1
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Gittings JA, Dall’Olmo G, Tang W, Llort J, Jebri F, Livanou E, Nencioli F, Darmaraki S, Theodorou I, Brewin RJW, Srokosz M, Cassar N, Raitsos DE. An exceptional phytoplankton bloom in the southeast Madagascar Sea driven by African dust deposition. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae386. [PMID: 39359401 PMCID: PMC11443548 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Rising surface temperatures are projected to cause more frequent and intense droughts in the world's drylands. This can lead to land degradation, mobilization of soil particles, and an increase in dust aerosol emissions from arid and semi-arid regions. Dust aerosols are a key source of bio-essential nutrients, can be transported in the atmosphere over large distances, and ultimately deposited onto the ocean's surface, alleviating nutrient limitation and increasing oceanic primary productivity. Currently, the linkages between desertification, dust emissions and ocean fertilization remain poorly understood. Here, we show that dust emitted from Southern Africa was transported and deposited into the nutrient-limited surface waters southeast of Madagascar, which stimulated the strongest phytoplankton bloom of the last two decades during a period of the year when blooms are not expected. The conditions required for triggering blooms of this magnitude are anomalous, but current trends in air temperatures, aridity, and dust emissions in Southern Africa suggest that such events could become more probable in the future. Together with the recent findings on ocean fertilization by drought-induced megafires in Australia, our results point toward a potential link between global warming, drought, aerosol emissions, and ocean blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Gittings
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Giorgio Dall’Olmo
- Sezione di Oceanografia, Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale—OGS, Borgo Grotta Gigante, Trieste 34010, Italy
| | - Weiyi Tang
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University; Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Joan Llort
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Fatma Jebri
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Livanou
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | | | - Sofia Darmaraki
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Iason Theodorou
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Robert J W Brewin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, Centre for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Meric Srokosz
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Cassar
- Division of Earth and Climate Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Dionysios E Raitsos
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
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2
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Huang L, Aarons SM, Koffman BG, Cheng W, Hanschka L, Munk LA, Jenckes J, Norris E, Arendt CA. Role of Source, Mineralogy, and Organic Complexation on Lability and Fe Isotopic Composition of Terrestrial Fe sources to the Gulf of Alaska. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2024; 8:1505-1518. [PMID: 39166260 PMCID: PMC11331515 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is a key trace nutrient supporting marine primary production, and its deposition in the surface ocean can impact multiple biogeochemical cycles. Understanding Fe cycling in the subarctic is key for tracking the fate of particulate-bound sources of oceans in a changing climate. Recently, Fe isotope ratios have been proposed as a potential tool to trace sources of Fe to the marine environment. Here, we investigate the Fe isotopic composition of terrestrial sources of Fe including glacial sediment, loess, volcanic ash, and wildfire aerosols, all from Alaska. Results show that the δ56Fe values of glaciofluvial silt, glacial dissolved load, volcanic ash, and wildfire aerosols fall in a restricted range of δ56Fe values from -0.02 to +0.12‰, in contrast to the broader range of Fe isotopic compositions observed in loess, -0.50 to +0.13‰. The Fe isotopic composition of the dissolved load of glacial meltwater was consistently lighter compared to its particulate counterpart. The 'aging' (exposure to environmental conditions) of volcanic ash did not significantly fractionate the Fe isotopic composition. The Fe isotopic composition of wildfire aerosols collected during an active fire season in Alaska in the summer of 2019 was not significantly fractionated from those of the average upper continental crust composition. We find that the δ56Fe values of loess (<5 μm fraction) were more negative (-0.32 to +0.05‰) with respect to all samples measured here, had the highest proportion of easily reducible Fe (5.9-59.6%), and were correlated with the degree of chemical weathering and organic matter content. Transmission electron spectroscopy measurements indicate an accumulation of amorphous Fe phases in the loess. Our results indicate that Fe isotopes can be related to Fe lability when in the presence of organic matter and that higher organic matter content is associated with a distinctly more negative Fe isotope signature likely due to Fe-organic complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqing Huang
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sarah M. Aarons
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Bess G. Koffman
- Department
of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, United States
| | - Wenhan Cheng
- College
of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural
University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Lena Hanschka
- Department
of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, United States
| | - Lee Ann Munk
- Department
of Geological Sciences, University of Alaska
Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, United States
| | - Jordan Jenckes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, United States
| | - Emmet Norris
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Carli A. Arendt
- Department
of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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3
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Guo C, Lan W, Guo M, Lv X, Xu X, Lei K. Spatiotemporal distribution patterns and coupling effects of aquatic environmental factors in the dry-wet season over a decade from the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 205:116596. [PMID: 38905738 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Since the 21st century, the Beibu Gulf area has been affected by increasing anthropogenic activities, which makes the coastal aquatic ecosystem extremely concerning. However, the comprehensive exploration and analysis of the long-term scale behavior change characteristics of various water quality environment factors is still limited. Through comprehensively detecting coastal surface water environmental behavior information from 33 locations in the Beibu Gulf from 2005 to 2015, we revealed and quantified mutual response characteristics and patterns of various environmental indicators. The main environmental pollution indicators (e.g., COD, NH4+, NO3-, and DIP) showed a gradual decrease in concentration from the coast to the offshore sea area, and significantly increases during the wet season. The semi-enclosed Maowei Sea exhibited the most prominent performance with significant differences compared to other regions in Beibu Gulf. The average Chlorophyll-a (Chla) content in the coastal area of the Beibu Gulf during the wet season was more than twice that of the dry season, yet the interaction pattern between Chla and environmental factors in the two seasons was opposite to its concentration behavior, accompanied by a closely significant relationship with thermohaline structure and the input of nitrogen and phosphorous nutrients. The multivariate statistical analysis results of total nutrient dynamics suggested that the Beibu Gulf was clearly divided into different regions in both dry and wet season clusters. The present study can provide a comprehensive perspective for the spatial and temporal migration patterns and transformation laws of coastal water environmental factor, which should contribute to improve the prevention countermeasure of nutrient pollution in coastal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochen Guo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenlu Lan
- Beibu Gulf Marine Ecological Environment Field Observation and Research Station of Guangxi, Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangxi, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Meixiu Guo
- Beibu Gulf Marine Ecological Environment Field Observation and Research Station of Guangxi, Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangxi, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Xubo Lv
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiangqin Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Kun Lei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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4
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Beeler P, Kumar J, Schwarz JP, Adachi K, Fierce L, Perring AE, Katich JM, Chakrabarty RK. Light absorption enhancement of black carbon in a pyrocumulonimbus cloud. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6243. [PMID: 39054319 PMCID: PMC11272781 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) firestorm systems have been shown to inject significant amounts of black carbon (BC) to the stratosphere with a residence time of several months. Injected BC warms the local stratospheric air, consequently perturbing transport and hence spatial distributions of ozone and water vapor. A distinguishing feature of BC-containing particles residing within pyroCb smoke is their thick surface coatings made of condensed organic matter. When coated with non-refractory materials, BC's absorption is enhanced, yet the absorption enhancement factor (Eabs) for pyroCb BC is not well constrained. Here, we perform particle-scale measurements of BC mass, morphology, and coating thickness from inside a pyroCb cloud and quantify Eabs using an established particle-resolved BC optics model. We find that the population-averaged Eabs for BC asymptotes to 2.0 with increasing coating thickness. This value denotes the upper limit of Eabs for thickly coated BC in the atmosphere. Our results provide observationally constrained parameterizations of BC absorption for improved radiative transfer calculations of pyroCb events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payton Beeler
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Joshin Kumar
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua P Schwarz
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kouji Adachi
- Department of Atmosphere, Ocean and Earth System Modelling Research, Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Laura Fierce
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Anne E Perring
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J M Katich
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- BAE Systems, Inc, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rajan K Chakrabarty
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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5
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Ma C, Su H, Lelieveld J, Randel W, Yu P, Andreae MO, Cheng Y. Smoke-charged vortex doubles hemispheric aerosol in the middle stratosphere and buffers ozone depletion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn3657. [PMID: 38996024 PMCID: PMC11244531 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Australian mega-wildfires in the summer of 2019-2020 injected smoke into the stratosphere, causing strong ozone depletion in the lower stratosphere. Here, we model the smoke plume and reproduce its unexpected trajectory toward the middle stratosphere at ~35-kilometer altitude. We show that a smoke-charged vortex (SCV) induced and maintained by absorbing aerosols played a key role in lofting pollutants from the lower stratosphere and nearly doubled the southern hemispheric aerosol burden in the middle stratosphere. The SCV caused a redistribution of stratospheric aerosols, which boosted heterogeneous chemistry in the middle stratosphere and enhanced ozone production, compensating for up to 70% of the ozone depletion in the lower stratosphere. As global warming continues, we expect a growing frequency and importance of SCVs in promoting the impacts of wildfires on stratospheric aerosols and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Ma
- Minerva Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hang Su
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Extreme Meteorology, Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - William Randel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Meinrat O. Andreae
- Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Minerva Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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6
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Zhong S, Liu R, Yue S, Wang P, Zhang Q, Ma C, Deng J, Qi Y, Zhu J, Liu CQ, Kawamura K, Fu P. Peatland Wildfires Enhance Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds in Marine Aerosols over the Western Pacific. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10991-11002. [PMID: 38829627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Peatland wildfires contribute significantly to the atmospheric release of light-absorbing organic carbon, often referred to as brown carbon. In this study, we examine the presence of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) within marine aerosols across the Western Pacific Ocean, which are influenced by peatland fires from Southeast Asia. Employing ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) in electrospray ionization (ESI) positive mode, we discovered that NOCs are predominantly composed of reduced nitrogenous bases, including CHN+ and CHON+ groups. Notably, the count of NOC formulas experiences a marked increase within plumes from peatland wildfires compared to those found in typical marine air masses. These NOCs, often identified as N-heterocyclic alkaloids, serve as potential light-absorbing chromophores. Furthermore, many NOCs demonstrate pyrolytic stability, engage in a variety of substitution reactions, and display enhanced hydrophilic properties, attributed to chemical processes such as methoxylation, hydroxylation, methylation, and hydrogenation that occur during emission and subsequent atmospheric aging. During the daytime atmospheric transport, aging of aromatic N-heterocyclic compounds, particularly in aliphatic amines prone to oxidation and reactions with amine, was observed. The findings underscore the critical role of peatland wildfires in augmenting nitrogen-containing organics in marine aerosols, underscoring the need for in-depth research into their effects on marine ecosystems and regional climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Zhong
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environment Protection, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530022, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Siyao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junjun Deng
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yulin Qi
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jialei Zhu
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cong-Qiang Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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7
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Scalabrin E, Barbaro E, Pizzini S, Radaelli M, Feltracco M, Piazza R, Gambaro A, Capodaglio G. Australian Black summer smoke signal on Antarctic aerosol collected between New Zealand and the Ross sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142073. [PMID: 38641289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Open biomass burning (BB) events are a well-known primary aerosol source, resulting in the emission of significant amount of gaseous and particulate matter and affecting Earth's radiation budget. The 2019-2020 summer, known as "Australian Black Summer", showed exceptional duration and intensity of seasonal wildfires, triggered by high temperatures and severe droughts. Since increasing megafires are predicted due to expected climate changes, it is critical to study the impact of BB aerosol on a large scale and evaluate related transport processes. In this study, five aerosol samples (total suspended particles with a diameter >1 μm) were collected during the XXXV Italian Expedition in Antarctica on board of the R/V Laura Bassi from 6th of January to February 16, 2020, along the sailing route from Lyttelton harbor (New Zealand) to Terra Nova Bay (Antarctica). Levoglucosan and its isomers have been analyzed as markers of BB, together with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sucrose and alcohol sugars. Ionic species and carboxylic acids have been analyzed to support the identification of aerosol sources and its aging. Results showed high levoglucosan concentrations (325-1266 pg m-3) during the campaign, suggesting the widespread presence of smoke in the region, because of huge wildfire releases. Backward trajectories indicated the presence of long-range atmospheric transport from South America, probably carrying wildfires plume, in agreement with literature. Regional sources have been suggested for PAHs, particularly for 3-4 rings' compounds; monosaccharides, sucrose, arabitol, and mannitol were related to marine and biogenic contributions. In a warming climate scenario, more frequent and extensive wildfire episodes are expected in Australia, potentially altering albedo, aerosol radiative properties, and cloud interactions. Therefore, it is crucial to strengthens the investigations on the regional climatic effects of these events in Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Scalabrin
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy.
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Sarah Pizzini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-IRBIM), Largo Fiera della Pesca, 2, 60125, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marta Radaelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Matteo Feltracco
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Rossano Piazza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Gabriele Capodaglio
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
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8
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Madronich S, Bernhard GH, Neale PJ, Heikkilä A, Andersen MPS, Andrady AL, Aucamp PJ, Bais AF, Banaszak AT, Barnes PJ, Bornman JF, Bruckman LS, Busquets R, Chiodo G, Häder DP, Hanson ML, Hylander S, Jansen MAK, Lingham G, Lucas RM, Calderon RM, Olsen C, Ossola R, Pandey KK, Petropavlovskikh I, Revell LE, Rhodes LE, Robinson SA, Robson TM, Rose KC, Schikowski T, Solomon KR, Sulzberger B, Wallington TJ, Wang QW, Wängberg SÅ, White CC, Wilson SR, Zhu L, Neale RE. Continuing benefits of the Montreal Protocol and protection of the stratospheric ozone layer for human health and the environment. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1087-1115. [PMID: 38763938 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The protection of Earth's stratospheric ozone (O3) is an ongoing process under the auspices of the universally ratified Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and adjustments. A critical part of this process is the assessment of the environmental issues related to changes in O3. The United Nations Environment Programme's Environmental Effects Assessment Panel provides annual scientific evaluations of some of the key issues arising in the recent collective knowledge base. This current update includes a comprehensive assessment of the incidence rates of skin cancer, cataract and other skin and eye diseases observed worldwide; the effects of UV radiation on tropospheric oxidants, and air and water quality; trends in breakdown products of fluorinated chemicals and recent information of their toxicity; and recent technological innovations of building materials for greater resistance to UV radiation. These issues span a wide range of topics, including both harmful and beneficial effects of exposure to UV radiation, and complex interactions with climate change. While the Montreal Protocol has succeeded in preventing large reductions in stratospheric O3, future changes may occur due to a number of natural and anthropogenic factors. Thus, frequent assessments of potential environmental impacts are essential to ensure that policies remain based on the best available scientific knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - G H Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - P J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - A Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M P Sulbæk Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A L Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Faerie Glen, South Africa
| | - A F Bais
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Department of Physics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A T Banaszak
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Mexico
| | - P J Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - L S Bruckman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - R Busquets
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Thames, UK
| | - G Chiodo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D-P Häder
- Friedrich-Alexander University, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - M L Hanson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - S Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - M A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - G Lingham
- Centre For Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lion's Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Environmental, Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - R Mackenzie Calderon
- Cape Horn International Center, Puerto Williams, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems BASE, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Universitario Cabo de Hornos, Universidad de Magallanes, O'Higgins 310, Puerto Williams, Chile
| | - C Olsen
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - R Ossola
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - K K Pandey
- Indian Academy of Wood Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - I Petropavlovskikh
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - L E Revell
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - L E Rhodes
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - S A Robinson
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - T M Robson
- UK National School of Forestry, University of Cumbria, Ambleside Campus, UK
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K C Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - T Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - K R Solomon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - B Sulzberger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - T J Wallington
- Center for Sustainable Systems, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Q-W Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - S-Å Wängberg
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - L Zhu
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - R E Neale
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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9
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Correa Velez KE, Alam M, Baalousha MA, Norman RS. Wildfire Ashes from the Wildland-Urban Interface Alter Vibrio vulnificus Growth and Gene Expression. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8169-8181. [PMID: 38690750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Climate change-induced stressors are contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases, including those caused by marine bacterial pathogens such as Vibrio spp. These stressors alter Vibrio temporal and geographical distribution, resulting in increased spread, exposure, and infection rates, thus facilitating greater Vibrio-human interactions. Concurrently, wildfires are increasing in size, severity, frequency, and spread in the built environment due to climate change, resulting in the emission of contaminants of emerging concern. This study aimed to understand the potential effects of urban interface wildfire ashes on Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) growth and gene expression using transcriptomic approaches. V. vulnificus was exposed to structural and vegetation ashes and analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes using the HTSeq-DESeq2 strategy. Exposure to wildfire ash altered V. vulnificus growth and gene expression, depending on the trace metal composition of the ash. The high Fe content of the vegetation ash enhanced bacterial growth, while the high Cu, As, and Cr content of the structural ash suppressed growth. Additionally, the overall pattern of upregulated genes and pathways suggests increased virulence potential due to the selection of metal- and antibiotic-resistant strains. Therefore, mixed fire ashes transported and deposited into coastal zones may lead to the selection of environmental reservoirs of Vibrio strains with enhanced antibiotic resistance profiles, increasing public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlen Enid Correa Velez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St., Suite 401, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change Interactions, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St., Suite 401, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Mahbub Alam
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St., Suite 401, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St., Suite 401, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Mohammed A Baalousha
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St., Suite 401, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St., Suite 401, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - R Sean Norman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St., Suite 401, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change Interactions, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St., Suite 401, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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10
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Yang Z, Zhu J, Sun S, Deng L, Zhao J, Xu Z. A straightforward approach for the rapid detection of red Noctiluca scintillans blooms from satellite imagery. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 202:116377. [PMID: 38669852 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Red Noctiluca scintillans (RNS), a prominent species of dinoflagellate known for its conspicuous size and ability to form blooms, exhibits heterotrophic behavior and functions as a microzooplankton grazer within the marine food web. In this study, a straightforward technique referred to as the blue-green index (BGI) has been introduced for the purpose of distinguishing and discerning RNS from neighboring waters, owing to its pronounced absorption in the blue-green spectral range. This method has been applied across a range of satellite imagery, encompassing both multi-spectral and hyperspectral sensors. The study delved into three instances of bloom occurrences caused by RNS: firstly, in November 2014 and April 2022 off the western coast of Guangdong, and secondly, in February 2021 within the Beibu Gulf. The notable bloom event in the Beibu Gulf during February 2021 extended across an expansive area totaling 6933.5 km2. The motion speed and direction of the RNS bloom patches were also derived from successive satellite images. The recently introduced BGI method demonstrates insensitivity to suspended sediment, though its successful application necessitates accurate atmospheric correction. Subsequent efforts will involve the quantification of RNS blooms in a more precise manner, utilizing hyperspectral satellite data grounded in optimized band configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Yang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Pearl River Water Resources Protection and Science & Technology Development Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510620, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhang Zhu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaojie Sun
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China; Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Resources Monitoring in Tropical and Subtropical area of South China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510500, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Deng
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China; Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Resources Monitoring in Tropical and Subtropical area of South China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510500, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhantang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
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11
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Weis J, Chase Z, Schallenberg C, Strutton PG, Bowie AR, Fiddes SL. One-third of Southern Ocean productivity is supported by dust deposition. Nature 2024; 629:603-608. [PMID: 38750234 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Natural iron fertilization of the Southern Ocean by windblown dust has been suggested to enhance biological productivity and modulate the climate1-3. Yet, this process has never been quantified across the Southern Ocean and at annual timescales4,5. Here we combined 11 years of nitrate observations from autonomous biogeochemical ocean profiling floats with a Southern Hemisphere dust simulation to empirically derive the relationship between dust-iron deposition and annual net community production (ANCP) in the iron-limited Southern Ocean. Using this relationship, we determined the biological response to dust-iron in the pelagic perennially ice-free Southern Ocean at present and during the last glacial maximum (LGM). We estimate that dust-iron now supports 33% ± 15% of Southern Ocean ANCP. During the LGM, when dust deposition was 5-40-fold higher than today, the contribution of dust to Southern Ocean ANCP was much greater, estimated at 64% ± 13%. We provide quantitative evidence of basin-wide dust-iron fertilization of the Southern Ocean and the potential magnitude of its impact on glacial-interglacial timescales, supporting the idea of the important role of dust in the global carbon cycle and climate6-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Weis
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes (CLEX), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Zanna Chase
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science (ACEAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Christina Schallenberg
- Australian Antarctic Program Partnership (AAPP), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Environment, CSIRO, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Peter G Strutton
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes (CLEX), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science (ACEAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Andrew R Bowie
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Australian Antarctic Program Partnership (AAPP), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sonya L Fiddes
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes (CLEX), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Australian Antarctic Program Partnership (AAPP), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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12
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Qin B, Yu K, Fu Y, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Zhang W, Chen X. Responses in reef-building corals to wildfire emissions: Heterotrophic plasticity and calcification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171271. [PMID: 38428592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Extreme wildfire events are on the rise globally, and although substantial wildfire emissions may find their way into the ocean, their impact on coral reefs remains uncertain. In a five-week laboratory experiment, we observed a significant reduction in photosynthesis in coral symbionts (Porites lutea) when exposed to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from wildfires. At low PM2.5 level (2 mg L-1), the changes in δ13C and δ15N values in the host and symbiotic algae suggest reduced autotrophy and the utilization of wildfire particulates as a source of heterotrophic nutrients. This adaptive strategy, characterized by an increase in heterotrophy, sustained some aspects of coral growth (total biomass, proteins and lipids) under wildfire stress. Nevertheless, at high PM2.5 level (5 mg L-1), both autotrophy and heterotrophy significantly decreased, resulting in an imbalanced coral-algal nutritional relationship. These changes were related to light attenuation in seawater and particulate accumulation on the coral surface during PM2.5 deposition, ultimately rendering the coral growth unsustainable. Further, the calcification rates decreased by 1.5 to 1.85 times under both low and high levels of PM2.5, primarily affected by photosynthetic autotrophy rather than heterotrophy. Our study highlights a constrained heterotrophic plasticity of corals under wildfire stress. This limitation may restrict wildfire emissions as an alternative nutrient source to support coral growth and calcification, especially when oceanic food availability or autotrophy declines, as seen during bleaching induced by the warming ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qin
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Yichen Fu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yanliu Wu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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13
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Seok MW, Ko YH, Park KT, Kim TW. Possible enhancement in ocean productivity associated with wildfire-derived nutrient and black carbon deposition in the Arctic Ocean in 2019-2021. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 201:116149. [PMID: 38364527 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The Arctic is severely affected by climate change and various forms of environmental pollution. Enriched with nutrients and light-absorbing compounds, the wildfire plume has the potential to affect biological carbon fixation and sequestration within the Arctic Ocean. In this study, we utilized satellite-derived oceanic data (phytoplankton and sea ice) and atmospheric reanalysis products (black carbon, BC, indicative of wildfire impact) to evaluate the effect of the pronounced increase in wildfires from 2019 to 2021 on the East Siberian Sea. During these years, chlorophyll-a levels rose by ∼213 % compared to the previous decadal average, which had notably lower wildfire activities. This increase in chlorophyll-a is attributable to the deposition of nitrogen from the wildfire plume. Concurrently, the period required for sea ice concentration to decrease by 25 % was on average ∼ 10 days shorter than usual. This suggests that BC-induced acceleration of sea ice melting might extend the growing season for phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Woo Seok
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Ko
- OJeong Resilience Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Park
- Division of Polar Climate Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea; now at Department of Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; OJeong Resilience Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Gill RL, Fleck R, Chau K, Westerhausen MT, Lockwood TE, Violi JP, Irga PJ, Doblin MA, Torpy FR. Fine particle pollution during megafires contains potentially toxic elements. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123306. [PMID: 38185362 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Wildfires that raged across Australia during the 2019-2020 'Black Summer' produced an enormous quantity of particulate matter (PM) pollution, with plumes that cloaked many urban centres and ecosystems along the eastern seaboard. This has motivated a need to understand the magnitude and nature of PM exposure, so that its impact on both built and natural environments can be more accurately assessed. Here we present the potentially toxic fingerprint of PM captured by building heating, ventilation, and air conditioning filters in Sydney, Australia during the peak of the Wildfires, and from ambient urban emissions one year later (Reference period). Atmospheric PM and meteorological monitoring data were also assessed to determine the magnitude and source of high PM exposure. The wildfires were a major source of PM pollution in Sydney, exceeding the national standards on 19 % of days between November-February. Wildfire particles were finer and more spherical compared to Reference PM, with count median diameters of 892.1 ± 23.1 versus 1484.8 ± 96.7 nm (mean ± standard error). On an equal-mass basis, differences in potentially toxic elements were predominantly due to higher SO42--S (median 20.4 vs 4.7 mg g-1) and NO3--N (2.4 vs 1.2 mg g-1) in Wildfire PM, and higher PO43--P (10.4 vs 1.4 mg g-1) in Reference PM. Concentrations of remaining elements were similar or lower than Reference PM, except for enrichments to F-, Cl-, dissolved Mn, and particulate Mn, Co and Sb. Fractional solubilities of trace elements were similar or lower than Reference PM, except for enhanced Hg (12.1 vs 1.0 %) and greater variability in Cd, Hg and Mn solubility, which displayed upper quartiles exceeding that of Reference PM. These findings contribute to our understanding of human and ecosystem exposures to the toxic components of mixed smoke plumes, especially in regions downwind of the source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa L Gill
- Productive Coasts, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Robert Fleck
- Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Ky Chau
- Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Mika T Westerhausen
- Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Thomas E Lockwood
- Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Jake P Violi
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Peter J Irga
- Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Martina A Doblin
- Productive Coasts, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - Fraser R Torpy
- Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
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15
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Riera R, Pausas JG. Fire ecology in marine systems. Trends Ecol Evol 2024; 39:221-224. [PMID: 38160176 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Wildfire byproducts enter into the oceans via terrestrial and atmospheric routes. They pose a challenge to the sustainability of marine ecosystems, especially under the current increase in fire activity. Research is needed to unravel the dynamics between wildfires and marine life, and the oceans' potential to mitigate wildfire emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Riera
- BIOCON, IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Casilla 297, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Juli G Pausas
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIDE-CSIC), Montcada, Valencia, Spain
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16
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Zhang T, Liu J, Xiang Y, Liu X, Zhang J, Zhang L, Ying Q, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen S, Chai F, Zheng M. Quantifying anthropogenic emission of iron in marine aerosol in the Northwest Pacific with shipborne online measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169158. [PMID: 38092217 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions are recognized as significant contributors to atmospheric soluble iron (Fe) in recent years, which may affect marine primary productivity, especially in Fe-limited areas. However, the contribution of different emission sources to Fe in marine aerosol has been primarily estimated by modeling approaches. Quantifying anthropogenic Fe based on field measurements remains a great challenge. In this study, online multi-element measurements and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) were combined for the first time to quantify sources of atmospheric Fe and soluble Fe in the Northwest Pacific during a cruise in spring 2015. Fe concentration in 624 atmospheric PM2.5 samples measured online was 74.58 ± 90.87 ng/m3. The PMF results showed anthropogenic activities, including industrial coal combustion, biomass burning, and maritime transport, were important in this region, contributing 31.4 % of atmospheric Fe on average. In addition, anthropogenic Fe concentration resolved by PMF was comparable to the simulation results of the CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality) and GEOS-Chem (Goddard Earth Observing System-Chemical transport) models, with better correlation to CMAQ (r = 0.76) than GEOS-Chem (r = 0.26). This study developed a new method to estimate atmospheric soluble Fe, which integrates Fe source apportionment results and Fe solubility from different sources. Soluble Fe concentration was estimated as 3.93 ± 5.14 ng/m3, of which 87.0 % was attributed to anthropogenic emissions. Notably, ship emission alone contributed 27.5 % of soluble Fe, though its contribution to total Fe was only 2.2 %. Finally, the total deposition fluxes of atmospheric Fe (37.11 ± 38.43 μg/m2/day) and soluble Fe (1.85 ± 2.13 μg/m2/day) were estimated. This study developed a new methodology for quantifying contribution of anthropogenic emissions to Fe in marine aerosol, which could greatly help the assessment of impacts of human activities on marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Zhang
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaxin Xiang
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Zachary Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachary Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Yuntao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuangling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Fei Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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17
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Tastassa AC, Sharaby Y, Lang-Yona N. Aeromicrobiology: A global review of the cycling and relationships of bioaerosols with the atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168478. [PMID: 37967625 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Airborne microorganisms and biological matter (bioaerosols) play a key role in global biogeochemical cycling, human and crop health trends, and climate patterns. Their presence in the atmosphere is controlled by three main stages: emission, transport, and deposition. Aerial survival rates of bioaerosols are increased through adaptations such as ultra-violet radiation and desiccation resistance or association with particulate matter. Current research into modern concerns such as climate change, global gene transfer, and pathogenicity often neglects to consider atmospheric involvement. This comprehensive review outlines the transpiring of bioaerosols across taxa in the atmosphere, with significant focus on their interactions with environmental elements including abiotic factors (e.g., atmospheric composition, water cycle, and pollution) and events (e.g., dust storms, hurricanes, and wildfires). The aim of this review is to increase understanding and shed light on needed research regarding the interplay between global atmospheric phenomena and the aeromicrobiome. The abundantly documented bacteria and fungi are discussed in context of their cycling and human health impacts. Gaps in knowledge regarding airborne viral community, the challenges and importance of studying their composition, concentrations and survival in the air are addressed, along with understudied plant pathogenic oomycetes, and archaea cycling. Key methodologies in sampling, collection, and processing are described to provide an up-to-date picture of ameliorations in the field. We propose optimization to microbiological methods, commonly used in soil and water analysis, that adjust them to the context of aerobiology, along with other directions towards novel and necessary advancements. This review offers new perspectives into aeromicrobiology and calls for advancements in global-scale bioremediation, insights into ecology, climate change impacts, and pathogenicity transmittance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel C Tastassa
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Yehonatan Sharaby
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Naama Lang-Yona
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel.
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18
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Gutiérrez-Barral A, Teira E, Díaz-Alonso A, Justel-Díez M, Kaal J, Fernández E. Impact of wildfire ash on bacterioplankton abundance and community composition in a coastal embayment (Ría de Vigo, NW Spain). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 194:106317. [PMID: 38160575 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Wildfire ash can have an impact on coastal prokaryotic plankton. To understand the extent to which community composition and abundance of coastal prokaryotes are affected by ash, two ash addition experiments were performed. Ash from a massive wildfire that took place in the Ría de Vigo watershed in October 2017 was added to natural surface water samples collected in the middle sector of the ría during the summer of 2019 and winter of 2020, and incubated for 72 h, under natural water temperature and irradiance conditions. Plankton responses were assessed through chlorophyll a and bacterial abundance measurements. Prokaryotic DNA was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene partial sequencing. In summer, when nutrient concentrations were low in the ría, the addition of ash led to an increase in phytoplankton and bacterial abundance, increasing the proportions of Alteromonadales, Flavobacteriales, and the potentially pathogenic Vibrio, among other taxa. After the winter runoff events, nutrient concentrations in the Ría de Vigo were high, and only minor changes in bacterial abundance were detected. Our findings suggest that the compounds associated with wildfire ash can alter the composition of bacterioplanktonic communities, which is relevant information for the management of coastal ecosystems in fire-prone areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gutiérrez-Barral
- Centro de Investigación Mariña da Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Facultade de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Eva Teira
- Centro de Investigación Mariña da Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Facultade de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Alexandra Díaz-Alonso
- Centro de Investigación Mariña da Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Facultade de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Maider Justel-Díez
- Centro de Investigación Mariña da Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Facultade de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Joeri Kaal
- Pyrolyscience, 15707, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emilio Fernández
- Centro de Investigación Mariña da Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Facultade de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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19
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González-Sánchez JM, Panagiotopoulos C, Antich C, Papillon L, Garcia N, Van Wambeke F, Misson B. What happens to biomass burning-emitted particles in the ocean? A laboratory experimental approach based on their tracers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167770. [PMID: 37858832 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires, controlled burns, and biofuel combustion (biomass burning or BB) are major contributors to particulate matter in the atmosphere and thus have an impact on climate, human health, and ecosystems. Once emitted, the particulate matter derived from BB can be taken up by the oceans. However, the fate and impact of BB in the marine biological carbon pump, and carbon cycle are largely unknown. This work presents the first attempt to investigate the bioavailability of two BB tracers, levoglucosan and galactosan, in seawater inoculated with marine prokaryotes. Levoglucosan and galactosan were incubated with a marine bacterial inoculum and monitored for six weeks under controlled laboratory conditions. Along with the anhydrosugar concentrations, multiple chemical and biological parameters were monitored over time. The results indicate that levoglucosan and galactosan can be assimilated by marine prokaryotes as their concentrations decreased by 97 ± 4 % and 36 ± 21 % (n = 3) of their initial values. However, this decrease occurred only after a 9 and 15 days from the beginning of the experiment, respectively. The decrease in the levoglucosan and galactosan concentrations was accompanied by an increase in both heterotrophic prokaryotic production, and abundance. These results demonstrate that these anhydrosugars have the potential to be assimilated by heterotrophic prokaryotes and thus contribute to the microbial food web functioning. Under our experimental conditions, levoglucosan exhibited a bacterial growth efficiency of 17 ± 5 % (n = 3), suggesting that most of the levoglucosan is mineralized into CO2. Prokaryotic diversity analyses revealed the predominance of a few bacterial genera from the Roseobacter clade that were selected after the addition of the anhydrosugars. The presence of this widespread marine bacterial clade reflects its ability to process semilabile compounds (here levoglucosan and galactosan) originating from BB and contribute to the dissolved organic matter pool in surface seawaters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christos Panagiotopoulos
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Candice Antich
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Papillon
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Nicole Garcia
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - France Van Wambeke
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Misson
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
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20
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Jiang HB, Hutchins DA, Ma W, Zhang RF, Wells M, Jiao N, Wang Y, Chai F. Natural ocean iron fertilization and climate variability over geological periods. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:6856-6866. [PMID: 37855153 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Marine primary producers are largely dependent on and shape the Earth's climate, although their relationship with climate varies over space and time. The growth of phytoplankton and associated marine primary productivity in most of the modern global ocean is limited by the supply of nutrients, including the micronutrient iron. The addition of iron via episodic and frequent events drives the biological carbon pump and promotes the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) into the ocean. However, the dependence between iron and marine primary producers adaptively changes over different geological periods due to the variation in global climate and environment. In this review, we examined the role and importance of iron in modulating marine primary production during some specific geological periods, that is, the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) during the Huronian glaciation, the Snowball Earth Event during the Cryogenian, the glacial-interglacial cycles during the Pleistocene, and the period from the last glacial maximum to the late Holocene. Only the change trend of iron bioavailability and climate in the glacial-interglacial cycles is consistent with the Iron Hypothesis. During the GOE and the Snowball Earth periods, although the bioavailability of iron in the ocean and the climate changed dramatically, the changing trend of many factors contradicted the Iron Hypothesis. By detangling the relationship among marine primary productivity, iron availability and oceanic environments in different geological periods, this review can offer some new insights for evaluating the impact of ocean iron fertilization on removing CO2 from the atmosphere and regulating the climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - David A Hutchins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wentao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui-Feng Zhang
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Mark Wells
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Nianzhi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yuntao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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21
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Li Y, Fu TM, Yu JZ, Yu X, Chen Q, Miao R, Zhou Y, Zhang A, Ye J, Yang X, Tao S, Liu H, Yao W. Dissecting the contributions of organic nitrogen aerosols to global atmospheric nitrogen deposition and implications for ecosystems. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad244. [PMID: 37954202 PMCID: PMC10634623 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition of particulate organic nitrogen (ONp) is a significant process in the global nitrogen cycle and may be pivotally important for N-limited ecosystems. However, past models largely overlooked the spatial and chemical inhomogeneity of atmospheric ONp and were thus deficient in assessing global ONp impacts. We constructed a comprehensive global model of atmospheric gaseous and particulate organic nitrogen (ON), including the latest knowledge on emissions and secondary formations. Using this model, we simulated global atmospheric ONp abundances consistent with observations. Our estimated global atmospheric ON deposition was 26 Tg N yr-1, predominantly in the form of ONp (23 Tg N yr-1) and mostly from wildfires (37%), oceans (22%) and aqueous productions (17%). Globally, ONp contributed as much as 40% to 80% of the total N deposition downwind of biomass-burning regions. Atmospheric ONp deposition thus constituted the dominant external N supply to the N-limited boreal forests, tundras and the Arctic Ocean, and its importance may be amplified in a future warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- NationalCenter for Applied Mathematics Shenzhen, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Xu Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Ruqian Miao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao266100, China
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao266100, China
| | - Aoxing Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Weiqi Yao
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
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22
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Ladd TM, Catlett D, Maniscalco MA, Kim SM, Kelly RL, John SG, Carlson CA, Iglesias-Rodríguez MD. Food for all? Wildfire ash fuels growth of diverse eukaryotic plankton. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231817. [PMID: 37909074 PMCID: PMC10618864 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2017, one of the largest wildfires in California history, the Thomas Fire, created a large smoke and ash plume that extended over the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Here, we explore the impact of Thomas Fire ash deposition on seawater chemistry and the growth and composition of natural microbial communities. Experiments conducted in coastal California waters during the Thomas Fire revealed that leaching of ash in seawater resulted in significant additions of dissolved nutrients including inorganic nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite and ammonium), silicic acid, metals (iron, nickel, cobalt and copper), organic nitrogen and organic carbon. After exposure to ash leachate at high (0.25 g ash l-1) and low (0.08 g ash l-1) concentrations for 4 days, natural microbial communities had 59-154% higher particulate organic carbon concentrations than communities without ash leachate additions. Additionally, a diverse assemblage of eukaryotic microbes (protists) responded to the ash leachate with taxa from 11 different taxonomic divisions increasing in relative abundance compared with control treatments. Our results suggest that large fire events can be important atmospheric sources of nutrients (particularly nitrogen) to coastal marine systems, where, through leaching of various nutrients, ash may act as a 'food for all' in protist communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Ladd
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Marine Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - D. Catlett
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Marine Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - M. A. Maniscalco
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Marine Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - S. M. Kim
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - R. L. Kelly
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S. G. John
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C. A. Carlson
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Marine Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - M. D. Iglesias-Rodríguez
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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23
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Strauss J, Deng L, Gao S, Toseland A, Bachy C, Zhang C, Kirkham A, Hopes A, Utting R, Joest EF, Tagliabue A, Löw C, Worden AZ, Nagel G, Mock T. Plastid-localized xanthorhodopsin increases diatom biomass and ecosystem productivity in iron-limited surface oceans. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:2050-2066. [PMID: 37845316 PMCID: PMC10627834 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbial rhodopsins are photoreceptor proteins that convert light into biological signals or energy. Proteins of the xanthorhodopsin family are common in eukaryotic photosynthetic plankton including diatoms. However, their biological role in these organisms remains elusive. Here we report on a xanthorhodopsin variant (FcR1) isolated from the polar diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus. Applying a combination of biophysical, biochemical and reverse genetics approaches, we demonstrate that FcR1 is a plastid-localized proton pump which binds the chromophore retinal and is activated by green light. Enhanced growth of a Thalassiora pseudonana gain-of-function mutant expressing FcR1 under iron limitation shows that the xanthorhodopsin proton pump supports growth when chlorophyll-based photosynthesis is iron-limited. The abundance of xanthorhodopsin transcripts in natural diatom communities of the surface oceans is anticorrelated with the availability of dissolved iron. Thus, we propose that these proton pumps convey a fitness advantage in regions where phytoplankton growth is limited by the availability of dissolved iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Strauss
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, RD3, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany.
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany.
- German Maritime Centre, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Longji Deng
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Toseland
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Charles Bachy
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, RD3, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424, Station biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Amy Kirkham
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Amanda Hopes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Robert Utting
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Eike F Joest
- Department of Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Löw
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Z Worden
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, RD3, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Georg Nagel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Mock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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24
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Abstract
Australia rethinks strategies after 2019 to 2020 bushfires.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M J S Bowman
- Fire Centre, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jason J Sharples
- UNSW Bushfire Research Group, School of Science, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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25
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Tagliabue A, Buck KN, Sofen LE, Twining BS, Aumont O, Boyd PW, Caprara S, Homoky WB, Johnson R, König D, Ohnemus DC, Sohst B, Sedwick P. Authigenic mineral phases as a driver of the upper-ocean iron cycle. Nature 2023; 620:104-109. [PMID: 37532817 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Iron is important in regulating the ocean carbon cycle1. Although several dissolved and particulate species participate in oceanic iron cycling, current understanding emphasizes the importance of complexation by organic ligands in stabilizing oceanic dissolved iron concentrations2-6. However, it is difficult to reconcile this view of ligands as a primary control on dissolved iron cycling with the observed size partitioning of dissolved iron species, inefficient dissolved iron regeneration at depth or the potential importance of authigenic iron phases in particulate iron observational datasets7-12. Here we present a new dissolved iron, ligand and particulate iron seasonal dataset from the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) region. We find that upper-ocean dissolved iron dynamics were decoupled from those of ligands, which necessitates a process by which dissolved iron escapes ligand stabilization to generate a reservoir of authigenic iron particles that settle to depth. When this 'colloidal shunt' mechanism was implemented in a global-scale biogeochemical model, it reproduced both seasonal iron-cycle dynamics observations and independent global datasets when previous models failed13-15. Overall, we argue that the turnover of authigenic particulate iron phases must be considered alongside biological activity and ligands in controlling ocean-dissolved iron distributions and the coupling between dissolved and particulate iron pools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristen N Buck
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Laura E Sofen
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, USA
| | | | - Olivier Aumont
- LOCEAN, IRD-CNRS-Sorbonne Université-MNHN, IPSL, Paris, France
| | - Philip W Boyd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Salvatore Caprara
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | | | - Rod Johnson
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George's, Bermuda
| | - Daniela König
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Daniel C Ohnemus
- Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, University of Georgia, Department of Marine Sciences, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - Bettina Sohst
- Department of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Peter Sedwick
- Department of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
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26
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Sánchez-García C, Santín C, Neris J, Sigmund G, Otero XL, Manley J, González-Rodríguez G, Belcher CM, Cerdà A, Marcotte AL, Murphy SF, Rhoades CC, Sheridan G, Strydom T, Robichaud PR, Doerr SH. Chemical characteristics of wildfire ash across the globe and their environmental and socio-economic implications. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108065. [PMID: 37562341 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The mobilisation of potentially harmful chemical constituents in wildfire ash can be a major consequence of wildfires, posing widespread societal risks. Knowledge of wildfire ash chemical composition is crucial to anticipate and mitigate these risks. Here we present a comprehensive dataset on the chemical characteristics of a wide range of wildfire ashes (42 types and a total of 148 samples) from wildfires across the globe and examine their potential societal and environmental implications. An extensive review of studies analysing chemical composition in ash was also performed to complement and compare our ash dataset. Most ashes in our dataset had an alkaline reaction (mean pH 8.8, ranging between 6 and 11.2). Important constituents of wildfire ash were organic carbon (mean: 204 g kg-1), calcium, aluminium, and iron (mean: 47.9, 17.9 and 17.1 g kg-1). Mean nitrogen and phosphorus ranged between 1 and 25 g kg-1, and between 0.2 and 9.9 g kg-1, respectively. The largest concentrations of metals of concern for human and ecosystem health were observed for manganese (mean: 1488 mg kg-1; three ecosystems > 1000 mg kg-1), zinc (mean: 181 mg kg-1; two ecosystems > 500 mg kg-1) and lead (mean: 66.9 mg kg-1; two ecosystems > 200 mg kg-1). Burn severity and sampling timing were key factors influencing ash chemical characteristics like pH, carbon and nitrogen concentrations. The highest readily dissolvable fractions (as a % of ash dry weight) in water were observed for sodium (18 %) and magnesium (11.4 %). Although concentrations of elements of concern were very close to, or exceeded international contamination standards in some ashes, the actual effect of ash will depend on factors like ash loads and the dilution into environmental matrices such as water, soil and sediment. Our approach can serve as an initial methodological standardisation of wildfire ash sampling and chemical analysis protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sánchez-García
- Centre for Wildfire Research, Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - C Santín
- Centre for Wildfire Research, Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Research Institute of Biodiversity (IMIB; CSIC-UniOvi-PA), Mieres, Spain
| | - J Neris
- Centre for Wildfire Research, Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - G Sigmund
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - X L Otero
- CRETUS, Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Manley
- Centre for Wildfire Research, Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | - C M Belcher
- University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - A Cerdà
- Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - A L Marcotte
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S F Murphy
- U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C C Rhoades
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - G Sheridan
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - T Strydom
- South African National Parks, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - P R Robichaud
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - S H Doerr
- Centre for Wildfire Research, Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.
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27
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Sun YF, Guo Y, Xu C, Liu Y, Zhao X, Liu Q, Jeppesen E, Wang H, Xie P. Will "Air Eutrophication" Increase the Risk of Ecological Threat to Public Health? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:10512-10520. [PMID: 37428654 PMCID: PMC10373653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic eutrophication, often with anthropogenic causes, facilitates blooms of cyanobacteria including cyanotoxin producing species, which profoundly impact aquatic ecosystems and human health. An emerging concern is that aquatic eutrophication may interact with other environmental changes and thereby lead to unexpected cascading effects on terrestrial systems. Here, we synthesize recent evidence showing the possibility that accelerating eutrophication will spill over from aquatic ecosystems to the atmosphere via "air eutrophication", a novel concept that refers to a process promoting the growth of airborne algae, some of them with the capacity to produce toxic compounds for humans and other organisms. Being catalyzed by various anthropogenic forcings─including aquatic eutrophication, climate warming, air contamination, and artificial light at night─accelerated air eutrophication may be expected in the future, posing a potentially increasing risk of threat to public health and the environment. So far knowledge of this topic is sparse, and we therefore consider air eutrophication a potentially important research field and propose an agenda of cross-discipline research. As a contribution, we have calculated a tolerable daily intake of 17 ng m-3 day-1 for the nasal intake of microcystins by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Sun
- Institute
for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School
of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan
University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- Climate,
Air Quality Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive
Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
- Department
of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and
Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Chi Xu
- School
of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute
for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School
of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan
University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Institute
for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School
of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan
University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Institute
for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School
of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan
University, Kunming 650500, China
- Department
of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- Sino-Danish
Centre for Education and Research, Beijing 100190, China
- Limnology
Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem
Research and Implementation (EKOSAM), Middle
East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Institute
of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Mersin 33731, Turkey
| | - Haijun Wang
- Institute
for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School
of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan
University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Institute
for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School
of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan
University, Kunming 650500, China
- Donghu
Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater
Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of
Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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28
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Anugerahanti P, Tagliabue A. Process controlling iron-manganese regulation of the Southern Ocean biological carbon pump. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220065. [PMID: 37150202 PMCID: PMC10164462 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is a key limiting nutrient driving the biological carbon pump and is routinely represented in global ocean biogeochemical models. However, in the Southern Ocean, the potential role for other micronutrients has not received the same attention. For example, although manganese (Mn) is essential to photosynthetic oxygen production and combating oxidative stress, it is not included in ocean models and a clear understanding of its interaction with Fe in the region is lacking. This is especially important for the Southern Ocean because both Mn and Fe are strongly depleted. We use a hierarchical modelling approach to explore how the physiological traits associated with Fe and Mn contribute to driving the footprint of micronutrient stress across different phytoplankton functional types (PFTs). We find that PFT responses are driven by physiological traits associated with their physiological requirements and acclimation to environmental conditions. Southern Ocean-specific adaptations to prevailing low Fe, such as large photosynthetic antenna sizes, are of major significance for the regional biological carbon pump. Other traits more strongly linked to Mn, such as dealing with oxidative stress, may become more important under a changing Fe supply regime. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prima Anugerahanti
- Department of Earth, University of Liverpool, Ocean, and Ecological Sciences, 4 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK
| | - Alessandro Tagliabue
- Department of Earth, University of Liverpool, Ocean, and Ecological Sciences, 4 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK
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29
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Olson NE, Boaggio KL, Rice RB, Foley KM, LeDuc SD. Wildfires in the western United States are mobilizing PM 2.5-associated nutrients and may be contributing to downwind cyanobacteria blooms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1049-1066. [PMID: 37232758 PMCID: PMC10585592 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00042g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire activity is increasing in the continental U.S. and can be linked to climate change effects, including rising temperatures and more frequent drought conditions. Wildfire emissions and large fire frequency have increased in the western U.S., impacting human health and ecosystems. We linked 15 years (2006-2020) of particulate matter (PM2.5) chemical speciation data with smoke plume analysis to identify PM2.5-associated nutrients elevated in air samples on smoke-impacted days. Most macro- and micro-nutrients analyzed (phosphorus, calcium, potassium, sodium, silicon, aluminum, iron, manganese, and magnesium) were significantly elevated on smoke days across all years analyzed. The largest percent increase was observed for phosphorus. With the exception of ammonium, all other nutrients (nitrate, copper, and zinc), although not statistically significant, had higher median values across all years on smoke vs. non-smoke days. Not surprisingly, there was high variation between smoke impacted days, with some nutrients episodically elevated >10 000% during select fire events. Beyond nutrients, we also explored instances where algal blooms occurred in multiple lakes downwind from high-nutrient fires. In these cases, remotely sensed cyanobacteria indices in downwind lakes increased two to seven days following the occurrence of wildfire smoke above the lake. This suggests that elevated nutrients in wildfire smoke may contribute to downwind algal blooms. Since cyanobacteria blooms can be associated with the production of cyanotoxins and wildfire activity is increasing due to climate change, this finding has implications for drinking water reservoirs in the western United States, and for lake ecology, particularly alpine lakes with otherwise limited nutrient inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Olson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Katie L Boaggio
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - R Byron Rice
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Kristen M Foley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Stephen D LeDuc
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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30
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Westberry TK, Behrenfeld MJ, Shi YR, Yu H, Remer LA, Bian H. Atmospheric nourishment of global ocean ecosystems. Science 2023; 380:515-519. [PMID: 37141373 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq5252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the vast open ocean, vital nutrients for phytoplankton growth in the sunlit surface layer are largely provided through physical transport from deep waters, but some nutrients are also provided through atmospheric deposition of desert dust. The extent and magnitude of dust-mediated effects on surface ocean ecosystems have been difficult to estimate globally. In this work, we use global satellite ocean color products to demonstrate widespread responses to atmospheric dust deposition across a diverse continuum of phytoplankton nutritional conditions. The observed responses vary regionally, with some areas exhibiting substantial changes in phytoplankton biomass, whereas in other areas, the response reflects a change in physiological status or health. Climate-driven changes in atmospheric aerosols will alter the relative importance of this nutrient source.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Westberry
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - M J Behrenfeld
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Y R Shi
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - H Yu
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - L A Remer
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Airphoton Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H Bian
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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31
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Chen A, Yang L, Sun L, Gao Y, Xie Z. Holocene changes in biomass burning in the boreal Northern Hemisphere, reconstructed from anhydrosugar fluxes in an Arctic sediment profile. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161460. [PMID: 36626988 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The rapid warming of Arctic is causing increased fire activities in the boreal Northern Hemisphere (NH), leading to unprecedent changes in the global carbon cycling, human health and ecosystems. Understanding the interaction between fire and climate in this far north region is crucial for predicting future changes of wildfires. However, fire records over geological time scales are still scarce in the high latitudes of NH to provide comprehensive pictures of the fire history in this region. Here, we used the flux of levoglucosan (Lev) and its isomers in a sediment profile YN from Svalbard, high Arctic, as proxies for the changes in biomass burning from ∼9-2 kyr BP (thousand years before present). Backward trajectories and comparison with charcoal syntheses from various regions confirmed that the Lev transport to the profile site is sourced from the fire activities in the boreal NH, especially in northern Europe and northern Siberia. The Lev flux exhibited a slight overall decreasing trend at ∼3 %/kyr (p = 0.09) over the study period, as well as centennial maxima at ∼9, 8-7, 6, 5, and 4-3 kyr BP (p = 0.06). On sub-orbital scales, the long-term decrease in fire activities corresponded to trends of summer temperature in the extratropics of the NH (p = 0.01, r = 0.42), reflecting their regulation of fuel availability and flammability. On centennial to sub-millennial time scales, high levels of biomass burning were associated with periods of increased North Atlantic ice-rafted debris (p = 0.02, r = 0.38), which were indicative of cold and dry conditions over most of the source regions, reflecting the impacts of dryness on fuel flammability. The results suggested that enhanced Arctic amplification on centennial time scales may reduce biomass burning in most of the boreal NH, although fires in some mid-latitude regions may be facilitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afeng Chen
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lianjiao Yang
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Liguang Sun
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yuesong Gao
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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32
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Ito A, Miyakawa T. Aerosol Iron from Metal Production as a Secondary Source of Bioaccessible Iron. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4091-4100. [PMID: 36853188 PMCID: PMC10018757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric iron (Fe) from anthropogenic, lithogenic, and pyrogenic sources contributes to ocean fertilization, climate change, and human health risk. However, significant uncertainties remain in the source apportionment due to a lack of source-specific evaluation of Fe-laden aerosols. Here, the large uncertainties in the model estimates are investigated using different Fe emissions from metal production. The best agreement in the anthropogenic factor of aerosol Fe concentrations with the field data in the downstream region of East Asian outflow (median: 0.026 μg m-3) is obtained with the low case (0.023 μg m-3), whereas the best agreement of aerosol Fe bioaccessibility with field data (4.5%) over oceans south of 45°S is obtained with the high case (4.9%). Our simulation with the low case confirms that anthropogenic aerosols play dominant roles in bioaccessible Fe deposition in the northwestern Pacific, compared to lithogenic sources. Our simulations with higher cases suggest that Fe-containing particles co-emitted with sulfur dioxide from metal production substantially contribute to atmospheric bioaccessible Fe fluxes to the Southern Ocean. These findings highlight that accurate representation of aerosol Fe from metal production is a key to reduce large uncertainties in bioaccessible Fe deposition fluxes to the Southern Ocean (0.7-4.4 Gg Fe year-1).
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33
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Tomaš AV, Šantić D, Šolić M, Skejić S, Milinković A, Kušan AC, Gašparović B, Šestanović S, Frka S. How do open coastal fire episodes' impact sea surface microlayer neuston communities? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160593. [PMID: 36470385 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced climate change is expected to increase the frequency and severity of vegetation fires. The Mediterranean region is considered particularly prone to fire episodes in summer. It is well known that pyrogenic particles are an important source of external nutrients for the marine environment, especially in oligotrophic areas. In this study, the plankton components of the sea surface layers were integrated to evaluate, for the first time, their dynamics over six months and their response to fire events in a typical coastal area of the Adriatic Sea. Concentrations of nutrients and organic compounds, together with plankton communities were significantly higher in the sea surface microlayer (SML, < 1 mm thick), than in the underlying water from 1 m depth. The piconeuston community and chlorophyll a responded with extreme abundance and concentration to the most intense fire event that enriched the SML with NH4+. Phytoneuston abundance increased with a delay of 2 weeks, while diversity indices decreased slightly after the fire events. The large abundances of the studied piconeuston parameters could be explained by the high availability of organic compounds and the immediate availability of NH4+, while the phytoneuston community responded to an increased NO3- concentration, triggered by the fire events. We confirmed that fast-acting marine heterotrophs are important members of biogeochemical cycles associated with fire events and that, together with phytoplankton, they are unavoidable parameters to detect environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mladen Šolić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
| | - Sanda Skejić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia.
| | - Andrea Milinković
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Cvitešić Kušan
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Blaženka Gašparović
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Sanja Frka
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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34
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Alshehri T, Wang J, Singerling SA, Gigault J, Webster JP, Matiasek SJ, Alpers CN, Baalousha M. Wildland-urban interface fire ashes as a major source of incidental nanomaterials. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130311. [PMID: 36368066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although metal and metalloid concentrations in wildfire ashes have been documented, the nature and concentrations of incidental nanomaterials (INMs) in wildland-urban interface (WUI) fire ashes have received considerably less attention. In this study, the total metal and metalloid concentrations of 57 vegetation, structural, and vehicle ashes and underlying soils collected at the WUI following the 2020 fire season in northern California - North Complex Fire and LNU Lightning Complex Fire - were determined using inductively coupled plasma-time of flight-mass spectrometry after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The concentrations of Ti, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn, Sb, Co, Bi, Cr, Ba, As, Rb, and W are generally higher in structural/vehicle-derived ashes than in vegetation-derived ashes and soils. The concentrations of Ca, Sr, Rb, and Ag increased with increased combustion completeness (e.g., black ash < gray ash < white ash), whereas those of C, N, Zn, Pb, and In decreased with increased combustion completeness. The concentration of anthropogenic Ti - determined by mass balance calculations and shifts in Ti/Nb above the natural background ratios - was highest in vehicle ash (median: 30.8 g kg-1, range: 4.5-41.0 g kg-1) followed by structural ash (median: 5.5 g kg-1, range: of 0-77.4 g kg-1). Various types of carbonaceous INM (e.g., amorphous carbon, turbostratic-like carbon, and carbon associated with zinc oxides) and metal-bearing INMs (e.g., Ti, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cr) with sizes between few nanometers to few hundreds of nanometers were evidenced in ashes using transmission electron microscopy, including energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Overall, this study demonstrates the abundance of a variety of metals and metalloids in the form of INMs in WUI fire ashes. This study also highlights the need for further research into the formation, transformation, reactivity, fate, and effects of INMs during and following fires at the WUI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal Alshehri
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, United States; Environmental Health Department, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, United States
| | - Sheryl A Singerling
- National Center for Earth and Environmental Nanotechnology Infrastructure (NanoEarth, Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Julien Gigault
- TAKUVIK, Université Laval/CNRS, IRL 3376, G1V 0A6 Québec, Canada
| | - Jackson P Webster
- Department of Civil Engineering, California State University Chico, 400 W 1st St, Chico, CA 95929, United States
| | - Sandrine J Matiasek
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, California State University Chico, 400 W 1st St, Chico, CA 95929, United States
| | - Charles N Alpers
- US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA 95819, United States
| | - Mohammed Baalousha
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, United States.
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35
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Huang Z, Ma Y, Zhan X, Lin H, Zheng C, Tigabu M, Guo F. Composition of inorganic elements in fine particulate matter emitted during surface fire in relation to moisture content of forest floor combustibles. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137259. [PMID: 36400192 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The moisture content of combustible material on the forest floor is constantly changing due to environmental factors, which have a direct impact on the composition and emission intensity of particulate matter released during fire. In this study, an indoor biomass combustion analysis device was used to analyze the emission characteristics of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from combustion of herbaceous combustible materials with different moisture contents (0%, 15%, and 30%). The composition of inorganic elements in PM2.5 (Zn, K, Mg, Ca, and other 13 measurable elements) were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The results showed that the PM2.5 emission factor increased significantly with the increase of moisture content of combustible materials in the range of 11.63 ± 0.55 for dry samples to 36.71 ± 1.21 g/kg for samples with 30% moisture content. The main elemental components of PM2.5 were K, Zn, Ca, Mg, and Na and K, Ca, Mg, and Na emission factors increased with the increase of moisture content of combustibles. The proportion of macronutrients in PM2.5 released by combustion of each herb increased as the moisture content increased, but the proportion of trace elements gradually decreased. There was a good correlation between elemental composition of PM2.5 and that of herbaceous combustibles. The results provide evidence that the moisture content of combustible materials has a significant effect on the emission of inorganic elements in particulate matter, and hence cautions should be exercised during fuel reduction treatments, such as early prescribed fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Huang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Yuanfan Ma
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Zhan
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Haichuan Lin
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Chenyue Zheng
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Mulualem Tigabu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, SE-234 22 Lomma, Sweden.
| | - Futao Guo
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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36
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Tilstone GH, Land PE, Pardo S, Kerimoglu O, Van der Zande D. Threshold indicators of primary production in the north-east Atlantic for assessing environmental disturbances using 21 years of satellite ocean colour. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158757. [PMID: 36108866 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary production (PP) is highly sensitive to changes in the ecosystem and can be used as an early warning indicator for disturbance in the marine environment. Historic indicators of good environmental status of the north-east (NE) Atlantic and north-west (NW) European Seas suggested that daily PP should not exceed 2-3 g C m-2 d-1 during phytoplankton blooms and that annual rates should be <300 g C m-2 yr-1. We use 21 years of Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS) Ocean Colour data from September 1997 to December 2018 to assess areas in the NE Atlantic with similar peak, climatology, phenology and annual PP values. Daily and annual thresholds of the 90th percentile (P90) of PP are defined for these areas and PP values above these thresholds indicate disturbances, both natural and anthropogenic, in the marine environment. Two case studies are used to test the validity and accuracy of these thresholds. The first is the eruption of the volcano Eyjafjallajökull, which deposited large volumes of volcanic dust (and therefore iron) into the NE Atlantic during April and May 2010. A clear signature in both PP and chlorophyll-a (Chl a) was evident from 28th April to 6th May and from 18th to 27th May 2010, when PP exceeded the PP P90 threshold for the region, which was comparatively more sensitive than Chl a P90 as an indicator of this disturbance. The second case study was for the riverine input of total nitrogen and phosphorus, along the Wadden Sea coast in the North Sea. During years when total nitrogen and phosphorus were above the climatology maximum, there was a lag signature in both PP and Chl a when PP exceeded the PP P90 threshold defined for the study area which was slightly more sensitive than Chl a P90. This technique represents an accurate means of determining disturbances in the environment both in the coastal and offshore waters in the NE Atlantic using remotely sensed ocean colour data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin H Tilstone
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.
| | - Peter E Land
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Silvia Pardo
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Onur Kerimoglu
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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37
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Bracewell SA, Barros TL, Mayer-Pinto M, Dafforn KA, Simpson SL, Johnston EL. Contaminant pulse following wildfire is associated with shifts in estuarine benthic communities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120533. [PMID: 36341829 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Novel combinations of climatic conditions due to climate change and prolonged fire seasons have contributed to an increased occurrence of "megafires". Such large-scale fires pose an unknown threat to biodiversity due to the increased extent and severity of burn. Assessments of wildfires often focus on terrestrial ecosystems and effects on aquatic habitats are less documented, particularly in coastal environments. In a novel application of eDNA techniques, we assessed the impacts of the 2019-2020 Australian wildfires on the diversity of estuarine benthic sediment communities in six estuaries in NSW, Australia, before and after the fires. Estuaries differed in area of catchment burnt (0-92%) and amount of vegetative buffer that remained post-fire between burnt areas and waterways. We found greater dissimilarities in the composition and abundance of eukaryotic and bacterial sediment communities in estuaries from burnt catchments with no buffer compared to those with an intact buffer or from unburnt catchments. Shifts in composition in highly burnt catchments were associated with increased concentrations of nutrients, carbon, including fire-derived pyrogenic carbon, and copper, which was representative of multiple highly correlated trace metals. Changes in the relative abundances of certain taxonomic groups, such as sulfate-reducing and nitrifying bacterial groups, in the most impacted estuaries indicate potential consequences for the functioning of sediment communities. These results provide a unique demonstration of the use of eDNA to identify wildfire impacts on ecological communities and emphasize the importance of vegetative buffers in limiting wildfire-associated impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Bracewell
- Applied Marine and Estuarine Ecology Laboratory, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Thayanne L Barros
- Applied Marine and Estuarine Ecology Laboratory, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mariana Mayer-Pinto
- Applied Marine and Estuarine Ecology Laboratory, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine A Dafforn
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart L Simpson
- CSIRO Land and Water, Tharawal Country, Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Emma L Johnston
- Applied Marine and Estuarine Ecology Laboratory, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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38
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Shi J, Guan Y, Gao H, Yao X, Wang R, Zhang D. Aerosol Iron Solubility Specification in the Global Marine Atmosphere with Machine Learning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16453-16461. [PMID: 36316194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol iron (Fe) solubility is a key factor for the assessment of atmospheric nutrients input to the ocean but poorly specified in models because the mechanism of determining the solubility is unclear. We develop a deep learning model to project the solubility based on the data that we observed in a coastal city of China. The model has five variables: the size range of particles, relative humidity, and the ratios of sulfate, nitrate and oxalate to total Fe (TFe) contents in aerosol particles. Results show excellent statistical agreements with the solubility in the literature over most worldwide seas and margin areas with the Pearson correlation coefficients (r) as large as 0.73-0.97. The exception is the Atlantic Ocean, where good agreement is obtained with the model trained using local data (r: 0.34-0.66). The model further uncovers that the ratio of oxalate/TFe is the most important variable influencing the solubility. These results indicate the feasibility of treating the solubility as a function of the six factors in deep learning models with careful training and validation. Our model and projected solubility provide innovative options for better quantification of air-to-sea input of aerosol soluble Fe in observational and model studies in the global marine atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education of China, Qingdao266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Yang Guan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education of China, Qingdao266100, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education of China, Qingdao266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education of China, Qingdao266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Renzheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education of China, Qingdao266100, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto862-8502, Japan
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39
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Verhoeven E, Wardle GM, Roth GW, Greenville AC. Characterising the spatiotemporal dynamics of drought and wet events in Australia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157480. [PMID: 35868391 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change has altered precipitation patterns and disrupted the characteristics of drought and rainfall events. Climate projections confirm that more frequent, intense, and extreme droughts and rainfall events will continue. However, knowledge around how drought and wet events move dynamically through space and time is limited, especially in the southern hemisphere. Australia is the driest inhabited continent, renowned as the land of droughts and flooding rains, but recent climate-driven changes to the severity of wildfires and floods have garnered global attention. Here we used S-TRACK, a novel method for spatial drought tracking, to build pathways for past drought and wet events in Australia to examine their spatiotemporal dynamics. Characteristics such as duration, severity, and intensity were obtained from these pathways, and modified Mann-Kendall tests and Sen's slope were used to detect significant trends in characteristics over time. Drought conditions in southern Australia have intensified, particularly in the southwest of Australia and Tasmania, while the north of the country is experiencing longer, more severe, and more intense wet conditions. We also found that the location of drought and wet hotspots has clearly shifted in response to precipitation changes since the 1970's. Finally, pathways for the most extreme events show peak severity is reached in the middle to late stages of pathways, and that the largest drought and wet areas of a pathway have moved further west in recent times. The findings in this study provide the necessary knowledge to improve preparedness for extreme precipitation events as they become more common and to inform predictions for agricultural output or the extent of other climate events such as wildfires and flooding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Verhoeven
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - Glenda M Wardle
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Guy W Roth
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Aaron C Greenville
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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40
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Using modelled relationships and satellite observations to attribute modelled aerosol biases over biomass burning regions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5914. [PMID: 36207322 PMCID: PMC9547058 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is a major source of aerosols that remain the most uncertain components of the global radiative forcing. Current global models have great difficulty matching observed aerosol optical depth (AOD) over BB regions. A common solution to address modelled AOD biases is scaling BB emissions. Using the relationship from an ensemble of aerosol models and satellite observations, we show that the bias in aerosol modelling results primarily from incorrect lifetimes and underestimated mass extinction coefficients. In turn, these biases seem to be related to incorrect precipitation and underestimated particle sizes. We further show that boosting BB emissions to correct AOD biases over the source region causes an overestimation of AOD in the outflow from Africa by 48%, leading to a double warming effect compared with when biases are simultaneously addressed for both aforementioned factors. Such deviations are particularly concerning in a warming future with increasing emissions from fires. Error attribution based on modelled relationships and satellite observations suggests that errors in global models are more important and require more concerns than emission errors in creating the overall uncertainties for biomass burning aerosols.
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41
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Barros TL, Bracewell SA, Mayer-Pinto M, Dafforn KA, Simpson SL, Farrell M, Johnston EL. Wildfires cause rapid changes to estuarine benthic habitat. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119571. [PMID: 35661807 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries are one of the most valuable biomes on earth. Although humans are highly dependent on these ecosystems, anthropogenic activities have impacted estuaries worldwide, altering their ecological functions and ability to provide a variety of important ecosystem services. Many anthropogenic stressors combine to affect the soft sedimentary habitats that dominate estuarine ecosystems. Now, due to climate change, estuaries and other marine areas might be increasingly exposed to the emerging threat of megafires. Here, by sampling estuaries before and after a megafire, we describe impacts of wildfires on estuarine benthic habitats and justify why megafires are a new and concerning threat to coastal ecosystems. We (1) show that wildfires change the fundamental characteristics of estuarine benthic habitat, (2) identify the factors (burnt intensity and proximity to water's edge) that influence the consequences of fires on estuaries, and (3) identify relevant indicators of wildfire impact: metals, nutrients, and pyrogenic carbon. We then discuss how fires can impact estuaries globally, regardless of local variability and differences in catchment. In the first empirical assessment of the impact of wildfires on estuarine condition, our results highlight indicators that may assist waterway managers to empirically detect wildfire impacts in estuaries and identify catchment factors that should be included in fire risk assessments for estuaries. Overall, this study highlights the importance of considering fire threats in current and future estuarine and coastal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayanne L Barros
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Bedegal Country, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Sally A Bracewell
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Bedegal Country, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mariana Mayer-Pinto
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Bedegal Country, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Katherine A Dafforn
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Wallamattagal Country, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Stuart L Simpson
- CSIRO Land and Water, Tharawal Country, Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Mark Farrell
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Kaurna Country, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Emma L Johnston
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Bedegal Country, NSW, 2052, Australia
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42
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A Machine Learning Algorithm for Himawari-8 Total Suspended Solids Retrievals in the Great Barrier Reef. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14143503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Remote sensing of ocean colour has been fundamental to the synoptic-scale monitoring of marine water quality in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). However, ocean colour sensors onboard low orbit satellites, such as the Sentinel-3 constellation, have insufficient revisit capability to fully resolve diurnal variability in highly dynamic coastal environments. To overcome this limitation, this work presents a physics-based coastal ocean colour algorithm for the Advanced Himawari Imager onboard the Himawari-8 geostationary satellite. Despite being designed for meteorological applications, Himawari-8 offers the opportunity to estimate ocean colour features every 10 min, in four broad visible and near-infrared spectral bands, and at 1 km2 spatial resolution. Coupled ocean–atmosphere radiative transfer simulations of the Himawari-8 bands were carried out for a realistic range of in-water and atmospheric optical properties of the GBR and for a wide range of solar and observation geometries. The simulated data were used to develop an inverse model based on artificial neural network techniques to estimate total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations directly from the Himawari-8 top-of-atmosphere spectral reflectance observations. The algorithm was validated with concurrent in situ data across the coastal GBR and its detection limits were assessed. TSS retrievals presented relative errors up to 75% and absolute errors of 2 mg L−1 within the validation range of 0.14 to 24 mg L−1, with a detection limit of 0.25 mg L−1. We discuss potential applications of Himawari-8 diurnal TSS products for improved monitoring and management of water quality in the GBR.
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43
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König D, Conway TM, Hamilton DS, Tagliabue A. Surface Ocean Biogeochemistry Regulates the Impact of Anthropogenic Aerosol Fe Deposition on the Cycling of Iron and Iron Isotopes in the North Pacific. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 49:e2022GL098016. [PMID: 36245954 PMCID: PMC9539696 DOI: 10.1029/2022gl098016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Distinctively-light isotopic signatures associated with Fe released from anthropogenic activity have been used to trace basin-scale impacts. However, this approach is complicated by the way Fe cycle processes modulate oceanic dissolved Fe (dFe) signatures (δ56Fediss) post deposition. Here we include dust, wildfire, and anthropogenic aerosol Fe deposition in a global ocean biogeochemical model with active Fe isotope cycling, to quantify how anthropogenic Fe impacts surface ocean dFe and δ56Fediss. Using the North Pacific as a natural laboratory, the response of dFe, δ56Fediss, and primary productivity are spatially and seasonally variable and do not simply follow the footprint of atmospheric deposition. Instead, the effect of anthropogenic Fe is regulated by the biogeochemical regime, specifically the degree of Fe limitation and rates of primary production. Overall, we find that while δ56Fediss does trace anthropogenic input, the response is muted by fractionation during phytoplankton uptake, but amplified by other isotopically-light Fe sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. König
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - T. M. Conway
- College of Marine ScienceUniversity of South FloridaSt PetersburgFLUSA
| | - D. S. Hamilton
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - A. Tagliabue
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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44
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Violaki K, Tsiodra I, Nenes A, Tsagkaraki M, Kouvarakis G, Zarmpas P, Florou K, Panagiotopoulos C, Ingall E, Weber R, Mihalopoulos N. Water soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) in atmospheric particles over East Mediterranean: The importance of dust and biomass burning events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154263. [PMID: 35247406 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The importance of dust and biomass burning episodes on the atmospheric concentration of water-soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) was determined in the eastern Mediterranean. SRP was measured with a new rapid real-time automated analytical system with a time resolution of a few minutes per sample and with an extremely low detection limit. The average atmospheric concentration of SRP during the sampling campaign was estimated at 0.35 ± 0.25 (median 0.30) nmol P m-3. The maximum concentration of SRP (3.08 nmol P m-3) was recorded during an intense dust episode, and was almost ten times higher than the campaign average, confirming that Saharan dust was an important primary source of bioavailable P to the eastern Mediterranean, especially during the spring period when 60% of the events occurred. Predicted increases in the frequency and intensity of dust storms in the area will enhance the role of the atmosphere as a source of bioavailable P for the Mediterranean marine ecosystem. During the warm period, when Northerly winds prevailed, biomass burning processes contributed significantly to soluble phosphorus delivered from atmospheric sources to the eastern Mediterranean. These inputs during warm periods are especially important for the Eastern Mediterranean, where biological productivity is strongly limited by nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Violaki
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Chemistry Department, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Irini Tsiodra
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Chemistry Department, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Center of Studies on Air quality and Climate Change (C-STACC), Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Center of Studies on Air quality and Climate Change (C-STACC), Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, Patras, Greece; School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, United States of America.
| | - Maria Tsagkaraki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Chemistry Department, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Giorgos Kouvarakis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Chemistry Department, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Pavlos Zarmpas
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Chemistry Department, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Florou
- Center of Studies on Air quality and Climate Change (C-STACC), Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Ellery Ingall
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, United States of America
| | - Rodney Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, United States of America
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Chemistry Department, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Pendeli, Greece
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45
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Herbert-Read JE, Thornton A, Amon DJ, Birchenough SNR, Côté IM, Dias MP, Godley BJ, Keith SA, McKinley E, Peck LS, Calado R, Defeo O, Degraer S, Johnston EL, Kaartokallio H, Macreadie PI, Metaxas A, Muthumbi AWN, Obura DO, Paterson DM, Piola AR, Richardson AJ, Schloss IR, Snelgrove PVR, Stewart BD, Thompson PM, Watson GJ, Worthington TA, Yasuhara M, Sutherland WJ. A global horizon scan of issues impacting marine and coastal biodiversity conservation. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1262-1270. [PMID: 35798839 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01812-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The biodiversity of marine and coastal habitats is experiencing unprecedented change. While there are well-known drivers of these changes, such as overexploitation, climate change and pollution, there are also relatively unknown emerging issues that are poorly understood or recognized that have potentially positive or negative impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems. In this inaugural Marine and Coastal Horizon Scan, we brought together 30 scientists, policymakers and practitioners with transdisciplinary expertise in marine and coastal systems to identify new issues that are likely to have a significant impact on the functioning and conservation of marine and coastal biodiversity over the next 5-10 years. Based on a modified Delphi voting process, the final 15 issues presented were distilled from a list of 75 submitted by participants at the start of the process. These issues are grouped into three categories: ecosystem impacts, for example the impact of wildfires and the effect of poleward migration on equatorial biodiversity; resource exploitation, including an increase in the trade of fish swim bladders and increased exploitation of marine collagens; and new technologies, such as soft robotics and new biodegradable products. Our early identification of these issues and their potential impacts on marine and coastal biodiversity will support scientists, conservationists, resource managers and policymakers to address the challenges facing marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Thornton
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Diva J Amon
- SpeSeas, D'Abadie, Trinidad and Tobago.,Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Isabelle M Côté
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maria P Dias
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Department of Animal Biology, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,BirdLife International, The David Attenborough Building, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brendan J Godley
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Sally A Keith
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Emma McKinley
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lloyd S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ricardo Calado
- ECOMARE, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Omar Defeo
- Laboratory of Marine Sciences (UNDECIMAR), Faculty of Sciences, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Steven Degraer
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Marine Ecology and Management, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emma L Johnston
- School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Peter I Macreadie
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood Campus, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Metaxas
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - David O Obura
- Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean, Mombasa, Kenya.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David M Paterson
- Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Alberto R Piola
- Servício de Hidrografía Naval, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Franco-Argentino sobre Estudios de Clima y sus Impactos, CONICET/CNRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anthony J Richardson
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Irene R Schloss
- Instituto Antártico Argentino, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Ushuaia, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Paul V R Snelgrove
- Department of Ocean Sciences and Biology Department, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Bryce D Stewart
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Lighthouse Field Station, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cromarty, UK
| | - Gordon J Watson
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Thomas A Worthington
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Moriaki Yasuhara
- School of Biological Sciences, Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, Swire Institute of Marine Science, Institute for Climate and Carbon Neutrality, Musketeers Foundation Institute of Data Science, and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Hong Kong, China
| | - William J Sutherland
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.,Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's (BioRISC), St Catharine's College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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46
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Wildfires enhance phytoplankton production in tropical oceans. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1348. [PMID: 35292644 PMCID: PMC8924273 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildfire magnitude and frequency have greatly escalated on a global scale. Wildfire products rich in biogenic elements can enter the ocean through atmospheric and river inputs, but their contribution to marine phytoplankton production is poorly understood. Here, using geochemical paleo-reconstructions, a century-long relationship between wildfire magnitude and marine phytoplankton production is established in a fire-prone region of Kimberley coast, Australia. A positive correlation is identified between wildfire and phytoplankton production on a decadal scale. The importance of wildfire on marine phytoplankton production is statistically higher than that of tropical cyclones and rainfall, when strong El Niño Southern Oscillation coincides with the positive phase of Indian Ocean Dipole. Interdecadal chlorophyll-a variation along the Kimberley coast validates the spatial connection of this phenomenon. Findings from this study suggest that the role of additional nutrients from wildfires has to be considered when projecting impacts of global warming on marine phytoplankton production.
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47
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Nimmo DG, Andersen AN, Archibald S, Boer MM, Brotons L, Parr CL, Tingley MW. Fire ecology for the 21st century: Conserving biodiversity in the age of megafire. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dale G. Nimmo
- Gulbali Institute, School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences Charles Sturt University Albury New South Wales Australia
| | - Alan N. Andersen
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Ellengown Drive Brinkin Northern Territory Australia
| | - Sally Archibald
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Matthias M. Boer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Richmond New South Wales Australia
| | - Lluís Brotons
- CTFC Solsona Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
- CSIC Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - Catherine L. Parr
- School of Environmental Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- Department of Zoology & Entomology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Wits South Africa
| | - Morgan W. Tingley
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California – Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA
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48
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Cira M, Bafna A, Lee CM, Kong Y, Holt B, Ginger L, Cawse-Nicholson K, Rieves L, Jay JA. Turbidity and fecal indicator bacteria in recreational marine waters increase following the 2018 Woolsey Fire. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2428. [PMID: 35165307 PMCID: PMC8844011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWildfires increase runoff and sediment yields that impact downstream ecosystems. While the effects of wildfire on stream water quality are well documented, oceanic responses to wildfire remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigated oceanic responses to the 2018 Woolsey Fire using satellite remote sensing and in situ data analyses. We examined 2016–2020 turbidity plume (n = 192) and 2008–2020 fecal indicator bacteria (FIB, n = 15,015) measurements at variable proximity to the Woolsey Fire. Shifts in coastal water quality were more pronounced in the “inside” region, which drained the burn area. The inside region experienced 2018–2019 plume surface area monthly means that were 10 and 9 times greater than 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 monthly means, respectively. Further, linear regressions showed that 2018–2019 three-day precipitation totals produced plumes of greater surface area. We also noted statistically significant increases in the inside region in 2018–2019 total coliform and Enterococcus monthly means that were 9 and 53 times greater than 2008–2018 monthly means, respectively. These results indicate that sediment and microbial inputs to coastal ecosystems can increase substantially post-wildfire at levels relevant to public and environmental health, and underscore the benefit of considering remote sensing and in situ measurements for water quality monitoring.
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49
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The marine nitrogen cycle: new developments and global change. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:401-414. [PMID: 35132241 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00687-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ocean is home to a diverse and metabolically versatile microbial community that performs the complex biochemical transformations that drive the nitrogen cycle, including nitrogen fixation, assimilation, nitrification and nitrogen loss processes. In this Review, we discuss the wealth of new ocean nitrogen cycle research in disciplines from metaproteomics to global biogeochemical modelling and in environments from productive estuaries to the abyssal deep sea. Influential recent discoveries include new microbial functional groups, novel metabolic pathways, original conceptual perspectives and ground-breaking analytical capabilities. These emerging research directions are already contributing to urgent efforts to address the primary challenge facing marine microbiologists today: the unprecedented onslaught of anthropogenic environmental change on marine ecosystems. Ocean warming, acidification, nutrient enrichment and seawater stratification have major effects on the microbial nitrogen cycle, but widespread ocean deoxygenation is perhaps the most consequential for the microorganisms involved in both aerobic and anaerobic nitrogen transformation pathways. In turn, these changes feed back to the global cycles of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. At a time when our species casts a lengthening shadow across all marine ecosystems, timely new advances offer us unique opportunities to understand and better predict human impacts on nitrogen biogeochemistry in the changing ocean of the Anthropocene.
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Ferreira A, Dias J, Brotas V, Brito AC. A perfect storm: An anomalous offshore phytoplankton bloom event in the NE Atlantic (March 2009). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151253. [PMID: 34710413 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While primary productivity is more stable in oceanic regions, it may vary to a great extent with the proximity to coasts, where mesoscale processes may intertwine and shape phytoplankton community composition and biomass. Sometimes, this may lead to the development of anomalous phytoplankton blooms (i.e., episodic blooms that exceed several times the average phytoplankton biomass). A massive bloom observed off the Western Iberian Coast (SW Europe) during March 2009 prompted a full investigation on its spatial and temporal extent, its causes, and its potential impact on the ecosystem. Results revealed that the March 2009 bloom was both novel in terms of biomass in a regional context and one of the largest anomalous blooms until now described in terms of relative magnitude. Its causes were due to a concurrence of long-term (deep winter MLD) and short-term factors (coastal upwelling, sudden changes in the water column, consistent offshore water transport). Its impact on the regional ecosystem is difficult to gauge, although the high concentrations of particulate organic carbon at surface during the bloom period suggests that it may have had a significant local impact. Since climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, it is possible that anomalous blooms will also become more frequent, expanding their role in shaping carbon export and food webs. These results are crucial for the monitoring of the Western Iberian Coast and are applicable to other complex coastal upwelling regions where phytoplankton biomass and variability have a crucial link to fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso Ferreira
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Joaquim Dias
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Engenharia Geográfica, Geofísica e Energia (DEGGE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanda Brotas
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana C Brito
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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