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Izadi A, Nordenfelt P. Protective non-neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:609-624. [PMID: 39034185 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies show an important role for non-neutralizing anti-spike antibodies, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), in robustly protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection. These mAbs use Fc-mediated functions such as complement activation, phagocytosis, and cellular cytotoxicity. There is an untapped potential for using non-neutralizing mAbs in durable antibody treatments; because of their available conserved epitopes, they may not be as sensitive to virus mutations as neutralizing mAbs. Here, we discuss evidence of non-neutralizing mAb-mediated protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. We explore how non-neutralizing mAb Fc-mediated functions can be enhanced via novel antibody-engineering techniques. Important questions remain to be answered regarding the characteristics of protective non-neutralizing mAbs, including the models and assays used for study, the risks of ensuing detrimental inflammation, as well as the durability and mechanisms of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Izadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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2
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Kobbe R, Rau C, Schulze-Sturm U, Stahl F, Fonseca-Brito L, Diemert A, Lütgehetmann M, Addo MM, Arck P, Weskamm LM. Delayed Induction of Noninflammatory SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Specific IgG4 Antibodies Detected 1 Year After BNT162b2 Vaccination in Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024:00006454-990000000-00959. [PMID: 39078156 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Humoral immune responses after BNT162b2 vaccination are predominantly composed of immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 and IgG3 subclass antibodies. As previously described in adults, S1-specific and receptor-binding domain-specific IgG4 levels increase significantly 1 year after the second BNT162b2 vaccination in children 5-11 years of age. Understanding mRNA vaccine-specific IgG4 responses in all age groups is crucial as more mRNA vaccines will reach licensure in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kobbe
- From the Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Rau
- From the Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology
| | | | - Felix Stahl
- Division of Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine
| | - Luis Fonseca-Brito
- Division of Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine
| | - Anke Diemert
- Institute of Immunology
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology
| | | | - Marylyn M Addo
- From the Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Arck
- Institute of Immunology
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology
| | - Leonie M Weskamm
- From the Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Buhre JS, Pongracz T, Geisen UM, Schubert M, Wang W, Nouta J, Obara M, Lehrian S, Rahmöller J, Petry J, Tran F, Schreiber S, Sümbül M, Berner D, Gerdes S, Schirmer J, Longardt AC, Hoff P, Kalinke U, Ludwig RJ, Bartsch YC, Hoyer BF, Wuhrer M, Ehlers M. Anti-TNF therapy impairs both short- and long-term IgG responses after repeated vaccination. Allergy 2024. [PMID: 39049686 DOI: 10.1111/all.16241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, it has been questioned whether vaccination of patients with inflammatory (auto)immune diseases under anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment leads to impaired vaccine-induced immune responses and protection against breakthrough infections. However, the effects of TNF blockade on short- and long-term immune responses after repeated vaccination remain unclear. Vaccination studies have shown that initial short-term IgG antibodies (Abs) carry highly galactosylated and sialylated Fc glycans, whilst long-term IgG Abs have low levels of galactosylation and sialylation and are most likely generated by long-lived plasma cells (PCs) derived primarily from the germinal center (GC) response. Thus, IgG Fc glycosylation patterns may be applicable to distinguish short- and long-term vaccine responses after repeated vaccination under the influence of anti-TNF treatment. METHODS We used COVID-19 vaccination as a model to investigate vaccine-induced IgG subclass levels and Fc glycosylation patterns, B cell subsets, and effector functions of short- and long-term Ab responses after up to three vaccinations in patients on anti-TNF or other immunosuppressive treatments and in healthy individuals. Using TriNetX, a global healthcare database, we determined the risk of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections in vaccinated patients treated with anti-TNF or other immunosuppressive drugs. RESULTS Anti-TNF treatment reduced the long-term abundance of all anti-S IgG subclasses with low levels of galactosylation and sialylation. Re-activation of potential memory B cells initially generated highly galactosylated and sialylated IgG antibodies, which were progressively reduced after each booster dose in anti-TNF-treated patients, especially in the elderly. The reduced short- and long-term IgG (1) levels in anti-TNF-treated patients correlated with diminished functional activity and an increased risk for the development of COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that anti-TNF treatment reduces both GC-dependent long-lived PCs and GC-dependent memory B cell-derived short-lived PCs, hence both the long- and short-term IgG subclass responses, respectively, after repeated vaccination. We propose that anti-TNF therapy, especially in the elderly, reduces the benefit of booster vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Sophia Buhre
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tamas Pongracz
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Martin Geisen
- Medical Department 1, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mareike Schubert
- Laboratory of Anti-viral antibody-omics, TWINCORE-Institute for Experimental Infection Research, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) and Medical School Hannover (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Nouta
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maureen Obara
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Selina Lehrian
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johann Rahmöller
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Janina Petry
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Tran
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department for Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department for Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Melike Sümbül
- Department for Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dennis Berner
- Medical Department 1, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sascha Gerdes
- Department for Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Schirmer
- Medical Department 1, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ann Carolin Longardt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Paula Hoff
- Department of Rheumatology, Endokrinologikum-Gruppe, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf J Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yannic C Bartsch
- Laboratory of Anti-viral antibody-omics, TWINCORE-Institute for Experimental Infection Research, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) and Medical School Hannover (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Bimba F Hoyer
- Medical Department 1, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Ehlers
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), University of Lübeck, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany
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4
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Richardson SI, Mzindle N, Motlou T, Manamela NP, van der Mescht MA, Lambson BE, Everatt J, Amoako DG, Balla S, von Gottberg A, Wolter N, de Beer Z, de Villiers TR, Bodenstein A, van den Berg G, Abdullah F, Rossouw TM, Boswell MT, Ueckermann V, Bhiman JN, Moore PL. SARS-CoV-2 BA.4/5 infection triggers more cross-reactive FcγRIIIa signaling and neutralization than BA.1, in the context of hybrid immunity. J Virol 2024; 98:e0067824. [PMID: 38953380 PMCID: PMC11265454 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00678-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) differentially trigger neutralizing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic (ADCC) antibodies with variable cross-reactivity. Omicron BA.4/5 was approved for inclusion in bivalent vaccination boosters, and therefore the antigenic profile of antibodies elicited by this variant is critical to understand. Here, we investigate the ability of BA.4/5-elicited antibodies following the first documented (primary) infection (n = 13) or breakthrough infection after vaccination (n = 9) to mediate neutralization and FcγRIIIa signaling across multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants including XBB.1.5 and BQ.1. Using a pseudovirus neutralization assay and a FcγRIIIa crosslinking assay to measure ADCC potential, we show that unlike SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1, BA.4/5 infection triggers highly cross-reactive functional antibodies. Cross-reactivity was observed both in the absence of prior vaccination and in breakthrough infections following vaccination. However, BQ.1 and XBB.1.5 neutralization and FcγRIIIa signaling were significantly compromised compared to other VOCs, regardless of prior vaccination status. BA.4/5 triggered FcγRIIIa signaling was significantly more resilient against VOCs (<10-fold decrease in magnitude) compared to neutralization (10- to 100-fold decrease). Overall, this study shows that BA.4/5 triggered antibodies are highly cross-reactive compared to those triggered by other variants. Although this is consistent with enhanced neutralization and FcγRIIIa signaling breadth of BA.4/5 vaccine boosters, the reduced activity against XBB.1.5 supports the need to update vaccines with XBB sublineage immunogens to provide adequate coverage of these highly antibody evasive variants. IMPORTANCE The continued evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in a number of variants of concern. Of these, the Omicron sublineage is the most immune evasive. Within Omicron, the BA.4/5 sublineage drove the fifth wave of infection in South Africa prior to becoming the dominant variant globally. As a result this spike sequence was approved as part of a bivalent vaccine booster, and rolled out worldwide. We aimed to understand the cross-reactivity of neutralizing and Fc mediated cytotoxic functions elicited by BA.4/5 infection following infection or breakthrough infection. We find that, in contrast to BA.1 which triggered fairly strain-specific antibodies, BA.4/5 triggered antibodies that are highly cross-reactive for neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity potential. Despite this cross-reactivity, these antibodies are compromised against highly resistant variants such as XBB.1.5 and BQ.1. This suggests that next-generation vaccines will require XBB sublineage immunogens in order to protect against these evasive variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone I. Richardson
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nonkululeko Mzindle
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thopisang Motlou
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nelia P. Manamela
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mieke A. van der Mescht
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bronwen E. Lambson
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Josie Everatt
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Daniel Gyamfi Amoako
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Sashkia Balla
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicole Wolter
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Fareed Abdullah
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Theresa M. Rossouw
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael T. Boswell
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Veronica Ueckermann
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jinal N. Bhiman
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
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5
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Pierre CN, Adams LE, Higgins JS, Anasti K, Goodman D, Mielke D, Stanfield-Oakley S, Powers JM, Li D, Rountree W, Wang Y, Edwards RJ, Alam SM, Ferrari G, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF, Baric RS, Saunders KO. Non-neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 N-terminal domain antibodies protect mice against severe disease using Fc-mediated effector functions. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011569. [PMID: 38900807 PMCID: PMC11218955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibodies perform both neutralizing and non-neutralizing effector functions that protect against certain pathogen-induced diseases. A human antibody directed at the SARS-CoV-2 Spike N-terminal domain (NTD), DH1052, was recently shown to be non-neutralizing, yet it protected mice and cynomolgus macaques from severe disease. The mechanisms of NTD non-neutralizing antibody-mediated protection are unknown. Here we show that Fc effector functions mediate NTD non-neutralizing antibody (non-nAb) protection against SARS-CoV-2 MA10 viral challenge in mice. Though non-nAb prophylactic infusion did not suppress infectious viral titers in the lung as potently as neutralizing antibody (nAb) infusion, disease markers including gross lung discoloration were similar in nAb and non-nAb groups. Fc functional knockout substitutions abolished non-nAb protection and increased viral titers in the nAb group. Fc enhancement increased non-nAb protection relative to WT, supporting a positive association between Fc functionality and degree of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. For therapeutic administration of antibodies, non-nAb effector functions contributed to virus suppression and lessening of lung discoloration, but the presence of neutralization was required for optimal protection from disease. This study demonstrates that non-nAbs can utilize Fc-mediated mechanisms to lower viral load and prevent lung damage due to coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille N. Pierre
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lily E. Adams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jaclyn S. Higgins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kara Anasti
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dieter Mielke
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sherry Stanfield-Oakley
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John M. Powers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dapeng Li
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wes Rountree
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kevin O. Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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6
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Sánchez-Simarro Á, Fernández-Soto D, Grau B, Albert E, Giménez E, Avilés-Alía AI, Gozalbo-Rovira R, Rusu L, Olea B, Geller R, Reyburn HT, Navarro D. Functional antibody responses targeting the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.5 in elderly nursing home residents following Wuhan-Hu-1-based mRNA booster vaccination. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11896. [PMID: 38789475 PMCID: PMC11126592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62874-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune effector mechanisms involved in protecting against severe COVID-19 infection in elderly nursing home residents following vaccination or natural infection are not well understood. Here, we measured SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S)-directed functional antibody responses, including neutralizing antibodies (NtAb) and antibody Fc-mediated NK cell activity (degranulation and IFNγ production), against the Wuhan-Hu-1, BA.4/5 (for NtAb), and Omicron XBB.1.5 variants in elderly nursing home residents (n = 39; median age, 91 years) before and following a third (pre- and post-3D) and a fourth (pre- and post-4D) mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose. Both 3D and 4D boosted NtAb levels against both (sub)variants. Likewise, 3D and 4D increased the ability of sera to trigger both LAMP1- and IFNγ-producing NK cells, in particular against XBB.1.5. In contrast to NtAb titres, the frequencies of LAMP1- and IFNγ-producing NK cells activated by antibodies binding to Wuhan-Hu-1 and Omicron XBB.1.5 S were comparable at all testing times. Stronger functional antibody responses were observed in vaccine-experienced participants compared to vaccine-naïve at some testing times. These findings can contribute to identifying a reliable correlate of protection in elderly nursing home residents against severe COVID-19 and inform future vaccine strategies in this population group.
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Grants
- FIS, PI21/00563 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- FIS, PI21/00563 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- FIS, PI21/00563 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- FIS, PI21/00563 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- FIS, PI21/00563 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- FIS, PI21/00563 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- FIS, PI21/00563 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- FIS, PI21/00563 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- FIS, PI21/00563 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- FIS, PI21/00563 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- FIS, PI21/00563 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- FIS, PI21/00563 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- 202020E079 y CSIC-COVID19-028 Fundación General CSIC
- 202020E079 y CSIC-COVID19-028 Fundación General CSIC
- 202020E079 y CSIC-COVID19-028 Fundación General CSIC
- 202020E079 y CSIC-COVID19-028 Fundación General CSIC
- 202020E079 y CSIC-COVID19-028 Fundación General CSIC
- 202020E079 y CSIC-COVID19-028 Fundación General CSIC
- 202020E079 y CSIC-COVID19-028 Fundación General CSIC
- 202020E079 y CSIC-COVID19-028 Fundación General CSIC
- 202020E079 y CSIC-COVID19-028 Fundación General CSIC
- 202020E079 y CSIC-COVID19-028 Fundación General CSIC
- 202020E079 y CSIC-COVID19-028 Fundación General CSIC
- 202020E079 y CSIC-COVID19-028 Fundación General CSIC
- PID2020-115506RB-I00 (HTR) Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- PID2020-115506RB-I00 (HTR) Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- PID2020-115506RB-I00 (HTR) Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- PID2020-115506RB-I00 (HTR) Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- PID2020-115506RB-I00 (HTR) Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- PID2020-115506RB-I00 (HTR) Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- PID2020-115506RB-I00 (HTR) Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- PID2020-115506RB-I00 (HTR) Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- PID2020-115506RB-I00 (HTR) Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- PID2020-115506RB-I00 (HTR) Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- PID2020-115506RB-I00 (HTR) Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- PID2020-115506RB-I00 (HTR) Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Sánchez-Simarro
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Fernández-Soto
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Brayan Grau
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eliseo Albert
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Estela Giménez
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Avilés-Alía
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Luciana Rusu
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Olea
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ron Geller
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hugh T Reyburn
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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7
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Sorvillo TE, Karaaslan E, Scholte FEM, Welch SR, Coleman-McCray JD, Genzer SC, Ritter JM, Hayes HM, Jain S, Pegan SD, Bergeron É, Montgomery JM, Spiropoulou CF, Spengler JR. Replicon particle vaccination induces non-neutralizing anti-nucleoprotein antibody-mediated control of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:88. [PMID: 38782933 PMCID: PMC11116556 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) can cause severe human disease and is considered a WHO priority pathogen due to the lack of efficacious vaccines and antivirals. A CCHF virus replicon particle (VRP) has previously shown protective efficacy in a lethal Ifnar-/- mouse model when administered as a single dose at least 3 days prior to challenge. Here, we determine that non-specific immune responses are not sufficient to confer short-term protection, since Lassa virus VRP vaccination 3 days prior to CCHFV challenge was not protective. We also investigate how CCHF VRP vaccination confers protective efficacy by examining viral kinetics, histopathology, clinical analytes and immunity early after challenge (3 and 6 days post infection) and compare to unvaccinated controls. We characterize how these effects differ based on vaccination period and correspond to previously reported CCHF VRP-mediated protection. Vaccinating Ifnar-/- mice with CCHF VRP 28, 14, 7, or 3 days prior to challenge, all known to confer complete protection, significantly reduced CCHFV viral load, mucosal shedding, and markers of clinical disease, with greater reductions associated with longer vaccination periods. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in innate immune responses, T cell activation, or antibody titers after challenge between groups of mice vaccinated a week or more before challenge, but higher anti-NP antibody avidity and effector function (ADCD) were positively associated with longer vaccination periods. These findings support the importance of antibody-mediated responses in VRP vaccine-mediated protection against CCHFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa E Sorvillo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Infectious Disease Department, CDC Foundation, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elif Karaaslan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen R Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - JoAnn D Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah C Genzer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Heather M Hayes
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shilpi Jain
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Scott D Pegan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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8
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Severa M, Etna MP, Andreano E, Ricci D, Cairo G, Fiore S, Canitano A, Cara A, Stefanelli P, Rappuoli R, Palamara AT, Coccia EM. Functional diversification of innate and inflammatory immune responses mediated by antibody fragment crystallizable activities against SARS-CoV-2. iScience 2024; 27:109703. [PMID: 38706870 PMCID: PMC11068556 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) glycoprotein have been exploited for the treatment of severe COVID-19. In this study, we evaluated the immune-regulatory features of two neutralizing anti-S mAbs (nAbs), named J08 and F05, with wild-type (WT) conformation or silenced Fc functions. In the presence of D614G SARS-CoV-2, WT nAbs enhance intracellular viral uptake in immune cells and amplify antiviral type I Interferon and inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production without viral replication, promoting the differentiation of CD16+ inflammatory monocytes and innate/adaptive PD-L1+ and PD-L1+CD80+ plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. In spite of a reduced neutralizing property, WT J08 nAb still promotes the IL-6 production and differentiation of CD16+ monocytes once binding Omicron BA.1 variant. Fc-mediated regulation of antiviral and inflammatory responses, in the absence of viral replication, highlighted in this study, might positively tune immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection and be exploited also in mAb-based therapeutic and prophylactic strategies against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Severa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marilena Paola Etna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Andreano
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Ricci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, 00154 Rome, Italy
| | - Giada Cairo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Canitano
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cara
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Biotecnopolo di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Eliana Marina Coccia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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9
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Urban K, Gkeka A, Chandra M, Greiner D, Pollich S, Ruf S, Kelemen Y, Sundermann T, Pravetoni M, Baehr C, Stebbins CE, Papavasiliou FN, Verdi JP. The fentanyl-specific antibody FenAb024 can shield against carfentanil effects. Toxicol Lett 2024; 396:1-10. [PMID: 38588756 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The surge in opioid-related deaths, driven predominantly by fentanyl and its synthetic derivatives, has become a critical public health concern, which is particularly evident in the United States. While the situation is less severe in Europe, the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction reports a rise in drug overdose deaths, with emerging concerns about the impact of fentanyl-related molecules. Synthetic opioids, initially designed for medical use, have infiltrated illicit markets due to their low production costs and high potency, with carfentanil posing additional threats, including potential chemical weaponization. Existing overdose mitigation heavily relies on naloxone, requiring timely intervention and caregiver presence, while therapeutic prevention strategies face many access challenges. To provide an additional treatment option, we propose the use of a fentanyl-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb), as a non-opioid method of prophylaxis against fentanyl and carfentanil. This mAb shows protection from opioid effects in a pre-clinical murine model. mAbs could emerge as a versatile countermeasure in civilian and biodefense settings, offering a novel approach to combat opioid-associated mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Ruf
- Panosome GmbH, Heidelberg 69123, Germany; Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | | | - Tom Sundermann
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute for Forensic Medicine and Traffic Medicine, Heidelberg University Clinic, Heidelberg 69115, Germany
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Center for Medication Development for Substance Use Disorders, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Carly Baehr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - C Erec Stebbins
- Division of Structural Biology of Infection and Immunity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - F Nina Papavasiliou
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Joseph P Verdi
- Panosome GmbH, Heidelberg 69123, Germany; Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Hepione Therapeutics, Inc., New York, NY 10014, USA.
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10
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Dillard JA, Taft-Benz SA, Knight AC, Anderson EJ, Pressey KD, Parotti B, Martinez SA, Diaz JL, Sarkar S, Madden EA, De la Cruz G, Adams LE, Dinnon KH, Leist SR, Martinez DR, Schäfer A, Powers JM, Yount BL, Castillo IN, Morales NL, Burdick J, Evangelista MKD, Ralph LM, Pankow NC, Linnertz CL, Lakshmanane P, Montgomery SA, Ferris MT, Baric RS, Baxter VK, Heise MT. Adjuvant-dependent impact of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during heterologous infection by a SARS-related coronavirus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3738. [PMID: 38702297 PMCID: PMC11068739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Whole virus-based inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide have been critical to the COVID-19 pandemic response. Although these vaccines are protective against homologous coronavirus infection, the emergence of novel variants and the presence of large zoonotic reservoirs harboring novel heterologous coronaviruses provide significant opportunities for vaccine breakthrough, which raises the risk of adverse outcomes like vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease. Here, we use a female mouse model of coronavirus disease to evaluate inactivated vaccine performance against either homologous challenge with SARS-CoV-2 or heterologous challenge with a bat-derived coronavirus that represents a potential emerging disease threat. We show that inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide can cause enhanced respiratory disease during heterologous infection, while use of an alternative adjuvant does not drive disease and promotes heterologous viral clearance. In this work, we highlight the impact of adjuvant selection on inactivated vaccine safety and efficacy against heterologous coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Dillard
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sharon A Taft-Benz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Audrey C Knight
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Anderson
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katia D Pressey
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Breantié Parotti
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sabian A Martinez
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer L Diaz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sanjay Sarkar
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily A Madden
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gabriela De la Cruz
- Pathology Services Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lily E Adams
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth H Dinnon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John M Powers
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Boyd L Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Izabella N Castillo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Noah L Morales
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jane Burdick
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Lauren M Ralph
- Pathology Services Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas C Pankow
- Pathology Services Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Colton L Linnertz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Premkumar Lakshmanane
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Dallas Tissue Research, Farmers Branch, TX, USA
| | - Martin T Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Victoria K Baxter
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Mark T Heise
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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11
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Gao R, Feng C, Sheng Z, Li F, Wang D. Research progress in Fc-effector functions against SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29638. [PMID: 38682662 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused more than 676 million cases in the global human population with approximately 7 million deaths and vaccination has been proved as the most effective countermeasure in reducing clinical complications and mortality rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people. However, the protective elements and correlation of protection induced by vaccination are still not completely understood. Various antibodies with multiple protective mechanisms can be induced simultaneously by vaccination in vivo, thereby complicating the identification and characterization of individual correlate of protection. Recently, an increasing body of observations suggests that antibody-induced Fc-effector functions play a crucial role in combating SARS-CoV-2 infections, including neutralizing antibodies-escaping variants. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding the impact of Fc-effector functions in broadly disarming SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and discuss various efforts in harnessing this conserved antibody function to develop an effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that can protect humans against infections by SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyuan Gao
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Chenchen Feng
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Zuckerman Mind Brian Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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12
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Izadi A, Karami Y, Bratanis E, Wrighton S, Khakzad H, Nyblom M, Olofsson B, Happonen L, Tang D, Sundwall M, Godzwon M, Chao Y, Toledo AG, Schmidt T, Ohlin M, Nilges M, Malmström J, Bahnan W, Shannon O, Malmström L, Nordenfelt P. The hinge-engineered IgG1-IgG3 hybrid subclass IgGh 47 potently enhances Fc-mediated function of anti-streptococcal and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3600. [PMID: 38678029 PMCID: PMC11055898 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes can cause invasive disease with high mortality despite adequate antibiotic treatments. To address this unmet need, we have previously generated an opsonic IgG1 monoclonal antibody, Ab25, targeting the bacterial M protein. Here, we engineer the IgG2-4 subclasses of Ab25. Despite having reduced binding, the IgG3 version promotes stronger phagocytosis of bacteria. Using atomic simulations, we show that IgG3's Fc tail has extensive movement in 3D space due to its extended hinge region, possibly facilitating interactions with immune cells. We replaced the hinge of IgG1 with four different IgG3-hinge segment subclasses, IgGhxx. Hinge-engineering does not diminish binding as with IgG3 but enhances opsonic function, where a 47 amino acid hinge is comparable to IgG3 in function. IgGh47 shows improved protection against S. pyogenes in a systemic infection mouse model, suggesting that IgGh47 has promise as a preclinical therapeutic candidate. Importantly, the enhanced opsonic function of IgGh47 is generalizable to diverse S. pyogenes strains from clinical isolates. We generated IgGh47 versions of anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs to broaden the biological applicability, and these also exhibit strongly enhanced opsonic function compared to the IgG1 subclass. The improved function of the IgGh47 subclass in two distant biological systems provides new insights into antibody function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Izadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yasaman Karami
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA, F-54000, Nancy, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris cite, CNRS UMR3528, Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Eleni Bratanis
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Wrighton
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hamed Khakzad
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Maria Nyblom
- Department of Biology & Lund Protein Production Platform (LP3), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Berit Olofsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lotta Happonen
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Di Tang
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Sundwall
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Godzwon
- Department of Immunotechnology and SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yashuan Chao
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Gomez Toledo
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tobias Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Ohlin
- Department of Immunotechnology and SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael Nilges
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris cite, CNRS UMR3528, Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Johan Malmström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wael Bahnan
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oonagh Shannon
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Malmström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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13
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Kaiser JA, Nelson CE, Liu X, Park HS, Matsuoka Y, Luongo C, Santos C, Ahlers LRH, Herbert R, Moore IN, Wilder-Kofie T, Moore R, Walker A, Yang L, Munir S, Teng IT, Kwong PD, Dowdell K, Nguyen H, Kim J, Cohen JI, Johnson RF, Garza NL, Via LE, Barber DL, Buchholz UJ, Le Nouën C. Mucosal prime-boost immunization with live murine pneumonia virus-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is protective in macaques. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3553. [PMID: 38670948 PMCID: PMC11053155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunization via the respiratory route is predicted to increase the effectiveness of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Here, we evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of one or two doses of a live-attenuated murine pneumonia virus vector expressing SARS-CoV-2 prefusion-stabilized spike protein (MPV/S-2P), delivered intranasally/intratracheally to male rhesus macaques. A single dose of MPV/S-2P is highly immunogenic, and a second dose increases the magnitude and breadth of the mucosal and systemic anti-S antibody responses and increases levels of dimeric anti-S IgA in the airways. MPV/S-2P also induces S-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in the airways that differentiate into large populations of tissue-resident memory cells within a month after the boost. One dose induces substantial protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, and two doses of MPV/S-2P are fully protective against SARS-CoV-2 challenge virus replication in the airways. A prime/boost immunization with a mucosally-administered live-attenuated MPV vector could thus be highly effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Kaiser
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine E Nelson
- T-Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xueqiao Liu
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hong-Su Park
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yumiko Matsuoka
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cindy Luongo
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Celia Santos
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura R H Ahlers
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard Herbert
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, MD, USA
| | - Ian N Moore
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Pathology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Temeri Wilder-Kofie
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Assurances, Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rashida Moore
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Environmental Health and Safety Office, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - April Walker
- Tuberculosis Imaging Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lijuan Yang
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shirin Munir
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - I-Ting Teng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kennichi Dowdell
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - JungHyun Kim
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Reed F Johnson
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole L Garza
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura E Via
- Tuberculosis Imaging Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel L Barber
- T-Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Cyril Le Nouën
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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14
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Barouch SE, Chicz TM, Blanc R, Barbati DR, Parker LJ, Tong X, Li W, McNamara RP. Concurrent Administration of COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccines Enhances Spike-Specific Antibody Responses. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae144. [PMID: 38567194 PMCID: PMC10986856 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The bivalent COVID-19 mRNA boosters became available in fall 2022 and were recommended alongside the seasonal influenza vaccine. However, the immunogenicity of concurrent vs separate administration of these vaccines remains unclear. Methods Here, we analyzed antibody responses in health care workers who received the bivalent COVID-19 booster and the influenza vaccine on the same day or on different days through systems serology. Antibody-binding and functional responses were characterized at peak responses and after 6 months following vaccination. Results IgG1 and neutralization responses to SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 were higher at peak and after 6 months following concurrent administration as compared with separate administration of the COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. While similar results were not observed for influenza responses, no interference was noted with concurrent administration. Conclusions These data suggest that concurrent administration of these vaccines may yield higher and more durable SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody responses while maintaining responses against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna E Barouch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Taras M Chicz
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ross Blanc
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Domenic R Barbati
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lily J Parker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xin Tong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Public Health, Center for Health Statistics and Biostatistics, University of Massachusetts at Lowell. Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan P McNamara
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Lopez PA, Nziza N, Chen T, Shook LL, Burns MD, Demidkin S, Jasset O, Akinwunmi B, Yonker LM, Gray KJ, Elovitz MA, Lauffenburger DA, Julg BD, Edlow AG. Placental transfer dynamics and durability of maternal COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibodies in infants. iScience 2024; 27:109273. [PMID: 38444609 PMCID: PMC10914478 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Completion of a COVID-19 vaccination series during pregnancy effectively reduces COVID-19 hospitalization among infants less than 6 months of age. The dynamics of transplacental transfer of maternal vaccine-induced antibodies, and their persistence in infants at 2, 6, 9, and 12 months, have implications for new vaccine development and optimal timing of vaccine administration in pregnancy. We evaluated anti-COVID antibody IgG subclass, Fc-receptor binding profile, and activity against wild-type Spike and RBD plus five variants of concern (VOCs) in 153 serum samples from 100 infants. Maternal IgG1 and IgG3 responses persisted in 2- and 6-month infants to a greater extent than the other IgG subclasses, with high persistence of antibodies binding placental neonatal Fc-receptor and FcγR3A. Lowest persistence was observed against the Omicron RBD-specific region. Maternal vaccine timing, placental Fc-receptor binding capabilities, antibody subclass, fetal sex, and VOC all impact the persistence of antibodies in infants through 12 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A. Lopez
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nadège Nziza
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tina Chen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lydia L. Shook
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Madeleine D. Burns
- Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Department of Pediatric, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Stepan Demidkin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Olyvia Jasset
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Babatunde Akinwunmi
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lael M. Yonker
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Department of Pediatric, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Gray
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michal A. Elovitz
- Women’s Biomedical Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Douglas A. Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Boris D. Julg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrea G. Edlow
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Chao CW, Sprouse KR, Miranda MC, Catanzaro NJ, Hubbard ML, Addetia A, Stewart C, Brown JT, Dosey A, Valdez A, Ravichandran R, Hendricks GG, Ahlrichs M, Dobbins C, Hand A, Treichel C, Willoughby I, Walls AC, McGuire AT, Leaf EM, Baric RS, Schäfer A, Veesler D, King NP. Protein nanoparticle vaccines induce potent neutralizing antibody responses against MERS-CoV. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.13.584735. [PMID: 38558973 PMCID: PMC10979991 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.13.584735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic betacoronavirus that causes severe and often lethal respiratory illness in humans. The MERS-CoV spike (S) protein is the viral fusogen and the target of neutralizing antibodies, and has therefore been the focus of vaccine design efforts. Currently there are no licensed vaccines against MERS-CoV and only a few candidates have advanced to Phase I clinical trials. Here we developed MERS-CoV vaccines utilizing a computationally designed protein nanoparticle platform that has generated safe and immunogenic vaccines against various enveloped viruses, including a licensed vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. Two-component protein nanoparticles displaying MERS-CoV S-derived antigens induced robust neutralizing antibody responses and protected mice against challenge with mouse-adapted MERS-CoV. Electron microscopy polyclonal epitope mapping and serum competition assays revealed the specificities of the dominant antibody responses elicited by immunogens displaying the prefusion-stabilized S-2P trimer, receptor binding domain (RBD), or N-terminal domain (NTD). An RBD nanoparticle vaccine elicited antibodies targeting multiple non-overlapping epitopes in the RBD, whereas anti-NTD antibodies elicited by the S-2P- and NTD-based immunogens converged on a single antigenic site. Our findings demonstrate the potential of two-component nanoparticle vaccine candidates for MERS-CoV and suggest that this platform technology could be broadly applicable to betacoronavirus vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara W Chao
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kaitlin R Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marcos C Miranda
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nicholas J Catanzaro
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Miranda L Hubbard
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Amin Addetia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jack T Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Annie Dosey
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Adian Valdez
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rashmi Ravichandran
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Grace G Hendricks
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Maggie Ahlrichs
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Craig Dobbins
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexis Hand
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Catherine Treichel
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Isabelle Willoughby
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexandra C Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Leaf
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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17
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Tong X, Wang Q, Jung W, Chicz TM, Blanc R, Parker LJ, Barouch DH, McNamara RP. Compartment-Specific Antibody Correlates of Protection to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron in Macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.01.582951. [PMID: 38464001 PMCID: PMC10925337 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.01.582951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies represent a primary mediator of protection against respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. Serum neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are often considered a primary correlate of protection. However, detailed antibody profiles including characterization of antibody functions in different anatomic compartments are not well understood. Here we show that antibody correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge are different in systemic versus mucosal compartments in rhesus macaques. In serum, neutralizing antibodies were the strongest correlate of protection and were linked to Spike-specific binding antibodies and other extra-neutralizing antibody functions that create a larger protective network. In contrast, in bronchiolar lavage (BAL), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) proved the strongest correlate of protection rather than NAbs. Within BAL, ADCP was linked to mucosal Spike-specific IgG, IgA/secretory IgA, and Fcγ-receptor binding antibodies. Our results support a model in which antibodies with different functions mediate protection at different anatomic sites. The correlation of ADCP and other Fc functional antibody responses with protection in BAL suggests that these antibody responses may be critical for protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron challenge in mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tong
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Qixin Wang
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Wonyeong Jung
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Taras M. Chicz
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ross Blanc
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Lily J. Parker
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryan P. McNamara
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
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18
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Winiger RR, Perez L. Therapeutic antibodies and alternative formats against SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral Res 2024; 223:105820. [PMID: 38307147 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) heavily burdened the entire world. Despite a prompt generation of vaccines and therapeutics to confront infection, the virus remains a threat. The ancestor viral strain has evolved into several variants of concern, with the Omicron variant now having many distinct sublineages. Consequently, most available antibodies targeting the spike went obsolete and thus new therapies or therapeutic formats are needed. In this review we focus on antibody targets, provide an overview of the therapeutic progress made so far, describe novel formats being explored, and lessons learned from therapeutic antibodies that can enhance pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel R Winiger
- University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Service of Immunology and Allergy, and Center for Human Immunology Lausanne (CHIL), Switzerland.
| | - Laurent Perez
- University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Service of Immunology and Allergy, and Center for Human Immunology Lausanne (CHIL), Switzerland.
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19
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Ying B, Darling TL, Desai P, Liang CY, Dmitriev IP, Soudani N, Bricker T, Kashentseva EA, Harastani H, Raju S, Liu M, Schmidt AG, Curiel DT, Boon ACM, Diamond MS. Mucosal vaccine-induced cross-reactive CD8 + T cells protect against SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 respiratory tract infection. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:537-551. [PMID: 38337035 PMCID: PMC10907304 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
A nasally delivered chimpanzee adenoviral-vectored severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine (ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S) is currently used in India (iNCOVACC). Here, we update this vaccine by creating ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-BA.5-S, which encodes a prefusion-stabilized BA.5 spike protein. Whereas serum neutralizing antibody responses induced by monovalent or bivalent adenoviral vaccines were poor against the antigenically distant XBB.1.5 strain and insufficient to protect in passive transfer experiments, mucosal antibody and cross-reactive memory T cell responses were robust, and protection was evident against WA1/2020 D614G and Omicron variants BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in mice and hamsters. However, depletion of memory CD8+ T cells before XBB.1.5 challenge resulted in loss of protection against upper and lower respiratory tract infection. Thus, nasally delivered vaccines stimulate mucosal immunity against emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains, and cross-reactive memory CD8+ T cells mediate protection against lung infection by antigenically distant strains in the setting of low serum levels of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tamarand L Darling
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pritesh Desai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chieh-Yu Liang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nadia Soudani
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Traci Bricker
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Houda Harastani
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Saravanan Raju
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meizi Liu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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20
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Adhikari EH, Lu P, Kang YJ, McDonald AR, Pruszynski JE, Bates TA, McBride SK, Trank-Greene M, Tafesse FG, Lu LL. Diverging Maternal and Cord Antibody Functions From SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination in Pregnancy. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:462-472. [PMID: 37815524 PMCID: PMC10873180 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immunity impacts the infant, but how is unclear. To understand the implications of the immune exposures of vaccination and infection in pregnancy for neonatal immunity, we evaluated antibody functions in paired peripheral maternal and cord blood. We compared those who in pregnancy received mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, were infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the combination. We found that vaccination enriched a subset of neutralizing activities and Fc effector functions that was driven by IgG1 and was minimally impacted by antibody glycosylation in maternal blood. In paired cord blood, maternal vaccination also enhanced IgG1. However, Fc effector functions compared to neutralizing activities were preferentially transferred. Moreover, changes in IgG posttranslational glycosylation contributed more to cord than peripheral maternal blood antibody functional potency. These differences were enhanced with the combination of vaccination and infection as compared to either alone. Thus, Fc effector functions and antibody glycosylation highlight underexplored maternal opportunities to safeguard newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Adhikari
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Parkland Health, Dallas Texas, USA
| | - Pei Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ye Jin Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ann R McDonald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jessica E Pruszynski
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy A Bates
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Savannah K McBride
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Mila Trank-Greene
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Lenette L Lu
- Parkland Health, Dallas Texas, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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21
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Zimmerman O, Altman Doss AM, Ying B, Liang CY, Mackin SR, Davis-Adams HG, Adams LJ, VanBlargan LA, Chen RE, Scheaffer SM, Desai P, Raju S, Mantia TL, O’Shaughnessy CC, Monroy JM, Wedner HJ, Rigell CJ, Kau AL, Dy TB, Ren Z, Turner JS, O’Halloran JA, Presti RM, Kendall PL, Fremont DH, Ellebedy AH, Diamond MS. Immunoglobulin replacement products protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo despite poor neutralizing activity. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e176359. [PMID: 38175703 PMCID: PMC10967375 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.176359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (IG) replacement products are used routinely in patients with immune deficiency and other immune dysregulation disorders who have poor responses to vaccination and require passive immunity conferred by commercial antibody products. The binding, neutralizing, and protective activity of intravenously administered IG against SARS-CoV-2 emerging variants remains unknown. Here, we tested 198 different IG products manufactured from December 2019 to August 2022. We show that prepandemic IG had no appreciable cross-reactivity or neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. Anti-spike antibody titers and neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 D614G increased gradually after the pandemic started and reached levels comparable to vaccinated healthy donors 18 months after the diagnosis of the first COVID-19 case in the United States in January 2020. The average time between production to infusion of IG products was 8 months, which resulted in poor neutralization of the variant strain circulating at the time of infusion. Despite limited neutralizing activity, IG prophylaxis with clinically relevant dosing protected susceptible K18-hACE2-transgenic mice against clinical disease, lung infection, and lung inflammation caused by the XBB.1.5 Omicron variant. Moreover, following IG prophylaxis, levels of XBB.1.5 infection in the lung were higher in FcγR-KO mice than in WT mice. Thus, IG replacement products with poor neutralizing activity against evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants likely confer protection to patients with immune deficiency disorders through Fc effector function mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew L. Kau
- Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Molecular Microbiology
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research
| | | | | | | | | | - Rachel M. Presti
- Department of Medicine, and
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, and
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Ali H. Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Department of Molecular Microbiology
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, and
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Department of Molecular Microbiology
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, and
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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22
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Lapuente D, Winkler TH, Tenbusch M. B-cell and antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2: infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:144-158. [PMID: 37945737 PMCID: PMC10805925 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01095-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 prompted scientific, medical, and biotech communities to investigate infection- and vaccine-induced immune responses in the context of this pathogen. B-cell and antibody responses are at the center of these investigations, as neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are an important correlate of protection (COP) from infection and the primary target of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine modalities. In addition to absolute levels, nAb longevity, neutralization breadth, immunoglobulin isotype and subtype composition, and presence at mucosal sites have become important topics for scientists and health policy makers. The recent pandemic was and still is a unique setting in which to study de novo and memory B-cell (MBC) and antibody responses in the dynamic interplay of infection- and vaccine-induced immunity. It also provided an opportunity to explore new vaccine platforms, such as mRNA or adenoviral vector vaccines, in unprecedented cohort sizes. Combined with the technological advances of recent years, this situation has provided detailed mechanistic insights into the development of B-cell and antibody responses but also revealed some unexpected findings. In this review, we summarize the key findings of the last 2.5 years regarding infection- and vaccine-induced B-cell immunity, which we believe are of significant value not only in the context of SARS-CoV-2 but also for future vaccination approaches in endemic and pandemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lapuente
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Paciello I, Maccari G, Pantano E, Andreano E, Rappuoli R. High-resolution map of the Fc functions mediated by COVID-19-neutralizing antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314730121. [PMID: 38198525 PMCID: PMC10801854 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314730121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence shows that fragment crystallizable (Fc)-dependent antibody effector functions play an important role in protection from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. To unravel the mechanisms that drive these responses, we analyzed the phagocytosis and complement deposition mediated by a panel of 482 human monoclonal antibodies (nAbs) neutralizing the original Wuhan virus, expressed as recombinant IgG1. Our study confirmed that nAbs no longer neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants can retain their Fc functions. Surprisingly, we found that nAbs with the most potent Fc function recognize the N-terminal domain, followed by those targeting class 3 epitopes in the receptor binding domain. Interestingly, nAbs direct against the class 1/2 epitopes in the receptor binding motif, which are the most potent in neutralizing the virus, were the weakest in Fc functions. The divergent properties of the neutralizing and Fc function-mediating antibodies were confirmed by the use of different B cell germlines and by the observation that Fc functions of polyclonal sera differ from the profile observed with nAbs, suggesting that non-neutralizing antibodies also contribute to Fc functions. These data provide a high-resolution picture of the Fc-antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 and suggest that the Fc contribution should be considered for the design of improved vaccines, the selection of therapeutic antibodies, and the evaluation of correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Paciello
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena53100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maccari
- Data Science for Health Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena53100, Italy
| | - Elisa Pantano
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena53100, Italy
| | - Emanuele Andreano
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena53100, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena53100, Italy
- Fondazione Biotecnopolo di Siena, Siena53100, Italy
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24
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Bowman KA, Kaplonek P, McNamara RP. Understanding Fc function for rational vaccine design against pathogens. mBio 2024; 15:e0303623. [PMID: 38112418 PMCID: PMC10790774 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03036-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies represent the primary correlate of immunity following most clinically approved vaccines. However, their mechanisms of action vary from pathogen to pathogen, ranging from neutralization, to opsonophagocytosis, to cytotoxicity. Antibody functions are regulated both by antigen specificity (Fab domain) and by the interaction of their Fc domain with distinct types of Fc receptors (FcRs) present in immune cells. Increasing evidence highlights the critical nature of Fc:FcR interactions in controlling pathogen spread and limiting the disease state. Moreover, variation in Fc-receptor engagement during the course of infection has been demonstrated across a range of pathogens, and this can be further influenced by prior exposure(s)/immunizations, age, pregnancy, and underlying health conditions. Fc:FcR functional variation occurs at the level of antibody isotype and subclass selection as well as post-translational modification of antibodies that shape Fc:FcR-interactions. These factors collectively support a model whereby the immune system actively harnesses and directs Fc:FcR interactions to fight disease. By defining the precise humoral mechanisms that control infections, as well as understanding how these functions can be actively tuned, it may be possible to open new paths for improving existing or novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Bowman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paulina Kaplonek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan P. McNamara
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Wang R, Guo J, Li G, Wang X, Yang J, Li Q, Zhang G. Identification of the Linear Fc-Binding Site on the Bovine IgG1 Fc Receptor (boFcγRIII) Using Synthetic Peptides. Vet Sci 2024; 11:24. [PMID: 38250930 PMCID: PMC10818675 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The bovine IgG1 Fc receptor (boFcγRIII) is a homologue to human FcγRIII (CD16) that binds bovine IgGI with medium-low affinity. In order to identify the Fc-binding site on the bovine IgG1 Fc receptor (boFcγRIII), peptides derived from the second extracellular domain (EC2) of boFcγRIII were synthesized and conjugated with the carrier protein. With a Dot-blot assay, the ability of the peptides to bind bovine IgG1 was determined, and the IgG1-binding peptide was also identified via truncation and mutation. The minimal peptide AQRVVN corresponding to the sequence 98-103 of boFcγRIII bound bovine IgG1 in Dot-blot, suggesting that it represents a linear ligand-binding site located in the putative A-B loop of the boFcγRIII EC2 domain. Mutation analysis of the peptide showed that the residues of Ala98, Gln99, Val101, Val102 and Asn103 within the Fc-binding site are critical for IgG1 binding on boFcγRIII. The functional peptide identified in this paper is of great value to the IgG-Fc interaction study and FcR-targeting drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruining Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.W.); (J.G.); (J.Y.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economics, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Junqing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.W.); (J.G.); (J.Y.)
| | - Ge Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
| | - Jifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.W.); (J.G.); (J.Y.)
| | - Qingmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.W.); (J.G.); (J.Y.)
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.W.); (J.G.); (J.Y.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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26
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Wang S, Guirakhoo F, Periasamy S, Ryan V, Wiggins J, Subramani C, Thibodeaux B, Sahni J, Hellerstein M, Kuzmina NA, Bukreyev A, Dodart JC, Rumyantsev A. RBD-Protein/Peptide Vaccine UB-612 Elicits Mucosal and Fc-Mediated Antibody Responses against SARS-CoV-2 in Cynomolgus Macaques. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:40. [PMID: 38250853 PMCID: PMC10818657 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibodies provide critical protective immunity against COVID-19, and the Fc-mediated effector functions and mucosal antibodies also contribute to the protection. To expand the characterization of humoral immunity stimulated by subunit protein-peptide COVID-19 vaccine UB-612, preclinical studies in non-human primates were undertaken to investigate mucosal secretion and the effector functionality of vaccine-induced antibodies in antibody-dependent monocyte phagocytosis (ADMP) and antibody-dependent NK cell activation (ADNKA) assays. In cynomolgus macaques, UB-612 induced potent serum-neutralizing, RBD-specific IgG binding, ACE2 binding-inhibition antibodies, and antibodies with Fc-mediated effector functions in ADMP and ADNKA assays. Additionally, immunized animals developed mucosal antibodies in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BAL). The level of mucosal or serum ADMP and ADNKA antibodies was found to be UB-612 dose-dependent. Our results highlight that the novel subunit UB-612 vaccine is a potent B-cell immunogen inducing polyfunctional antibody responses contributing to anti-viral immunity and vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixia Wang
- Vaxxinity, Inc., Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA; (F.G.); (V.R.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (J.-C.D.)
| | - Farshad Guirakhoo
- Vaxxinity, Inc., Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA; (F.G.); (V.R.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (J.-C.D.)
| | - Sivakumar Periasamy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (S.P.); (C.S.); (N.A.K.); (A.B.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Valorie Ryan
- Vaxxinity, Inc., Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA; (F.G.); (V.R.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (J.-C.D.)
| | - Jonathan Wiggins
- Vaxxinity, Inc., Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA; (F.G.); (V.R.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (J.-C.D.)
| | - Chandru Subramani
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (S.P.); (C.S.); (N.A.K.); (A.B.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Brett Thibodeaux
- Vaxxinity, Inc., Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA; (F.G.); (V.R.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (J.-C.D.)
| | - Jaya Sahni
- Vaxxinity, Inc., Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA; (F.G.); (V.R.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (J.-C.D.)
| | - Michael Hellerstein
- Vaxxinity, Inc., Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA; (F.G.); (V.R.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (J.-C.D.)
| | - Natalia A. Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (S.P.); (C.S.); (N.A.K.); (A.B.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (S.P.); (C.S.); (N.A.K.); (A.B.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Jean-Cosme Dodart
- Vaxxinity, Inc., Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA; (F.G.); (V.R.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (J.-C.D.)
| | - Alexander Rumyantsev
- Vaxxinity, Inc., Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA; (F.G.); (V.R.); (J.W.); (B.T.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (J.-C.D.)
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27
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Adams LJ, VanBlargan LA, Liu Z, Gilchuk P, Zhao H, Chen RE, Raju S, Chong Z, Whitener BM, Shrihari S, Jethva PN, Gross ML, Crowe JE, Whelan SPJ, Diamond MS, Fremont DH. A broadly reactive antibody targeting the N-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike confers Fc-mediated protection. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101305. [PMID: 38039973 PMCID: PMC10772349 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Most neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) target the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein. Here, we characterize a panel of mAbs targeting the N-terminal domain (NTD) or other non-RBD epitopes of S. A subset of NTD mAbs inhibits SARS-CoV-2 entry at a post-attachment step and avidly binds the surface of infected cells. One neutralizing NTD mAb, SARS2-57, protects K18-hACE2 mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection in an Fc-dependent manner. Structural analysis demonstrates that SARS2-57 engages an antigenic supersite that is remodeled by deletions common to emerging variants. In neutralization escape studies with SARS2-57, this NTD site accumulates mutations, including a similar deletion, but the addition of an anti-RBD mAb prevents such escape. Thus, our study highlights a common strategy of immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2 variants and how targeting spatially distinct epitopes, including those in the NTD, may limit such escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Adams
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura A VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Saravanan Raju
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhenlu Chong
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bradley M Whitener
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Prashant N Jethva
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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28
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Lee J, Zepeda SK, Park YJ, Taylor AL, Quispe J, Stewart C, Leaf EM, Treichel C, Corti D, King NP, Starr TN, Veesler D. Broad receptor tropism and immunogenicity of a clade 3 sarbecovirus. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1961-1973.e11. [PMID: 37989312 PMCID: PMC10913562 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Although Rhinolophus bats harbor diverse clade 3 sarbecoviruses, the structural determinants of receptor tropism along with the antigenicity of their spike (S) glycoproteins remain uncharacterized. Here, we show that the African Rhinolophus bat clade 3 sarbecovirus PRD-0038 S has a broad angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) usage and that receptor-binding domain (RBD) mutations further expand receptor promiscuity and enable human ACE2 utilization. We determine a cryo-EM structure of the PRD-0038 RBD bound to Rhinolophus alcyone ACE2, explaining receptor tropism and highlighting differences with SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Characterization of PRD-0038 S using cryo-EM and monoclonal antibody reactivity reveals its distinct antigenicity relative to SARS-CoV-2 and identifies PRD-0038 cross-neutralizing antibodies for pandemic preparedness. PRD-0038 S vaccination elicits greater titers of antibodies cross-reacting with vaccine-mismatched clade 2 and clade 1a sarbecoviruses compared with SARS-CoV-2 S due to broader antigenic targeting, motivating the inclusion of clade 3 antigens in next-generation vaccines for enhanced resilience to viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samantha K Zepeda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ashley L Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Joel Quispe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Leaf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Catherine Treichel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a Subsidiary of Vir. Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tyler N Starr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Capuano C, De Federicis D, Ciuti D, Turriziani O, Angeloni A, Anastasi E, Giannini G, Belardinilli F, Molfetta R, Alvaro D, Palmieri G, Galandrini R. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on FcγRIIIA/CD16 dynamics in Natural Killer cells: relevance for antibody-dependent functions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285203. [PMID: 38045702 PMCID: PMC10693335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Natural Killer (NK) cells contribute to the protective effects of vaccine-induced antibodies thanks to the low affinity receptor for IgG, FcγRIIIA/CD16, whose aggregation leads to the killing of infected cells and IFNγ release, through which they potentiate adaptive immune responses. Methods Forty-seven healthy young individuals undergoing either homologous (ChAdOx1-S/ChAdOx1-S) or heterologous (ChAdOx1-S/BNT162B2) SARS-CoV-2 vaccination settings were recruited. Peripheral blood samples were collected immediately prior to vaccination and 8 weeks after the booster dose. The phenotypic and functional profile of NK cells was evaluated by flow cytometry at both time points. Serum samples were tested to evaluate circulating anti-Spike IgG levels and cytomegalovirus serostatus. CD16 F158V polymorphism was assessed by sequencing analysis. Results The downregulation of CD16 and the selective impairment of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and IFNγ production in CD56dim NK population, persisting 8 weeks after boosting, were observed in heterologous, but not in homologous SARS-CoV-2 vaccination scheme. While the magnitude of CD16-dependent functions of the global CD56dim pool correlated with receptor levels before and after vaccination, the responsivity of NKG2C+ subset, that displays amplified size and functionality in HCMV+ individuals, resulted intrinsically insensitive to CD16 levels. Individual CD16 responsiveness was also affected by CD16F158V polymorphism; F/F low affinity individuals, characterized by reduced CD16 levels and functions independently of vaccination, did not show post-vaccinal functional impairment with respect to intermediate and high affinity ones, despite a comparable CD16 downregulation. Further, CD16 high affinity ligation conditions by means of afucosylated mAb overcame vaccine-induced and genotype-dependent functional defects. Finally, the preservation of CD16 expression directly correlated with anti-Spike IgG titer, hinting that the individual magnitude of receptor-dependent functions may contribute to the amplification of the vaccinal response. Conclusion This study demonstrates a durable downmodulation of CD16 levels and Ab-dependent NK functions after SARS-CoV-2 heterologous vaccination, and highlights the impact of genetic and environmental host-related factors in modulating NK cell susceptibility to post-vaccinal Fc-dependent functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Capuano
- Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide De Federicis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Ciuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Angeloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Anastasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rosa Molfetta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Palmieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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30
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Kaufmann SHE. Vaccine development against tuberculosis before and after Covid-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1273938. [PMID: 38035095 PMCID: PMC10684952 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1273938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) has not only shaped awareness of the impact of infectious diseases on global health. It has also provided instructive lessons for better prevention strategies against new and current infectious diseases of major importance. Tuberculosis (TB) is a major current health threat caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) which has claimed more lives than any other pathogen over the last few centuries. Hence, better intervention measures, notably novel vaccines, are urgently needed to accomplish the goal of the World Health Organization to end TB by 2030. This article describes how the research and development of TB vaccines can benefit from recent developments in the Covid-19 vaccine pipeline from research to clinical development and outlines how the field of TB research can pursue its own approaches. It begins with a brief discussion of major vaccine platforms in general terms followed by a short description of the most widely applied Covid-19 vaccines. Next, different vaccination regimes and particular hurdles for TB vaccine research and development are described. This specifically considers the complex immune mechanisms underlying protection and pathology in TB which involve innate as well as acquired immune mechanisms and strongly depend on fine tuning the response. A brief description of the TB vaccine candidates that have entered clinical trials follows. Finally, it discusses how experiences from Covid-19 vaccine research, development, and rollout can and have been applied to the TB vaccine pipeline, emphasizing similarities and dissimilarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Systems Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Gagne M, Flynn BJ, Andrew SF, Flebbe DR, Mychalowych A, Lamb E, Davis-Gardner ME, Burnett MR, Serebryannyy LA, Lin BC, Pessaint L, Todd JPM, Ziff ZE, Maule E, Carroll R, Naisan M, Jethmalani Y, Case JB, Dmitriev IP, Kashentseva EA, Ying B, Dodson A, Kouneski K, Doria-Rose NA, O'Dell S, Godbole S, Laboune F, Henry AR, Marquez J, Teng IT, Wang L, Zhou Q, Wali B, Ellis M, Zouantchangadou S, Ry AV, Lewis MG, Andersen H, Kwong PD, Curiel DT, Foulds KE, Nason MC, Suthar MS, Roederer M, Diamond MS, Douek DC, Seder RA. Mucosal Adenoviral-vectored Vaccine Boosting Durably Prevents XBB.1.16 Infection in Nonhuman Primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.06.565765. [PMID: 37986823 PMCID: PMC10659340 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.06.565765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Waning immunity and continued virus evolution have limited the durability of protection from symptomatic infection mediated by intramuscularly (IM)-delivered mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 although protection from severe disease remains high. Mucosal vaccination has been proposed as a strategy to increase protection at the site of SARS-CoV-2 infection by enhancing airway immunity, potentially reducing rates of infection and transmission. Here, we compared protection against XBB.1.16 virus challenge 5 months following IM or mucosal boosting in non-human primates (NHP) that had previously received a two-dose mRNA-1273 primary vaccine regimen. The mucosal boost was composed of a bivalent chimpanzee adenoviral-vectored vaccine encoding for both SARS-CoV-2 WA1 and BA.5 spike proteins (ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S) and delivered either by an intranasal mist or an inhaled aerosol. An additional group of animals was boosted by the IM route with bivalent WA1/BA.5 spike-matched mRNA (mRNA-1273.222) as a benchmark control. NHP were challenged in the upper and lower airways 18 weeks after boosting with XBB.1.16, a heterologous Omicron lineage strain. Cohorts boosted with ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S by an aerosolized or intranasal route had low to undetectable virus replication as assessed by levels of subgenomic SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the lungs and nose, respectively. In contrast, animals that received the mRNA-1273.222 boost by the IM route showed minimal protection against virus replication in the upper airway but substantial reduction of virus RNA levels in the lower airway. Immune analysis showed that the mucosal vaccines elicited more durable antibody and T cell responses than the IM vaccine. Protection elicited by the aerosolized vaccine was associated with mucosal IgG and IgA responses, whereas protection elicited by intranasal delivery was mediated primarily by mucosal IgA. Thus, durable immunity and effective protection against a highly transmissible heterologous variant in both the upper and lower airways can be achieved by mucosal delivery of a virus-vectored vaccine. Our study provides a template for the development of mucosal vaccines that limit infection and transmission against respiratory pathogens. Graphical abstract
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Li W, Wang T, Rajendrakumar AM, Acharya G, Miao Z, Varghese BP, Yu H, Dhakal B, LeRoith T, Karunakaran A, Tuo W, Zhu X. An FcRn-targeted mucosal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7114. [PMID: 37932271 PMCID: PMC10628175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is primarily transmitted through droplets and airborne aerosols, and in order to prevent infection and reduce viral spread vaccines should elicit protective immunity in the airways. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) transfers IgG across epithelial barriers and can enhance mucosal delivery of antigens. Here we explore FcRn-mediated respiratory delivery of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S). A monomeric IgG Fc was fused to a stabilized spike; the resulting S-Fc bound to S-specific antibodies and FcRn. Intranasal immunization of mice with S-Fc and CpG significantly induced antibody responses compared to the vaccination with S alone or PBS. Furthermore, we intranasally immunized mice or hamsters with S-Fc. A significant reduction of virus replication in nasal turbinate, lung, and brain was observed following nasal challenges with SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Intranasal immunization also significantly reduced viral airborne transmission in hamsters. Nasal IgA, neutralizing antibodies, lung-resident memory T cells, and bone-marrow S-specific plasma cells mediated protection. Hence, FcRn delivers an S-Fc antigen effectively into the airway and induces protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Li
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Arunraj M Rajendrakumar
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Gyanada Acharya
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Zizhen Miao
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Berin P Varghese
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Hailiang Yu
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Bibek Dhakal
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Athira Karunakaran
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Wenbin Tuo
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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Selva KJ, Ramanathan P, Haycroft ER, Tan CW, Wang L, Downie LE, Davis SK, Purcell RA, Kent HE, Juno JA, Wheatley AK, Davenport MP, Kent SJ, Chung AW. Mucosal antibody responses following Vaxzevria vaccination. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:975-983. [PMID: 37670482 PMCID: PMC10952200 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal antibodies play a key role in protection against breakthrough COVID-19 infections and emerging viral variants. Intramuscular adenovirus-based vaccination (Vaxzevria) only weakly induces nasal IgG and IgA responses, unless vaccinees have been previously infected. However, little is known about how Vaxzevria vaccination impacts the ability of mucosal antibodies to induce Fc responses, particularly against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs). Here, we profiled paired mucosal (saliva, tears) and plasma antibodies from COVID-19 vaccinated only vaccinees (uninfected, vaccinated) and COVID-19 recovered vaccinees (COVID-19 recovered, vaccinated) who both received Vaxzevria vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 ancestral-specific IgG antibodies capable of engaging FcγR3a were significantly higher in the mucosal samples of COVID-19 recovered Vaxzevria vaccinees in comparison with vaccinated only vaccinees. However, when IgG and FcγR3a engaging antibodies were tested against a panel of SARS-CoV-2 VoCs, the responses were ancestral-centric with weaker recognition of Omicron strains observed. In contrast, salivary IgA, but not plasma IgA, from Vaxzevria vaccinees displayed broad cross-reactivity across all SARS-CoV-2 VoCs tested. Our data highlight that while intramuscular Vaxzevria vaccination can enhance mucosal antibodies responses in COVID-19 recovered vaccinees, restrictions by ancestral-centric bias may have implications for COVID-19 protection. However, highly cross-reactive mucosal IgA could be key in addressing these gaps in mucosal immunity and may be an important focus of future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Selva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Pradhipa Ramanathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Ebene R Haycroft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious DiseasesDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Lin‐Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious DiseasesDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingapore
- Singhealth Duke‐NUS Global Health InstituteSingapore
| | - Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision SciencesUniversity of MelbourneCarltonVICAustralia
| | - Samantha K Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Ruth A Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Helen E Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute, University of New South WalesKensingtonNSWAustralia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious DiseasesAlfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
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Heise M, Dillard J, Taft-Benz S, Knight A, Anderson E, Pressey K, Parotti B, Martinez S, Diaz J, Sarkar S, Madden E, De la Cruz G, Adams L, Dinnon K, Leist S, Martinez D, Schaefer A, Powers J, Yount B, Castillo I, Morales N, Burdick J, Evangelista MK, Ralph L, Pankow N, Linnertz C, Lakshmanane P, Montgomery S, Ferris M, Baric R, Baxter V. Adjuvant-dependent effects on the safety and efficacy of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during heterologous infection by a SARS-related coronavirus. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3401539. [PMID: 37961507 PMCID: PMC10635311 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3401539/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Inactivated whole virus SARS-CoV-2 vaccines adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide (Alum) are among the most widely used COVID-19 vaccines globally and have been critical to the COVID-19 pandemic response. Although these vaccines are protective against homologous virus infection in healthy recipients, the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants and the presence of large zoonotic reservoirs provide significant opportunities for vaccine breakthrough, which raises the risk of adverse outcomes including vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD). To evaluate this possibility, we tested the performance of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (iCoV2) in combination with Alum against either homologous or heterologous coronavirus challenge in a mouse model of coronavirus-induced pulmonary disease. Consistent with human results, iCoV2 + Alum protected against homologous challenge. However, challenge with a heterologous SARS-related coronavirus, Rs-SHC014-CoV (SHC014), up to at least 10 months post-vaccination, resulted in VAERD in iCoV2 + Alum-vaccinated animals, characterized by pulmonary eosinophilic infiltrates, enhanced pulmonary pathology, delayed viral clearance, and decreased pulmonary function. In contrast, vaccination with iCoV2 in combination with an alternative adjuvant (RIBI) did not induce VAERD and promoted enhanced SHC014 clearance. Further characterization of iCoV2 + Alum-induced immunity suggested that CD4+ T cells were a major driver of VAERD, and these responses were partially reversed by re-boosting with recombinant Spike protein + RIBI adjuvant. These results highlight potential risks associated with vaccine breakthrough in recipients of Alum-adjuvanted inactivated vaccines and provide important insights into factors affecting both the safety and efficacy of coronavirus vaccines in the face of heterologous virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Heise
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Boyd Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Prem Lakshmanane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | | | - Victoria Baxter
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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35
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Buchholz U, Kaiser J, Nelson C, Liu X, Park HS, Matsuoka Y, Luongo C, Santos C, Ahlers L, Herbert R, Moore I, Wilder-Kofie T, Moore R, Walker A, Lijuan Y, Munir S, Teng IT, Kwong P, Dowdell K, Nguyen H, Kim J, Cohen J, Johnson RF, Garza N, Via L, Barber D, LE Nouen C. Mucosal prime-boost immunization with live murine pneumonia virus-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is protective in macaques. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3278289. [PMID: 37790295 PMCID: PMC10543296 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3278289/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunization via the respiratory route is predicted to increase the effectiveness of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. We evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of one or two doses of a live-attenuated murine pneumonia virus vector expressing SARS-CoV-2 prefusion-stabilized spike protein (MPV/S-2P), delivered intranasally/intratracheally to rhesus macaques. A single dose of MPV/S-2P was highly immunogenic, and a second dose increased the magnitude and breadth of the mucosal and systemic anti-S antibody responses and increased levels of dimeric anti-S IgA in the airways. MPV/S-2P also induced S-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in the airways that differentiated into large populations of tissue-resident memory cells within a month after the boost. One dose induced substantial protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, and two doses of MPV/S-2P were fully protective against SARS-CoV-2 challenge virus replication in the airways. A prime/boost immunization with a mucosally-administered live-attenuated MPV vector could thus be highly effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine Nelson
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | - Xueqiao Liu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shirin Munir
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Barber
- National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
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36
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Lee J, Zepeda SK, Park YJ, Taylor AL, Quispe J, Stewart C, Leaf EM, Treichel C, Corti D, King NP, Starr TN, Veesler D. Broad receptor tropism and immunogenicity of a clade 3 sarbecovirus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.12.557371. [PMID: 37745523 PMCID: PMC10515872 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.557371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Although Rhinolophus bats harbor diverse clade 3 sarbecoviruses, the structural determinants of receptor tropism along with the antigenicity of their spike (S) glycoproteins remain uncharacterized. Here, we show that the African Rinolophus bat clade 3 sarbecovirus PRD-0038 S has a broad ACE2 usage and that RBD mutations further expand receptor promiscuity and enable human ACE2 utilization. We determined a cryoEM structure of the PRD-0038 RBD bound to R. alcyone ACE2, explaining receptor tropism and highlighting differences with SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Characterization of PRD-0038 S using cryoEM and monoclonal antibody reactivity revealed its distinct antigenicity relative to SARS-CoV-2 and identified PRD-0038 cross-neutralizing antibodies for pandemic preparedness. PRD-0038 S vaccination elicited greater titers of antibodies cross-reacting with vaccine-mismatched clade 2 and clade 1a sarbecoviruses compared to SARS-CoV-2 S due to broader antigenic targeting, motivating the inclusion of clade 3 antigens in next-generation vaccines for enhanced resilience to viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Samantha K. Zepeda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ashley L. Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Joel Quispe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Leaf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Catherine Treichel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Neil P. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tyler N. Starr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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37
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Barouch SE, Chicz TM, Blanc R, Barbati DR, Parker LJ, Tong X, McNamara RP. Concurrent administration of COVID-19 and influenza vaccines enhances Spike-specific antibody responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.12.557347. [PMID: 37745590 PMCID: PMC10515870 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.557347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The bivalent COVID-19 mRNA boosters became available in fall 2022 and were recommended alongside the seasonal influenza vaccine. However, the immunogenicity of concurrent versus separate administration of these vaccines remains unclear. Here, we analyzed antibody responses in healthcare workers who received the bivalent COVID-19 booster and the influenza vaccine on the same day or different days. IgG1 responses to SARS-CoV-2 Spike were higher at peak immunogenicity and 6 months following concurrent administration compared with separate administration of the COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. These data suggest that concurrent administration of these vaccines may yield higher and more durable SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ross Blanc
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
| | | | | | - Xin Tong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard
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38
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Muik A, Lui BG, Quandt J, Diao H, Fu Y, Bacher M, Gordon J, Toker A, Grosser J, Ozhelvaci O, Grikscheit K, Hoehl S, Kohmer N, Lustig Y, Regev-Yochay G, Ciesek S, Beguir K, Poran A, Vogler I, Türeci Ö, Sahin U. Progressive loss of conserved spike protein neutralizing antibody sites in Omicron sublineages is balanced by preserved T cell immunity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112888. [PMID: 37527039 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolution of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant has led to the emergence of sublineages with different patterns of neutralizing antibody evasion. We report that Omicron BA.4/BA.5 breakthrough infection of individuals immunized with SARS-CoV-2 wild-type-strain-based mRNA vaccines results in a boost of Omicron BA.4.6, BF.7, BQ.1.1, and BA.2.75 neutralization but does not efficiently boost BA.2.75.2, XBB, or XBB.1.5 neutralization. In silico analyses showed that the Omicron spike glycoprotein lost most neutralizing B cell epitopes, especially in sublineages BA.2.75.2, XBB, and XBB.1.5. In contrast, T cell epitopes are conserved across variants including XBB.1.5. T cell responses of mRNA-vaccinated, SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals against the wild-type strain, Omicron BA.1, and BA.4/BA.5 were comparable, suggesting that T cell immunity against recent sublineages including XBB.1.5 may remain largely unaffected. While some Omicron sublineages effectively evade B cell immunity, spike-protein-specific T cell immunity, due to the nature of polymorphic cell-mediated immune responses, may continue to contribute to prevention/limitation of severe COVID-19 manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Huitian Diao
- BioNTech US, 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yunguan Fu
- InstaDeep, Ltd., 5 Merchant Square, London W2 1AY, UK
| | - Maren Bacher
- BioNTech, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Aras Toker
- BioNTech, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Katharina Grikscheit
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hoehl
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Niko Kohmer
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yaniv Lustig
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gili Regev-Yochay
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; SPRI-Sheba Pandemic Preparedness Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; DZIF - German Centre for Infection Research, External Partner Site, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karim Beguir
- InstaDeep, Ltd., 5 Merchant Square, London W2 1AY, UK
| | - Asaf Poran
- BioNTech US, 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Özlem Türeci
- BioNTech, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany; HI-TRON - Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology Mainz by DKFZ, Obere Zahlbacherstr. 63, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ugur Sahin
- BioNTech, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany; TRON gGmbH - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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39
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Pierre CN, Adams LE, Anasti K, Goodman D, Stanfield-Oakley S, Powers JM, Li D, Rountree W, Wang Y, Edwards RJ, Munir Alam S, Ferrari G, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF, Baric RS, Saunders KO. Non-neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 N-terminal domain antibodies protect mice against severe disease using Fc-mediated effector functions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.25.550460. [PMID: 37546738 PMCID: PMC10402036 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.25.550460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies perform both neutralizing and non-neutralizing effector functions that protect against certain pathogen-induced diseases. A human antibody directed at the SARS-CoV-2 Spike N-terminal domain (NTD), DH1052, was recently shown to be non-neutralizing yet it protected mice and cynomolgus macaques from severe disease. The mechanisms of this non-neutralizing antibody-mediated protection are unknown. Here we show that Fc effector functions mediate non-neutralizing antibody (non-nAb) protection against SARS-CoV-2 MA10 viral challenge in mice. Though non-nAb infusion did not suppress infectious viral titers in the lung as potently as NTD neutralizing antibody (nAb) infusion, disease markers including gross lung discoloration were similar in nAb and non-nAb groups. Fc functional knockout substitutions abolished non-nAb protection and increased viral titers in the nAb group. Finally, Fc enhancement increased non-nAb protection relative to WT, supporting a positive association between Fc functionality and degree of protection in SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study demonstrates that non-nAbs can utilize Fc-mediated mechanisms to lower viral load and prevent lung damage due to coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille N Pierre
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Lily E Adams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Kara Anasti
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | | | - John M Powers
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Dapeng Li
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Wes Rountree
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Robert J Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
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Haycroft ER, Davis SK, Ramanathan P, Lopez E, Purcell RA, Tan LL, Pymm P, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Wheatley AK, Juno JA, Redmond SJ, Gherardin NA, Godfrey DI, Tham WH, Selva KJ, Kent SJ, Chung AW. Antibody Fc-binding profiles and ACE2 affinity to SARS-CoV-2 RBD variants. Med Microbiol Immunol 2023:10.1007/s00430-023-00773-w. [PMID: 37477828 PMCID: PMC10372118 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-023-00773-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, notably Omicron, continue to remain a formidable challenge to worldwide public health. The SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) is a hotspot for mutations, reflecting its critical role at the ACE2 interface during viral entry. Here, we comprehensively investigated the impact of RBD mutations, including 5 variants of concern (VOC) or interest-including Omicron (BA.2)-and 33 common point mutations, both on IgG recognition and ACE2-binding inhibition, as well as FcγRIIa- and FcγRIIIa-binding antibodies, in plasma from two-dose BNT162b2-vaccine recipients and mild-COVID-19 convalescent subjects obtained during the first wave using a custom-designed bead-based 39-plex array. IgG-recognition and FcγR-binding antibodies were decreased against the RBD of Beta and Omicron, as well as point mutation G446S, found in several Omicron sub-variants as compared to wild type. Notably, while there was a profound decrease in ACE2 inhibition against Omicron, FcγR-binding antibodies were less affected, suggesting that Fc functional antibody responses may be better retained against the RBD of Omicron in comparison to neutralization. Furthermore, while measurement of RBD-ACE2-binding affinity via biolayer interferometry showed that all VOC RBDs have enhanced affinity to human ACE2, we demonstrate that human ACE2 polymorphisms, E35K (rs1348114695) has reduced affinity to VOCs, while K26R (rs4646116) and S19P (rs73635825) have increased binding kinetics to the RBD of VOCs, potentially affecting virus-host interaction and, thereby, host susceptibility. Collectively, our findings provide in-depth coverage of the impact of RBD mutations on key facets of host-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebene R Haycroft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Samantha K Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Pradhipa Ramanathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Ester Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Ruth A Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Li Lynn Tan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Phillip Pymm
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Samuel J Redmond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin John Selva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
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McNamara RP. Catalytic spike antibodies: A new paradigm in neutralization. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:701-702. [PMID: 37478826 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
In this issue, McConnell et al.10 demonstrate that COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP)-derived antibodies can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 by proteolytically cleaving the spike protein. The CCP antibody-mediated catalysis has broader implications beyond COVID-19 and can be applicable in understanding the mechanism of antibody-based neutralization of different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P McNamara
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Purcell RA, Theisen RM, Arnold KB, Chung AW, Selva KJ. Polyfunctional antibodies: a path towards precision vaccines for vulnerable populations. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183727. [PMID: 37600816 PMCID: PMC10433199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy determined within the controlled environment of a clinical trial is usually substantially greater than real-world vaccine effectiveness. Typically, this results from reduced protection of immunologically vulnerable populations, such as children, elderly individuals and people with chronic comorbidities. Consequently, these high-risk groups are frequently recommended tailored immunisation schedules to boost responses. In addition, diverse groups of healthy adults may also be variably protected by the same vaccine regimen. Current population-based vaccination strategies that consider basic clinical parameters offer a glimpse into what may be achievable if more nuanced aspects of the immune response are considered in vaccine design. To date, vaccine development has been largely empirical. However, next-generation approaches require more rational strategies. We foresee a generation of precision vaccines that consider the mechanistic basis of vaccine response variations associated with both immunogenetic and baseline health differences. Recent efforts have highlighted the importance of balanced and diverse extra-neutralising antibody functions for vaccine-induced protection. However, in immunologically vulnerable populations, significant modulation of polyfunctional antibody responses that mediate both neutralisation and effector functions has been observed. Here, we review the current understanding of key genetic and inflammatory modulators of antibody polyfunctionality that affect vaccination outcomes and consider how this knowledge may be harnessed to tailor vaccine design for improved public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert M. Theisen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kelly B. Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Selva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Fox JM, Roy V, Gunn BM, Bolton GR, Fremont DH, Alter G, Diamond MS, Boesch AW. Enhancing the therapeutic activity of hyperimmune IgG against chikungunya virus using FcγRIIIa affinity chromatography. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1153108. [PMID: 37251375 PMCID: PMC10213286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1153108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito transmitted alphavirus of global concern. Neutralizing antibodies and antibody Fc-effector functions have been shown to reduce CHIKV disease and infection in animals. However, the ability to improve the therapeutic activity of CHIKV-specific polyclonal IgG by enhancing Fc-effector functions through modulation of IgG subclass and glycoforms remains unknown. Here, we evaluated the protective efficacy of CHIKV-immune IgG enriched for binding to Fc-gamma receptor IIIa (FcγRIIIa) to select for IgG with enhanced Fc effector functions. Methods Total IgG was isolated from CHIKV-immune convalescent donors with and without additional purification by FcγRIIIa affinity chromatography. The enriched IgG was characterized in biophysical and biological assays and assessed for therapeutic efficacy during CHIKV infection in mice. Results FcγRIIIa-column purification enriched for afucosylated IgG glycoforms. In vitro characterization showed the enriched CHIKV-immune IgG had enhanced human FcγRIIIa and mouse FcγRIV affinity and FcγR-mediated effector function without reducing virus neutralization in cellular assays. When administered as post-exposure therapy in mice, CHIKV-immune IgG enriched in afucosylated glycoforms promoted reduction in viral load. Discussion Our study provides evidence that, in mice, increasing Fc engagement of FcγRs on effector cells, by leveraging FcγRIIIa-affinity chromatography, enhanced the antiviral activity of CHIKV-immune IgG and reveals a path to produce more effective therapeutics against these and potentially other emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Bronwyn M. Gunn
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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