Ageing and atherosclerosis: vascular intrinsic and extrinsic factors and potential role of IL-6

The Role and Molecular Pathways of SIRT6 in Senescence and Age-related Diseases

SIRT6 is a NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase with crucial roles in controlling DNA damage repair, telomere homeostasis, oxidative stress, autophagy, and other cellular processes, and it has long been recognized as a longevity-associated protein. This review details its anti-aging-related mechanisms. First, SIRT6 facilitates DNA repair pathways and maintains genome stability by deacetylating histone H3 at K56, K9, and K18 residues, in addition to participating in DNA damage repair through mono-ADP-ribosylation and other mechanisms. Second, SIRT6 preserves telomere integrity and mitigates cellular senescence by reducing oxidative stress-induced damage through the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibition of inflammation, and other pathways. Furthermore, SIRT6 promotes autophagy, slowing cellular senescence via the modulation of various signaling pathways, including AMPK, IGF-Akt-mTOR, H133Y, IL-1β, and mitochondrial autophagy-related proteins. Finally, SIRT6 regulates multiple signaling pathways, such asNF-κB, FOXO, and AMPK, to counteract the aging process. This review particularly delves into the interplay between SIRT6 and various diseases, including tumors, cardiovascular diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis, heart failure), metabolic diseases (e.g., type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, gluconeogenesis, osteoporosis), and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease). Moreover, recent advancements in SIRT6-regulated compounds (e.g., C3G, BZBS, Fisetin, FNDC5, Lycorine hydrochloride, and Ergothioneine) are discussed as potential therapeutic agents for these mediated diseases.

Berberine Inhibited SASP-Related Inflammation through RXR[Formula: see text]/PPAR[Formula: see text]/NEDD4 Pathway in Atherosclerosis

The accumulation of aging cells significantly contributes to chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. Human carotid artery single-cell sequencing has shown that large numbers of aging foam cells are present in the plaques of human patients. Berberine (BBR) has been shown to inhibit cell senescence, however, the mechanisms involved in its treatment of atherosclerotic senescence have not yet been determined. Changes in plaque morphology and blood chemistry were observed in ApoE[Formula: see text] mice fed with a high-fat diet before and after BBR treatment. Inflammatory proteins linked to the senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASP) were detected in RAW264.7 and peritoneal macrophage-derived foam cells. Smart-seq analysis was used to explore the pathways associated with BBR therapy for atherosclerosis. Finally, the effect of lentivirus-mediated knockdown of RXR[Formula: see text] in macrophages in plaques on atherosclerosis treatment with BBR was determined. We found that BBR reduced inflammation linked to SASP in atherosclerosis through the RXR[Formula: see text]/PPAR[Formula: see text]/NEDD4 signaling pathway. BBR increased GATA4 binding to p62, promoted ubiquitination, and inhibited SASP-associated protein production in RAW264.7 and peritoneal macrophage-derived foam cells. Mechanistically, according to the Smart-seq results, BBR activated RXR[Formula: see text] and PPAR[Formula: see text], synergistically increased NEDD4 transcription levels, and promoted ubiquitination-mediated degradation of the GATA4/p62 complex. Additionally, the anti-aging impact of BBR on atherosclerosis was negated when macrophage-specific RXR[Formula: see text] was knocked down using lentivirus (pLVCD68-shRNA RXR[Formula: see text]) in ApoE[Formula: see text] mice. BBR activated PPAR[Formula: see text] through RXR[Formula: see text]-PPAR[Formula: see text] immune complex in macrophage-derived foam cells, increased NEDD4 transcriptional activity, promoted ubiquitination of GATA4-p62 complex, and inhibited SASP-related inflammation. These findings suggest the potential of BBR as a novel approach to addressing SASP-associated inflammation in atherosclerosis.

Construction of an Interpretable Model of the Risk of Post-Traumatic Brain Infarction Based on Machine Learning Algorithms: A Retrospective Study

Background

Post-traumatic cerebral infarction (PTCI) is a severe complication resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI), which can lead to permanent neurological damage or death. The investigation of the factors associated with PTCI and the establishment of predictive models are crucial for clinical practice.

Methods

We made a retrospective analysis of clinical data from 1484 TBI patients admitted to the Neurosurgery Department of a provincial hospital from January 2018 to December 2023. Predictive factors were identified using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and multivariable logistic regression analysis. Several machine learning (ML) classification models were developed and compared. The interpretations of the ML models' predictions were provided by SHAP values.

Results

Key predictors included age, bilateral brain contusions, platelet count, uric acid, glucose, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, and surgical treatment. The logistic regression (LR) model outperformed other ML algorithms, demonstrating superior performance in the test set with an AUC of 0.821, accuracy of 0.845, Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.264, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.711, precision of 0.56, and specificity of 0.971. It had stable performance in the ten-fold cross-validation.

Conclusion

ML algorithms, integrating demographic and clinical factors, accurately predicted the risk of PTCI occurrence. Interpretations using the SHAP method offer guidance for personalized treatment of different patients, filling gaps between complex clinical data and actionable insights.

Elucidating emerging signaling pathways driving endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular aging

The risk for developing cardiovascular diseases dramatically increases in older individuals, and aging vasculature plays a crucial role in determining their morbidity and mortality. Aging disrupts endothelial balance between vasodilators and vasoconstrictors, impairing function and promoting pathological vascular remodeling. In this Review, we discuss the impact of key and emerging molecular pathways that transduce aberrant inflammatory signals (i.e., chronic low-grade inflammation-inflammaging), oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in aging vascular compartment. We focus on the interplay between these events, which contribute to generating a vicious cycle driving the progressive alterations in vascular structure and function during cardiovascular aging. We also discuss the primary role of senescent endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, and the potential link between vascular and myeloid cells, in impairing plaque stability and promoting the progression of atherosclerosis. The aim of this summary is to provide potential novel insights into targeting these processes for therapeutic benefit.

Haematometabolism rewiring in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are the most frequent cause of death worldwide. The clinical complications of atherosclerosis are closely linked to the haematopoietic and immune systems, which maintain homeostatic functions and vital processes in the body. The nodes linking metabolism and inflammation are receiving increasing attention because they are inextricably linked to inflammatory manifestations of non-communicable diseases, including atherosclerosis. Although metabolism and inflammation are essential to survival and involve all tissues, we still know little about how these processes influence each other. In an effort to understand these mechanisms, in this Review we explore whether and how potent cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic modifiers of atherosclerosis influence the molecular and cellular machinery of 'haematometabolism' (metabolic-dependent haematopoietic stem cell skewing) and 'efferotabolism' (metabolic-dependent efferocyte reprogramming). These changes might ultimately propagate a quantitative and qualitative drift of the macrophage supply chain and affect the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. Refining our understanding of the different metabolic requirements of these processes could open the possibility of developing therapeutics targeting haematometabolism that, in conjunction with improved dietary habits, help rebalance and promote efficient haematopoiesis and efferocytosis and decrease the risk of atherosclerosis complications.

Biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis: A comprehensive review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, autoimmune condition that primarily affects the joints and periarticular soft tissues. In the past two decades, the discovery of new biomarkers has contributed to advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis and natural history of RA. These biomarkers, including genetic, clinical, serological and imaging biomarkers, play a key role in the different stages and aspects of RA, from the so called 'pre-clinical RA', which is characterized by subclinical pathological events, such as autoimmunity and inflammation, to diagnosis (including differential diagnosis), treatment decision making and disease monitoring.This review will provide an overview on the current role of traditional and newer biomarkers in the main aspects of RA management, from the identification of individuals 'at-risk' of RA who are likely to progress to clinically evident disease, to 'early' diagnosis of RA, prognosis, precision medicine, and prediction of response to treatment.

The mediating effect of TyG and its derived indices in the association between OSAHS and atherosclerosis in patients with T2DM

OBJECTIVE

Triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) and its derived indices which better reflect metabolic disturbances on atherosclerosis has not been reliably compared in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Besides, obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS), a driver of atherosclerosis (AS), can exacerbate metabolic disturbances strongly. The aim of this study is to explore the mediating effect of glycolipid metabolism on the association between OSAHS and arterial stiffness in T2DM patients.

METHODS

154 T2DM patients were involved in this study and were split into two groups: T2DM and T2DM + AS. Logistic regression analysis determined the accurate effects of different factors on the AS of T2DM patients. The capacity of TyG and the indices it derives to predict AS was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Mediation analysis was employed to investigate the mediating effect of TyG and its derived indices on the association between OSAHS and arterial stiffness in T2DM patients.

RESULTS

OSAHS, TyG, and its derived indices were independent risk factors for AS in T2DM patients. Stratified by age, the hazardous effects of TyG and its derived indices remained significant in T2DM patients aged ≥ 50 years, but not in those aged < 50 years. In T2DM patients aged ≥ 50 years, the novel indices have a high predictive value for AS, with TyG-BMI exhibiting the largest AUC(AUC:0.788;95% CI:0.647 ∼ 0.928; P < 0.001). The mediation analysis results indicated that in T2DM patients aged ≥ 50 years, TyG, TyG-BMI, TyG-WC, and TyG-WHtR acted as potential mediators in the association between OSAHS and AS, with mediation effects of 33.42%, 48.2%, 37.7%, and 40.21%, respectively. However, there was no significant mediating effect observed in the younger patients.

CONCLUSION

TyG and its derived indices are strongly correlated with AS in T2DM patients, of which TyG-BMI has the best predictive performance. Besides, OSAHS partially exerts its atherogenic effect through glucolipid metabolism disorder in the T2DM population aged ≥ 50 years, while it mainly exerts a direct atherogenic effect in patients aged < 50 years.

Intracranial atherosclerotic disease and neurodegeneration: a narrative review and plausible mechanisms

INTRODUCTION

Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) of the large cerebral arteries, a leading cause of stroke worldwide, is increasingly implicated in cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration among the general population; however, the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms in this relationship remain unknown.

METHODS

In this narrative review, we aim to provide an overview of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of ICAD, the evidence that relates ICAD to neurodegeneration, putative mechanisms, and future research directions. We synthesized available evidence on PubMed up to August 2024.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

ICAD, a common cause of stroke, is characterized as a chronic, inflammatory, fibroproliferative disease of the cerebral large arteries. Numerous lines of evidence have related ICAD to clinical, neuroimaging, and pathology-based markers of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease; however, little data exists on plausible pathophysiological links. Based on ongoing and adjacent work, we hypothesize hypoperfusion, arterial stiffness, and inflammation to play a role, but further research is needed. Conventional classification of ICAD often infers from symptomatic coronary artery disease and relies on degree of luminal stenosis, but unique anatomic features of the intracranial circulation may be relevant and a more comprehensive description that includes arterial wall features and plaque morphology may be needed to fully understand its relationship with cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration.

Incidence trends and specific risk factors of ischemic heart disease and stroke: An ecological analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease 2019

Distribution of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases has been changing globally, which may account for the discrepant temporal trends of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke. To test the hypothesis and identify potential contributing factors, we designed an ecological study based on the GDB-2019 data and extracted age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) of IHD and stroke, and summary exposure values (SEVs) of 87 attributable factors. A declining trend was observed for ASIRs of stroke (globally from 181.4 to 150.8/100,000 during 1990 and 2019, with an average annual percentage change of -0.64%) and IHD (globally from 316.4 to 262.4/100,000, with an average annual percentage change of -0.67%). However, the ASIR of IHD increased in Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa, Western Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia, Central Asia, and Oceania, particularly in Uzbekistan and other 55 countries experiencing rapid socioeconomic translation. Eight factors, i.e. diet high in trans-fatty acids, diet low in calcium, high body-mass index, household air pollution from solid fuels, non-exclusive breastfeeding, occupational ergonomic factors, Vitamin A deficiency, and occupational exposure to particulate matter, gases, and fumes, were reversely associated with the ASIR of IHD and stroke at the country level. Ecological trend analysis also illustrated significant reverse associations of the factors with the ASIRs of IHD and stroke in in Western Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia, and Oceania, but consistent associations in countries classified by the World Bank income levels. The results indicate the contributions of altered exposures to the eight factors in the discrepant trends of IHD and stroke across regions and countries, and suggest the determinant role of socioeconomic development in covariant of the risk factors with the incidences of IHD and stroke.

Predictive factors for multivessel disease in patients with acute coronary syndrome: analysis from the CCC-ACS project in China

BACKGROUND

Multivessel disease(MVD) is linked to a poorer prognosis, increased complications, longer hospital stays, and higher in-hospital mortality when compared to single-vessel disease(SVD).The purpose of this study is to explore the clinically relevant predictors of acute cornary syndrome (ACS) combined with MVD.

METHODS

This multicenter retrospective study included 68,378 ACS patients from 240 hospitals.The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed with univariate and multivariate analyses to identify the predictive factors for MVD.

RESULTS

When compared to SVD group, the MVD group showed a higher incidence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events(MACCEs), including all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, and ischemic stroke during hospitalization, These differences were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05) .The multivariate analysis revealed that age over 75 years (OR: 1.246, 95% CI: 1.176, 1.319), LDL/HDL ratio > 1.98 (OR: 1.245, 95% CI: 1.192, 1.302), history of heart failure (OR: 1.446, 95% CI: 1.143, 1.829), hypertension (OR: 1.274, 95% CI: 1.225, 1.325), diabetes (OR: 1.341, 95% CI: 1.278, 1.406), eGFRs < 60 ml/min·1.73m2 (OR: 1.179, 95% CI: 1.112, 1.249), family history of CAD (OR: 1.236, 95% CI: 1.108, 1.379), and high homocysteine levels (OR: 1.209, 95% CI: 1.029, 1.420) are independent predictors of MVD. The incidence of multivessel disease increased from 37.7 to 58.6% with an increase in the number of predictive factors, while the incidence of single vessel disease decreased from 62.3 to 41.4%. This trend was statistically significant (P trend < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

MVD is strongly correlated with a range of risk factors including diabetes, hypertension, LDL/HDL ratio greater than 1.98, hyperhomocysteinemia, family history of CAD, reduced glomerular filtration rate (< 60 ml/(min·1.73m2), age over 75 years, and a history of heart failure. Furthermore, as the number of predictive factors increases, the odds ratio (OR) for patients with MVD also increases, reaching 2.344 times the OR for patients without any predictive factors.

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET-MR characterization of aortic inflammation in ApoE-/- mouse models of accelerated atherosclerosis: comparison of Western diet vs. uremia

ApoE-/- mice are a widely used preclinical model of atherosclerosis, potentially accelerated by a Western diet (WD) or uremia. We aimed to compare hybrid 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance (PET-MR) and immunostaining in ApoE-/- models of accelerated atherosclerosis. Five groups were studied: standard diet-fed ApoE-/- (n = 7), standard diet-fed and uremic ApoE-/- (n = 7), WD ApoE-/- (n = 7), WD and uremic ApoE-/- (n = 6), and control C57BL/6J mice (n = 6). Uremia was induced by electrocoagulation of the right kidney at 8 weeks old, followed 2 weeks later by a contralateral nephrectomy. 18F-FDG PET-MR imaging and histological staining (anti-CD4, -CD8, -CD11c, -CD20, -CD31, -CD68, -CD163, -interferon-γ, interleukin-1α, -1β, -6, -17 A antibodies) were performed in 18-week-old mice, i.e., 8 weeks after 5/6 nephrectomy and/or WD. 18F-FDG uptake was similar in all groups. In contrast, histological staining highlighted higher percentages of CD8-, CD68-, or CD11c-positive cells in ApoE-/- aortic samples than in wild-type aortic samples. In addition, immunostaining revealed some differences between ApoE-/- mouse groups. Only the WD seemed to contribute to these differences. Using immunostaining, WD appeared to be a stronger accelerator of atherosclerosis than uremia. However, 18F-FDG PET-MR imaging failed to demonstrate in vivo increased aortic glucose uptake in these models.

Senoinflammation as the underlying mechanism of aging and its modulation by calorie restriction

Senoinflammation is characterized by an unresolved low-grade inflammatory process that affects multiple organs and systemic functions. This review begins with a brief overview of the fundamental concepts and frameworks of senoinflammation. It is widely involved in the aging of various organs and ultimately leads to progressive systemic degeneration. Senoinflammation underlying age-related inflammation, is causally related to metabolic dysregulation and the formation of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) during aging and age-related diseases. This review discusses the biochemical evidence and molecular biology data supporting the concept of senoinflammation and its regulatory processes, highlighting the anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects of calorie restriction (CR). Experimental data from CR studies demonstrated effective suppression of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, lipid accumulation, and SASP during aging. In conclusion, senoinflammation represents the basic mechanism that creates a microenvironment conducive to aging and age-related diseases. Furthermore, it serves as a potential therapeutic target for mitigating aging and age-related diseases.

Targeting mitochondria by lipid-selenium conjugate drug results in malate/fumarate exhaustion and induces mitophagy-mediated necroptosis suppression

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic vascular disease primarily affecting large and medium-sized arteries and involves various complex pathological mechanisms and factors. Previous studies have demonstrated a close association between atherosclerosis and inflammatory damage, metabolic disorders, and gut microbiota. It is also closely linked to several cellular processes, such as endothelial cell pyroptosis, ferroptosis, mitophagy, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Mitophagy has been recognized as a previously unexplored mechanism contributing to endothelial injury in atherosclerosis. Our study aims to further elucidate the potential relationship and mechanisms between AS-induced mitophagy dysfunction and the interaction of TMBIM6 and NDUFS4. Data from the study demonstrated that atherosclerosis in AS mice was associated with substantial activation of inflammatory and oxidative stress damage, along with a marked reduction in endothelial mitophagy expression and increased pathological mitochondrial fission, leading to mitochondrial homeostasis disruption. However, under pharmacological intervention, mitophagy levels significantly increased, pathological mitochondrial fission was notably reduced, and oxidative stress and inflammatory damage were suppressed, while necroptotic pathways in endothelial cells were significantly blocked. Interestingly, the deletion of TMBIM6 or NDUFS4 in animal models or cell lines markedly impaired the therapeutic effects of the drug, disrupting its regulation of mitophagy and mitochondrial fission, and leading to the re-emergence of inflammatory responses and oxidative stress damage. Metabolomics analysis further revealed that autophagy plays a pivotal regulatory role during drug intervention and after genetic modification of TMBIM6 and NDUFS4. The activation of autophagy (macroautophagy/mitophagy) alleviated the negative effects of mitochondrial fission and inflammatory damage induced by lipid stress in endothelial cells, a regulatory mechanism likely associated with the TMBIM6-NDUFS4 axis. Subsequent animal gene modification experiments demonstrated that knocking out TMBIM6-NDUFS4 negates the therapeutic effects of the drug on lipid-induced damage and metabolic function. In summary, our research reveals a phenotypic regulatory mechanism of endothelial cell stress damage through mitophagy, influenced by the interaction of TMBIM6 and NDUFS4. Pharmacological intervention can restore mitochondrial homeostasis in endothelial cells by regulating mitophagy via the TMBIM6-NDUFS4 pathway. This novel insight suggests that TMBIM6-NDUFS4 may serve as a key therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.

Omics research in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by lipid deposition within the arterial intima, as well as fibrous tissue proliferation and calcification. AS has long been recognized as one of the primary pathological foundations of cardiovascular diseases in humans. Its pathogenesis is intricate and not yet fully elucidated. Studies have shown that AS is associated with oxidative stress, inflammatory response, lipid deposition, and changes in cell phenotype. Unfortunately, there is currently no effective prevention or targeted treatment for AS. The rapid advancement of omics technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, has opened up novel avenues to elucidate the fundamental pathophysiology and associated mechanisms of AS. Here, we review articles published over the past decade and focus on the current status, challenges, limitations, and prospects of omics in AS research and clinical practice. Emphasizing potential targets based on omics technologies will improve our understanding of this pathological condition and assist in the development of potential therapeutic approaches for AS-related diseases.

Association between premature vascular smooth muscle cells senescence and vascular inflammation in Takayasu's arteritis

OBJECTIVES

Arterial wall inflammation and remodelling are the characteristic features of Takayasu's arteritis (TAK). It has been proposed that vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the main targeted cells of inflammatory damage and participate in arterial remodelling in TAK. Whether VSMCs are actively involved in arterial wall inflammation has not been elucidated. Studies have shown that cellular senescence in tissue is closely related to local inflammation persistence. We aimed to investigate whether VSMCs senescence contributes to vascular inflammation and the prosenescent factors in TAK.

METHODS

VSMCs senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype were detected by histological examination, bulk RNA-Seq and single-cell RNA-seq conducted on vascular surgery samples of TAK patients. The key prosenescent factors and the downstream signalling pathway were investigated in a series of in vitro and ex vivo experiments.

RESULTS

Histological findings, primary cell culture and transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that VSMCs of TAK patients had the features of premature senescence and contributed substantially to vascular inflammation by upregulating the expression of senescence-associated inflammatory cytokines. IL-6 was found to be the critical cytokine that drove VSMCs senescence and senescence-associated mitochondrial dysfunction in TAK. Mechanistically, IL-6-induced non-canonical mitochondrial localisation of phosphorylated STAT3 (Tyr705) prevented mitofusin 2 (MFN2) from proteasomal degradation, and subsequently promoted senescence-associated mitochondrial dysfunction and VSMCs senescence. Mitochondrial STAT3 or MFN2 inhibition ameliorated VSMCs senescence in ex vivo cultured arteries of TAK patients.

CONCLUSIONS

VSMCs present features of cellular senescence and are actively involved in vascular inflammation in TAK. Vascular IL-6-mitochondrial STAT3-MFN2 signalling is an important driver of VSMCs senescence.

Impact of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein on metabolic syndrome in an elderly population: Findings from a hospital-based cross-sectional study in J&K, India

Background

Due to affluent lifestyles, primary care physicians are concerned about metabolic syndrome (MetS). Inflammation and insulin resistance are caused by extra adipose tissue. Our study seeks to evaluate, taking into account numerous variables, the relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels and MetS in adults aged 50+ in Northern Kashmir, India.

Materials and Methods

In Northern Kashmir, India, a hospital-based cross-sectional study looked into the relationship between hsCRP and MetS in people over 50. The recruitment process included people looking for basic healthcare services. Utilising modified NCEP-ATP III criteria, MetS was established. The association between MetS and hsCRP levels was evaluated statistically while taking into account various variables.

Results

The waist circumference, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and dyslipidemia were all greater in those with MetS. While demonstrating decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), they also showed higher levels of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and fasting plasma glucose. A study of correlations revealed a substantial inverse relationship between hsCRP and HDL-C. Elevated hsCRP levels were found to be substantially linked with MetS by the use of logistic regression, along with obesity, uric acid levels, hypertension, DM, and dyslipidemia. These results underline how crucial it is to keep an eye on these variables in order to recognize and treat MetS as soon as possible.

Conclusion

Among this investigation, we found strong evidence that high- hsCRP, an independent risk factor for MetS, was present among middle-aged and elderly residents of the northern Kashmir region of India.

Long non-coding RNA FKSG29 regulates oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea

Altered expressions of pro-/anti-oxidant genes are known to regulate the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).We aim to explore the role of a novel long non-coding (lnc) RNA FKSG29 in the development of intermittent hypoxia with re-oxygenation (IHR)-induced endothelial dysfunction in OSA. Gene expression levels of key pro-/anti-oxidant genes, vasoactive genes, and the FKSG29 were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 12 subjects with primary snoring (PS) and 36 OSA patients. Human monocytic THP-1 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were used for gene knockout and double luciferase under IHR exposure. Gene expression levels of the FKSG29 lncRNA, NOX2, NOX5, and VEGFA genes were increased in OSA patients versus PS subjects, while SOD2 and VEGFB gene expressions were decreased. Subgroup analysis showed that gene expression of the miR-23a-3p, an endogenous competitive microRNA of the FKSG29, was decreased in sleep-disordered breathing patients with hypertension versus those without hypertension. In vitro IHR experiments showed that knock-down of the FKSG29 reversed IHR-induced ROS overt production, early apoptosis, up-regulations of the HIF1A/HIF2A/NOX2/NOX4/NOX5/VEGFA/VEGFB genes, and down-regulations of the VEGFB/SOD2 genes, while the protective effects of FKSG29 knock-down were abolished by miR-23a-3p knock-down. Dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed that FKSG29 was a sponge of miR-23a-3p, which regulated IL6R directly. Immunofluorescence stain further demonstrated that FKSGH29 knock-down decreased IHR-induced uptake of oxidized low density lipoprotein and reversed IHR-induced IL6R/STAT3/GATA6/ICAM1/VCAM1 up-regulations. The findings indicate that the combined RNA interference may be a novel therapy for OSA-related endothelial dysfunction via regulating pro-/anti-oxidant imbalance or targeting miR-23a-IL6R-ICAM1/VCAM1 signaling.

Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for ferroptosis and cuproptosis in ischemic stroke

Ischemic stroke, as one of the most severe and prevalent neurological disorders, poses a significant threat to the health and quality of life of affected individuals. Stemming from the obstruction of blood flow, ischemic stroke, leads to cerebral tissue hypoxia and ischemia, instigating a cascade of pathophysiological changes that markedly exacerbate neuronal damage and may even culminate in cell death. In recent years, emerging research has increasingly focused on novel cell death mechanisms such as ferroptosis and cuproptosis. Mounting evidence underscores the independent roles of ferroptosis and cuproptosis in ischemic stroke. This review aims to elucidate potential cross-regulatory mechanisms between ferroptosis and cuproptosis, exploring their regulatory roles in ischemic stroke. The objective is to provide targeted therapeutic intervention strategies.

AQP1 differentially orchestrates endothelial cell senescence

Accumulation of senescent endothelial cells (ECs) with age is a pivotal driver of cardiovascular diseases in aging. However, little is known about the mechanisms and signaling pathways that regulate EC senescence. In this report, we delineate a previously unrecognized role of aquaporin 1 (AQP1) in orchestrating extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cellular senescence in aortic ECs. Our findings underscore AQP1's differential impact on senescence hallmarks, including cell-cycle arrest, senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and DNA damage responses, intricately regulating angiogenesis. In proliferating ECs, AQP1 is crucial for maintaining angiogenic capacity, whereas disruption of AQP1 induces morphological and mitochondrial alterations, culminating in senescence and impaired angiogenesis. Conversely, Aqp1 knockdown or selective blockade of AQP1 in senescent ECs rescues the excess H2O2-induced cellular senescence phenotype and metabolic dysfunction, thereby ameliorating intrinsic angiogenic incompetence. Mechanistically, AQP1 facilitates H2O2 transmembrane transport, exacerbating oxidant-sensitive kinases CaMKII-AMPK. This process suppresses HDAC4 translocation, consequently de-repressing Mef2A-eNOS signaling in proliferating ECs. However, in senescent ECs, AQP1 overexpression is linked to preserved HDAC4-Mef2A complex and downregulation of eNOS signaling. Together, our studies identify AQP1 as a novel epigenetic regulator of HDAC4-Mef2A-dependent EC senescence and angiogenic potential, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for antagonizing age-related cardiovascular diseases.

Exploring the relationship between hemodynamics and the immune microenvironment in carotid atherosclerosis: Insights from CFD and CyTOF technologies

Carotid atherosclerosis is a major cause of stroke. Hemodynamic forces, such as shear stress and oscillatory shear, play an important role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. The alteration of the immune microenvironment is the fundamental pathological mechanism by which diverse external environmental factors impact the formation and progression of plaques. However, Current research on the relationship between hemodynamics and immunity in atherosclerosis still lack of comprehensive understanding. In this study, we combined computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and Mass cytometry (CyTOF) technologies to explore the changes in the immune microenvironment within plaques under different hemodynamic conditions. Our results indicated that neutrophils were enriched in adverse flow environments. M2-like CD163+CD86+ macrophages were predominantly enriched in high WSS and low OSI environments, while CD163-CD14+ macrophages were enriched in low WSS and high OSI environments. Functional analysis further revealed T cell pro-inflammatory activation and dysregulation in modulation, along with an imbalance in M1-like/M2-like macrophages, suggesting their potential involvement in the progression of atherosclerotic lesions mediated by adverse flow patterns. Our study elucidated the potential mechanisms by which hemodynamics regulated the immune microenvironment within plaques, providing intervention targets for future precision therapies.

Role of macrophage polarization in periodontitis promoting atherosclerosis

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory destructive disease occurring in periodontal supporting tissues. Atherosclerosis(AS) is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases. Periodontitis can promote the development and progression of AS. Macrophage polarization is closely related to the development and progression of the above two diseases, respectively. The purpose of this animal study was to evaluate the effect of periodontitis on aortic lesions in atherosclerotic mice and the role of macrophage polarization in this process. 45 ApoE-/-male mice were randomly divided into three groups: control (NC), atherosclerosis (AS), and atherosclerosis with periodontitis (AS + PD). Micro CT, serological testing and pathological testing(hematoxylin-eosin staining, oil red O staining and Masson staining) were used for Evaluate the modeling situation. Immunohistochemistry(IHC) and immunofluorescence(IF) were performed to evaluate macrophage content and macrophage polarization in plaques. Cytokines associated with macrophage polarization were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(Elisa). The expression of macrophages in plaques was sequentially elevated in the NC, AS, and AS + PD groups(P < 0.001). The expression of M1 and M1-related cytokines showed the same trend(P < 0.05). The expression of M2 and M2-related cytokines showed the opposite trend(P < 0.05). The rate of M1/M2 showed that AS + PD > AS > NC. Our preliminary data support that experimental periodontitis can increase the content of macrophage in aortic plaques to exacerbate AS. Meanwhile, experimental periodontitis can increase M1 macrophages, and decrease M2 macrophages, increasing M1/M2 in the plaque.

Inflammatory Biomarkers and Tinnitus in Older Adults

BACKGROUND

Tinnitus refers to a common disorder affecting older adults frequently. This condition can disturb mental health and psychological well-being and contribute to cognitive decline. Despite recent advances in research, its pathophysiology remains incompletely understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the sensation of tinnitus, its consequences on the quality of life of older adults, and its correlation with cytokine levels.

METHODS AND MATERIAL

This cross-sectional study included a sample of 103 independent older adults. Information regarding clinical history, tinnitus, and hearing loss was obtained through interviews. Assessment of tinnitus intensity and resulting impairments was conducted using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Tinnitus Handicap Index (THI), respectively. Subjects underwent audiological evaluation and were measured for inflammatory markers. Statistical analyses included chi-square, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests and calculation of the effect size (Φ).

RESULTS

The condition of older adults with tinnitus (51.5%) was associated with hearing loss and previous noise exposure. No differences were observed in the cytokines between groups with and without tinnitus (P > 0.05), whereas a difference was found in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) of the male group (P = 0.016; r = 0.69). In those with tinnitus, VAS had a median and (interquartile range) of 5 (2-7), and the values were 21 (10-38) for THI. In addition, VAS and minimum masking level exhibited a significant correlation with IL-6 (P = 0.018; rs = 0.335) and IL-2 (P = 0.035; rs = 0.299), respectively. Furthermore, the groups with intense and mild VAS presented different levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (P = 0.041; E2R = 0.12).

CONCLUSION

The results reveal an association between tinnitus and hearing loss and previous noise exposure. Moreover, increased sound-masking levels and VAS correlated with IL-2 and IL-6, respectively. TNF-α levels varied between the mild and intense VAS groups.

Age-Related Effects of Olive Oil Polyphenol Ingestion on Oxidation of Low-Density Lipoprotein in Healthy Japanese Men: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Crossover Trial

BACKGROUND

The function of olive oil polyphenols in suppressing the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is well-known in Europeans. However, it remains unclear whether olive oil polyphenols exert antioxidant effects in Japanese people.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to determine whether the ingestion of olive oil polyphenols suppresses LDL oxidation in the Japanese population and whether this effect depends on age.

METHODS

This randomized controlled double-blind crossover trial with a 2-week washout enrolled 80 healthy Japanese men aged 35-64 years. Participants ingested either 14 g of extra virgin olive oil containing 5.0 mg of olive oil polyphenols (test food) or 14 g of refined olive oil containing 0.3 mg of olive oil polyphenols (control food) for 3 weeks. The primary outcome was oxidized LDL (malondialdehyde-modified LDL; MDA-LDL). Subgroup analyses based on age (35-50 and 51-64 years) were also performed.

RESULTS

In all of the participants (35-64 years), there were no significant differences in MDA-LDL between the control and test groups. However, in the 35-50 years subgroup, ingestion of olive oil polyphenols led to a significantly larger reduction in MDA-LDL as compared with the control group (p < 0.025).

CONCLUSIONS

The significantly lower dietary total polyphenol intake of the 35-50 years subgroup compared to the 51-64 years subgroup suggests that the suppressive function of olive oil polyphenol intake on LDL oxidation in Japanese men is influenced by dietary habits and is more clearly demonstrated in the younger age population with a relatively low total polyphenol intake.

Exposure of cumulative atherogenic index of plasma and the development of prediabetes in middle-aged and elderly individuals: evidence from the CHARLS cohort study

BACKGROUND

The impact of dynamic changes in the degree of atherosclerosis on the development of prediabetes remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the association between cumulative atherogenic index of plasma (CumAIP) exposure during follow-up and the development of prediabetes in middle-aged and elderly individuals.

METHODS

A total of 2,939 prediabetic participants from the first wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were included. The outcomes for these patients, including progression to diabetes and regression to normal fasting glucose (NFG), were determined using data from the third wave. CumAIP was calculated as the ratio of the average AIP values measured during the first and third waves to the total exposure duration. The association between CumAIP and the development of prediabetes was analyzed using multivariable Cox regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up period of 3 years, 15.21% of prediabetic patients progressed to diabetes, and 22.12% regressed to NFG. Among the groups categorized by CumAIP quartiles, the proportion of prediabetes progressing to diabetes gradually increased (Q1: 10.61%, Q2: 13.62%, Q3: 15.65%, Q4: 20.95%), while the proportion regressing to NFG gradually decreased (Q1: 23.54%, Q2: 23.71%, Q3: 22.18%, Q4: 19.05%). Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression showed a significant positive linear correlation between high CumAIP exposure and prediabetes progression, and a significant negative linear correlation with prediabetes regression. Furthermore, in a stratified analysis, it was found that compared to married individuals, those who were unmarried (including separated, divorced, widowed, or never married) had a relatively higher risk of CumAIP-related diabetes.

CONCLUSION

CumAIP is closely associated with the development of prediabetes. High CumAIP exposure not only increases the risk of prediabetes progression but also hinders its regression within a certain range. These findings suggest that monitoring and maintaining appropriate AIP levels may help prevent the deterioration of blood glucose levels.

TAX1BP1/A20 inhibited TLR2-NF-κB activation to induce tolerant expression of IL-6 in endothelial cells

The inflammatory cascadedriven by interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of chronic inflammatory conditions such as atherosclerosis. Research has demonstrated that prolonged exposure to inflammatory stimuli leads to the development of "immune tolerance" in specialized immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages, serving as a mechanism to prevent tissue damage and curb the inflammatory cascade. However, our recent investigation revealed that immune tolerance did not effectively regulate the production of IL-6 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) when stimulated by a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand Pam3CSK4, which is a potent activator of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. Furthermore, the negative regulator of NF-κB signaling, A20, was ineffective in suppressing TLR2-induced IL-6 synthesis in this context. Notably, all A20 auxiliary molecules, with the exception of TAX1BP1, were found to be significantly expressed in HUVECs. DNA methylation in TAX1BP1 was confirmed in GEO database. According to the information provided, it is hypothesized that altered DNA methylation in HUVECs could potentially lead to decreased expression of TAX1BP1, thereby impeding A20's capacity to modulate continuous activation of the TLR2-NF-κB pathway. This may consequently lead to unregulated production of IL-6, evading immune tolerance mechanisms. Subsequent investigations suggested that demethylating TAX1BP1 could enhance its expression, potentially reducing the endogenous IL-6 levels induced by repeated TLR2 stimulation and restoring A20's inhibitory role in NF-κB signaling. Additionally, over-expression of TAX1BP1 coulddecrease the production of atherosclerosis-associated cytokines like IL-6, MCP-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1, while increasing NO release following repeated Pam3cks4 stimulation, along with enhanced co-localization of TAX1BP1 and A20. These findings indicate that inducing immune tolerance in endothelial cells may effectively suppress endogenous IL-6 production and halt the IL-6-mediated inflammatory cascade, with TAX1BP1/A20 identified as crucial components in this process.These insights provide novel perspectives and potential targets for therapeutic strategies in inflammatoryimmunological disorders involving the overproduction of IL-6.

Biofluid GPNMB/osteoactivin as a potential biomarker of ageing: A cross-sectional study

Background

Glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma B (GPNMB)/osteoactivin was first identified in the human melanoma cell lines. GPNMB plays a key role in the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative functions as well as osteoblast differentiation, cancer progression, and tissue regeneration. Recently, GPNMB was used as an anti-aging vaccine for mice. The present study aimed to investigate the potential of biofluid GPNMB as an aging biomarker in humans using serum and urine samples from an aging Chinese population.

Methods

We analyzed RNA-sequencing data (GSE132040) from 17 murine organs across different ages to assess the gene expression of potential ageing biomarkers. Spearman's correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the relationship between gene expression and age. Meanwhile, a cross-sectional population study was conducted, which included 473 participants (aged 25-91 years), a representative subset of participants from the Peng Zu Study on Healthy Ageing in China (Peng Zu Cohort). Biofluid GPNMB levels were measured by ELISA. The associations of serum and urine GPNMB levels with various clinical and anthropometrical indices were assessed using ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses.

Results

In mice, the Gpnmb mRNA expression levels showed a significant positive association with age in multiple organs in mice (P < 0.05). In Peng Zu Cohort, biofluid (both serum and urine) GPNMB levels showed a positive correlation with age (P < 0.05). Univariate linear regression analysis revealed that serum GPNMB levels were negatively associated with skeletal muscle mass index (SMI, P < 0.05) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, P < 0.05), and urine GPNMB levels showed a negative association with total bile acids (TBA, P < 0.05). Multivariate linear regression analysis further indicated that serum GPNMB levels negatively correlated with the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII, P < 0.05), and the urine GPNMB levels maintained a negative association with TBA (P < 0.05), additionally, urine GPNMB levels in men were significantly lower than in women (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The biofluid GPNMB was a strong clinical biomarker candidate for estimating biological aging.

Atherosclerosis in patients with cervical artery dissection

INTRODUCTION

Cervical artery dissection (CeAD) is considered a non-atherosclerotic arteriopathy, but atherosclerosis of the cervical arteries may co-exist. We explored the frequency and clinical importance of co-existent atherosclerosis in patients with CeAD.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Single-center exploratory study from the Stroke Center Basel, Switzerland. We re-reviewed duplex ultrasound images at (i) baseline and (ii) last follow-up visit for the presence versus absence of the following atherosclerotic manifestations in the carotid arteries: (i) abnormal carotid intima-media thickness, (ii) plaques, and (iii) atherosclerotic stenosis. We investigated whether CeAD patients with versus without co-existing atherosclerosis differ regarding (a) recurrence of CeAD and (b) occurrence of vascular events (myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, or ischemic stroke) using logistic regression with adjustment for age and follow-up time.

RESULTS

Among 294 CeAD patients (median age 46 [IQR 37-53], 41.8% women), 35 (12%) had any atherosclerotic signs at baseline. Among 196 patients with available follow-up, another 21/196 (11%) patients developed atherosclerosis during a median follow-up of 55.7 months. Patients with atherosclerosis had decreased odds of recurrent CeADs when compared to patients without atherosclerosis (OR 0.03, 95% CI = 0.00-0.30). During follow-up, 6 (15%) vascular events occurred among 40 CeAD patients with atherosclerosis and 13 (8.5%) among 153 patients without atherosclerosis (OR 1.38, 95% CI = 0.39-4.55, data for 3 patients were missing).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Signs of atherosclerosis in the carotid artery were detectable in 12% of CeAD patient at baseline. Additionally, 11% of CeAD patients developed new signs of atherosclerosis within the following 5 years. The presence of atherosclerosis may suggest a lower risk for recurrent CeAD. Whether it might indicate an increased risk for late clinical vascular events deserves further studies.

Telomere stabilization by metformin mitigates the progression of atherosclerosis via the AMPK-dependent p-PGC-1α pathway

Telomere dysfunction is a well-known molecular trigger of senescence and has been associated with various age-related diseases, including atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms involved have not yet been elucidated, and the extent to which telomeres contribute to atherosclerosis is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism of metformin-induced telomere stabilization and the ability of metformin to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) senescence caused by advanced atherosclerosis. The present study revealed that metformin inhibited the phenotypes of atherosclerosis and senescence in VSMCs. Metformin increased the phosphorylation of AMPK-dependent PGC-1α and thus increased telomerase activity and the protein level of TERT in OA-treated VSMCs. Mechanistically, the phosphorylation of AMPK and PGC-1α by metformin not only enhanced telomere function but also increased the protein level of TERT, whereas TERT knockdown accelerated the development of atherosclerosis and senescent phenotypes in OA-treated VSMCs regardless of metformin treatment. Furthermore, the in vivo results showed that metformin attenuated the formation of atherosclerotic plaque markers in the aortas of HFD-fed ApoE KO mice. Although metformin did not reduce plaque size, it inhibited the phosphorylation of the AMPK/PGC-1α/TERT signaling cascade, which is associated with the maintenance and progression of plaque formation, in HFD-fed ApoE KO mice. Accordingly, metformin inhibited atherosclerosis-associated phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. These observations show that the enhancement of telomere function by metformin is involved in specific signaling pathways during the progression of atherosclerosis. These findings suggest that telomere stabilization by metformin via the AMPK/p-PGC-1α pathway might provide a strategy for developing therapeutics against vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis.

Alterations of receptors and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in senescent cells

The knowledge about cellular senescence expands dynamically, providing more and more conclusive evidence of its triggers, mechanisms, and consequences. Senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), one of the most important functional traits of senescent cells, is responsible for a large extent of their context-dependent activity. Both SASP's components and signaling pathways are well-defined. A literature review shows, however, that a relatively underinvestigated aspect of senescent cell autocrine and paracrine activity is the change in the production of proteins responsible for the reception and transmission of SASP signals, i.e., receptors and binding proteins. For this reason, we present in this article the current state of knowledge regarding senescence-associated changes in cellular receptors and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. We also discuss the role of these alterations in senescence induction and maintenance, pro-cancerogenic effects of senescent cells, and aging-related structural and functional malfunctions.

Cytosolic DNA initiates a vicious circle of aging-related endothelial inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction via STING: the inhibitory effect of Cilostazol

Endothelial senescence, aging-related inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction are prominent features of vascular aging and contribute to the development of aging-associated vascular disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that DNA damage occurs in aging vascular cells, especially in endothelial cells (ECs). However, the mechanism of EC senescence has not been completely elucidated, and so far, there is no specific drug in the clinic to treat EC senescence and vascular aging. Here we show that various aging stimuli induce nuclear DNA and mitochondrial damage in ECs, thus facilitating the release of cytoplasmic free DNA (cfDNA), which activates the DNA-sensing adapter protein STING. STING activation led to a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), thereby releasing pro-aging cytokines and cfDNA to further exacerbate mitochondrial damage and EC senescence, thus forming a vicious circle, all of which can be suppressed by STING knockdown or inhibition. Using next-generation RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that STING activation stimulates, whereas STING inhibition disrupts pathways associated with cell senescence and SASP. In vivo studies unravel that endothelial-specific Sting deficiency alleviates aging-related endothelial inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction and prevents the development of atherosclerosis in mice. By screening FDA-approved vasoprotective drugs, we identified Cilostazol as a new STING inhibitor that attenuates aging-related endothelial inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that Cilostazol significantly inhibited STING translocation from the ER to the Golgi apparatus during STING activation by targeting S162 and S243 residues of STING. These results disclose the deleterious effects of a cfDNA-STING-SASP-cfDNA vicious circle on EC senescence and atherogenesis and suggest that the STING pathway is a promising therapeutic target for vascular aging-related diseases. A proposed model illustrates the central role of STING in mediating a vicious circle of cfDNA-STING-SASP-cfDNA to aggravate age-related endothelial inflammation and mitochondrial damage.

Light-responsive functional nanomaterials as pioneering therapeutics: a paradigm shift to combat age-related disorders

Aging, marked by dysregulated cellular systems, gives rise to a spectrum of age-related disorders, including neurodegeneration, atherosclerosis, immunosenescence, and musculoskeletal issues. These conditions contribute significantly to the global disease burden, posing challenges to health span and economic resources. Current therapeutic approaches, although diverse in mechanism, often fall short in targeting the underlying cellular pathologies. They fail to address the issues compounded by altered pharmacokinetics in the elderly. Nanotechnology emerges as a transformative solution, offering tissue-specific targeted therapies through nanoparticles. Functional nanomaterials (FNMs) respond to internal or external stimuli, with light-responsive nanomaterials gaining prominence. Harnessing the benefits of deep tissue penetration and ease of manipulation particularly in the near-infrared spectrum, light-responsive FNMs present innovative strategies for age-related comorbidities. This review comprehensively summarizes the potential of light-responsive FNM-based approaches for targeting cellular environments in age-related disorders, and also emphasizes the advantages over traditional treatment modalities. Specifically, it focuses on the development of various classes of light-responsive functional nanomaterials including plasmonic nanomaterials, nanomaterials as carriers, upconversion nanomaterials, 2D nanomaterials, transition metal oxide and dichalcogenide nanomaterials and carbon-based nanomaterials against age related diseases. We foresee that such advanced developments in the field of nanotechnology could provide a new hope for clinical diagnosis and treatment of age-related disorders.

Gut microbiota-brain bile acid axis orchestrates aging-related neuroinflammation and behavior impairment in mice

Emerging evidence shows that disrupted gut microbiota-bile acid (BA) axis is critically involved in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the alterations in spatial distribution of BAs among different brain regions that command important functions during aging and their exact roles in aging-related neurodegenerative diseases are poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the BA profiles in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus of young and natural aging mice of both sexes. The results showed that aging altered brain BA profiles sex- and region- dependently, in which TβMCA was consistently elevated in aging mice of both sexes, particularly in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Furthermore, we found that aging accumulated-TβMCA stimulated microglia inflammation in vitro and shortened the lifespan of C. elegans, as well as behavioral impairment and neuroinflammation in mice. In addition, metagenomic analysis suggested that the accumulation of brain TβMCA during aging was partially attributed to reduction in BSH-carrying bacteria. Finally, rejuvenation of gut microbiota by co-housing aged mice with young mice restored brain BA homeostasis and improved neurological dysfunctions in natural aging mice. In conclusion, our current study highlighted the potential of improving aging-related neuro-impairment by targeting gut microbiota-brain BA axis.

Mitophagy Promotes Hair Regeneration by Activating Glutathione Metabolism

Mitophagy maintains tissue homeostasis by self-eliminating defective mitochondria through autophagy. How mitophagy regulates stem cell activity during hair regeneration remains unclear. Here, we found that mitophagy promotes the proliferation of hair germ (HG) cells by regulating glutathione (GSH) metabolism. First, single-cell RNA sequencing, mitochondrial probe, transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence staining showed stronger mitochondrial activity and increased mitophagy-related gene especially Prohibitin 2 (Phb2) expression at early-anagen HG compared to the telogen HG. Mitochondrial inner membrane receptor protein PHB2 binds to LC3 to initiate mitophagy. Second, molecular docking and functional studies revealed that PHB2-LC3 activates mitophagy to eliminate the damaged mitochondria in HG. RNA-seq, single-cell metabolism, immunofluorescence staining, and functional validation discovered that LC3 promotes GSH metabolism to supply energy for promoting HG proliferation. Third, transcriptomics analysis and immunofluorescence staining indicated that mitophagy was down-regulated in the aged compared to young-mouse HG. Activating mitophagy and GSH pathways through small-molecule administration can reactivate HG cell proliferation followed by hair regeneration in aged hair follicles. Our findings open up a new avenue for exploring autophagy that promotes hair regeneration and emphasizes the role of the self-elimination effect of mitophagy in controlling the proliferation of HG cells by regulating GSH metabolism.

Implications of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in aging and cardiovascular diseases

The average lifespan of humans has been increasing, resulting in a rapidly rising percentage of older individuals and high morbidity of aging-associated diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Diverse intracellular and extracellular factors that interrupt homeostatic functions in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induce ER stress. Cells employ a dynamic signaling pathway of unfolded protein response (UPR) to buffer ER stress. Recent studies have demonstrated that ER stress triggers various cellular processes associated with aging and many aging-associated diseases, including CVDs. Autophagy is a conserved process involving lysosomal degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic components, proteins, organelles, and pathogens that invade the cytoplasm. Autophagy is vital for combating the adverse influence of aging on the heart. The present report summarizes recent studies on the mechanism of ER stress and autophagy and their overlap in aging and on CVD pathogenesis in the context of aging. It also discusses possible therapeutic interventions targeting ER stress and autophagy that might delay aging and prevent or treat CVDs.

Cervicocerebral Atherosclerosis Burden Increases Long-Term Mortality in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack

BACKGROUND

The influence of burden of atherosclerosis in the brain supplying arteries on mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack is poorly known. We assessed whether total burden of atherosclerosis within cervicocerebral arteries is associated with long-term mortality.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 406 patients (median age, 71.8 years; 57.9% male) with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack were included and their cervicocerebral arteries imaged with computed tomography angiography. The presence of atherosclerotic findings was scored for 25 artery segments and points were summed as a Cervicocerebral Atherosclerosis Burden (CAB) score, analyzed as quartiles. Data on all-cause mortality came from Statistics Finland. After a median follow-up of 7.3 years, 147 (33.5%) patients had died. Compared with surviving patients, those who died had a higher median CAB score (5, interquartile range 2-10 versus 11, 7-16; P<0.001). Cumulative mortality increased from 8.9% (95% CI, 7.0-10.8) in the lowest to 61.4% (95% CI, 55.4-67.4) in the highest quartile of CAB score. Adjusted for demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, secondary preventive medication, and admission National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score, every CAB score point increased probability of death by 3%. Analyzed in quartiles, the highest CAB quartile was associated with a 2.5-fold likelihood of all-cause mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

The main findings of our study were the increasing mortality with the total burden of computed tomography angiography-defined atherosclerosis in the brain supplying arteries after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack and that the CAB score-integrating this pathology-independently increased all-cause mortality.

Construction and Validation of a Predictive Model for Coronary Artery Disease Using Extreme Gradient Boosting

Purpose

Early recognition of coronary artery disease (CAD) could delay its progress and significantly reduce mortality. Sensitive, specific, cost-efficient and non-invasive indicators for assessing individual CAD risk in community population screening are urgently needed.

Patients and Methods

3112 patients with CAD and 3182 controls were recruited from three clinical centers in China, and differences in baseline and clinical characteristics were compared. For the discovery cohort, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to identify significant features and four machine learning algorithms (logistic regression, support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost)) were applied to construct models for CAD risk assessment, the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and precision-recall (PR) curve were conducted to evaluate their predictive accuracy. The optimal model was interpreted by Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) analysis and assessed by the ROC curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA) and validated by two external cohorts.

Results

Using LASSO filtration, all included variables were considered to be statistically significant. Four machine learning models were constructed based on these features and the results of ROC and PR curve implied that the XGBoost model exhibited the highest predictive performance, which yielded a high area of ROC curve (AUC) of 0.988 (95% CI: 0.986-0.991) to distinguish CAD patients from controls with a sensitivity of 94.6% and a specificity of 94.6%. The calibration curve showed that the predicted results were in good agreement with actual observations, and DCA exhibited a better net benefit across a wide range of threshold probabilities. External validation of the model also exhibited favorable discriminatory performance, with an AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.953 (95% CI: 0.945-0.960), 89.9%, and 87.1% in the validation cohort, and 0.935 (95% CI: 0.915-0.955), 82.0%, and 90.3% in the replication cohort.

Conclusion

Our model is highly informative for clinical practice and will be conducive to primary prevention and tailoring the precise management for CAD patients.

Association Between Calculated Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (sdLDL-C) and Soft Carotid Plaques on CT Angiogram of the Head and Neck

BACKGROUND

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), also commonly known as stroke, is an acute condition characterized by jeopardized perfusion of the brain tissue. Atherosclerosis is a common converging point for the various risk factors for CVA. It is a chronic, evolving condition of the vessel wall characterized by peculiar lesions known as atheromas. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has been one of the established and traditional risk factors for the development of plaques in atherosclerosis. Small dense LDL-C (sdLDL-C) is a subclass of LDL-C that is considered more atherogenic, and its role in atherosclerotic plaque formation has been very well established. Hence, in this study, we aimed to find the association between calculated sdLDL-C and atherosclerotic carotid plaque (including various plaque characteristics).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute between December 2022 and December 2023 after getting ethics approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Patients who underwent CT angiogram (312) were included in the study, and their lipid profile data were collected from the Laboratory Information System. Participants were divided into groups depending on the presence or absence of carotid plaque, the characteristics of the plaque, and the narrowing caused by the plaque. sdLDL-C was calculated using Sampson formula from the lipid parameters in these groups. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Statistics version 16.0 (SPSS Inc. Released 2007. SPSS for Windows, Version 16.0. Chicago, SPSS Inc.). A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

sdLDL-C was significantly higher in the plaque group (37.25 ± 13.69 mg/dL) when compared to the group without plaques on CT angiogram (34.09 ± 11.64 mg/dL) (p<0.05), wherein the LDL-C wasn't significantly different between the two groups. sdLDL-C was also elevated in the soft plaque sub-group (39.46 ± 13.63 mg/dL) when compared to the calcific plaque sub-group (35.41 ± 13.05 mg/dL), which was statistically significant (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

sdLDL-C is associated with atherosclerotic carotid plaques, especially the soft plaques on CT angiogram, which are considered to be vulnerable plaques. Thus, calculated sdLDL-C can be utilized as a cost-effective tool to assess plaque vulnerability and monitor hypolipidemic treatment in addition to LDL-C.

Challenges and advances in the management of inflammation in atherosclerosis

INTRODUCTION

Atherosclerosis, traditionally considered a lipid-related disease, is now understood as a chronic inflammatory condition with significant global health implications.

OBJECTIVES

This review aims to delve into the complex interactions among immune cells, cytokines, and the inflammatory cascade in atherosclerosis, shedding light on how these elements influence both the initiation and progression of the disease.

METHODS

This review draws on recent clinical research to elucidate the roles of key immune cells, macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells, and clonal hematopoiesis in atherosclerosis development. It focuses on how these cells and process contribute to disease initiation and progression, particularly through inflammation-driven processes that lead to plaque formation and stabilization. Macrophages ingest oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), which partially converts to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or accumulates as lipid droplets, forming foam cells crucial for plaque stability. Additionally, macrophages exhibit diverse phenotypes within plaques, with pro-inflammatory types predominating and others specializing in debris clearance at rupture sites. The involvement of CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells in these processes promotes inflammatory macrophage states, suppresses vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and enhances plaque instability.

RESULTS

The nuanced roles of macrophages, T cells, and the related immune cells within the atherosclerotic microenvironment are explored, revealing insights into the cellular and molecular pathways that fuel inflammation. This review also addresses recent advancements in imaging and biomarker technology that enhance our understanding of disease progression. Moreover, it points out the limitations of current treatment and highlights the potential of emerging anti-inflammatory strategies, including clinical trials for agents such as p38MAPK, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and IL-1β, their preliminary outcomes, and the promising effects of canakinumab, colchicine, and IL-6R antagonists.

CONCLUSION

This review explores cutting-edge anti-inflammatory interventions, their potential efficacy in preventing and alleviating atherosclerosis, and the role of nanotechnology in delivering drugs more effectively and safely.

Inflammatory Biomarkers to Predict Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Carotid Artery Stenosis

Background and Objectives: Inflammatory proteins and their prognostic value in patients with carotid artery stenosis (CAS) have not been adequately studied. Herein, we identified CAS-specific biomarkers from a large pool of inflammatory proteins and assessed the ability of these biomarkers to predict adverse events in individuals with CAS. Materials and Methods: Samples of blood were prospectively obtained from 336 individuals (290 with CAS and 46 without CAS). Plasma concentrations of 29 inflammatory proteins were determined at recruitment, and the patients were followed for 24 months. The outcome of interest was a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE; composite of stroke, myocardial infarction, or death). The differences in plasma protein concentrations between patients with vs. without a 2-year MACE were determined using the independent t-test or Mann-Whitney U test to identify CAS-specific prognostic biomarkers. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards analyses with adjustment for baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were performed to assess the prognostic value of differentially expressed inflammatory proteins in predicting a 2-year MACE in patients with CAS. Results: The mean age of the cohort was 68.8 (SD 10.2) years and 39% were female. The plasma concentrations of two inflammatory proteins were significantly higher in individuals with a 2-year MACE relative to those without a 2-year MACE: IL-6 (5.07 (SD 4.66) vs. 3.36 (SD 4.04) pg/mL, p = 0.03) and CD163 (233.825 (SD 230.306) vs. 159.673 (SD 175.669) pg/mL, p = 0.033). Over a follow-up period of 2 years, individuals with elevated levels of IL-6 were more likely to develop MACE (HR 1.269 (95% CI 1.122-1.639), p = 0.042). Similarly, over a 2-year period, patients with high levels of CD163 were more likely to develop MACE (HR 1.413 (95% CI 1.022-1.954), p = 0.036). Conclusions: The plasma levels of inflammatory proteins IL-6 and CD163 are independently associated with adverse outcomes in individuals with CAS. These CAS-specific prognostic biomarkers may assist in the risk stratification of patients at an elevated risk of a MACE and subsequently guide further vascular evaluation, specialist referrals, and aggressive medical/surgical management, thereby improving outcomes for patients with CAS.

Mitochondrial microRNAs: New Emerging Players in Vascular Senescence and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that play an important role by controlling gene expression in the cytoplasm in almost all biological pathways. Recently, scientists discovered that miRNAs are also found within mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles of cells. These mitochondrial miRNAs, known as mitomiRs, can originate from the nuclear or mitochondrial genome, and they are pivotal in controlling mitochondrial function and metabolism. New insights indicate that mitomiRs may influence key aspects of the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease, especially concerning mitochondrial function and metabolic regulation. While the importance of mitochondria in cardiovascular health and disease is well-established, our understanding of mitomiRs' specific functions in crucial biological pathways, including energy metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death, is still in its early stages. Through this review, we aimed to delve into the mechanisms of mitomiR generation and their impacts on mitochondrial metabolic pathways within the context of vascular cell aging and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The relatively unexplored field of mitomiR biology holds promise for future research investigations, with the potential to yield novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions.

Integrated bioinformatics and validation reveal PTGS2 and its related molecules to alleviate TNF-α-induced endothelial senescence

Accumulative evidences have indicated the interaction between cellular senescence and ferroptosis. This study intends to investigate the ferroptosis-related molecular markers in TNF-α-induced endothelial senescence. The microarray expression dataset (GSE195517) was used to identify the differently expressed ferroptosis-related genes (DEFRGs) through weighted gene co-expressed network analysis (WGCNA). GO and KEGG were performed to explore the biological function. Furthermore, hub genes were identified after protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis and validated through real-time qPCR (RT-qPCR). Then, a drug-gene network was established to predict potential drugs for the hub genes. Seven DEFRGs were recognized in the TNF-α-induced HUVEC senescence. Moreover, four hub genes (PTGS2, TNFAIP3, CXCL2, and IL6 are upregulated) were identified by PPI analysis and validated by RT-qPCR. Further analysis exhibited that PTGS2 was subcellularly located in the plasma membrane. Furthermore, after aminosalicylic acid (ASA) was identified as ferroptosis inhibitor for targeting PTGS2 in senescent HUVECs, 5-ASA and 4-ASA were verified to alleviate TNF-α-induced HUVEC senescence through ferroptosis. PTGS2 might play a role in TNF-α-induced HUVEC senescence and ASA may be the potential drug for alleviating TNF-α-induced HUVEC senescence through ferroptosis.

Air Pollution in Cardio-Oncology and Unraveling the Environmental Nexus: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review

Although recent advancements in cancer therapies have extended the lifespan of patients with cancer, they have also introduced new challenges, including chronic health issues such as cardiovascular disease arising from pre-existing risk factors or cancer therapies. Consequently, cardiovascular disease has become a leading cause of non-cancer-related death among cancer patients, driving the rapid evolution of the cardio-oncology field. Environmental factors, particularly air pollution, significantly contribute to deaths associated with cardiovascular disease and specific cancers, such as lung cancer. Despite these statistics, the health impact of air pollution in the context of cardio-oncology has been largely overlooked in patient care and research. Notably, the impact of air pollution varies widely across geographic areas and among individuals, leading to diverse exposure consequences. This review aims to consolidate epidemiologic and preclinical evidence linking air pollution to cardio-oncology while also exploring associated health disparities and environmental justice issues.

Macrophages in cardiovascular diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets

The immune response holds a pivotal role in cardiovascular disease development. As multifunctional cells of the innate immune system, macrophages play an essential role in initial inflammatory response that occurs following cardiovascular injury, thereby inducing subsequent damage while also facilitating recovery. Meanwhile, the diverse phenotypes and phenotypic alterations of macrophages strongly associate with distinct types and severity of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease, valvular disease, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, atherosclerosis and aneurysm, which underscores the importance of investigating macrophage regulatory mechanisms within the context of specific diseases. Besides, recent strides in single-cell sequencing technologies have revealed macrophage heterogeneity, cell-cell interactions, and downstream mechanisms of therapeutic targets at a higher resolution, which brings new perspectives into macrophage-mediated mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases. Remarkably, myocardial fibrosis, a prevalent characteristic in most cardiac diseases, remains a formidable clinical challenge, necessitating a profound investigation into the impact of macrophages on myocardial fibrosis within the context of cardiac diseases. In this review, we systematically summarize the diverse phenotypic and functional plasticity of macrophages in regulatory mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases and unprecedented insights introduced by single-cell sequencing technologies, with a focus on different causes and characteristics of diseases, especially the relationship between inflammation and fibrosis in cardiac diseases (myocardial infarction, pressure overload, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy and cardiac aging) and the relationship between inflammation and vascular injury in vascular diseases (atherosclerosis and aneurysm). Finally, we also highlight the preclinical/clinical macrophage targeting strategies and translational implications.

[Differential expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated genes in aortic dissection and their correlation with immune cell infiltration]

OBJECTIVE

To explore differentially expressed endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated genes (ERSAGs) in aortic dissection (AD) and their correlations with immune cell infiltration to identify new therapeutic targets for AD.

METHODS

Two AD mRNA expression datasets (GSE190635 and GSE98770) were downloaded from GEO database for analysis of differentially expressed genes between the aorta of AD patients and normal aorta using R software. ERSAGs dataset was downloaded from GeneCards website, and GeneMANIA database was used to analyze the protein-protein interaction network of the differentially expressed ERSAGs and the proteins interacting with these genes. Based on GSE98770 dataset we analyzed the distributions of 22 immune cells within the aortic wall of AD patients using CIBERSORT package of R software. Surgical aortic wall specimens were obtained from 10 AD patients and 10 non-AD patients for detecting AGER mRNA expression using qRTPCR, and the upstream transcriptional factors, miRNAs, and chemicals targeting AGER were analyzed using the TRRUST database and NetworkAnalyst database.

RESULTS

Bioinformatic analysis suggested significant differential expression of AGER in AD, which interacted with 20 proteins involved in pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway, positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity, myeloid leukocyte migration, leukocyte migration, and regulation of the I-κB kinase/NF-κB signaling. In AD, AGER expression level was positively correlated with Treg cell abundance (r=0.59, P < 0.05). The results of qRT-PCR demonstrated significantly lower expression of AGER mRNA in AD than in non-AD patients (1.00±0.30 vs 1.76±0.68, P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that at the cut-off value of 1.335, AGER had an AUC of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.67-1.00, P= 0.0073) for predicting AD. Three transcriptional factors, 3 miRNAs, and 27 chemicals were predicted in the AGER regulatory network.

CONCLUSION

AGER is lowly expressed in the aorta of AD patients and may influence the occurrence of AD through Treg cells.

Graphene Nanocomposite Ink Coated Laser Transformed Flexible Electrodes for Selective Dopamine Detection and Immunosensing

Novel and flexible disposable laser-induced graphene (LIG) sensors modified with graphene conductive inks have been developed for dopamine and interleukin-6 (IL-6) detection. The LIG sensors exhibit high reproducibility (relative standard deviation, RSD = 0.76%, N = 5) and stability (RSD = 4.39%, N = 15) after multiple bendings, making the sensors ideal for wearable and stretchable bioelectronics applications. We have developed electrode coatings based on graphene conductive inks, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (G-PEDOT:PSS) and polyaniline (G-PANI), for working electrode modification to improve the sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD). The selectivity of LIG sensors modified with the G-PANI ink is 41.47 times higher than that of the screen-printed electrode with the G-PANI ink modification. We have compared our fabricated bare laser-engraved Kapton sensor (LIG) with the LIG sensors modified with G-PEDOT (LIG/G-PEDOT) and G-PANI (LIG/G-PANI) conductive inks. We have further compared the performance of the fabricated electrodes with commercially available screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) and screen-printed electrodes modified with G-PEDOT:PSS (SPE/G-PEDOT:PSS) and G-PANI (SPE/G-PANI). SPE/G-PANI has a lower LOD of 0.632 μM compared to SPE/G-PEDOT:PSS (0.867 μM) and SPE/G-PANI (1.974 μM). The lowest LOD of the LIG/G-PANI sensor (0.4084 μM, S/N = 3) suggests that it can be a great alternative to measure dopamine levels in a physiological medium. Additionally, the LIG/G-PANI electrode has excellent LOD (2.6234 pg/mL) to detect IL-6. Also, the sensor is successfully able to detect ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA) in their ternary mixture. The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) result shows peak potential separation of 229, 294, and 523 mV for AA-DA, DA-UA, and UA-AA, respectively.

Interleukin-6 promotes visceral adipose tissue accumulation during aging via inhibiting fat lipolysis

BACKGROUND

Age-related visceral obesity could contribute to the development of cardiometabolic complications. The pathogenesis of visceral fat mass accumulation during the aging process remains complex and largely unknown. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has emerged as one of the prominent inflammaging markers which are elevated in circulation during aging. However, the precise role of IL-6 in regulating age-related visceral adipose tissue accumulation remains uncertain.

RESULTS

A cross-sectional study including 77 older adults (≥65 years of age) was initially conducted. There was a significant positive association between serum IL-6 levels and visceral fat mass. We subsequently validated a modest but significant elevation in serum IL-6 levels in aged mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that compared to wildtype control, IL-6 deficiency (IL-6 KO) significantly attenuated the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue during aging. Further metabolic characterization suggested that IL-6 deficiency resulted in improved lipid metabolism parameters and energy expenditure in aged mice. Moreover, histological examinations of adipose depots revealed that the absence of IL-6 ameliorated adipocyte hypertrophy in visceral adipose tissue of aged mice. Mechanically, the ablation of IL-6 could promote the PKA-mediated lipolysis and consequently mitigate lipid accumulation in adipose tissue in aged mice.

CONCLUSION

Our findings identify a detrimental role of IL-6 during the aging process by promoting visceral adipose tissue accumulation through inhibition of lipolysis. Therefore, strategies aimed at preventing or reducing IL-6 levels may potentially ameliorate age-related obesity and improve metabolism during aging.

The novel vaccines targeting interleukin-1 receptor type I

OBJECTIVE

There is mounting evidence indicating that atherosclerosis represents a persistent inflammatory process, characterized by the presence of inflammation at various stages of the disease. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) precisely triggers inflammatory signaling pathways by binding to interleukin-1 receptor type I (IL-1R1). Inhibition of this signaling pathway contributes to the prevention of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. The objective of this research is to develop therapeutic vaccines targeting IL-1R1 as a preventive measure against atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction.

METHODS

ILRQβ-007 and ILRQβ-008 vaccines were screened, prepared and then used to immunize high-fat-diet fed ApoE-/- mice and C57BL/6J mice following myocardial infarction. Progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice was assessed primarily by oil-red staining of the entire aorta and aortic root, as well as by detecting the extent of macrophage infiltration. The post-infarction cardiac function in C57BL/6J mice were evaluated using cardiac ultrasound and histological staining.

RESULTS

ILRQβ-007 and ILRQβ-008 vaccines stimulated animals to produce high titers of antibodies that effectively inhibited the binding of interleukin-1β and interleukin-1α to IL-1R1. Both vaccines effectively reduced atherosclerotic plaque area, promoted plaque stabilization, decreased macrophage infiltration in plaques and influenced macrophage polarization, as well as decreasing levels of inflammatory factors in the aorta, serum, and ependymal fat in ApoE-/- mice. Furthermore, these vaccines dramatically improved cardiac function and macrophage infiltration in C57BL/6J mice following myocardial infarction. Notably, no significant immune-mediated damage was observed in immunized animals.

CONCLUSION

The vaccines targeting the IL-1R1 would be a novel and promising treatment for the atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction.

Effects of mitochondrial dysfunction on cellular function: Role in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis, an immunoinflammatory disease of medium and large arteries, is associated with life-threatening clinical events, such as acute coronary syndromes and stroke. Chronic inflammation and impaired lipoprotein metabolism are considered to be among the leading causes of atherosclerosis, while numerous risk factors, including arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and aging, can contribute to the development of the disease. In recent years, emerging evidence has underlined the key role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is believed to result in an increase in reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and intracellular lipid deposition, all of which can contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Critical cells, including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages, play an important role in atherosclerosis. Mitochondrial function is also involved in maintaining the normal function of these cells. To better understand the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, this review summarizes the findings of recent studies and discusses the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the risk factors and critical cells of atherosclerosis. FACTS: OPEN QUESTIONS.

The role of transcription factors in the pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting of vascular diseases

Transcription factors (TFs) constitute an essential component of epigenetic regulation. They contribute to the progression of vascular diseases by regulating epigenetic gene expression in several vascular diseases. Recently, numerous regulatory mechanisms related to vascular pathology, ranging from general TFs that are continuously activated to histiocyte-specific TFs that are activated under specific circumstances, have been studied. TFs participate in the progression of vascular-related diseases by epigenetically regulating vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The Krüppel-like family (KLF) TF family is widely recognized as the foremost regulator of vascular diseases. KLF11 prevents aneurysm progression by inhibiting the apoptosis of VSMCs and enhancing their contractile function. The presence of KLF4, another crucial member, suppresses the progression of atherosclerosis (AS) and pulmonary hypertension by attenuating the formation of VSMCs-derived foam cells, ameliorating endothelial dysfunction, and inducing vasodilatory effects. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of the progression of vascular-related diseases by TFs has remained elusive. The present study categorized the TFs involved in vascular diseases and their regulatory mechanisms to shed light on the potential pathogenesis of vascular diseases, and provide novel insights into their diagnosis and treatment.

Biological significance of METTL5 in atherosclerosis: comprehensive analysis of single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing data

BACKGROUND

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). Limited studies have examined the role of the m6A methyltransferase METTL5 in AS pathogenesis.

METHODS

This study subjected the AS dataset to differential analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis to identify m6A methylation-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Next, the m6A methylation-related DEGs were subjected to consensus clustering to categorize AS samples into distinct m6A subtypes. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis was performed to investigate the proportions of each cell type in AS and adjacent healthy tissues and the expression levels of key m6A regulators. The mRNA expression levels of METTL5 in AS and healthy tissues were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis.

RESULTS

AS samples were classified into two subtypes based on a five-m6A regulator-based model. scRNA-seq analysis revealed that the proportions of T cells, monocytes, and macrophages in AS tissues were significantly higher than those in healthy tissues. Additionally, the levels of m6A methylation were significantly different between AS and healthy tissues. METTL5 expression was upregulated in macrophages, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and endothelial cells (ECs). qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the METTL5 mRNA level in AS tissues was downregulated when compared with that in healthy tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

METTL5 is a potential diagnostic marker for AS subtypes. Macrophages, SMCs, and ECs, which exhibit METTL5 upregulation, may modulate AS progression by regulating m6A methylation levels.