1
|
Li M, Yuan Y, Hou Z, Hao S, Jin L, Wang B. Human brain organoid: trends, evolution, and remaining challenges. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2387-2399. [PMID: 38526275 PMCID: PMC11090441 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.390972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced brain organoids provide promising platforms for deciphering the cellular and molecular processes of human neural development and diseases. Although various studies and reviews have described developments and advancements in brain organoids, few studies have comprehensively summarized and analyzed the global trends in this area of neuroscience. To identify and further facilitate the development of cerebral organoids, we utilized bibliometrics and visualization methods to analyze the global trends and evolution of brain organoids in the last 10 years. First, annual publications, countries/regions, organizations, journals, authors, co-citations, and keywords relating to brain organoids were identified. The hotspots in this field were also systematically identified. Subsequently, current applications for brain organoids in neuroscience, including human neural development, neural disorders, infectious diseases, regenerative medicine, drug discovery, and toxicity assessment studies, are comprehensively discussed. Towards that end, several considerations regarding the current challenges in brain organoid research and future strategies to advance neuroscience will be presented to further promote their application in neurological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongkun Hou
- School of Biology and Engineering/School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Shilei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kempuraj D, Aenlle KK, Cohen J, Mathew A, Isler D, Pangeni RP, Nathanson L, Theoharides TC, Klimas NG. COVID-19 and Long COVID: Disruption of the Neurovascular Unit, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Tight Junctions. Neuroscientist 2024; 30:421-439. [PMID: 37694571 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231194927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), could affect brain structure and function. SARS-CoV-2 can enter the brain through different routes, including the olfactory, trigeminal, and vagus nerves, and through blood and immunocytes. SARS-CoV-2 may also enter the brain from the peripheral blood through a disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB). The neurovascular unit in the brain, composed of neurons, astrocytes, endothelial cells, and pericytes, protects brain parenchyma by regulating the entry of substances from the blood. The endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes highly express angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), indicating that the BBB can be disturbed by SARS-CoV-2 and lead to derangements of tight junction and adherens junction proteins. This leads to increased BBB permeability, leakage of blood components, and movement of immune cells into the brain parenchyma. SARS-CoV-2 may also cross microvascular endothelial cells through an ACE2 receptor-associated pathway. The exact mechanism of BBB dysregulation in COVID-19/neuro-COVID is not clearly known, nor is the development of long COVID. Various blood biomarkers could indicate disease severity and neurologic complications in COVID-19 and help objectively diagnose those developing long COVID. This review highlights the importance of neurovascular and BBB disruption, as well as some potentially useful biomarkers in COVID-19, and long COVID/neuro-COVID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Kristina K Aenlle
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jessica Cohen
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Annette Mathew
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Dylan Isler
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Rajendra P Pangeni
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Lubov Nathanson
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy G Klimas
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Krishna VD, Chang A, Korthas H, Var SR, Seelig DM, Low WC, Li L, Cheeran MCJ. Impact of age and sex on neuroinflammation following SARS-CoV-2 infection in a murine model. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1404312. [PMID: 39077737 PMCID: PMC11284165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1404312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of COVID-19, is known to infect people of all ages and both sexes. Senior populations have the greatest risk of severe COVID-19, and sexual dimorphism in clinical outcomes has been reported. Neurological symptoms are widely observed in COVID-19 patients, with many survivors exhibiting persistent neurological and cognitive impairment. The present study aims to investigate the impact of age and sex on the neuroinflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection using a mouse model. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice were intranasally inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.351, a variant known to infect mice. Older male mice exhibited a significantly greater weight loss and higher viral loads in the lung at 3 days post infection. Notably, no viral RNA was detected in the brains of infected mice. Nevertheless, expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and CCL-2 in the lung and brain increased with viral infection. RNA-seq transcriptomic analysis of brains showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection caused significant changes in gene expression profiles, implicating innate immunity, defense response to virus, and cerebrovascular and neuronal functions. These findings demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers a neuroinflammatory response, despite the lack of detectable virus in the brain. Aberrant activation of innate immune response, disruption of blood-brain barrier and endothelial cell integrity, and suppression of neuronal activity and axonogenesis underlie the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the brain. Understanding the role of these affected pathways in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis helps identify appropriate points of therapeutic interventions to alleviate neurological dysfunction observed during COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramana D. Krishna
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Allison Chang
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Holly Korthas
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Susanna R. Var
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Davis M. Seelig
- Comparative Pathology Shared Resource, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Walter C. Low
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ling Li
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Maxim C. -J. Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yan Y, Cho AN. Human Brain In Vitro Model for Pathogen Infection-Related Neurodegeneration Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6522. [PMID: 38928228 PMCID: PMC11204318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in stem cell biology and tissue engineering have revolutionized the field of neurodegeneration research by enabling the development of sophisticated in vitro human brain models. These models, including 2D monolayer cultures, 3D organoids, organ-on-chips, and bioengineered 3D tissue models, aim to recapitulate the cellular diversity, structural organization, and functional properties of the native human brain. This review highlights how these in vitro brain models have been used to investigate the effects of various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites infection, particularly in the human brain cand their subsequent impacts on neurodegenerative diseases. Traditional studies have demonstrated the susceptibility of different 2D brain cell types to infection, elucidated the mechanisms underlying pathogen-induced neuroinflammation, and identified potential therapeutic targets. Therefore, current methodological improvement brought the technology of 3D models to overcome the challenges of 2D cells, such as the limited cellular diversity, incomplete microenvironment, and lack of morphological structures by highlighting the need for further technological advancements. This review underscored the significance of in vitro human brain cell from 2D monolayer to bioengineered 3D tissue model for elucidating the intricate dynamics for pathogen infection modeling. These in vitro human brain cell enabled researchers to unravel human specific mechanisms underlying various pathogen infections such as SARS-CoV-2 to alter blood-brain-barrier function and Toxoplasma gondii impacting neural cell morphology and its function. Ultimately, these in vitro human brain models hold promise as personalized platforms for development of drug compound, gene therapy, and vaccine. Overall, we discussed the recent progress in in vitro human brain models, their applications in studying pathogen infection-related neurodegeneration, and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Yan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia;
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Ann-Na Cho
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia;
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shaker MR, Slonchak A, Al-Mhanawi B, Morrison SD, Sng JDJ, Cooper-White J, Khromykh AA, Wolvetang EJ. Choroid plexus defects in Down syndrome brain organoids enhance neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj4735. [PMID: 38838150 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj4735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Why individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2-induced neuropathology remains elusive. Choroid plexus (ChP) plays critical roles in barrier function and immune response modulation and expresses the ACE2 receptor and the chromosome 21-encoded TMPRSS2 protease, suggesting its substantial role in establishing SARS-CoV-2 infection in the brain. To explore this, we established brain organoids from DS and isogenic euploid iPSC that consist of a core of functional cortical neurons surrounded by a functional ChP-like epithelium (ChPCOs). DS-ChPCOs recapitulated abnormal DS cortical development and revealed defects in ciliogenesis and epithelial cell polarity in ChP-like epithelium. We then demonstrated that the ChP-like epithelium facilitates infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 in cortical neurons and that this is increased in DS. Inhibiting TMPRSS2 and furin activity reduced viral replication in DS-ChPCOs to euploid levels. This model enables dissection of the role of ChP in neurotropic virus infection and euploid forebrain development and permits screening of therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2-induced neuropathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed R Shaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- UQ Centre in Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Engineering (UQ StemCARE), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrii Slonchak
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bahaa Al-Mhanawi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sean D Morrison
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Julian D J Sng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Justin Cooper-White
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- UQ Centre in Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Engineering (UQ StemCARE), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- GVN Centre of Excellence, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- UQ Centre in Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Engineering (UQ StemCARE), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu H, Wang C, Tao R, Liu B, Peng D, Chen Y, Zhang W. Evidences of neurological injury caused by COVID-19 from glioma tissues and glioma organoids. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14822. [PMID: 38923860 PMCID: PMC11199819 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the extensive neurological symptoms induced by COVID-19 and the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in post-mortem brain samples from COVID-19 patients months after death, the precise mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 invasion into the central nervous system remain unclear due to the lack of research models. METHODS We collected glioma tissue samples from glioma patients who had a recent history of COVID-19 and examined the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Subsequently, spatial transcriptomic analyses were conducted on normal brain tissues, glioma tissues, and glioma tissues from glioma patients with recent COVID-19 history. Additionally, single-cell sequencing data from both glioma tissues and glioma organoids were collected and analyzed. Glioma organoids were utilized to evaluate the efficacy of potential COVID-19 blocking agents. RESULTS Glioma tissues from glioma patients with recent COVID-19 history exhibited the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Differences between glioma tissues from glioma patients who had a recent history of COVID-19 and healthy brain tissues primarily manifested in neuronal cells. Notably, neuronal cells within glioma tissues of COVID-19 history demonstrated heightened susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease, depression, and synaptic dysfunction, indicative of neuronal aberrations. Expressions of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors were confirmed in both glioma tissues and glioma organoids. Moreover, glioma organoids were susceptible to pseudo-SARS-CoV-2 infection and the infections could be partly blocked by the potential COVID-19 drugs. CONCLUSIONS Gliomas had inherent traits that render them susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to their representability of COVID-19 neurological symptoms. This established a biological foundation for the rationality and feasibility of utilization of glioma organoids as research and blocking drug testing model in SARS-CoV-2 infection within the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Hu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA)BeijingChina
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA)BeijingChina
| | - Rui Tao
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA)BeijingChina
| | - Bohan Liu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA)BeijingChina
| | - Dazhao Peng
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA)BeijingChina
| | - Yankun Chen
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA)BeijingChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA)BeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Park S, Cho SW. Bioengineering toolkits for potentiating organoid therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 208:115238. [PMID: 38447933 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional, multicellular constructs that recapitulate the structural and functional features of specific organs. Because of these characteristics, organoids have been widely applied in biomedical research in recent decades. Remarkable advancements in organoid technology have positioned them as promising candidates for regenerative medicine. However, current organoids still have limitations, such as the absence of internal vasculature, limited functionality, and a small size that is not commensurate with that of actual organs. These limitations hinder their survival and regenerative effects after transplantation. Another significant concern is the reliance on mouse tumor-derived matrix in organoid culture, which is unsuitable for clinical translation due to its tumor origin and safety issues. Therefore, our aim is to describe engineering strategies and alternative biocompatible materials that can facilitate the practical applications of organoids in regenerative medicine. Furthermore, we highlight meaningful progress in organoid transplantation, with a particular emphasis on the functional restoration of various organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sewon Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Hu Q, Pei Y, Luo H, Wang Z, Xu X, Zhang Q, Dai J, Wang Q, Fan Z, Fang Y, Ye M, Li B, Chen M, Xue Q, Zheng Q, Zhang S, Huang M, Zhang T, Gu J, Xiong Z. A patient-specific lung cancer assembloid model with heterogeneous tumor microenvironments. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3382. [PMID: 38643164 PMCID: PMC11032376 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer models play critical roles in basic cancer research and precision medicine. However, current in vitro cancer models are limited by their inability to mimic the three-dimensional architecture and heterogeneous tumor microenvironments (TME) of in vivo tumors. Here, we develop an innovative patient-specific lung cancer assembloid (LCA) model by using droplet microfluidic technology based on a microinjection strategy. This method enables precise manipulation of clinical microsamples and rapid generation of LCAs with good intra-batch consistency in size and cell composition by evenly encapsulating patient tumor-derived TME cells and lung cancer organoids inside microgels. LCAs recapitulate the inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity, TME cellular diversity, and genomic and transcriptomic landscape of their parental tumors. LCA model could reconstruct the functional heterogeneity of cancer-associated fibroblasts and reflect the influence of TME on drug responses compared to cancer organoids. Notably, LCAs accurately replicate the clinical outcomes of patients, suggesting the potential of the LCA model to predict personalized treatments. Collectively, our studies provide a valuable method for precisely fabricating cancer assembloids and a promising LCA model for cancer research and personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Zhang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute of New Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Qifan Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, BNRIST Bioinformatics Division, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuquan Pei
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of New Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Jianli Dai
- Institute of New Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Institute of New Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Zilian Fan
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yongcong Fang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Min Ye
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Binhan Li
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mailin Chen
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Qi Xue
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Qingfeng Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shulin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Miao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jin Gu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, BNRIST Bioinformatics Division, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Zhuo Xiong
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jin H, Xue Z, Liu J, Ma B, Yang J, Lei L. Advancing Organoid Engineering for Tissue Regeneration and Biofunctional Reconstruction. Biomater Res 2024; 28:0016. [PMID: 38628309 PMCID: PMC11018530 DOI: 10.34133/bmr.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue damage and functional abnormalities in organs have become a considerable clinical challenge. Organoids are often applied as disease models and in drug discovery and screening. Indeed, several studies have shown that organoids are an important strategy for achieving tissue repair and biofunction reconstruction. In contrast to established stem cell therapies, organoids have high clinical relevance. However, conventional approaches have limited the application of organoids in clinical regenerative medicine. Engineered organoids might have the capacity to overcome these challenges. Bioengineering-a multidisciplinary field that applies engineering principles to biomedicine-has bridged the gap between engineering and medicine to promote human health. More specifically, bioengineering principles have been applied to organoids to accelerate their clinical translation. In this review, beginning with the basic concepts of organoids, we describe strategies for cultivating engineered organoids and discuss the multiple engineering modes to create conditions for breakthroughs in organoid research. Subsequently, studies on the application of engineered organoids in biofunction reconstruction and tissue repair are presented. Finally, we highlight the limitations and challenges hindering the utilization of engineered organoids in clinical applications. Future research will focus on cultivating engineered organoids using advanced bioengineering tools for personalized tissue repair and biofunction reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Jin
- Institute of Translational Medicine,
Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325200, China
- Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Zengqi Xue
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325200, China
| | - Jinnv Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325200, China
| | - Binbin Ma
- Department of Biology,
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine,
Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325200, China
| | - Lanjie Lei
- Institute of Translational Medicine,
Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mei J, Liu X, Tian H, Chen Y, Cao Y, Zeng J, Liu Y, Chen Y, Gao Y, Yin J, Wang P. Tumour organoids and assembloids: Patient-derived cancer avatars for immunotherapy. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1656. [PMID: 38664597 PMCID: PMC11045561 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organoid technology is an emerging and rapidly growing field that shows promise in studying organ development and screening therapeutic regimens. Although organoids have been proposed for a decade, concerns exist, including batch-to-batch variations, lack of the native microenvironment and clinical applicability. MAIN BODY The concept of organoids has derived patient-derived tumour organoids (PDTOs) for personalized drug screening and new drug discovery, mitigating the risks of medication misuse. The greater the similarity between the PDTOs and the primary tumours, the more influential the model will be. Recently, 'tumour assembloids' inspired by cell-coculture technology have attracted attention to complement the current PDTO technology. High-quality PDTOs must reassemble critical components, including multiple cell types, tumour matrix, paracrine factors, angiogenesis and microorganisms. This review begins with a brief overview of the history of organoids and PDTOs, followed by the current approaches for generating PDTOs and tumour assembloids. Personalized drug screening has been practised; however, it remains unclear whether PDTOs can predict immunotherapies, including immune drugs (e.g. immune checkpoint inhibitors) and immune cells (e.g. tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte, T cell receptor-engineered T cell and chimeric antigen receptor-T cell). PDTOs, as cancer avatars of the patients, can be expanded and stored to form a biobank. CONCLUSION Fundamental research and clinical trials are ongoing, and the intention is to use these models to replace animals. Pre-clinical immunotherapy screening using PDTOs will be beneficial to cancer patients. KEY POINTS The current PDTO models have not yet constructed key cellular and non-cellular components. PDTOs should be expandable and editable. PDTOs are promising preclinical models for immunotherapy unless mature PDTOs can be established. PDTO biobanks with consensual standards are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mei
- Oujiang Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of AgingWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of PharmacogeneticsCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of PharmacogenomicsMinistry of EducationChangshaPeople's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xingjian Liu
- Oujiang Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of AgingWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hui‐Xiang Tian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of PharmacogeneticsCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yixuan Chen
- Oujiang Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of AgingWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yang Cao
- Oujiang Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of AgingWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Oujiang Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of AgingWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yung‐Chiang Liu
- Oujiang Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of AgingWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Chen
- Oujiang Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of AgingWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yang Gao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Pulmonary Nodules Precise Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ji‐Ye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of PharmacogeneticsCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of PharmacogenomicsMinistry of EducationChangshaPeople's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
| | - Peng‐Yuan Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of AgingWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouPeople's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Amartumur S, Nguyen H, Huynh T, Kim TS, Woo RS, Oh E, Kim KK, Lee LP, Heo C. Neuropathogenesis-on-chips for neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2219. [PMID: 38472255 PMCID: PMC10933492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing diagnostics and treatments for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) is challenging due to multifactorial pathogenesis that progresses gradually. Advanced in vitro systems that recapitulate patient-like pathophysiology are emerging as alternatives to conventional animal-based models. In this review, we explore the interconnected pathogenic features of different types of ND, discuss the general strategy to modelling NDs using a microfluidic chip, and introduce the organoid-on-a-chip as the next advanced relevant model. Lastly, we overview how these models are being applied in academic and industrial drug development. The integration of microfluidic chips, stem cells, and biotechnological devices promises to provide valuable insights for biomedical research and developing diagnostic and therapeutic solutions for NDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarnai Amartumur
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Huong Nguyen
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Thuy Huynh
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Testaverde S Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Ran-Sook Woo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, 34824, Korea
| | - Eungseok Oh
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Kyeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Anti-microbial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Luke P Lee
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Engineering in Medicine and Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Chaejeong Heo
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mateus Gonçalves L, Andrade Barboza C, Almaça J. Diabetes as a Pancreatic Microvascular Disease-A Pericytic Perspective. J Histochem Cytochem 2024; 72:131-148. [PMID: 38454609 PMCID: PMC10956440 DOI: 10.1369/00221554241236535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is not only an endocrine but also a vascular disease. Vascular defects are usually seen as consequence of diabetes. However, at the level of the pancreatic islet, vascular alterations have been described before symptom onset. Importantly, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these early vascular defects have not been identified, neither how these could impact the function of islet endocrine cells. In this review, we will discuss the possibility that dysfunction of the mural cells of the microvasculature-known as pericytes-underlies vascular defects observed in islets in pre-symptomatic stages. Pericytes are crucial for vascular homeostasis throughout the body, but their physiological and pathophysiological functions in islets have only recently started to be explored. A previous study had already raised interest in the "microvascular" approach to this disease. With our increased understanding of the crucial role of the islet microvasculature for glucose homeostasis, here we will revisit the vascular aspects of islet function and how their deregulation could contribute to diabetes pathogenesis, focusing in particular on type 1 diabetes (T1D).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mateus Gonçalves
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Catarina Andrade Barboza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Joana Almaça
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Crouch EE, Diafos LN, Valenzuela EJ, Wedderburn-Pugh K, Birrueta JO, Caston J, Joseph T, Andrews MG, Bhaduri A, Huang EJ. Profiling human brain vascular cells using single-cell transcriptomics and organoids. Nat Protoc 2024; 19:603-628. [PMID: 38102365 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and neurogenesis are functionally interconnected during brain development. However, the study of the vasculature has trailed other brain cell types because they are delicate and of low abundance. Here we describe a protocol extension to purify prenatal human brain endothelial and mural cells with FACS and utilize them in downstream applications, including transcriptomics, culture and organoid transplantation. This approach is simple, efficient and generates high yields from small amounts of tissue. When the experiment is completed within a 24 h postmortem interval, these healthy cells produce high-quality data in single-cell transcriptomics experiments. These vascular cells can be cultured, passaged and expanded for many in vitro assays, including Matrigel vascular tube formation, microfluidic chambers and metabolic measurements. Under these culture conditions, primary vascular cells maintain expression of cell-type markers for at least 3 weeks. Finally, we describe how to use primary vascular cells for transplantation into cortical organoids, which captures key features of neurovascular interactions in prenatal human brain development. In terms of timing, tissue processing and staining requires ~3 h, followed by an additional 3 h of FACS. The transplant procedure of primary, FACS-purified vascular cells into cortical organoids requires an additional 2 h. The time required for different transcriptomic and epigenomic protocols can vary based on the specific application, and we offer strategies to mitigate batch effects and optimize data quality. In sum, this vasculo-centric approach offers an integrated platform to interrogate neurovascular interactions and human brain vascular development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Crouch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Loukas N Diafos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edward J Valenzuela
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaylee Wedderburn-Pugh
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Janeth Ochoa Birrueta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jaela Caston
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tara Joseph
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Madeline G Andrews
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Pathology Service 113B, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stangis M, Adesse D, Sharma B, Castro E, Kumar K, Kumar N, Minevich M, Toborek M. The S1 subunits of SARS-CoV-2 variants differentially trigger the IL-6 signaling pathway in human brain endothelial cells and downstream impact on microglia activation. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2024; 3:7-15. [PMID: 38532784 PMCID: PMC10961483 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2023-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Cerebrovascular complications are prevalent in COVID-19 infection and post-COVID conditions; therefore, interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with cerebral microvascular cells became an emerging concern. Methods We examined the inflammatory responses of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), the main structural element of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), following exposure to the S1 subunit of the spike protein of different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Specifically, we used the S1 subunit derived from the D614 variant of SARS-CoV-2, which started widely circulating in March of 2020, and from the Delta variant, which started widely circulating in early 2021. We then further examined the impact of the HBMEC secretome, produced in response to the S1 exposure, on microglial proinflammatory responses. Results Treatment with S1 derived from the D614 variant and from the Delta variant resulted in differential alterations of the IL-6 signaling pathway. Moreover, the HBMEC secretome obtained after exposure to the S1 subunit of the D614 variant activated STAT3 in microglial cells, indicating that proinflammatory signals from endothelial cells can propagate to other cells of the neurovascular unit. Overall, these results indicate the potential for different SARS-CoV-2 variants to induce unique cellular signatures and warrant individualized treatment strategies. The findings from this study also bring further awareness to proinflammatory responses involving brain microvasculature in COVID-19 and demonstrate how the surrounding microglia react to each unique variant derived response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stangis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136, USA
| | - Daniel Adesse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136, USA
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ21040-360, Brazil
| | - Bhavya Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136, USA
| | - Eduardo Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136, USA
| | - Kush Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136, USA
| | - Neil Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136, USA
| | - Masha Minevich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chai YC, To SK, Simorgh S, Zaunz S, Zhu Y, Ahuja K, Lemaitre A, Ramezankhani R, van der Veer BK, Wierda K, Verhulst S, van Grunsven LA, Pasque V, Verfaillie C. Spatially Self-Organized Three-Dimensional Neural Concentroid as a Novel Reductionist Humanized Model to Study Neurovascular Development. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304421. [PMID: 38037510 PMCID: PMC10837345 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Although human pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived brain organoids have enabled researchers to gain insight into human brain development and disease, these organoids contain solely ectodermal cells and are not vascularized as occurs during brain development. Here it is created less complex and more homogenous large neural constructs starting from PSC-derived neuroprogenitor cells (NPC), by fusing small NPC spheroids into so-called concentroids. Such concentroids consisted of a pro-angiogenic core, containing neuronal and outer radial glia cells, surrounded by an astroglia-dense outer layer. Incorporating PSC-derived endothelial cells (EC) around and/or in the concentroids promoted vascularization, accompanied by differential outgrowth and differentiation of neuronal and astroglia cells, as well as the development of ectodermal-derived pericyte-like mural cells co-localizing with EC networks. Single nucleus transcriptomic analysis revealed an enhanced neural cell subtype maturation and diversity in EC-containing concentroids, which better resemble the fetal human brain compared to classical organoids or NPC-only concentroids. This PSC-derived "vascularized" concentroid brain model will facilitate the study of neurovascular/blood-brain barrier development, neural cell migration, and the development of effective in vitro vascularization strategies of brain mimics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoke Chin Chai
- Stem Cell Institute LeuvenDepartment of Development and RegenerationKU Leuven, O&N4, Herestraat 49Leuven3000Belgium
| | - San Kit To
- Stem Cell Institute LeuvenDepartment of Development and RegenerationLeuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO)KU Leuven, O&N4, Herestraat 49Leuven3000Belgium
| | - Susan Simorgh
- Stem Cell Institute LeuvenDepartment of Development and RegenerationKU Leuven, O&N4, Herestraat 49Leuven3000Belgium
| | - Samantha Zaunz
- Stem Cell Institute LeuvenDepartment of Development and RegenerationKU Leuven, O&N4, Herestraat 49Leuven3000Belgium
| | - YingLi Zhu
- Stem Cell Institute LeuvenDepartment of Development and RegenerationKU Leuven, O&N4, Herestraat 49Leuven3000Belgium
| | - Karan Ahuja
- Stem Cell Institute LeuvenDepartment of Development and RegenerationKU Leuven, O&N4, Herestraat 49Leuven3000Belgium
| | - Alix Lemaitre
- Stem Cell Institute LeuvenDepartment of Development and RegenerationKU Leuven, O&N4, Herestraat 49Leuven3000Belgium
| | - Roya Ramezankhani
- Stem Cell Institute LeuvenDepartment of Development and RegenerationKU Leuven, O&N4, Herestraat 49Leuven3000Belgium
| | - Bernard K. van der Veer
- Laboratory for Stem Cell and Developmental EpigeneticsDepartment of Development and RegenerationKU Leuven, O&N4, Herestraat 49Leuven3000Belgium
| | - Keimpe Wierda
- Electrophysiology Expert UnitVIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuven3000Belgium
| | - Stefaan Verhulst
- Liver Cell Biology Research GroupVrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)Brussels1090Belgium
| | - Leo A. van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Research GroupVrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)Brussels1090Belgium
| | - Vincent Pasque
- Stem Cell Institute LeuvenDepartment of Development and RegenerationLeuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO)KU Leuven, O&N4, Herestraat 49Leuven3000Belgium
| | - Catherine Verfaillie
- Stem Cell Institute LeuvenDepartment of Development and RegenerationKU Leuven, O&N4, Herestraat 49Leuven3000Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Andrews MG, Pearson CA. Toward an understanding of glucose metabolism in radial glial biology and brain development. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302193. [PMID: 37798120 PMCID: PMC10556723 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades of research have sought to determine the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms underpinning the regulation of neural progenitor maintenance and differentiation. A series of precise temporal transitions within progenitor cell populations generates all the appropriate neural cell types while maintaining a pool of self-renewing progenitors throughout embryogenesis. Recent technological advances have enabled us to gain new insights at the single-cell level, revealing an interplay between metabolic state and developmental progression that impacts the timing of proliferation and neurogenesis. This can have long-term consequences for the developing brain's neuronal specification, maturation state, and organization. Furthermore, these studies have highlighted the need to reassess the instructive role of glucose metabolism in determining progenitor cell division, differentiation, and fate. This review focuses on glucose metabolism (glycolysis) in cortical progenitor cells and the emerging focus on glycolysis during neurogenic transitions. Furthermore, we discuss how the field can learn from other biological systems to improve our understanding of the spatial and temporal changes in glycolysis in progenitors and evaluate functional neurological outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline G Andrews
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Caroline A Pearson
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li M, Yuan Y, Zou T, Hou Z, Jin L, Wang B. Development trends of human organoid-based COVID-19 research based on bibliometric analysis. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13496. [PMID: 37218396 PMCID: PMC10693193 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a global pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has posed a catastrophic threat to human health worldwide. Human stem cell-derived organoids serve as a promising platform for exploring SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several review articles have summarized the application of human organoids in COVID-19, but the research status and development trend of this field have seldom been systematically and comprehensively studied. In this review, we use bibliometric analysis method to identify the characteristics of organoid-based COVID-19 research. First, an annual trend of publications and citations, the most contributing countries or regions and organizations, co-citation analysis of references and sources and research hotspots are determined. Next, systematical summaries of organoid applications in investigating the pathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccine development and drug discovery, are provided. Lastly, the current challenges and future considerations of this field are discussed. The present study will provide an objective angle to identify the current trend and give novel insights for directing the future development of human organoid applications in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of BioengineeringChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye HospitalThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Yuhan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of BioengineeringChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ting Zou
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye HospitalThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Zongkun Hou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/School of Biology and Engineering (School of Modern Industry for Health and Medicine)Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Liang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of BioengineeringChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of BioengineeringChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Michalski C, Wen Z. Leveraging iPSC technology to assess neuro-immune interactions in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1291115. [PMID: 38025464 PMCID: PMC10672983 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1291115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication between the immune and the nervous system is essential for human brain development and homeostasis. Disruption of this intricately regulated crosstalk can lead to neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, or neurodegenerative disorders. While animal models have been essential in characterizing the role of neuroimmunity in development and disease, they come with inherent limitations due to species specific differences, particularly with regard to microglia, the major subset of brain resident immune cells. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology now allows the development of clinically relevant models of the central nervous system that adequately reflect human genetic architecture. This article will review recent publications that have leveraged iPSC technology to assess neuro-immune interactions. First, we will discuss the role of environmental stressors such as neurotropic viruses or pro-inflammatory cytokines on neuronal and glial function. Next, we will review how iPSC models can be used to study genetic risk factors in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Lastly, we will evaluate current challenges and future potential for iPSC models in the field of neuroimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Michalski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Stüdle C, Nishihara H, Wischnewski S, Kulsvehagen L, Perriot S, Ishikawa H, Schroten H, Frank S, Deigendesch N, Du Pasquier R, Schirmer L, Pröbstel AK, Engelhardt B. SARS-CoV-2 infects epithelial cells of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier rather than endothelial cells or pericytes of the blood-brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:76. [PMID: 37875964 PMCID: PMC10598911 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection various neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms can appear, which may persist for several months post infection. However, cell type-specific routes of brain infection and underlying mechanisms resulting in neuroglial dysfunction are not well understood. METHODS Here, we investigated the susceptibility of cells constituting the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) of the choroid plexus (ChP) to SARS-CoV-2 infection using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cellular models and a ChP papilloma-derived epithelial cell line as well as ChP tissue from COVID-19 patients, respectively. RESULTS We noted a differential infectibility of hiPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) depending on the differentiation method. Extended endothelial culture method (EECM)-BMECs characterized by a complete set of endothelial markers, good barrier properties and a mature immune phenotype were refractory to SARS-CoV-2 infection and did not exhibit an activated phenotype after prolonged SARS-CoV-2 inoculation. In contrast, defined medium method (DMM)-BMECs, characterized by a mixed endothelial and epithelial phenotype and excellent barrier properties were productively infected by SARS-CoV-2 in an ACE2-dependent manner. hiPSC-derived brain pericyte-like cells (BPLCs) lacking ACE2 expression were not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, the human choroid plexus papilloma-derived epithelial cell line HIBCPP, modeling the BCSFB was productively infected by SARS-CoV-2 preferentially from the basolateral side, facing the blood compartment. Assessment of ChP tissue from COVID-19 patients by RNA in situ hybridization revealed SARS-CoV-2 transcripts in ChP epithelial and ChP stromal cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that the BCSFB of the ChP rather than the BBB is susceptible to direct SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, neuropsychiatric symptoms because of COVID-19 may rather be associated with dysfunction of the BCSFB than the BBB. Future studies should consider a role of the ChP in underlying neuropsychiatric symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Stüdle
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Hideaki Nishihara
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Sven Wischnewski
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Laila Kulsvehagen
- Departments of Neurology, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Perriot
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephan Frank
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaus Deigendesch
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Renaud Du Pasquier
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuroscience and Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Katrin Pröbstel
- Departments of Neurology, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li J, Wang J, Wang H. Emerging Landscape of Preclinical Models for Studying COVID-19 Neurologic Diseases. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1323-1339. [PMID: 37854617 PMCID: PMC10580392 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) and has globally infected 768 million people and caused over 6 million deaths. COVID-19 primarily affects the respiratory system but increasing reports of neurologic symptoms associated with COVID-19 have been reported in the literature. The exact mechanism behind COVID-19 neurologic pathophysiology remains poorly understood due to difficulty quantifying clinical neurologic symptoms in humans and correlating them to findings in human post-mortem samples and animal models. Thus, robust preclinical experimental models for COVID-19 neurologic manifestations are urgently needed. Here, we review recent advances in in vitro, in vivo, and other models and technologies for studying COVID-19 including primary cell cultures, pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons and organoids, rodents, nonhuman primates, 3D bioprinting, artificial intelligence, and multiomics. We specifically focus our discussion on the contribution, recent advancements, and limitations these preclinical models have on furthering our understanding of COVID-19's neuropathic physiology. We also discuss these models' roles in the screening and development of therapeutics, vaccines, antiviral drugs, and herbal medicine, and on future opportunities for COVID-19 neurologic research and clinical management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Li
- Department
of Neurology, Indiana University School
of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Department
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University
of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Hu Wang
- Institute
of Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21215, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen TB, Chang CM, Yang CC, Tsai IJ, Wei CY, Yang HW, Yang CP. Neuroimmunological Effect of Vitamin D on Neuropsychiatric Long COVID Syndrome: A Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3802. [PMID: 37686834 PMCID: PMC10490318 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 is now recognized as a multiorgan disease with a broad spectrum of manifestations. A substantial proportion of individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 are experiencing persistent, prolonged, and often incapacitating sequelae, collectively referred to as long COVID. To date, definitive diagnostic criteria for long COVID diagnosis remain elusive. An emerging public health threat is neuropsychiatric long COVID, encompassing a broad range of manifestations, such as sleep disturbance, anxiety, depression, brain fog, and fatigue. Although the precise mechanisms underlying the neuropsychiatric complications of long COVID are presently not fully elucidated, neural cytolytic effects, neuroinflammation, cerebral microvascular compromise, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), thrombosis, hypoxia, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and provoked neurodegeneration are pathophysiologically linked to long-term neuropsychiatric consequences, in addition to systemic hyperinflammation and maladaptation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Vitamin D, a fat-soluble secosteroid, is a potent immunomodulatory hormone with potential beneficial effects on anti-inflammatory responses, neuroprotection, monoamine neurotransmission, BBB integrity, vasculometabolic functions, gut microbiota, and telomere stability in different phases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, acting through both genomic and nongenomic pathways. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of the potential mechanisms and pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric long COVID syndrome and the plausible neurological contributions of vitamin D in mitigating the effects of long COVID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Bin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407219, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Mao Chang
- Center for Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Yang
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;
| | - I-Ju Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 433, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Yu Wei
- Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Kinesiology and Health, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 50544, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Wen Yang
- Department of Family Medicine, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pai Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 433, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 433, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, HungKuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li H, McLaurin KA, Mactutus CF, Rappaport J, Datta PK, Booze RM. SARS-CoV-2 RNA Persists in the Central Nervous System of Non-Human Primates Despite Clinical Recovery. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555368. [PMID: 37693534 PMCID: PMC10491216 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Adverse neurological and psychiatric outcomes, collectively termed the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), persist in adults clinically recovered from COVID-19. Effective therapeutic interventions are fundamental to reducing the burden of PASC, necessitating an investigation of the pathophysiology underlying the debilitating neurological symptoms associated with the condition. Herein, eight non-human primates (Wild-Caught African Green Monkeys, n =4; Indian Rhesus Macaques, n =4) were inoculated with the SARS-CoV-2 isolate USA-WA1/2020 by either small particle aerosol or via multiple routes. At necropsy, tissue from the olfactory epithelium and pyriform cortex/amygdala of SARS-CoV-2 infected non-human primates were collected for ribonucleic acid in situ hybridization (i.e., RNAscope). First, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) mRNA are downregulated in the pyriform cortex/amygdala of non-human primates clinically recovered from SARS-CoV-2 inoculation relative to wildtype controls. Second, abundant SARS-CoV-2 mRNA was detected in clinically recovered non-human primates; mRNA which is predominantly harbored in pericytes. Collectively, examination of post-mortem pyriform cortex/amygdala brain tissue of non-human primates clinically recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection revealed two early pathophysiological mechanisms potentially underlying PASC. Indeed, therapeutic interventions targeting the downregulation of ACE2, decreased expression of TMPRSS2, and/or persistent infection of pericytes in the central nervous system may effectively mitigate the debilitating symptoms of PASC.
Collapse
|
23
|
Krishna VD, Chang A, Korthas H, Var SR, Low WC, Li L, Cheeran MCJ. Impact of age and sex on neuroinflammation following SARS-CoV-2 infection in a murine model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.11.552998. [PMID: 37645925 PMCID: PMC10462071 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.11.552998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent for the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, is known to infect people of all ages and both sexes. Senior populations have the greatest risk of severe disease, and sexual dimorphism in clinical outcomes has been reported in COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans can cause damage to multiple organ systems, including the brain. Neurological symptoms are widely observed in patients with COVID-19, with many survivors suffering from persistent neurological and cognitive impairment, potentially accelerating Alzheimer's disease. The present study aims to investigate the impact of age and sex on the neuroinflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection using a mouse model. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were inoculated, by intranasal route, with SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.351 variant known to infect mice. Older animals and in particular males exhibited a significantly greater weight loss starting at 4 dpi. In addition, male animals exhibited higher viral RNA loads and higher titers of infectious virus in the lung, which was particularly evident in males at 16 months of age. Notably, no viral RNA was detected in the brains of infected mice, regardless of age or sex. Nevertheless, expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and CCL-2 in the lung and brain was increased with viral infection. An unbiased brain RNA-seq/transcriptomic analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection caused significant changes in gene expression profiles in the brain, with innate immunity, defense response to virus, cerebravascular and neuronal functions, as the major molecular networks affected. The data presented in this study show that SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers a neuroinflammatory response despite the lack of detectable virus in the brain. Age and sex have a modifying effect on this pathogenic process. Aberrant activation of innate immune response, disruption of blood-brain barrier and endothelial cell integrity, and supression of neuronal activity and axonogenesis underlie the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the brain. Understanding the role of these affected pathways in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis helps identify appropriate points of therapeutic interventions to alleviate neurological dysfunction observed during COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramana D. Krishna
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | - Holly Korthas
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology
| | - Susanna R. Var
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Walter C. Low
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology
| | - Maxim C-J. Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cerneckis J, Bu G, Shi Y. Pushing the boundaries of brain organoids to study Alzheimer's disease. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:659-672. [PMID: 37353408 PMCID: PMC10374393 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) entails deterioration or aberrant function of multiple brain cell types, eventually leading to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Defining how complex cell-cell interactions become dysregulated in AD requires novel human cell-based in vitro platforms that could recapitulate the intricate cytoarchitecture and cell diversity of the human brain. Brain organoids (BOs) are 3D self-organizing tissues that partially resemble the human brain architecture and can recapitulate AD-relevant pathology. In this review, we highlight the versatile applications of different types of BOs to model AD pathogenesis, including amyloid-β and tau aggregation, neuroinflammation, myelin breakdown, vascular dysfunction, and other phenotypes, as well as to accelerate therapeutic development for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Cerneckis
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- SciNeuro Pharmaceuticals, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Peron JPS. Direct and indirect impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the brain. Hum Genet 2023; 142:1317-1326. [PMID: 37004544 PMCID: PMC10066989 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02549-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Although COVID-19 is mostly a pulmonary disease, it is now well accepted that it can cause a much broader spectrum of signs and symptoms and affect many other organs and tissue. From mild anosmia to severe ischemic stroke, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the central nervous system is still a great challenge to scientists and health care practitioners. Besides the acute and severe neurological problems described, as encephalopathies, leptomeningitis, and stroke, after 2 years of pandemic, the chronic impact observed during long-COVID or the post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) greatly intrigues scientists worldwide. Strikingly, even asymptomatic, and mild diseased patients may evolve with important neurological and psychiatric symptoms, as confusion, memory loss, cognitive decline, chronic fatigue, associated or not with anxiety and depression. Thus, the knowledge on the correlation between COVID-19 and the central nervous system is of great relevance. In this sense, here we discuss some important mechanisms obtained from in vitro and in vivo investigation regarding how SARS-CoV-2 impacts the brain and its cells and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P S Peron
- Neuroimmune Interactions Laboratory, Department of Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730 Lab 232. Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Debruyne AC, Okkelman IA, Dmitriev RI. Balance between the cell viability and death in 3D. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 144:55-66. [PMID: 36117019 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is a phenomenon, frequently perceived as an absolute event for cell, tissue and the organ. However, the rising popularity and complexity of such 3D multicellular 'tissue building blocks' as heterocellular spheroids, organoids, and 'assembloids' prompts to revise the definition and quantification of cell viability and death. It raises several questions on the overall viability of all the cells within 3D volume and on choosing the appropriate, continuous, and non-destructive viability assay enabling for a single-cell analysis. In this review, we look at cell viability and cell death modalities with attention to the intrinsic features of such 3D models as spheroids, organoids, and bioprints. Furthermore, we look at emerging and promising methodologies, which can help define and understand the balance between cell viability and death in dynamic and complex 3D environments. We conclude that the recent innovations in biofabrication, biosensor probe development, and fluorescence microscopy can help answer these questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Debruyne
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Irina A Okkelman
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Ruslan I Dmitriev
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Crouch EE, Joseph T, Marsan E, Huang EJ. Disentangling brain vasculature in neurogenesis and neurodegeneration using single-cell transcriptomics. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:551-565. [PMID: 37210315 PMCID: PMC10560453 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature is increasingly recognized to impact brain function in health and disease across the life span. During embryonic brain development, angiogenesis and neurogenesis are tightly coupled, coordinating the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of neural and glial progenitors. In the adult brain, neurovascular interactions continue to play essential roles in maintaining brain function and homeostasis. This review focuses on recent advances that leverage single-cell transcriptomics of vascular cells to uncover their subtypes, their organization and zonation in the embryonic and adult brain, and how dysfunction in neurovascular and gliovascular interactions contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we highlight key challenges for future research in neurovascular biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Crouch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Tara Joseph
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elise Marsan
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Pathology Service (113B), San Francisco Veterans Administration Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Olivera E, Sáez A, Carniglia L, Caruso C, Lasaga M, Durand D. Alzheimer's disease risk after COVID-19: a view from the perspective of the infectious hypothesis of neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1404-1410. [PMID: 36571334 PMCID: PMC10075115 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the rising evidence of the association between viral and bacterial infections and neurodegeneration, we aimed at revisiting the infectious hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease and analyzing the possible implications of COVID-19 neurological sequelae in long-term neurodegeneration. We wondered how SARS-CoV-2 could be related to the amyloid-β cascade and how it could lead to the pathological hallmarks of the disease. We also predict a paradigm change in clinical medicine, which now has a great opportunity to conduct prospective surveillance of cognitive sequelae and progression to dementia in people who suffered severe infections together with other risk factors for Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Olivera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Albany Sáez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lila Carniglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Caruso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Lasaga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Durand
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yan YW, Qian ES, Woodard LE, Bejoy J. Neural lineage differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells: Advances in disease modeling. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:530-547. [PMID: 37424945 PMCID: PMC10324500 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i6.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain diseases affect 1 in 6 people worldwide. These diseases range from acute neurological conditions such as stroke to chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Recent advancements in tissue-engineered brain disease models have overcome many of the different shortcomings associated with the various animal models, tissue culture models, and epidemiologic patient data that are commonly used to study brain disease. One innovative method by which to model human neurological disease is via the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to neural lineages including neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Three-dimensional models such as brain organoids have also been derived from hPSCs, offering more physiological relevance due to their incorporation of various cell types. As such, brain organoids can better model the pathophysiology of neural diseases observed in patients. In this review, we will emphasize recent developments in hPSC-based tissue culture models of neurological disorders and how they are being used to create neural disease models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Wei Yan
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Eddie S Qian
- Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Lauren E Woodard
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Julie Bejoy
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kilpatrick S, Irwin C, Singh KK. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) and organoid models of autism: opportunities and limitations. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:217. [PMID: 37344450 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder caused by genetic or environmental perturbations during early development. Diagnoses are dependent on the identification of behavioral abnormalities that likely emerge well after the disorder is established, leaving critical developmental windows uncharacterized. This is further complicated by the incredible clinical and genetic heterogeneity of the disorder that is not captured in most mammalian models. In recent years, advancements in stem cell technology have created the opportunity to model ASD in a human context through the use of pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which can be used to generate 2D cellular models as well as 3D unguided- and region-specific neural organoids. These models produce profoundly intricate systems, capable of modeling the developing brain spatiotemporally to reproduce key developmental milestones throughout early development. When complemented with multi-omics, genome editing, and electrophysiology analysis, they can be used as a powerful tool to profile the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this complex disorder. In this review, we will explore the recent advancements in hPSC-based modeling, discuss present and future applications of the model to ASD research, and finally consider the limitations and future directions within the field to make this system more robust and broadly applicable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savannah Kilpatrick
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Courtney Irwin
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karun K Singh
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Acharya A, Ambikan AT, Thurman M, Malik MR, Dyavar SR, Végvári Á, Neogi U, Byrareddy SN. Proteomic landscape of astrocytes and pericytes infected with HIV/SARS-CoV-2 mono/co-infection, impacting on neurological complications. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3031591. [PMID: 37398206 PMCID: PMC10312942 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3031591/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Although most individuals recover from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) within a few weeks, some people continue to experience a wide range of symptoms known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) or long COVID. Majority of patients with PASC develop neurological disorders like brain fog, fatigue, mood swings, sleep disorders, loss of smell and test among others collectively called neuro-PASC. While the people living with HIV (PWH) do not have a higher risk of developing severe disease and mortality/morbidity due to COVID-19. As a large section of PWH suffered from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), it is essential to understand the impact of neuro-PASC on people with HAND. In pursuit of this, we infected HIV/SARS-CoV-2 alone or together in primary human astrocytes and pericytes and performed proteomics to understand the impact of co-infection in the central nervous system. Methods Primary human astrocytes and pericytes were infected with SARS-CoV-2 or HIV or HIV + SARS-CoV-2. The concentration of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA in the culture supernatant was quantified using reverse transcriptase quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). This was followed by a quantitative proteomics analysis of mock, HIV, SARS-CoV-2, and HIV + SARS-CoV-2 infected astrocytes and pericytes to understand the impact of the virus in CNS cell types. Results Both healthy and HIV-infected astrocytes and pericytes support abortive/low level of SARS-CoV-2 replication. In both mono-infected and co-infected cells, we observe a modest increase in the expression of SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry factors (ACE2, TMPRSS2, NRP1, and TRIM28) and inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-18). Quantitative proteomic analysis has identified uniquely regulated pathways in mock vs SARS-CoV-2, mock vs HIV + SARS-CoV-2, and HIV vs HIV + SARS-CoV-2 infected astrocytes and pericytes. The gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the top ten enriched pathways are linked to several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Conclusions Our study emphasizes the significance of long-term monitoring of patients co-infected with HIV and SARS-CoV-2 to detect and understand the development of neurological abnormalities. By unraveling the molecular mechanisms involved, we can identify potential targets for future therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
32
|
Vandana JJ, Manrique C, Lacko LA, Chen S. Human pluripotent-stem-cell-derived organoids for drug discovery and evaluation. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:571-591. [PMID: 37146581 PMCID: PMC10775018 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and three-dimensional organoids have ushered in a new era for disease modeling and drug discovery. Over the past decade, significant progress has been in deriving functional organoids from hPSCs, which have been applied to recapitulate disease phenotypes. In addition, these advancements have extended the application of hPSCs and organoids for drug screening and clinical-trial safety evaluations. This review provides an overview of the achievements and challenges in using hPSC-derived organoids to conduct relevant high-throughput, high-contentscreens and drug evaluation. These studies have greatly enhanced our knowledge and toolbox for precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Jeya Vandana
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Genomic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, The Rockefeller University, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cassandra Manrique
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauretta A Lacko
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Genomic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ye B. Approaches to vascularizing human brain organoids. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002141. [PMID: 37155714 PMCID: PMC10194923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in brain organoid technologies is the lack of vasculature. In recent years, innovative approaches have been taken to meet this challenge. A 2020 paper published in PLOS Biology exemplifies the approaches used in this booming field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ye
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Levy RJ, Paşca SP. What Have Organoids and Assembloids Taught Us About the Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders? Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:632-641. [PMID: 36739210 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric research has been impeded by limited access to human brain tissue, especially from early stages of neurodevelopment when the pathophysiology of many childhood-onset disorders is initiated. Neural organoids are 3-dimensional, self-organizing, multicellular structures generated from pluripotent stem cells that recapitulate some of the cell diversity, cytoarchitecture, and functional features of domains of the developing nervous system. Assembloids are 3-dimensional, self-organizing cultures created by the combination of two or more distinctly patterned organoids or an organoid plus additional cell or tissue type(s) that are used to model cell migration and connectivity. Here we review recent advances in neuropsychiatric disorder research using organoid and assembloid models to study the role of disease-relevant genes and mutations, as well as the impact of environmental risk factors on neural development. We also highlight some of the advantages and limitations of these model systems in bringing insights into the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Levy
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute & Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Sergiu P Paşca
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute & Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang L, Owusu-Hammond C, Sievert D, Gleeson JG. Stem Cell-Based Organoid Models of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:622-631. [PMID: 36759260 PMCID: PMC10022535 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen an explosion in the identification of genetic causes of neurodevelopmental disorders, including Mendelian, de novo, and somatic factors. These discoveries provide opportunities to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms as well as potential gene-gene and gene-environment interactions to support novel therapies. Stem cell-based models, particularly human brain organoids, can capture disease-associated alleles in the context of the human genome, engineered to mirror disease-relevant aspects of cellular complexity and developmental timing. These models have brought key insights into neurodevelopmental disorders as diverse as microcephaly, autism, and focal epilepsy. However, intrinsic organoid-to-organoid variability, low levels of certain brain-resident cell types, and long culture times required to reach maturity can impede progress. Several recent advances incorporate specific morphogen gradients, mixtures of diverse brain cell types, and organoid engraftment into animal models. Together with nonhuman primate organoid comparisons, mechanisms of human neurodevelopmental disorders are emerging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Charlotte Owusu-Hammond
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - David Sievert
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu JF, Peng WJ, Wu Y, Yang YH, Wu SF, Liu DP, Liu JN, Yang JT. Proteomic and phosphoproteomic characteristics of the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, lung, and kidney in COVID-19-infected female K18-hACE2 mice. EBioMedicine 2023; 90:104518. [PMID: 36933413 PMCID: PMC10017276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological damage caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has attracted increasing attention. Recently, through autopsies of patients with COVID-19, the direct identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in their central nervous system (CNS) has been reported, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 might directly attack the CNS. The need to prevent COVID-19-induced severe injuries and potential sequelae is urgent, requiring the elucidation of large-scale molecular mechanisms in vivo. METHODS In this study, we performed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses of the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, lungs, and kidneys of SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 female mice. We then performed comprehensive bioinformatic analyses, including differential analyses, functional enrichment, and kinase prediction, to identify key molecules involved in COVID-19. FINDINGS We found that the cortex had higher viral loads than did the lungs, and the kidneys did not have SARS-COV-2. After SARS-CoV-2 infection, RIG-I-associated virus recognition, antigen processing and presentation, and complement and coagulation cascades were activated to different degrees in all five organs, especially the lungs. The infected cortex exhibited disorders of multiple organelles and biological processes, including dysregulated spliceosome, ribosome, peroxisome, proteasome, endosome, and mitochondrial oxidative respiratory chain. The hippocampus and thalamus had fewer disorders than did the cortex; however, hyperphosphorylation of Mapt/Tau, which may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, was found in all three brain regions. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2-induced elevation of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) was observed in the lungs and kidneys, but not in the three brain regions. Although the virus was not detected, the kidneys expressed high levels of hACE2 and exhibited obvious functional dysregulation after infection. This indicates that SARS-CoV-2 can cause tissue infections or damage via complicated routes. Thus, the treatment of COVID-19 requires a multipronged approach. INTERPRETATION This study provides observations and in vivo datasets for COVID-19-associated proteomic and phosphoproteomic alterations in multiple organs, especially cerebral tissues, of K18-hACE2 mice. In mature drug databases, the differentially expressed proteins and predicted kinases in this study can be used as baits to identify candidate therapeutic drugs for COVID-19. This study can serve as a solid resource for the scientific community. The data in this manuscript will serve as a starting point for future research on COVID-19-associated encephalopathy. FUNDING This study was supported by grants from the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wan-Jun Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yue Wu
- School of Statistics and Data Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ye-Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Song-Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - De-Pei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Jiang-Ning Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Jun-Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Furlanis G, Busan P, Formaggio E, Menichelli A, Lunardelli A, Ajcevic M, Pesavento V, Manganotti P. Stuttering-Like Dysfluencies as a Consequence of Long COVID-19. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:415-430. [PMID: 36749838 DOI: 10.1044/2022_jslhr-22-00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We present two patients who developed neurogenic stuttering after long COVID-19 related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS AND RESULTS Both patients experienced both physical (e.g., fatigue) and cognitive difficulties, which led to impaired function of attention, lexical retrieval, and memory consolidation. Both patients had new-onset stuttering-like speech dysfluencies: Blocks and repetitions were especially evident at the initial part of words and sentences, sometimes accompanied by effortful and associated movements (e.g., facial grimaces and oro-facial movements). Neuropsychological evaluations confirmed the presence of difficulties in cognitive tasks, while neurophysiological evaluations (i.e., electroencephalography) suggested the presence of "slowed" patterns of brain activity. Neurogenic stuttering and cognitive difficulties were evident for 4-5 months after negativization of SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swab, with gradual improvement and near-to-complete recovery. CONCLUSIONS It is now evident that SARS-CoV-2 infection may significantly involve the central nervous system, also resulting in severe and long-term consequences, even if the precise mechanisms are still unknown. In the present report, long COVID-19 resulted in neurogenic stuttering, as the likely consequence of a "slowed" metabolism of (pre)frontal and sensorimotor brain regions (as suggested by the present and previous clinical evidence). As a consequence, the pathophysiological mechanisms related to the appearance of neurogenic stuttering have been hypothesized, which help to better understand the broader and possible neurological consequences of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Furlanis
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, ASUGI, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Formaggio
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Rehabilitation, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Alina Menichelli
- Neuropsychological Service, Clinical Unit of Rehabilitation, University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, ASUGI, Italy
| | - Alberta Lunardelli
- Neuropsychological Service, Clinical Unit of Rehabilitation, University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, ASUGI, Italy
| | - Milos Ajcevic
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Valentina Pesavento
- Neuropsychological Service, Clinical Unit of Rehabilitation, University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, ASUGI, Italy
| | - Paolo Manganotti
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, ASUGI, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rouleau N, Murugan NJ, Kaplan DL. Functional bioengineered models of the central nervous system. NATURE REVIEWS BIOENGINEERING 2023; 1:252-270. [PMID: 37064657 PMCID: PMC9903289 DOI: 10.1038/s44222-023-00027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The functional complexity of the central nervous system (CNS) is unparalleled in living organisms. Its nested cells, circuits and networks encode memories, move bodies and generate experiences. Neural tissues can be engineered to assemble model systems that recapitulate essential features of the CNS and to investigate neurodevelopment, delineate pathophysiology, improve regeneration and accelerate drug discovery. In this Review, we discuss essential structure-function relationships of the CNS and examine materials and design considerations, including composition, scale, complexity and maturation, of cell biology-based and engineering-based CNS models. We highlight region-specific CNS models that can emulate functions of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, spinal cord, neural-X interfaces and other regions, and investigate a range of applications for CNS models, including fundamental and clinical research. We conclude with an outlook to future possibilities of CNS models, highlighting the engineering challenges that remain to be overcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rouleau
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA USA
| | - Nirosha J. Murugan
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Goldrick C, Guri I, Herrera-Oropeza G, O’Brien-Gore C, Roy E, Wojtynska M, Spagnoli FM. 3D multicellular systems in disease modelling: From organoids to organ-on-chip. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1083175. [PMID: 36819106 PMCID: PMC9933985 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1083175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions underlay organ formation and function during homeostasis. Changes in communication between cells and their surrounding microenvironment are a feature of numerous human diseases, including metabolic disease and neurological disorders. In the past decade, cross-disciplinary research has been conducted to engineer novel synthetic multicellular organ systems in 3D, including organoids, assembloids, and organ-on-chip models. These model systems, composed of distinct cell types, satisfy the need for a better understanding of complex biological interactions and mechanisms underpinning diseases. In this review, we discuss the emerging field of building 3D multicellular systems and their application for modelling the cellular interactions at play in diseases. We report recent experimental and computational approaches for capturing cell-cell interactions as well as progress in bioengineering approaches for recapitulating these complexities ex vivo. Finally, we explore the value of developing such multicellular systems for modelling metabolic, intestinal, and neurological disorders as major examples of multisystemic diseases, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches and provide some recommendations for further advancing the field.
Collapse
|
40
|
Brumback BD, Dmytrenko O, Robinson AN, Bailey AL, Ma P, Liu J, Hicks SC, Ng S, Li G, Zhang DM, Lipovsky CE, Lin CY, Diamond MS, Lavine KJ, Rentschler SL. Human Cardiac Pericytes Are Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:109-120. [PMID: 36124009 PMCID: PMC9473702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is associated with serious cardiovascular complications, with incompletely understood mechanism(s). Pericytes have key functions in supporting endothelial cells and maintaining vascular integrity. We demonstrate that human cardiac pericytes are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection in organotypic slice and primary cell cultures. Viral entry into pericytes is mediated by endosomal proteases, and infection leads to up-regulation of inflammatory markers, vasoactive mediators, and nuclear factor kappa-B-dependent cell death. Furthermore, we present evidence of cardiac pericyte infection in COVID-19 myocarditis patients. These data demonstrate that human cardiac pericytes are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and suggest a role for pericyte infection in COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany D. Brumback
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Oleksandr Dmytrenko
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ashley N. Robinson
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Adam L. Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pan Ma
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Stephanie C. Hicks
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sherwin Ng
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David M. Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Catherine E. Lipovsky
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Chieh-Yu Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kory J. Lavine
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Stacey L. Rentschler
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kong D, Park KH, Kim DH, Kim NG, Lee SE, Shin N, Kook MG, Kim YB, Kang KS. Cortical-blood vessel assembloids exhibit Alzheimer's disease phenotypes by activating glia after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Death Dis 2023; 9:32. [PMID: 36697403 PMCID: PMC9876421 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A correlation between COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been proposed recently. Although the number of case reports on neuroinflammation in COVID-19 patients has increased, studies of SARS-CoV-2 neurotrophic pathology using brain organoids have restricted recapitulation of those phenotypes due to insufficiency of immune cells and absence of vasculature. Cerebral pericytes and endothelial cells, the major components of blood-brain barrier, express viral entry receptors for SARS-CoV-2 and response to systemic inflammation including direct cell death. To overcome the limitations, we developed cortical-blood vessel assembloids by fusing cortical organoid with blood vessel organoid to provide vasculature to brain organoids a nd obtained the characteristics of increased expression of microglia and astrocytes in brain organoids. Furthermore, we observed AD pathologies, including β-amyloid plaques, which were affected by the inflammatory response from SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings provide an advanced platform to investigate human neurotrophic diseases, including COVID-19, and suggest that neuroinflammation caused by viral infection facilitates AD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dasom Kong
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hoon Park
- Department of Research and Development, KR BIOTECH CO., Ltd., Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hyun Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Gyo Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Nari Shin
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Geun Kook
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bong Kim
- grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jeong E, Choi S, Cho SW. Recent Advances in Brain Organoid Technology for Human Brain Research. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:200-219. [PMID: 36468535 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Brain organoids are self-assembled three-dimensional aggregates with brain-like cell types and structures and have emerged as new model systems that can be used to investigate human neurodevelopment and neurological disorders. However, brain organoids are not as mature and functional as real human brains due to limitations of the culture system with insufficient developmental patterning signals and a lack of components that are important for brain development and function, such as the non-neural population and vasculature. In addition, establishing the desired brain-like environment and monitoring the complex neural networks and physiological functions of the brain organoids remain challenging. The current protocols to generate brain organoids also have problems with heterogeneity and batch variation due to spontaneous self-organization of brain organoids into complex architectures of the brain. To address these limitations of current brain organoid technologies, various engineering platforms, such as extracellular matrices, fluidic devices, three-dimensional bioprinting, bioreactors, polymeric scaffolds, microelectrodes, and biochemical sensors, have been employed to improve neuronal development and maturation, reduce structural heterogeneity, and facilitate functional analysis and monitoring. In this review, we provide an overview of the latest engineering techniques that overcome these limitations in the production and application of brain organoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunseon Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Suah Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Genetic Predisposition to Neurological Complications in Patients with COVID-19. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010133. [PMID: 36671517 PMCID: PMC9855758 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have identified rare and common genetic variants associated with severe COVID-19, but no study has reported genetic determinants as predisposition factors for neurological complications. In this report, we identified rare/unique structural variants (SVs) implicated in neurological functions in two individuals with neurological manifestations of COVID-19. This report highlights the possible genetic link to the neurological symptoms with COVID-19 and calls for a collective effort to study these cohorts for a possible genetic linkage.
Collapse
|
44
|
Li M, Gao L, Zhao L, Zou T, Xu H. Toward the next generation of vascularized human neural organoids. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:31-54. [PMID: 35993813 DOI: 10.1002/med.21922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to progress in the development of three-dimensional (3D) culture technologies, human central nervous system (CNS) development and diseases have been gradually deciphered by using organoids derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Selforganized neural organoids (NOs) have been used to mimic morphogenesis and functions of specific organs in vitro. Many NOs have been reproduced in vitro, such as those mimicking the human brain, retina, and spinal cord. However, NOs fail to capitulate to the maturation and complexity of in vivo neural tissues. The persistent issues with current NO cultivation protocols are inadequate oxygen supply and nutrient diffusion due to the absence of vascular networks. In vivo, the developing CNS is interpenetrated by vasculature that not only supplies oxygen and nutrients but also provides a structural template for neuronal growth. To address these deficiencies, recent studies have begun to couple NO culture with bioengineering techniques and methodologies, including genetic engineering, coculture, multidifferentiation, microfluidics and 3D bioprinting, and transplantation, which might promote NO maturation and create more functional NOs. These cutting-edge methods could generate an ever more reliable NO model in vitro for deciphering the codes of human CNS development, disease progression, and translational application. In this review, we will summarize recent technological advances in culture strategies to generate vascularized NOs (vNOs), with a special focus on cerebral- and retinal-organoid models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixiong Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Khan AO, Reyat JS, Hill H, Bourne JH, Colicchia M, Newby ML, Allen JD, Crispin M, Youd E, Murray PG, Taylor G, Stamataki Z, Richter AG, Cunningham AF, Pugh M, Rayes J. Preferential uptake of SARS-CoV-2 by pericytes potentiates vascular damage and permeability in an organoid model of the microvasculature. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:3085-3096. [PMID: 35709328 PMCID: PMC9214165 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Thrombotic complications and vasculopathy have been extensively associated with severe COVID-19 infection; however, the mechanisms inducing endotheliitis and the disruption of endothelial integrity in the microcirculation are poorly understood. We hypothesized that within the vessel wall, pericytes preferentially take up viral particles and mediate the subsequent loss of vascular integrity. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunofluorescence of post-mortem patient sections was used to assess pathophysiological aspects of COVID-19 infection. The effects of COVID-19 on the microvasculature were assessed using a vascular organoid model exposed to live viral particles or recombinant viral antigens. We find increased expression of the viral entry receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 on pericytes when compared to vascular endothelium and a reduction in the expression of the junctional protein CD144, as well as increased cell death, upon treatment with both live virus and/or viral antigens. We observe a dysregulation of genes implicated in vascular permeability, including Notch receptor 3, angiopoietin-2, and TEK. Activation of vascular organoids with interleukin-1β did not have an additive effect on vascular permeability. Spike antigen was detected in some patients' lung pericytes, which was associated with a decrease in CD144 expression and increased platelet recruitment and von Willebrand factor (VWF) deposition in the capillaries of these patients, with thrombi in large vessels rich in VWF and fibrin. CONCLUSION Together, our data indicate that direct viral exposure to the microvasculature modelled by organoid infection and viral antigen treatment results in pericyte infection, detachment, damage, and cell death, disrupting pericyte-endothelial cell crosstalk and increasing microvascular endothelial permeability, which can promote thrombotic and bleeding complications in the microcirculation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah O Khan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jasmeet S Reyat
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Harriet Hill
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joshua H Bourne
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Martina Colicchia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maddy L Newby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Esther Youd
- Forensic Medicine and Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Paul G Murray
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Graham Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zania Stamataki
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alex G Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Matthew Pugh
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Julie Rayes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen J, Na F. Organoid technology and applications in lung diseases: Models, mechanism research and therapy opportunities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1066869. [PMID: 36568297 PMCID: PMC9772457 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1066869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalency of lung disease has increased worldwide, especially in the aging population. It is essential to develop novel disease models, that are superior to traditional models. Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) in vitro structures that produce from self-organizing and differentiating stem cells, including pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) or adult stem cells (ASCs). They can recapitulate the in vivo cellular heterogeneity, genetic characteristics, structure, and functionality of original tissues. Drug responses of patient-derived organoids (PDOs) are consistent with that of patients, and show correlations with genetic alterations. Thus, organoids have proven to be valuable in studying the biology of disease, testing preclinical drugs and developing novel therapies. In recent years, organoids have been successfully applied in studies of a variety of lung diseases, such as lung cancer, influenza, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. In this review, we provide an update on the generation of organoid models for these diseases and their applications in basic and translational research, highlighting these signs of progress in pathogenesis study, drug screening, personalized medicine and immunotherapy. We also discuss the current limitations and future perspectives in organoid models of lung diseases.
Collapse
|
47
|
Kim WSH, Ji X, Roudaia E, Chen JJ, Gilboa A, Sekuler A, Gao F, Lin Z, Jegatheesan A, Masellis M, Goubran M, Rabin JS, Lam B, Cheng I, Fowler R, Heyn C, Black SE, Graham SJ, MacIntosh BJ. MRI Assessment of Cerebral Blood Flow in Nonhospitalized Adults Who Self-Isolated Due to COVID-19. J Magn Reson Imaging 2022. [PMID: 36472248 PMCID: PMC9877942 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological symptoms associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), such as fatigue and smell/taste changes, persist beyond infection. However, little is known of brain physiology in the post-COVID-19 timeframe. PURPOSE To determine whether adults who experienced flu-like symptoms due to COVID-19 would exhibit cerebral blood flow (CBF) alterations in the weeks/months beyond infection, relative to controls who experienced flu-like symptoms but tested negative for COVID-19. STUDY TYPE Prospective observational. POPULATION A total of 39 adults who previously self-isolated at home due to COVID-19 (41.9 ± 12.6 years of age, 59% female, 116.5 ± 62.2 days since positive diagnosis) and 11 controls who experienced flu-like symptoms but had a negative COVID-19 diagnosis (41.5 ± 13.4 years of age, 55% female, 112.1 ± 59.5 since negative diagnosis). FIELD STRENGTH AND SEQUENCES A 3.0 T; T1-weighted magnetization-prepared rapid gradient and echo-planar turbo gradient-spin echo arterial spin labeling sequences. ASSESSMENT Arterial spin labeling was used to estimate CBF. A self-reported questionnaire assessed symptoms, including ongoing fatigue. CBF was compared between COVID-19 and control groups and between those with (n = 11) and without self-reported ongoing fatigue (n = 28) within the COVID-19 group. STATISTICAL TESTS Between-group and within-group comparisons of CBF were performed in a voxel-wise manner, controlling for age and sex, at a family-wise error rate of 0.05. RESULTS Relative to controls, the COVID-19 group exhibited significantly decreased CBF in subcortical regions including the thalamus, orbitofrontal cortex, and basal ganglia (maximum cluster size = 6012 voxels and maximum t-statistic = 5.21). Within the COVID-19 group, significant CBF differences in occipital and parietal regions were observed between those with and without self-reported on-going fatigue. DATA CONCLUSION These cross-sectional data revealed regional CBF decreases in the COVID-19 group, suggesting the relevance of brain physiology in the post-COVID-19 timeframe. This research may help elucidate the heterogeneous symptoms of the post-COVID-19 condition. EVIDENCE LEVEL 2. TECHNICAL EFFICACY Stage 3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William S H Kim
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiang Ji
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eugenie Roudaia
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Academy for Research and Education, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Jean Chen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Academy for Research and Education, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Asaf Gilboa
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Academy for Research and Education, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison Sekuler
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Academy for Research and Education, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Gao
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhongmin Lin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aravinthan Jegatheesan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maged Goubran
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer S Rabin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin Lam
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivy Cheng
- Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Integrated Community Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Fowler
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Emergency & Critical Care Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Heyn
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon J Graham
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Computational Radiology & Artificial Intelligence Unit, Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yu J, Wang K, Zheng D. Brain organoids for addressing COVID-19 challenge. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1055601. [PMID: 36523428 PMCID: PMC9744798 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1055601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a systemic disease involving multiple organs, and clinically, patients have symptoms of neurological damage to varying degrees. However, we do not have a clear understanding of the relationship between neurological manifestations and viral infection due to the limitations of current in vitro study models. Brain organoids, formed by the differentiation of stem cells under 3D culture conditions, can mimic the structure of tiny cell clusters with neurodevelopmental features in different patients. The paper reviewed the history of brain organoids development, the study of the mechanism of viral infection, the inflammatory response associated with neurological damage, the detection of antiviral drugs, and combined microarray technology to affirm the status of the brain organoid models in the study of COVID-19. In addition, our study continuously improved the model in combination with emerging technologies, to lay a theoretical foundation for clinical application and academic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- Department of Hematology, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan, China
| | - Kailun Wang
- Department of Emergency, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan, China
| | - Dalin Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Deconstructing and then reconstructing developmental processes ex vivo is crucial to understanding how organs assemble and how physiology can be disrupted in disease. Human 3D stem cell-derived systems, such as organoids, have facilitated this pursuit; however, they often do not capture inter-tissue or inter-lineage cellular interactions that give rise to emergent tissue properties during development. Assembloids are self-organizing 3D cellular systems that result from the integration of multiple organoids or the combination of organoids with missing cell types or primary tissue explants. Here, we outline the concept and types of assembloids and present their applications for studying the nervous system and other tissues. We describe tools that are used to probe and manipulate assembloids and delineate current challenges and the potential for this new approach to interrogate development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Kanton
- Stanford University 1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis Program, Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute & Bio-X 2 , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sergiu P. Paşca
- Stanford University 1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis Program, Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute & Bio-X 2 , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Crunfli F, Carregari VC, Veras FP, Silva LS, Nogueira MH, Antunes ASLM, Vendramini PH, Valença AGF, Brandão-Teles C, Zuccoli GDS, Reis-de-Oliveira G, Silva-Costa LC, Saia-Cereda VM, Smith BJ, Codo AC, de Souza GF, Muraro SP, Parise PL, Toledo-Teixeira DA, Santos de Castro ÍM, Melo BM, Almeida GM, Firmino EMS, Paiva IM, Silva BMS, Guimarães RM, Mendes ND, Ludwig RL, Ruiz GP, Knittel TL, Davanzo GG, Gerhardt JA, Rodrigues PB, Forato J, Amorim MR, Brunetti NS, Martini MC, Benatti MN, Batah SS, Siyuan L, João RB, Aventurato ÍK, Rabelo de Brito M, Mendes MJ, da Costa BA, Alvim MKM, da Silva Júnior JR, Damião LL, de Sousa IMP, da Rocha ED, Gonçalves SM, Lopes da Silva LH, Bettini V, Campos BM, Ludwig G, Tavares LA, Pontelli MC, Viana RMM, Martins RB, Vieira AS, Alves-Filho JC, Arruda E, Podolsky-Gondim GG, Santos MV, Neder L, Damasio A, Rehen S, Vinolo MAR, Munhoz CD, Louzada-Junior P, Oliveira RD, Cunha FQ, Nakaya HI, Mauad T, Duarte-Neto AN, Ferraz da Silva LF, Dolhnikoff M, Saldiva PHN, Farias AS, Cendes F, Moraes-Vieira PMM, Fabro AT, Sebollela A, Proença-Modena JL, Yasuda CL, Mori MA, Cunha TM, Martins-de-Souza D. Morphological, cellular, and molecular basis of brain infection in COVID-19 patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200960119 1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although increasing evidence confirms neuropsychiatric manifestations associated mainly with severe COVID-19 infection, long-term neuropsychiatric dysfunction (recently characterized as part of “long COVID-19” syndrome) has been frequently observed after mild infection. We show the spectrum of cerebral impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, ranging from long-term alterations in mildly infected individuals (orbitofrontal cortical atrophy, neurocognitive impairment, excessive fatigue and anxiety symptoms) to severe acute damage confirmed in brain tissue samples extracted from the orbitofrontal region (via endonasal transethmoidal access) from individuals who died of COVID-19. In an independent cohort of 26 individuals who died of COVID-19, we used histopathological signs of brain damage as a guide for possible SARS-CoV-2 brain infection and found that among the 5 individuals who exhibited those signs, all of them had genetic material of the virus in the brain. Brain tissue samples from these five patients also exhibited foci of SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication, particularly in astrocytes. Supporting the hypothesis of astrocyte infection, neural stem cell–derived human astrocytes in vitro are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection through a noncanonical mechanism that involves spike–NRP1 interaction. SARS-CoV-2–infected astrocytes manifested changes in energy metabolism and in key proteins and metabolites used to fuel neurons, as well as in the biogenesis of neurotransmitters. Moreover, human astrocyte infection elicits a secretory phenotype that reduces neuronal viability. Our data support the model in which SARS-CoV-2 reaches the brain, infects astrocytes, and consequently, leads to neuronal death or dysfunction. These deregulated processes could contribute to the structural and functional alterations seen in the brains of COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Crunfli
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Victor C. Carregari
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Flavio P. Veras
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | - Lucas S. Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Mateus Henrique Nogueira
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Henrique Vendramini
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Brandão-Teles
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Giuliana da Silva Zuccoli
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Reis-de-Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Lícia C. Silva-Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Verônica Monteiro Saia-Cereda
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Bradley J. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Ana Campos Codo
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Gabriela F de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Stéfanie P. Muraro
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Pierina Lorencini Parise
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Daniel A. Toledo-Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Marcel Melo
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | - Glaucia M. Almeida
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | | | - Isadora Marques Paiva
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaela Mano Guimarães
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | - Niele D. Mendes
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | - Raíssa L. Ludwig
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Gabriel P. Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Thiago L. Knittel
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Gustavo G. Davanzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Aline Gerhardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Brito Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Julia Forato
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Mariene Ribeiro Amorim
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Natália S. Brunetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Matheus Cavalheiro Martini
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Maíra Nilson Benatti
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina S. Batah
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | - Li Siyuan
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | - Rafael B. João
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Ítalo K. Aventurato
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rabelo de Brito
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Maria J. Mendes
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Beatriz A. da Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Marina K. M. Alvim
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - José Roberto da Silva Júnior
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Lívia L. Damião
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Iêda Maria P. de Sousa
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Elessandra D. da Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Solange M. Gonçalves
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Luiz H. Lopes da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Bettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Brunno M. Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Ludwig
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Lucas Alves Tavares
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ronaldo B. Martins
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | - Andre Schwambach Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | | | - Eurico Arruda
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Volpon Santos
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | - Luciano Neder
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | - André Damasio
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Stevens Rehen
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education, 04502001, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941590, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Ramirez Vinolo
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Louzada-Junior
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | - Renê Donizeti Oliveira
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q. Cunha
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Mauad
- University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-220, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Alessandro S. Farias
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Fernando Cendes
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Pedro Manoel M. Moraes-Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Alexandre T. Fabro
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | - Adriano Sebollela
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | - José L. Proença-Modena
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Clarissa L. Yasuda
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A. Mori
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Cunha
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083862, Brazil
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education, 04502001, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|