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29
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Restori KH, Septer KM, Field CJ, Patel DR, VanInsberghe D, Raghunathan V, Lowen AC, Sutton TC. Risk assessment of a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus from mink. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4112. [PMID: 38750016 PMCID: PMC11096306 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses in farmed mink and seals combined with isolated human infections suggest these viruses pose a pandemic threat. To assess this threat, using the ferret model, we show an H5N1 isolate derived from mink transmits by direct contact to 75% of exposed ferrets and, in airborne transmission studies, the virus transmits to 37.5% of contacts. Sequence analyses show no mutations were associated with transmission. The H5N1 virus also has a low infectious dose and remains virulent at low doses. This isolate carries the adaptive mutation, PB2 T271A, and reversing this mutation reduces mortality and airborne transmission. This is the first report of a H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus exhibiting direct contact and airborne transmissibility in ferrets. These data indicate heightened pandemic potential of the panzootic H5N1 viruses and emphasize the need for continued efforts to control outbreaks and monitor viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Restori
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Emory Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR), University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kayla M Septer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Cassandra J Field
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Emory Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR), University Park, PA, USA
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Devanshi R Patel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - David VanInsberghe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vedhika Raghunathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anice C Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Troy C Sutton
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Emory Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR), University Park, PA, USA.
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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30
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Cao N, Cai Y, Huang X, Jiang H, Huang Z, Xing L, Lu L, Jiang S, Xu W. Inhibition of influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 infection or co-infection by griffithsin and griffithsin-based bivalent entry inhibitor. mBio 2024; 15:e0074124. [PMID: 38587427 PMCID: PMC11077956 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00741-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of acute respiratory viral diseases, such as influenza and COVID-19 caused by influenza A virus (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2, pose a serious threat to global public health, economic security, and social stability. This calls for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals to prevent or treat infection or co-infection of IAV and SARS-CoV-2. Hemagglutinin (HA) on IAV and spike (S) protein on SARS-CoV-2, which contain various types of glycans, play crucial roles in mediating viral entry into host cells. Therefore, they are key targets for the development of carbohydrate-binding protein-based antivirals. This study demonstrated that griffithsin (GRFT) and the GRFT-based bivalent entry inhibitor GL25E (GRFT-L25-EK1) showed broad-spectrum antiviral effects against IAV infection in vitro by binding to HA in a carbohydrate-dependent manner and effectively protected mice from lethal IAV infection. Although both GRFT and GL25E could inhibit infection of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants, GL25E proved to be significantly more effective than GRFT and EK1 alone. Furthermore, GL25E effectively inhibited in vitro co-infection of IAV and SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated good druggability, including favorable safety and stability profiles. These findings suggest that GL25E is a promising candidate for further development as a broad-spectrum antiviral drug for the prevention and treatment of infection or co-infection from IAV and SARS-CoV-2.IMPORTANCEInfluenza and COVID-19 are highly contagious respiratory illnesses caused by the influenza A virus (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2, respectively. IAV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection exacerbates damage to lung tissue and leads to more severe clinical symptoms, thus calling for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals for combating IAV and SARS-CoV-2 infection or co-infection. Here we found that griffithsin (GRFT), a carbohydrate-binding protein, and GL25E, a recombinant protein consisting of GRFT, a 25 amino acid linker, and EK1, a broad-spectrum coronavirus inhibitor, could effectively inhibit IAV and SARS-CoV-2 infection and co-infection by targeting glycans on HA of IAV and spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. GL25E is more effective than GRFT because GL25E can also interact with the HR1 domain in SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Furthermore, GL25E possesses favorable safety and stability profiles, suggesting that it is a promising candidate for development as a drug to prevent and treat IAV and SARS-CoV-2 infection or co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxing Cai
- Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanxiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixiao Xing
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Graziosi G, Lupini C, Catelli E, Carnaccini S. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1372. [PMID: 38731377 PMCID: PMC11083745 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are highly contagious respiratory viruses of birds, leading to significant morbidity and mortality globally and causing substantial economic losses to the poultry industry and agriculture. Since their first isolation in 2013-2014, the Asian-origin H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) of clade 2.3.4.4b have undergone unprecedented evolution and reassortment of internal gene segments. In just a few years, it supplanted other AIV clades, and now it is widespread in the wild migratory waterfowl, spreading to Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Wild waterfowl, the natural reservoir of LPAIVs and generally more resistant to the disease, also manifested high morbidity and mortality with HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b. This clade also caused overt clinical signs and mass mortality in a variety of avian and mammalian species never reported before, such as raptors, seabirds, sealions, foxes, and others. Most notably, the recent outbreaks in dairy cattle were associated with the emergence of a few critical mutations related to mammalian adaptation, raising concerns about the possibility of jumping species and acquisition of sustained human-to-human transmission. The main clinical signs and anatomopathological findings associated with clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in birds and non-human mammals are hereby summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Graziosi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (C.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (C.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (C.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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32
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Ahrens AK, Jónsson SR, Svansson V, Brugger B, Beer M, Harder TC, Pohlmann A. Iceland: an underestimated hub for the spread of high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in the North Atlantic. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:001985. [PMID: 38695722 PMCID: PMC11170123 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
High-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the goose/Guangdong lineage are enzootically circulating in wild bird populations worldwide. This increases the risk of entry into poultry production and spill-over to mammalian species, including humans. Better understanding of the ecological and epizootiological networks of these viruses is essential to optimize mitigation measures. Based on full genome sequences of 26 HPAIV samples from Iceland, which were collected between spring and autumn 2022, as well as 1 sample from the 2023 summer period, we show that 3 different genotypes of HPAIV H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b were circulating within the wild bird population in Iceland in 2022. Furthermore, in 2023 we observed a novel introduction of HPAIV H5N5 of the same clade to Iceland. The data support the role of Iceland as an utmost northwestern distribution area in Europe that might act also as a potential bridging point for intercontinental spread of HPAIV across the North Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kathrin Ahrens
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald –Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Stefán Ragnar Jónsson
- The Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Vilhjálmur Svansson
- The Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Brigitte Brugger
- The Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority (MAST), Austurvegi 64, Selfossi, Iceland
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald –Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Timm C. Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald –Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald –Isle of Riems, Germany
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Meade PS, Bandawane P, Bushfield K, Hoxie I, Azcona KR, Burgos D, Choudhury S, Diaby A, Diallo M, Gaynor K, Huang A, Kante K, Khan SN, Kim W, Ajayi PK, Roubidoux E, Nelson S, McMahon R, Albrecht RA, Krammer F, Marizzi C. Detection of clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in New York City. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.04.588061. [PMID: 38617218 PMCID: PMC11014507 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.588061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b arrived in North America in the winter of 2021/2022. These viruses have spread across the Americas causing morbidity and mortality in both wild and domestic birds as well as some mammalian species, including cattle. Many surveillance programs in wildlife as well as commercial poultry operations have detected these viruses. Here we conducted surveillance of avian species in the urban environment in New York City. We detected highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses in six samples from four different bird species and performed full genome sequencing. Sequence analysis showed the presence of multiple different genotypes. Our work highlights that the interface between animals and humans that may give rise to zoonotic infections or even pandemics is not limited to rural environments and commercial poultry operations but extends into the heart of our urban centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S. Meade
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pooja Bandawane
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Bushfield
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irene Hoxie
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karla R. Azcona
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daneidy Burgos
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sadia Choudhury
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adama Diaby
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariama Diallo
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kailani Gaynor
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aaron Huang
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kadiatou Kante
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - William Kim
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ericka Roubidoux
- Department of Host Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sasha Nelson
- Animal Care Centers of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ignaz Semmelweis Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Infection Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Marizzi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- New York City Virus Hunters Program, BioBus, New York, NY, USA
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34
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Adlhoch C, Alm E, Enkirch T, Lamb F, Melidou A, Willgert K, Marangon S, Monne I, Stegeman JA, Delacourt R, Baldinelli F, Broglia A. Drivers for a pandemic due to avian influenza and options for One Health mitigation measures. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8735. [PMID: 38576537 PMCID: PMC10988447 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) remain prevalent among wild bird populations in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA), leading to significant illness in and death of birds. Transmission between bird and mammal species has been observed, particularly in fur animal farms, where outbreaks have been reported. While transmission from infected birds to humans is rare, there have been instances of exposure to these viruses since 2020 without any symptomatic infections reported in the EU/EEA. However, these viruses continue to evolve globally, and with the migration of wild birds, new strains carrying potential mutations for mammalian adaptation could be selected. If avian A(H5N1) influenza viruses acquire the ability to spread efficiently among humans, large-scale transmission could occur due to the lack of immune defences against H5 viruses in humans. The emergence of AIV capable of infecting mammals, including humans, can be facilitated by various drivers. Some intrinsic drivers are related to virus characteristics or host susceptibility. Other drivers are extrinsic and may increase exposure of mammals and humans to AIV thereby stimulating mutation and adaptation to mammals. Extrinsic drivers include the ecology of host species, such as including wildlife, human activities like farming practices and the use of natural resources, climatic and environmental factors. One Health measures to mitigate the risk of AIV adapting to mammals and humans focus on limiting exposure and preventing spread. Key options for actions include enhancing surveillance targeting humans and animals, ensuring access to rapid diagnostics, promoting collaboration between animal and human sectors, and implementing preventive measures such as vaccination. Effective communication to different involved target audiences should be emphasised, as well as strengthening veterinary infrastructure, enforcing biosecurity measures at farms, and reducing wildlife contact with domestic animals. Careful planning of poultry and fur animal farming, especially in areas with high waterfowl density, is highlighted for effective risk reduction.
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Arruda B, Baker ALV, Buckley A, Anderson TK, Torchetti M, Bergeson NH, Killian ML, Lantz K. Divergent Pathogenesis and Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) in Swine. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:738-751. [PMID: 38478379 PMCID: PMC10977838 DOI: 10.3201/eid3004.231141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have potential to cross species barriers and cause pandemics. Since 2022, HPAI A(H5N1) belonging to the goose/Guangdong 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin phylogenetic clade have infected poultry, wild birds, and mammals across North America. Continued circulation in birds and infection of multiple mammalian species with strains possessing adaptation mutations increase the risk for infection and subsequent reassortment with influenza A viruses endemic in swine. We assessed the susceptibility of swine to avian and mammalian HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b strains using a pathogenesis and transmission model. All strains replicated in the lung of pigs and caused lesions consistent with influenza A infection. However, viral replication in the nasal cavity and transmission was only observed with mammalian isolates. Mammalian adaptation and reassortment may increase the risk for incursion and transmission of HPAI viruses in feral, backyard, or commercial swine.
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Dashti F, Raisi A, Pourali G, Razavi ZS, Ravaei F, Sadri Nahand J, Kourkinejad-Gharaei F, Mirazimi SMA, Zamani J, Tarrahimofrad H, Hashemian SMR, Mirzaei H. A computational approach to design a multiepitope vaccine against H5N1 virus. Virol J 2024; 21:67. [PMID: 38509569 PMCID: PMC10953225 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 1997, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, such as H5N1, have been recognized as a possible pandemic hazard to men and the poultry business. The rapid rate of mutation of H5N1 viruses makes the whole process of designing vaccines extremely challenging. Here, we used an in silico approach to design a multi-epitope vaccine against H5N1 influenza A virus using hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) antigens. B-cell epitopes, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and Helper T lymphocyte (HTL) were predicted via IEDB, NetMHC-4 and NetMHCII-2.3 respectively. Two adjuvants consisting of Human β-defensin-3 (HβD-3) along with pan HLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE) have been chosen to induce more immune response. Linkers including KK, AAY, HEYGAEALERAG, GPGPGPG and double EAAAK were utilized to link epitopes and adjuvants. This construct encodes a protein having 350 amino acids and 38.46 kDa molecular weight. Antigenicity of ~ 1, the allergenicity of non-allergen, toxicity of negative and solubility of appropriate were confirmed through Vaxigen, AllerTOP, ToxDL and DeepSoluE, respectively. The 3D structure of H5N1 was refined and validated with a Z-Score of - 0.87 and an overall Ramachandran of 99.7%. Docking analysis showed H5N1 could interact with TLR7 (docking score of - 374.08 and by 4 hydrogen bonds) and TLR8 (docking score of - 414.39 and by 3 hydrogen bonds). Molecular dynamics simulations results showed RMSD and RMSF of 0.25 nm and 0.2 for H5N1-TLR7 as well as RMSD and RMSF of 0.45 nm and 0.4 for H5N1-TLR8 complexes, respectively. Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) confirmed stability and continuity of interaction between H5N1-TLR7 with the total binding energy of - 29.97 kJ/mol and H5N1-TLR8 with the total binding energy of - 23.9 kJ/mol. Investigating immune response simulation predicted evidence of the ability to stimulate T and B cells of the immunity system that shows the merits of this H5N1 vaccine proposed candidate for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Dashti
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Arash Raisi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Pourali
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Razavi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ravaei
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kourkinejad-Gharaei
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Emam Reza Hospital, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ali Mirazimi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Javad Zamani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hossein Tarrahimofrad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Reza Hashemian
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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37
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Welch JL, Shrestha R, Hutchings H, Pal N, Levings R, Robbe-Austerman S, Palinski R, Shanmuganatham KK. Inactivation of highly transmissible livestock and avian viruses including influenza A and Newcastle disease virus for molecular diagnostics. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1304022. [PMID: 38515532 PMCID: PMC10955088 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1304022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for an inactivation method that completely inactivates pathogens at the time of sample collection while maintaining the nucleic acid quality required for diagnostic PCR testing. This inactivation method is required to alleviate concerns about transmission potential, minimize shipping complications and cost, and enable testing in lower containment laboratories, thereby enhancing disease diagnostics through improved turn-around time. This study evaluated a panel of 10 surrogate viruses that represent highly pathogenic animal diseases. These results showed that a commercial PrimeStore® molecular transport media (PSMTM) completely inactivated all viruses tested by >99.99%, as determined by infectivity and serial passage assays. However, the detection of viral nucleic acid by qRT-PCR was comparable in PSMTM and control-treated conditions. These results were consistent when viruses were evaluated in the presence of biological material such as sera and cloacal swabs to mimic diagnostic sample conditions for non-avian and avian viruses, respectively. The results of this study may be utilized by diagnostic testing laboratories for highly pathogenic agents affecting animal and human populations. These results may be used to revise guidance for select agent diagnostic testing and the shipment of infectious substances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karthik K. Shanmuganatham
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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38
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Li Y, An Q, Sun Z, Gao X, Wang H. Multifaceted analysis of temporal and spatial distribution and risk factors of global poultry HPAI-H5N1, 2005-2023. Animal 2024; 18:101085. [PMID: 38364655 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of occurrence and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 (HPAI-H5N1) globally, understand its spatiotemporal characteristics, investigate the risk factors influencing outbreaks, and identify high-risk areas for disease occurrence. We collected the data on global poultry HPAI-H5N1 outbreaks from January 2005 to April 2023, and conducted a thorough analysis of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the disease through time series decomposition and directional distribution analysis. Additionally, an ecological niche model was established to explore the major factors influencing the occurrence of HPAI-H5N1 and to pinpoint high-risk areas. Our findings revealed that HPAI-H5N1 outbreaks were cyclical, and seasonal, exhibiting a rising trend, with a predominant northwest-southeast transmission direction. The ecological niche model highlighted that species factors and economic trade factors are critical in influencing the outbreak of HPAI-H5N1. Variables such as chicken and duck density, population density, isothermality, and road density, contributed to importantly risk of outbreaks. High-risk areas for HPAI-H5N1 occurrence were primarily identified in Europe, West Africa, Southeast Asia, and Southeast China. This study provided valuable insights into the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and risk factors of global poultry HPAI-H5N1 outbreaks. The identification of high-risk areas provides essential information that can be used to develop more effective prevention and control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi An
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
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Fair JM, Al-Hmoud N, Alrwashdeh M, Bartlow AW, Balkhamishvili S, Daraselia I, Elshoff A, Fakhouri L, Javakhishvili Z, Khoury F, Muzyka D, Ninua L, Tsao J, Urushadze L, Owen J. Transboundary determinants of avian zoonotic infectious diseases: challenges for strengthening research capacity and connecting surveillance networks. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1341842. [PMID: 38435695 PMCID: PMC10907996 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1341842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
As the climate changes, global systems have become increasingly unstable and unpredictable. This is particularly true for many disease systems, including subtypes of highly pathogenic avian influenzas (HPAIs) that are circulating the world. Ecological patterns once thought stable are changing, bringing new populations and organisms into contact with one another. Wild birds continue to be hosts and reservoirs for numerous zoonotic pathogens, and strains of HPAI and other pathogens have been introduced into new regions via migrating birds and transboundary trade of wild birds. With these expanding environmental changes, it is even more crucial that regions or counties that previously did not have surveillance programs develop the appropriate skills to sample wild birds and add to the understanding of pathogens in migratory and breeding birds through research. For example, little is known about wild bird infectious diseases and migration along the Mediterranean and Black Sea Flyway (MBSF), which connects Europe, Asia, and Africa. Focusing on avian influenza and the microbiome in migratory wild birds along the MBSF, this project seeks to understand the determinants of transboundary disease propagation and coinfection in regions that are connected by this flyway. Through the creation of a threat reduction network for avian diseases (Avian Zoonotic Disease Network, AZDN) in three countries along the MBSF (Georgia, Ukraine, and Jordan), this project is strengthening capacities for disease diagnostics; microbiomes; ecoimmunology; field biosafety; proper wildlife capture and handling; experimental design; statistical analysis; and vector sampling and biology. Here, we cover what is required to build a wild bird infectious disease research and surveillance program, which includes learning skills in proper bird capture and handling; biosafety and biosecurity; permits; next generation sequencing; leading-edge bioinformatics and statistical analyses; and vector and environmental sampling. Creating connected networks for avian influenzas and other pathogen surveillance will increase coordination and strengthen biosurveillance globally in wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M. Fair
- Genomics and Bioanalytics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Nisreen Al-Hmoud
- Bio-Safety and Bio-Security Center, Royal Scientific Society, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mu’men Alrwashdeh
- Bio-Safety and Bio-Security Center, Royal Scientific Society, Amman, Jordan
| | - Andrew W. Bartlow
- Genomics and Bioanalytics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | | | - Ivane Daraselia
- Center of Wildlife Disease Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | | | - Zura Javakhishvili
- Center of Wildlife Disease Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Fares Khoury
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, American University of Madaba, Madaba, Jordan
| | - Denys Muzyka
- National Scientific Center, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Jean Tsao
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Lela Urushadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC) of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Jennifer Owen
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Kim M, Cheng WA, Congrave-Wilson Z, Marentes Ruiz CJ, Turner L, Mendieta S, Jumarang J, Del Valle J, Lee Y, Fabrizio T, Allen EK, Thomas PG, Webby R, Gordon A, Pannaraj PS. Comparisons of Pediatric and Adult SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibodies up to 6 Months after Infection, Vaccination, or Hybrid Immunity. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2024; 13:91-99. [PMID: 38016076 PMCID: PMC10824260 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterization of longitudinal SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses in children following infection and vaccination is needed to inform SARS-CoV-2 vaccine policy decisions for children, which may differ from adults. METHODS We enrolled individuals at the time of SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination for longitudinal serological testing and compared SARS-CoV-2-spike-specific IgG and neutralization activity in children and adults stratified by infection and vaccination status using enzyme-linked immunosorbent and virus neutralization assays. RESULTS Between June 2020 and December 2022, we collected sera from 669 participants aged 40 days to 55 years, including 330 unvaccinated individuals with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, 180 vaccinated SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals, and 159 vaccinated previously infected individuals. Half (n = 330, 49.3%) were children. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and neutralization activity in children < 12 years old in response to infection persisted at higher levels than those of adults through at least 6 months (spike-specific IgG levels, 2.05 [95% CI: 1.4-3.1] times higher than adults; neutralizing activity, median 88.8 vs 75.2%, respectively, p = .04). In addition, all pediatric participants had significantly higher IgG levels compared with adults at 6 months following infection or vaccination, regardless of prior infection status. Vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG responses in previously infected individuals persisted at higher levels than those from infection alone at 6 months (median AUC, children 5-11 years old, 9115 vs 368; adolescents 3613 vs 475; adults 1956 vs 263, all p < .001). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate the robust and persistent immunologic response of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in children and emphasize the benefit of vaccination after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Wesley A Cheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Zion Congrave-Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Lauren Turner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shirley Mendieta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jaycee Jumarang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Del Valle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yesun Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Fabrizio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - E Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Aubree Gordon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pia S Pannaraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
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41
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Husain M. Influenza A Virus and Acetylation: The Picture Is Becoming Clearer. Viruses 2024; 16:131. [PMID: 38257831 PMCID: PMC10820114 DOI: 10.3390/v16010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is one of the most circulated human pathogens, and influenza disease, commonly known as the flu, remains one of the most recurring and prevalent infectious human diseases globally. IAV continues to challenge existing vaccines and antiviral drugs via its ability to evolve constantly. It is critical to identify the molecular determinants of IAV pathogenesis to understand the basis of flu severity in different populations and design improved antiviral strategies. In recent years, acetylation has been identified as one of the determinants of IAV pathogenesis. Acetylation was originally discovered as an epigenetic protein modification of histones. But, it is now known to be one of the ubiquitous protein modifications of both histones and non-histone proteins and a determinant of proteome complexity. Since our first observation in 2007, significant progress has been made in understanding the role of acetylation during IAV infection. Now, it is becoming clearer that acetylation plays a pro-IAV function via at least three mechanisms: (1) by reducing the host's sensing of IAV infection, (2) by dampening the host's innate antiviral response against IAV, and (3) by aiding the stability and function of viral and host proteins during IAV infection. In turn, IAV antagonizes the host deacetylases, which erase acetylation, to facilitate its replication. This review provides an overview of the research progress made on this subject so far and outlines research prospects for the significance of IAV-acetylation interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Ramey AM, Scott LC, Ahlstrom CA, Buck EJ, Williams AR, Kim Torchetti M, Stallknecht DE, Poulson RL. Molecular detection and characterization of highly pathogenic H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza viruses among hunter-harvested wild birds provides evidence for three independent introductions into Alaska. Virology 2024; 589:109938. [PMID: 37977084 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
We detected and characterized highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses among hunter-harvested wild waterfowl inhabiting western Alaska during September-October 2022 using a molecular sequencing pipeline applied to RNA extracts derived directly from original swab samples. Genomic characterization of 10 H5 clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza viruses detected with high confidence provided evidence for three independent viral introductions into Alaska. Our results highlight the utility and some potential limits of applying molecular processing approaches directly to RNA extracts from original swab samples for viral research and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Ramey
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, USA.
| | - Laura C Scott
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | | | - Evan J Buck
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Alison R Williams
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Cold Bay, Alaska, USA
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- U.S. Department of Agriculture National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Daulagala P, Cheng SM, Chin A, Luk LL, Leung K, Wu JT, Poon LL, Peiris M, Yen HL. Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Neuraminidase Inhibition Antibodies in Healthy Adults after Exposure to Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:168-171. [PMID: 38147510 PMCID: PMC10756388 DOI: 10.3201/eid3001.230756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We detected high titers of cross-reactive neuraminidase inhibition antibodies to influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b in 96.8% (61/63) of serum samples from healthy adults in Hong Kong in 2020. In contrast, antibodies at low titers were detected in 42% (21/50) of serum samples collected in 2009. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H5N1) titers were correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Daulagala
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (P. Daulagala, S.M.S. Cheng, A. Chin, L.H.L. Luk, K. Leung, J.T. Wu, L.L.M. Poon, M. Peiris, H.L. Yen)
- The University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China (K. Leung)
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong (L.L.M. Poon, M. Peiris)
| | - Samuel M.S. Cheng
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (P. Daulagala, S.M.S. Cheng, A. Chin, L.H.L. Luk, K. Leung, J.T. Wu, L.L.M. Poon, M. Peiris, H.L. Yen)
- The University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China (K. Leung)
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong (L.L.M. Poon, M. Peiris)
| | - Alex Chin
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (P. Daulagala, S.M.S. Cheng, A. Chin, L.H.L. Luk, K. Leung, J.T. Wu, L.L.M. Poon, M. Peiris, H.L. Yen)
- The University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China (K. Leung)
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong (L.L.M. Poon, M. Peiris)
| | - Leo L.H. Luk
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (P. Daulagala, S.M.S. Cheng, A. Chin, L.H.L. Luk, K. Leung, J.T. Wu, L.L.M. Poon, M. Peiris, H.L. Yen)
- The University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China (K. Leung)
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong (L.L.M. Poon, M. Peiris)
| | - Kathy Leung
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (P. Daulagala, S.M.S. Cheng, A. Chin, L.H.L. Luk, K. Leung, J.T. Wu, L.L.M. Poon, M. Peiris, H.L. Yen)
- The University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China (K. Leung)
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong (L.L.M. Poon, M. Peiris)
| | - Joseph T. Wu
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (P. Daulagala, S.M.S. Cheng, A. Chin, L.H.L. Luk, K. Leung, J.T. Wu, L.L.M. Poon, M. Peiris, H.L. Yen)
- The University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China (K. Leung)
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong (L.L.M. Poon, M. Peiris)
| | - Leo L.M. Poon
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (P. Daulagala, S.M.S. Cheng, A. Chin, L.H.L. Luk, K. Leung, J.T. Wu, L.L.M. Poon, M. Peiris, H.L. Yen)
- The University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China (K. Leung)
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong (L.L.M. Poon, M. Peiris)
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Elli S, Raffaini G, Guerrini M, Kosakovsky Pond S, Matrosovich M. Molecular modeling and phylogenetic analyses highlight the role of amino acid 347 of the N1 subtype neuraminidase in influenza virus host range and interspecies adaptation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1309156. [PMID: 38169695 PMCID: PMC10758481 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1309156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The N1 neuraminidases (NAs) of avian and pandemic human influenza viruses contain tyrosine and asparagine, respectively, at position 347 on the rim of the catalytic site; the biological significance of this difference is not clear. Here, we used molecular dynamics simulation to model the effects of amino acid 347 on N1 NA interactions with sialyllacto-N-tetraoses 6'SLN-LC and 3'SLN-LC, which represent NA substrates in humans and birds, respectively. Our analysis predicted that Y347 plays an important role in the NA preference for the avian-type substrates. The Y347N substitution facilitates hydrolysis of human-type substrates by resolving steric conflicts of the Neu5Ac2-6Gal moiety with the bulky side chain of Y347, decreasing the free energy of substrate binding, and increasing the solvation of the Neu5Ac2-6Gal bond. Y347 was conserved in all N1 NA sequences of avian influenza viruses in the GISAID EpiFlu database with two exceptions. First, the Y347F substitution was present in the NA of a specific H6N1 poultry virus lineage and was associated with the substitutions G228S and/or E190V/L in the receptor-binding site (RBS) of the hemagglutinin (HA). Second, the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 viruses of the Gs/Gd lineage contained sporadic variants with the NA substitutions Y347H/D, which were frequently associated with substitutions in the HA RBS. The Y347N substitution occurred following the introductions of avian precursors into humans and pigs with N/D347 conserved during virus circulation in these hosts. Comparative evolutionary analysis of site 347 revealed episodic positive selection across the entire tree and negative selection within most host-specific groups of viruses, suggesting that substitutions at NA position 347 occurred during host switches and remained under pervasive purifying selection thereafter. Our results elucidate the role of amino acid 347 in NA recognition of sialoglycan substrates and emphasize the significance of substitutions at position 347 as a marker of host range and adaptive evolution of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Elli
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche ‘G. Ronzoni’, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Raffaini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche ‘G. Ronzoni’, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergei Kosakovsky Pond
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Prosser DJ, Teitelbaum CS, Yin S, Hill NJ, Xiao X. Climate change impacts on bird migration and highly pathogenic avian influenza. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:2223-2225. [PMID: 38030910 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diann J Prosser
- US Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Laurel, MD, USA.
| | - Claire S Teitelbaum
- NASA Ames Research Center and Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Shenglai Yin
- US Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Laurel, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Center for Earth Observation and Modeling, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Nichola J Hill
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiangming Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Center for Earth Observation and Modeling, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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Ulloa M, Fernández A, Ariyama N, Colom-Rivero A, Rivera C, Nuñez P, Sanhueza P, Johow M, Araya H, Torres JC, Gomez P, Muñoz G, Agüero B, Alegría R, Medina R, Neira V, Sierra E. Mass mortality event in South American sea lions ( Otaria flavescens) correlated to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreak in Chile. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-10. [PMID: 37768676 PMCID: PMC10588531 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2265173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In Chile, since January 2023, a sudden and pronounced increase in strandings and mortality has been observed among South American (SA) sea lions (Otaria flavescens), prompting significant concern. Simultaneously, an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 (HPAIV H5N1) in avian species has emerged since December 2022. To investigate the cause of this unexpected mortality, we conducted a comprehensive epidemiological and pathologic study. One hundred sixty-nine SA sea lions were sampled to ascertain their HPAIV H5N1 status, and long-term stranding trends from 2009 to 2023 were analyzed. In addition, two animals were necropsied. Remarkably, a significant surge in SA sea lion strandings was observed initiating in January 2023 and peaking in June 2023, with a count of 4,545 stranded and deceased animals. Notably, this surge in mortality correlates geographically with HPAIV outbreaks affecting wild birds. Among 168 sampled SA sea lions, 34 (20%) tested positive for Influenza A virus, and 21 confirmed for HPAIV H5N1 2.3.4.4b clade in tracheal/rectal swab pools. Clinical and pathological evaluations of the two necropsied stranded sea lions revealed prevalent neurological and respiratory signs, including disorientation, tremors, ataxia, and paralysis, as well as acute dyspnea, tachypnea, profuse nasal secretion, and abdominal breathing. The lesions identified in necropsied animals aligned with observed clinical signs. Detection of the virus via immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time PCR in the brain and lungs affirmed the findings. The findings provide evidence between the mass mortality occurrences in SA sea lions and HPAIV, strongly indicating a causal relationship. Further studies are needed to better understand the pathogenesis and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Ulloa
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Servicio Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Naomi Ariyama
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Colom-Rivero
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Paula Nuñez
- Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Hugo Araya
- Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Paola Gomez
- Servicio Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gabriela Muñoz
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Belén Agüero
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Alegría
- Escuela Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael Medina
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Victor Neira
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eva Sierra
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Spackman E, Leyson C, Youk S, Lee SA, Moon LM, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, Lenoch JB, Kapczynski DR, Swayne DE, Suarez DL. Pathogenicity in Chickens and Turkeys of a 2021 United States H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Wild Bird Virus Compared to Two Previous H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4 Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:2273. [PMID: 38005949 PMCID: PMC10674317 DOI: 10.3390/v15112273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of subtype H5 of the Gs/GD/96 lineage remain a major threat to poultry due to endemicity in wild birds. H5N1 HPAIVs from this lineage were detected in 2021 in the United States (U.S.) and since then have infected many wild and domestic birds. We evaluated the pathobiology of an early U.S. H5N1 HPAIV (clade 2.3.4.4b, 2021) and two H5N8 HPAIVs from previous outbreaks in the U.S. (clade 2.3.4.4c, 2014) and Europe (clade 2.3.4.4b, 2016) in chickens and turkeys. Differences in clinical signs, mean death times (MDTs), and virus transmissibility were found between chickens and turkeys. The mean bird infective dose (BID50) of the 2021 H5N1 virus was approximately 2.6 log10 50% embryo infective dose (EID50) in chickens and 2.2 log10 EID50 in turkeys, and the virus transmitted to contact-exposed turkeys but not chickens. The BID50 for the 2016 H5N8 virus was also slightly different in chickens and turkeys (4.2 and 4.7 log10 EID50, respectively); however, the BID50 for the 2014 H5N8 virus was higher for chickens than turkeys (3.9 and ~0.9 log10 EID50, respectively). With all viruses, turkeys took longer to die (MDTs of 2.6-8.2 days for turkeys and 1-4 days for chickens), which increased the virus shedding period and facilitated transmission to contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Christina Leyson
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Sungsu Youk
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott A. Lee
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Linda M. Moon
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Mia K. Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Mary L. Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Julianna B. Lenoch
- Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Darrell R. Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - David E. Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - David L. Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
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Hegazy AM, Hassanin O, Hemele MAM, Momenah MA, Al-Saeed FA, Shakak AO, El-Tarabily KA, El-Saadony MT, Tolba HMN. Evaluation of the immuno-stimulatory effect of aqueous neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract against highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N8) in experimental chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103043. [PMID: 37741118 PMCID: PMC10520533 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently detected clade 2.3.4.4 of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus in poultry encouraged us to study the efficacy of the 6 most extensively used saleable H5 poultry vaccinations (bivalent [AI + ND], Re-5 H5N1, H5N1, H5N3, monovalent AI, monovalent ND) with or without aqueous 8% neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract as an immunostimulant. One hundred thirty birds were randomly divided into 7 groups. Groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were divided into 2 subgroups (G1a, G2a, G3a, G4a, G5a, G6a) and (G1b, G2b, G3b, G4b, G5b, G6b) with 10 birds each. Subgroups (G1a, G2a, G3a, G4a, G5a, G6a) received the (bivalent [AI + ND], Re-H5N1, H5N1, H5N3, monovalent AI, monovalent ND) vaccines, while subgroups (G1b, G2b, G3b, G4b, G5b, G6b) received the same previous vaccination but treated with neem leaf extract administrated 2 d before and after vaccination, and G7 with 10 birds was kept unvaccinated as positive control group. Clinical signs of the challenged group showed conjunctivitis, closed eyes, cyanosis in comb and wattle, ocular discharge, and greenish diarrhea, while postmortem lesions showed congested trachea and lung, hemorrhage on the shank, proventriculus, and pancreas; gelatinous fluid submandibular, congestion of all organs (septicemia), mottled spleen. The clinical signs and lesions were mild in neem leaf extract treated with bivalent vaccine and Re-H5N1 while moderate in monovalent vaccine and H5N3 with or without neem leaf extract treated and reached severe in the group immunized with H5N1 with or without neem leaf extract treatment. The protection levels in the bivalent vaccine (AI + ND), Re-5 H5N1, and H5N3 treated with neem leaf extract, were 80%, 80%, and 60%, respectively, while bivalent vaccine (AI + ND), Re-5 H5N1 and H5N3 without treatment were 60%, 60%, and 40%, respectively. The virus shedding was prevented in groups vaccinated with bivalent vaccine and Re-H5N1 vaccine treated with neem leaf extract, while decreased in the group vaccinated with H5N3 with neem leaf extract and Re-H5N1 without neem leaf extract compared with H5N3, H5N1, and monovalent vaccine. The immunological response after vaccination was stronger in the bivalent vaccine group than in the other commercial vaccine groups treated with neem leaf extract, with geometric mean titer (GMTs) of 315.2 and 207.9 at the third and fourth weeks, respectively. The use of immunostimulant antiviral medicinal plants, such as neem, completely protected chicken flocks against HPAI (H5N8) and prevented AI virus shedding, leading us to the conclusion that the use of bivalent vaccines induces a higher immune response than other different commercial vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Hegazy
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ola Hassanin
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mai A M Hemele
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Maha Abdullah Momenah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah A Al-Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Osman Shakak
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Shendi, Shendi 142, Sudan; Biological Sciences Department, College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Hala M N Tolba
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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49
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Malireddi RKS, Sharma BR, Bynigeri RR, Wang Y, Lu J, Kanneganti TD. ZBP1 Drives IAV-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Lytic Cell Death, PANoptosis, Independent of the Necroptosis Executioner MLKL. Viruses 2023; 15:2141. [PMID: 38005819 PMCID: PMC10674287 DOI: 10.3390/v15112141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) continues to pose a significant global health threat, causing severe respiratory infections that result in substantial annual morbidity and mortality. Recent research highlights the pivotal role of innate immunity, cell death, and inflammation in exacerbating the severity of respiratory viral diseases. One key molecule in this process is ZBP1, a well-recognized innate immune sensor for IAV infection. Upon activation, ZBP1 triggers the formation of a PANoptosome complex containing ASC, caspase-8, and RIPK3, among other molecules, leading to inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation for the maturation of IL-1β and IL-18. However, the role for other molecules in this process requires further evaluation. In this study, we investigated the role of MLKL in regulating IAV-induced cell death and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Our data indicate IAV induced inflammatory cell death through the ZBP1-PANoptosome, where caspases and RIPKs serve as core components. However, IAV-induced lytic cell death was only partially dependent on RIPK3 at later timepoints and was fully independent of MLKL throughout all timepoints tested. Additionally, NLRP3 inflammasome activation was unaffected in MLKL-deficient cells, establishing that MLKL and MLKL-dependent necroptosis do not act upstream of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, IL-1β maturation, and lytic cell death during IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Subbarao Malireddi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Bhesh Raj Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ratnakar R Bynigeri
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yaqiu Wang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jianlin Lu
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Duan C, Li C, Ren R, Bai W, Zhou L. An overview of avian influenza surveillance strategies and modes. SCIENCE IN ONE HEALTH 2023; 2:100043. [PMID: 39077039 PMCID: PMC11262264 DOI: 10.1016/j.soh.2023.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The global epidemic of avian influenza has imposed a substantial disease burden, inciting substantial societal panic and economic losses. The high variability and associated uncertainty of the influenza virus present significant challenges in its prevention and control. As a pivotal strategy for the mitigation of avian influenza, the surveillance network has shown considerable growth at both global and regional levels. This includes the expansion of surveillance coverage, continuous refinement of monitoring content and scope, and rapid enhancement of monitoring quality. Although the ultimate goal of avian influenza surveillance remains uniform, strategies and models vary, reflecting regional or national differences in surveillance system frameworks and their implementation. This review collates and examines the features and experiences of global, regional, and national avian influenza surveillance efforts. Furthermore, it delves into the surveillance system modalities in light of the "One Health" concept, which includes the establishment and enhancement of interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral coordination and cooperation among medical, veterinary, and public health institutions, and the sharing of surveillance information for timely alerts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlin Duan
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
- Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiqi Ren
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqing Bai
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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