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Jiang Y, Wang Z, Girardin MP, Zhang Z, Ding X, Campbell E, Huang JG. Growth trends clustering: A novel method for detecting forest disturbances and extracting climate signals in tree rings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175174. [PMID: 39094646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Tree-ring widths contain valuable historical information related to both forest disturbances and climate variability and changes within forests. However, current methods are still unable to accurately distinguish between disturbances and climate signals in tree rings, especially in the case of climate anomalies. To address this issue, we developed a novel method, called Growth Trends Clustering (GTC) that uses the distribution characteristics of tree-ring widths within a stand to distinguish the effects of climate and other forest disturbances. GTC employed a Gaussian mixture model to fit the probability density distribution of annual ring-width index (RWI) in a stand. Discriminative criteria were established to cluster diverse sub-distributions from the Gaussian mixture model into categories of growth release, suppression, or normal trends. This approach allowed us to identify the occurrence, duration, and severity of forest disturbances based on percentage changes in the growth release or suppression categories of trees. And the effect of climate on tree growth was assessed according to the mean statistics of the growth normal categories. Using common forest disturbances such as defoliating insects and thinning as examples, we validated our method using tree-ring collections from six sites in British Columbia and Quebec, Canada. We found that the GTC method was superior to traditional time-series analysis methods (e.g., Radial Growth Averaging, Boundary Line, Absolute Increase, and Curve Intervention Detection) for detecting past forest disturbances and was able to significantly enhance climate signals. In summary, the GTC method presented in this study introduces a novel statistical approach for accurately distinguishing between forest disturbances and climate signals in tree rings. This is particularly important for understanding forest disturbance regimes under climate change and for developing future disturbance mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan, District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Martin P Girardin
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | | | - Xiaogang Ding
- Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Elizabeth Campbell
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Jian-Guo Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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2
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Suliman M, Scaini A, Manzoni S, Vico G. Soil properties modulate actual evapotranspiration and precipitation impacts on crop yields in the USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175172. [PMID: 39094664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Crop yields are affected by hydroclimatic and edaphic conditions, but their interacting roles are often neglected when assessing crop yields at the regional scale. Moreover, often used hydroclimatic conditions such as precipitation and temperature are not as physiologically linked to primary production and yields as actual evapotranspiration. Using statistical models, we quantified the combined effects of edaphic and hydroclimatic conditions on county yields of irrigated rice and rainfed corn, soybean, and spring and winter wheat in the USA (2000-2019). Precipitation and temperature, or actual evapotranspiration, aggregated during the growing season or before and after flowering/silk emergence, in interaction with soil sand content or bulk density, explained up to 87 % of the yield variability. However, actual evapotranspiration explained yields better than precipitation and temperature and their interactions for most combinations of crops and growth periods. At high actual evapotranspiration, yield plateaued or, for spring wheat, decreased. Yields were generally most sensitive to changes in hydroclimatic conditions during part of rather than the entire growing season, and most often after flowering. Soil texture and bulk density modulated the impacts of hydroclimatic conditions: corn and soybean yields were higher in finer soils compared with sandy soils under high evapotranspiration, but lower at low evapotranspiration. Additionally, the yield-maximizing precipitation decreased with sand content and increased with bulk density for most crops. Increasingly available actual evapotranspiration estimates, combined with soil properties, offer an alternative, and more physiologically-based, yield predictor over large climatic gradients to the more widely used precipitation and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Suliman
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anna Scaini
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden; Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden.
| | - Stefano Manzoni
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden; Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden.
| | - Giulia Vico
- Department of Ecology, the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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3
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Zhu J, Yin D, Li X, Zhu R, Zheng H. Divergent determinants on interannual variability of terrestrial water cycle across the globe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:174046. [PMID: 38885701 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Intensifying variability in precipitation under a changing climate is projected to amplify fluctuation in terrestrial hydrological cycle, leading to more severe water-related disasters. The connections between interannual variability of hydrological components and factors influencing these connections have not been clearly defined yet. Based on terrestrial water budget from Climate Data Record, we identify dominant factors influencing partitioning interannual variability of precipitation (P) into that of evapotranspiration (E), runoff (Q), and water storage deviation (ΔS) across the globe by employing geographical detector model (GDM). Sensitivities of the variability partitioning to dominant factors are quantified for different hydroclimate regions by linear regression model and law of total differential. Results show that dominant factors influencing precipitation variability partitioning (VP) are different across distinct hydroclimate conditions. Comparing the statistical index (q value) of the GDM, it can be seen that surface air temperature (Ta), snow water equivalent (SWE) and water storage capacity (Smax) are dominant factors of VP in humid, semi-arid and arid regions, respectively. Changes in P variability largely can transfer into Q variability in humid region. The P variability partitioned into Q variability is dramatically reduced in semi-arid region with SWE decreasing, while P variability partitioned into ΔS variability increases with Smax increasing in arid region. Joint effects of Ta and coefficient of variation of precipitation (Pcv) are found to be the most important interaction in determining VP across the globe. Furthermore, warmer temperatures in humid region cause >90 % of the change in precipitation variability to be transferred to Q variability change. In semi-arid region with snowfall, decreased SWE has strong effect on changes in ΔS (30-40 %) and Q (20-40 %) variability. Our findings imply a changing VP and more severe impacts of hydrological extremes under future climate, where intensive changes in Ta, SWE and land cover are projected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Zhu
- College of Land Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dongqin Yin
- College of Land Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Ruirui Zhu
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Hongxing Zheng
- CSIRO Environment, GPO Box 1777, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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4
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Ai X, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Ou X, Xia C, Liu L. Climate and land use changes impact the trajectories of ecosystem service bundles in an urban agglomeration: Intricate interaction trends and driver identification under SSP-RCP scenarios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173828. [PMID: 38857801 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The delivery of ecosystem services (ESs), particularly in urban agglomerations, faces substantial threats from impending future climate change and human activity. Assessing ES bundles (ESBs) is critical to understanding the spatial allocation and interactions between multiple ESs. However, dynamic projections of ESBs under various future scenarios are still lacking, and their underlying driving mechanisms have received insufficient attention. This study examined the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration and proposed a framework that integrates patch-generating land use simulation into three shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios and clustering analysis to assess spatiotemporal variations in seven ESs and ESBs from 1990 to 2050. The spatial trajectories of ESBs were analyzed to identify fluctuating regions susceptible to SSP scenarios. The results indicated that (1) different scenarios exhibited different loss rates of regulating and supporting services, where the mitigation of degradation was most significant under SSP126. The comprehensive ES value was highest under SSP245. (2) Bundles 1 and 2 (dominated by regulating and supporting services) had the largest total proportion under SSP126 (51.92 %). The largest total proportion of Bundles 4 and 5 occurred under SSP585 (48.96 %), with the highest provisioning services. The SSP126 scenario was projected to have the least ESB fluctuation at the grid scale, while the most occurred under SSP585. (3) Notably, synergies between regulating/supporting services were weaker under SSP126 than under either SSP245 or SSP585, while trade-offs between water yield and non-provisioning services were strongest. (4) Forestland and grassland proportions significantly affected carbon sequestration and habitat quality. Climatic factors (precipitation and temperature) acted as the dominant drivers of provisioning services, particularly water yield. Our findings advocate spatial strategies for future regional ES management to address upcoming risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ai
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xi Zheng
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yaru Zhang
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ou
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chunbo Xia
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lingjun Liu
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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5
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Novick KA, Ficklin DL, Grossiord C, Konings AG, Martínez-Vilalta J, Sadok W, Trugman AT, Williams AP, Wright AJ, Abatzoglou JT, Dannenberg MP, Gentine P, Guan K, Johnston MR, Lowman LEL, Moore DJP, McDowell NG. The impacts of rising vapour pressure deficit in natural and managed ecosystems. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3561-3589. [PMID: 38348610 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
An exponential rise in the atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD) is among the most consequential impacts of climate change in terrestrial ecosystems. Rising VPD has negative and cascading effects on nearly all aspects of plant function including photosynthesis, water status, growth and survival. These responses are exacerbated by land-atmosphere interactions that couple VPD to soil water and govern the evolution of drought, affecting a range of ecosystem services including carbon uptake, biodiversity, the provisioning of water resources and crop yields. However, despite the global nature of this phenomenon, research on how to incorporate these impacts into resilient management regimes is largely in its infancy, due in part to the entanglement of VPD trends with those of other co-evolving climate drivers. Here, we review the mechanistic bases of VPD impacts at a range of spatial scales, paying particular attention to the independent and interactive influence of VPD in the context of other environmental changes. We then evaluate the consequences of these impacts within key management contexts, including water resources, croplands, wildfire risk mitigation and management of natural grasslands and forests. We conclude with recommendations describing how management regimes could be altered to mitigate the otherwise highly deleterious consequences of rising VPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Novick
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Darren L Ficklin
- Department of Geography, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory (PERL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra G Konings
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Walid Sadok
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anna T Trugman
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - A Park Williams
- Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexandra J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - John T Abatzoglou
- Management of Complex Systems Department, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Matthew P Dannenberg
- Department of Geographical and Sustainability Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Pierre Gentine
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Learning the Earth with Artificial Intelligence and Physics (LEAP), Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- Agroecosystem Sustainability Center, Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumers, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Miriam R Johnston
- Department of Geographical and Sustainability Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Lauren E L Lowman
- Department of Engineering, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - David J P Moore
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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6
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Fronza G, Toloza AC, Mougabure-Cueto GA, Carbajo AE. Pyrethroid resistance distribution in Triatoma infestans and environmental association along the Argentine endemic zone. Acta Trop 2024; 257:107307. [PMID: 38950764 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is considered a barrier to chemical control of Triatoma infestans, the main vector of Chagas disease in the Southern Cone of South America. Although initiatives to reduce the incidence of the disease in the region have integrated different strategies, they have mainly relied on vector elimination using pyrethroid insecticides such as deltamethrin. Reports of pyrethroid resistance in connection with T. infestans control failures first emerged in northern Argentina and southern Bolivia. Recently, a mosaic pyrethroid-resistant focus has been described in the center of the Argentine Gran Chaco (Department of General Güemes, Chaco Province), characterized by the presence of susceptible and very highly resistant populations in the same area. The involvement of different resistance mechanisms has been proposed, together with the contribution of environmental variables that promote the toxicological heterogeneity described. In the endemic zone of Argentina, however, new questions arise: Are there any other clusters of resistance? Is there a relationship between the distribution of resistance and environmental variables (as has been observed at smaller scale)? We studied toxicological data from insects collected and analyzed at 224 localities between 2010 and 2020 as part of the resistance monitoring conducted by the Chagas National Program. The sites were classified according to the survival rate of insects exposed to a discriminant dose of deltamethrin: 0-0.19 were considered susceptible, 0.2-0.79 low-resistance, and 0.8-1 high-resistance. Localities were georeferenced to describe the spatial distribution of resistance and to identify environmental variables (demographics, land use, urbanization, connectivity, and climate) potentially associated with resistance. We used Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) to examine the association between resistance and environmental predictors, selecting error distributions based on the response variable definition. For the entire period, 197 susceptible localities were distributed across the endemic zone. Localities with different survival rates were found throughout the area; 9 high-resistance localities circled the two previously identified resistant foci, and 18 low-resistance in 6 provinces, highlighting their relevance for control planning. Precipitation variables were linked to resistance in all the GLMs evaluated. Presence/absence models were the most accurate, with precipitation, distance from the capital city, and land use contributing to the distribution of resistance. This information could be valuable for improving T. infestans control strategies in future scenarios characterized by unpredictable changes in land use and precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Fronza
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades Transmitidas Por Vectores, Instituto de Investigaciones e Ingeniería Ambiental, Escuela de Hábitat y Sostenibilidad (2eTV-IIIA-EHyS-UNSAM-CONICET). Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ariel C Toloza
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas, Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa (CIPEIN-UNIDEF-CONICET), Juan B. de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gastón A Mougabure-Cueto
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Insectos, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental (DBBE), Instituto de Biología y Biodiversidad Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires. Intendente Güiraldes, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 2160, Argentina
| | - Anibal E Carbajo
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades Transmitidas Por Vectores, Instituto de Investigaciones e Ingeniería Ambiental, Escuela de Hábitat y Sostenibilidad (2eTV-IIIA-EHyS-UNSAM-CONICET). Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Yin S, Xu C, Zhang Y, de Boer WF, Mundkur T, Artois J, Velkers FC, Takekawa JY, Si Y, Tian H, Han GZ, Chen Y, Chai H, Cui L, Huang ZYX. Strong and consistent effects of waterbird composition on HPAI H5 occurrences across Europe. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e3010. [PMID: 38978282 DOI: 10.1002/eap.3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Since 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 have been dominating the outbreaks across Europe, causing massive deaths among poultry and wild birds. However, the factors shaping these broad-scale outbreak patterns, especially those related to waterbird community composition, remain unclear. In particular, we do not know whether these risk factors differ from those of other H5 clades. Addressing this knowledge gap is important for predicting and preventing future HPAI outbreaks. Using extensive waterbird survey datasets from about 6883 sites, we here explored the effect of waterbird community composition on HPAI H5Nx (clade 2.3.4.4) spatial patterns in the 2016/2017 and 2020/2021 epidemics in Europe, and compared it with the 2005/2006 HPAI H5N1 (clade 2.2) epidemic. We showed that HPAI H5 occurrences in wild birds in the three epidemics were strongly associated with very similar waterbird community attributes, which suggested that, in nature, similar interspecific transmission processes operate between the HPAI H5 subtypes or clades. Importantly, community phylogenetic diversity consistently showed a negative association with H5 occurrence in all three epidemics, suggesting a dilution effect of phylogenetic diversity. In contrast, waterbird community variables showed much weaker associations with HPAI H5Nx occurrence in poultry. Our results demonstrate that models based on previous epidemics can predict future HPAI H5 patterns in wild birds, implying that it is important to include waterbird community factors in future HPAI studies to predict outbreaks and improve surveillance activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglai Yin
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chi Xu
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Willem F de Boer
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jean Artois
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francisca C Velkers
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yali Si
- Department of Environmental Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Guan-Zhu Han
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Chai
- Department of Wildlife Conservation and Management, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijuan Cui
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Y X Huang
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Liu JX, Guo C, Ma PF, Zhou MY, Luo YH, Zhu GF, Xu ZC, Milne RI, Vorontsova MS, Li DZ. The origin and morphological character evolution of the paleotropical woody bamboos. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39166548 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The woody bamboos (Bambusoideae) exhibit distinctive biological traits within Poaceae, such as highly lignified culms, rapid shoot growth, monocarpic mass flowering and nutlike or fleshy caryopses. Much of the remarkable morphological diversity across the subfamily exists within a single hexaploid clade, the paleotropical woody bamboos (PWB), making it ideal to investigate the factors underlying morphological evolution in woody bamboos. However, the origin and biogeographical history of PWB remain elusive, as does the effect of environmental factors on the evolution of their morphological characters. We generated a robust and time-calibrated phylogeny of PWB using single nucleotide polymorphisms retrieved from optimized double digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing, and explored the evolutionary trends of habit, inflorescence, and caryopsis type in relation to environmental factors including climate, soil, and topography. We inferred that the PWB started to diversify across the Oligocene-Miocene boundary and formed four major clades, that is, Melocanninae, Racemobambosinae s.l. (comprising Dinochloinae, Greslanlinae, Racemobambosinae s.str. and Temburongiinae), Hickeliinae and Bambusinae s.l. (comprising Bambusinae s.str. plus Holttumochloinae). The ancestor of PWB was reconstructed as having erect habit, indeterminate inflorescence and basic caryopsis. The characters including climbing/scrambling habit, determinate inflorescence, and nucoid/bacoid caryopsis have since undergone multiple changes and reversals during the diversification of PWB. The evolution of all three traits was correlated with, and hence likely influenced by, aspects of climate, topography, and soil, with climate factors most strongly correlated with morphological traits, and soil factors least so. However, topography had more influence than climate or soil on the evolution of erect habit, whereas both factors had greater effect on the evolution of bacoid caryopsis than did soil. Our results provide novel insights into morphological diversity and adaptive evolution in bamboos for future ecological and evolutionary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xia Liu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Cen Guo
- Center for Integrative Conservation & Yunnan Key Laboratory for the Conservation of Tropical Rainforests and Asian Elephants, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, 666303, China
| | - Peng-Fei Ma
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Zhou
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ya-Huang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Guang-Fu Zhu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zu-Chang Xu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Richard I Milne
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
| | | | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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9
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Wade AJ, Yapiyev V, Shahgedanova M, Saidaliyeva Z, Madibekov A, Kapitsa V, Kasatkin N, Ismukhanova L, Kulbekova R, Sultanbekova B, Severskiy I, Esenaman M, Kalashnikova O, Usubaliev R, Akbarov F, Umirzakov G, Petrov M, Rakhimov I, Kayumova D, Kayumov A. Cryosphere and land cover influence on stream water quality in Central Asia's glacierized catchments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 939:173525. [PMID: 38810747 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
This work helps address recent calls for systematic water quality assessment in Central Asia and considers how nutrient and salinity sources, and transport, affect water quality along the continuum from the cryosphere to the lowland plains. Spatial and, for the first time, temporal variations in stream water pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, and nitrate and phosphate concentrations are presented for four catchments (485-13,500 km2), all with glaciers and major urban areas. The catchments studied were: Kaskelen (Kazakhstan), Ala-Archa (Kyrgyzstan), Chirchik (Uzbekistan) and the Kofarnihon (Tajikistan). Measurements were made in cryosphere, stream water, groundwater, reservoir and lake samples over a 22-month period at fortnightly intervals from 35 sites. The results highlight that glacier, permafrost and rock glacier outflows were primary and secondary nitrate sources (>1 mg N L-1) to the headwaters, and there were major increases in salinity and nitrate concentrations where rivers receive inputs from agriculture and settlements. Overall, the water quality complied with national and World Health Organization standards, however there were pollution hot-spots with shallow urban groundwaters contaminated with nitrate (>11 mg N L-1) and stream electrical conductivity above 800 μS cm-1 in some agricultural areas indicative of high salinity. Phosphate concentrations were generally low (<0.06 mg P L-1) throughout the catchments, though elevated (>0.2 mg P L-1) in urban areas due to effluent contamination. A melt water dilution effect along the main river channels was discernible, in the electrical conductivity and nitrate concentration seasonal dynamics, 100 s of km from the headwaters. Thus, the input of relatively clean water from the cryosphere is an important regulator of main channel water quality in the urban and farmed lowland plains adjacent to the Tien Shan and Pamir. Improved sewage treatment is needed in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wade
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DW, UK.
| | - Vadim Yapiyev
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DW, UK; School of Mining and Geosciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Maria Shahgedanova
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DW, UK
| | - Zarina Saidaliyeva
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DW, UK
| | | | - Vassiliy Kapitsa
- Institute of Geography and Water Security, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Central Asia Regional Glaciological Centre under the Auspices of UNESCO, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nikolay Kasatkin
- Institute of Geography and Water Security, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Central Asia Regional Glaciological Centre under the Auspices of UNESCO, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Roza Kulbekova
- Institute of Geography and Water Security, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Igor Severskiy
- Institute of Geography and Water Security, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Central Asia Regional Glaciological Centre under the Auspices of UNESCO, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Olga Kalashnikova
- Central-Asian Institute for Applied Geosciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Ryskul Usubaliev
- Central-Asian Institute for Applied Geosciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Fakhriddin Akbarov
- Centre of Glacial Geology, Institute of Geology and Geophysics named after. H.M. Abdullaev at the University of Geological Sciences under the Ministry of Geology and Mining of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Gulomjon Umirzakov
- National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Hydrometeorological Research Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Maksim Petrov
- Centre of Glacial Geology, Institute of Geology and Geophysics named after. H.M. Abdullaev at the University of Geological Sciences under the Ministry of Geology and Mining of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Dilorom Kayumova
- State Scientific Institution 'Center for Research of Glaciers of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan', Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Abdulhamid Kayumov
- State Scientific Institution 'Center for Research of Glaciers of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan', Dushanbe, Tajikistan
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10
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Normand JCL, Heggy E. Assessing flash flood erosion following storm Daniel in Libya. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6493. [PMID: 39164258 PMCID: PMC11336083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The eastern Mediterranean basin is witnessing increased storm activity impacting populous urban coastal areas that historically were not prone to catastrophic flooding. In the fall of 2023, Storm Daniel struck the eastern coast of Libya, causing unprecedented flash floods with a tragic death toll and large-scale infrastructure damages. We use Sentinel-1A C-band SAR images to characterize the resulting flash flood erosion and sediment load dynamics across the watersheds and to map damages within coastal cities at their outlets. Our results suggest that sediment loading, resulting from surface erosion, increased the density of turbid streams. The above exacerbated the catastrophic impact of the flash floods in the coastal cities of Derna and Susah, where 66% and 48% of their respective urban surface have experienced moderate-to-high damages. Our findings highlight the increased vulnerability of coastal watersheds in arid areas within the eastern Mediterranean basin due to the forecasted increase in hydroclimatic extremes and call for a transformative coastal management approach to urgently implement nature-based solutions and land-use changes to mitigate these rising risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C L Normand
- University of Southern California, Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- University Paris Cité, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Essam Heggy
- University of Southern California, Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA.
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11
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Li W, Jiang Y, Lin Z, Wang J, Zhang Y, Ma W. Warming-driven increased synchrony of tree growth across the southernmost part of the Asian boreal forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 938:173389. [PMID: 38810743 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Climate change has profoundly affected the synchrony of tree growth at multiple scales, thereby altering the structure and function of forest ecosystems. The Asian boreal forests extend southward to the Greater Khingan Range in northeast China. Given the ecological importance and susceptibility to climate change, the impacts of warming on this marginal forest community have been extensively investigated. Nonetheless, how tree growth synchrony changes across this region remains less understood. Focusing on this knowledge gap, we compiled a contiguously-distributed tree-ring network, containing 18 sampling populations and 475 individual larch trees, to explore the changes in multiple-scale growth synchrony across this region. We found increasing growth synchrony at both the individual and population levels over the past decades. The increasing trend of the regional inter-population growth synchrony was well in line with the increasing temperature and PDSI. Furthermore, 11 of the 18 sampling populations showed significant increases in their intra-population growth synchrony. We further associated the sliding intra-population growth synchrony with local climates. Intra-population growth synchrony of 13 and 11 sampling populations were significantly positively correlated with local temperature, and negatively correlated with local PDSI, respectively, demonstrating the driving role of warming-induced drought on growth synchrony. The linear regression model quantifying this relationship suggested that an increase of 1 °C in annual mean temperature would drive the intra-population growth synchrony to increase by 0.047. As warming trends in the study area are projected to continue over this century, our study warns of the further consequences of the increasing growth synchrony may have on the functioning, resilience, and persistence of forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, Zhuhai 519087, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Lin
- Technical Innovation Center of Mine Geological Environmental Restoration Engineering in Southern Karst Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanning 530028, China; Natural Resources Ecological Restoration Center of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530029, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Wenqiu Ma
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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12
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Łokas E, Baccolo G, Cwanek A, Buda J, Kołtonik K, Takeuchi N, Wachniew P, Clason C, Zawierucha K, Beard DB, Ambrosini R, Pittino F, Franzetti A, Owens PN, Nastasi M, Sisti M, Di Mauro B. Isotopic signature of plutonium accumulated in cryoconite on glaciers worldwide. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175356. [PMID: 39122024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Glaciers are recognized as repositories for atmospheric pollutants, however, due to climate change and enhanced melting rates, they are rapidly transitioning from being repositories to secondary sources of such apollutants. Artificial radionuclides are one of the pollutants found on glaciers that efficiently accumulate onto glacier surfaces within cryoconite deposits; a dark, often biogenic sediment. This work provides information about the accumulation, distribution and sources of plutonium (Pu) isotopes in cryoconite samples from glaciers worldwide. Plutonium is an artificial radionuclide spread into the environment in the last decades as a consequence of nuclear test explosions, accidents and nuclear fuel re-processing. Samples collected from 49 glaciers across nine regions of Earth are considered. Activity concentrations of plutonium in cryoconite are orders of magnitude higher than in other environmental matrices typically used for environmental monitoring (e.g. lichens, mosses, soils and sediments), particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. Isotopic ratios indicate that plutonium contamination of cryoconite is dominated by the global signal of stratospheric fallout related to atmospheric nuclear tests. However, specific glaciers in Svalbard reveal a signature compatible with a contribution from the re-entry of the SNAP-9A satellite in 1964, which was equipped with a 238Pu radioisotope thermoelectric generator. Similarly, an excess of 238Pu is observed in cryoconite from the Exploradores Glacier (Chile). This could be associated with the November 1996 crash of the automatic Interplanetary Station "Mars '96" which was carrying a 238Pu thermoelectric generator. This is the first time ever that an isotopic evidence for this event is reported. These findings highlight the role that cryoconite can play in reconstructing the radioactive contamination history of different glaciated regions of the Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Łokas
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
| | | | - Anna Cwanek
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Buda
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kołtonik
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Nozomu Takeuchi
- Department of Earth Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Przemysław Wachniew
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Zawierucha
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dylan Bodhi Beard
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Roberto Ambrosini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Philip N Owens
- Department of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada
| | - Massimiliano Nastasi
- Physics Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; INFN section of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Biagio Di Mauro
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
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13
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Morales-Arilla J, Gadgin Matha S. GLocal: A global development dataset of subnational administrative areas. Sci Data 2024; 11:851. [PMID: 39117657 PMCID: PMC11310401 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the GLocal dataset is to enable research in international development that requires both global scope and local precision. Leveraging modern geospatial analysis tools, we process a diverse array of sources to provide researchers with a growing set of economic, demographic, ecological and socio-political variables for geographic units relevant to public policy. We provide separate data files for different levels of administrative and periodic aggregation, along with ad-hoc files with more detailed information on specific topics. In this data descriptor paper, we discuss both our data processing methodologies and validation pipelines, and provide a short case study to illustrate the research potential of the dataset. We also introduce a simple web app, glocal.streamlit.app , which offers a user-friendly interface for exploring and visualizing the dataset. Given the growing number of public and granular sources of relevance for international development research, we hope to continue adding features and expand the GLocal dataset in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Morales-Arilla
- Research Professor, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Gobierno y Transformación Pública, Ciudad de México, 03700, Mexico
| | - Shreyas Gadgin Matha
- Senior Computational Social Scientist, The Growth Lab at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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14
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Alexandru AM, Mihai G, Stoica E, Curtu AL. Tree Resilience Indices of Norway Spruce Provenances Tested in Long-Term Common Garden Experiments in the Romanian Carpathians. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2172. [PMID: 39204608 PMCID: PMC11360809 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Provenance trials provide a valuable opportunity to evaluate the impact of extreme events on growth and wood properties. In this study, we have evaluated 81 Norway spruce provenances, tested in three provenance trials established in the Romanian Carpathians in 1972. The response to drought of the Norway spruce provenances has been examined using the following tree resilience indices: resistance, recovery, resilience, and relative resilience. The relationship between climate and growth, the correlations between wood traits, and the coordinates of the origin and tree resilience indices were also analysed. In each provenance trial, there were significant differences between provenances and years regarding wood widths and latewood percentage (LWP). Regarding drought extreme events, the years when they occurred in all three provenance trials were 2000 and 2003. Significant differences between provenances for at least one tree resilience index have been found in all provenance trials, for the year 2000. By using subperiods of 25 years, changes in the relationship between climate and growth have been observed. Several provenances with high radial growth and good resistance and/or recovery have been identified. Provenances that performed better in common garden experiments could be used in assisted migration, even in the proximity of the current natural range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Madalin Alexandru
- Department of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, “Marin Dracea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, 077190 Voluntari, Romania; (G.M.); (E.S.)
- Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500123 Brasov, Romania
| | - Georgeta Mihai
- Department of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, “Marin Dracea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, 077190 Voluntari, Romania; (G.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Emanuel Stoica
- Department of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, “Marin Dracea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, 077190 Voluntari, Romania; (G.M.); (E.S.)
- Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500123 Brasov, Romania
| | - Alexandru Lucian Curtu
- Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500123 Brasov, Romania
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15
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MacDougall AS, Esch E, Chen Q, Carroll O, Bonner C, Ohlert T, Siewert M, Sulik J, Schweiger AK, Borer ET, Naidu D, Bagchi S, Hautier Y, Wilfahrt P, Larson K, Olofsson J, Cleland E, Muthukrishnan R, O'Halloran L, Alberti J, Anderson TM, Arnillas CA, Bakker JD, Barrio IC, Biederman L, Boughton EH, Brudvig LA, Bruschetti M, Buckley Y, Bugalho MN, Cadotte MW, Caldeira MC, Catford JA, D'Antonio C, Davies K, Daleo P, Dickman CR, Donohue I, DuPre ME, Elgersma K, Eisenhauer N, Eskelinen A, Estrada C, Fay PA, Feng Y, Gruner DS, Hagenah N, Haider S, Harpole WS, Hersch-Green E, Jentsch A, Kirkman K, Knops JMH, Laanisto L, Lannes LS, Laungani R, Lkhagva A, Macek P, Martina JP, McCulley RL, Melbourne B, Mitchell R, Moore JL, Morgan JW, Muraina TO, Niu Y, Pärtel M, Peri PL, Power SA, Price JN, Prober SM, Ren Z, Risch AC, Smith NG, Sonnier G, Standish RJ, Stevens CJ, Tedder M, Tognetti P, Veen GFC, Virtanen R, Wardle GM, Waring E, Wolf AA, Yahdjian L, Seabloom EW. Widening global variability in grassland biomass since the 1980s. Nat Ecol Evol 2024:10.1038/s41559-024-02500-x. [PMID: 39103674 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Global change is associated with variable shifts in the annual production of aboveground plant biomass, suggesting localized sensitivities with unclear causal origins. Combining remotely sensed normalized difference vegetation index data since the 1980s with contemporary field data from 84 grasslands on 6 continents, we show a widening divergence in site-level biomass ranging from +51% to -34% globally. Biomass generally increased in warmer, wetter and species-rich sites with longer growing seasons and declined in species-poor arid areas. Phenological changes were widespread, revealing substantive transitions in grassland seasonal cycling. Grazing, nitrogen deposition and plant invasion were prevalent in some regions but did not predict overall trends. Grasslands are undergoing sizable changes in production, with implications for food security, biodiversity and carbon storage especially in arid regions where declines are accelerating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Ellen Esch
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qingqing Chen
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Oliver Carroll
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin Bonner
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy Ohlert
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matthias Siewert
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - John Sulik
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna K Schweiger
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Dilip Naidu
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sumanta Bagchi
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Yann Hautier
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Wilfahrt
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Keith Larson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elsa Cleland
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Lydia O'Halloran
- Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Juan Alberti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC) FCEyN, UNMdP-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Carlos A Arnillas
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Bakker
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Isabel C Barrio
- Faculty of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Agricultural University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lori Biederman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Lars A Brudvig
- Department of Plant Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Martin Bruschetti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC) FCEyN, UNMdP-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Yvonne Buckley
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Miguel N Bugalho
- Centre for Applied Ecology, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria C Caldeira
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jane A Catford
- Department of Geography, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carla D'Antonio
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Kendi Davies
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pedro Daleo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC) FCEyN, UNMdP-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Christopher R Dickman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian Donohue
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anu Eskelinen
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Philip A Fay
- USDA-ARS Grassland Soil, and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Yanhao Feng
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Daniel S Gruner
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Hagenah
- Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sylvia Haider
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - W Stanley Harpole
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Erika Hersch-Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Anke Jentsch
- Department of Disturbance Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Kevin Kirkman
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Johannes M H Knops
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Jiatong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lauri Laanisto
- Chair of Biodiversity and Nature Tourism, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lucíola S Lannes
- Department of Biology and Animal Sciences, Sao Paulo State University UNESP, Ilha Solteira, Brazil
| | - Ramesh Laungani
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
| | | | - Petr Macek
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jason P Martina
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca L McCulley
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Brett Melbourne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rachel Mitchell
- School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Joslin L Moore
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environment Research, Department of Energy Environment and Climate Action, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John W Morgan
- Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Taofeek O Muraina
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igbo-Ora, Nigeria
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Yujie Niu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem of the Ministry of Education, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pablo L Peri
- INTA-UNPA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia, Rìo Gallegos, Argentina
| | - Sally A Power
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jodi N Price
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Albury, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Prober
- CSIRO Environment, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Zhengwei Ren
- College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Anita C Risch
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas G Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Carly J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Michelle Tedder
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Pedro Tognetti
- IFEVA Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G F Ciska Veen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Risto Virtanen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Glenda M Wardle
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Waring
- Department of Natural Sciences, Northeastern State University, Tahlequah, OK, USA
| | - Amelia A Wolf
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Laura Yahdjian
- IFEVA Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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16
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Zheng S, Peng D, Zhang B, Yu L, Pan Y, Wang Y, Feng X, Dou C. Temporal variation characteristics in the association between climate and vegetation in Northwest China. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17905. [PMID: 39095561 PMCID: PMC11297244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Northwest China has undergone notable alterations in climate and vegetation growth in recent decades. Nevertheless, uncertainties persist concerning the response of different vegetation types to climate change and the underlying mechanisms. This study utilized the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and three sets of meteorological data to investigate the interannual variations in the association between vegetation and climate (specifically precipitation and temperature) from 1982 to 2015. Several conclusions were drawn. (1) RNDVI-GP (relationship between Growing Season NDVI and precipitation) decreased significantly across all vegetation, while RNDVI-GT (relationship between Growing Season NDVI and temperature) showed an insignificant increase. (2) Trends of RNDVI-GP and RNDVI-GT exhibited great variations across various types of vegetation, with forests displaying notable downward trends in both indices. The grassland exhibited a declining trend in RNDVI-GP but an insignificant increase in RNDVI-GT, while no significant temporal changes in RNDVI-GP or RNDVI-GT were observed in the barren land. (3) The fluctuations in RNDVI-GP and RNDVI-GT closely aligned with variations in drought conditions. Specifically, in regions characterized by VPD (vapor pressure deficit) trends less than 0.02 hpa/yr, which are predominantly grasslands, a rise in SWV (soil water volume) tended to cause a reduction in RNDVI-GP but an increase in RNDVI-GT. However, a more negative trend in SWV was associated with a more negative trend in both RNDVI-GP and RNDVI-GT when the VPD trend exceeded 0.02 hPa/yr, primarily in forests. Our results underscore the variability in the relationship between climate change and vegetation across different vegetation types, as well as the role of drought in modulating these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dailiang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China.
- International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, 100094, China.
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
- International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, 100094, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Le Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yuhao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
- International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xuxiang Feng
- China Remote Sensing Satellite Ground Station (RSGS), Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Changyong Dou
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
- International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, 100094, China
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17
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Gong C, Tian H, Liao H, Pan N, Pan S, Ito A, Jain AK, Kou-Giesbrecht S, Joos F, Sun Q, Shi H, Vuichard N, Zhu Q, Peng C, Maggi F, Tang FHM, Zaehle S. Global net climate effects of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen. Nature 2024; 632:557-563. [PMID: 39048828 PMCID: PMC11324526 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities have substantially enhanced the loadings of reactive nitrogen (Nr) in the Earth system since pre-industrial times1,2, contributing to widespread eutrophication and air pollution3-6. Increased Nr can also influence global climate through a variety of effects on atmospheric and land processes but the cumulative net climate effect is yet to be unravelled. Here we show that anthropogenic Nr causes a net negative direct radiative forcing of -0.34 [-0.20, -0.50] W m-2 in the year 2019 relative to the year 1850. This net cooling effect is the result of increased aerosol loading, reduced methane lifetime and increased terrestrial carbon sequestration associated with increases in anthropogenic Nr, which are not offset by the warming effects of enhanced atmospheric nitrous oxide and ozone. Future predictions using three representative scenarios show that this cooling effect may be weakened primarily as a result of reduced aerosol loading and increased lifetime of methane, whereas in particular N2O-induced warming will probably continue to increase under all scenarios. Our results indicate that future reductions in anthropogenic Nr to achieve environmental protection goals need to be accompanied by enhanced efforts to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to achieve climate change mitigation in line with the Paris Agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Gong
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany.
| | - Hanqin Tian
- Center for Earth System Science and Global Sustainability, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Hong Liao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Naiqing Pan
- Center for Earth System Science and Global Sustainability, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Shufen Pan
- Center for Earth System Science and Global Sustainability, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
- Department of Engineering and Environmental Studies Program, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atul K Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sian Kou-Giesbrecht
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Fortunat Joos
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Qing Sun
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nicolas Vuichard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Qing Zhu
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Changhui Peng
- Department of Biology Sciences, Institute of Environment Science, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Federico Maggi
- Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona H M Tang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
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18
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Zhou L, Liu L. Enhancing dynamic flood risk assessment and zoning using a coupled hydrological-hydrodynamic model and spatiotemporal information weighting method. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 366:121831. [PMID: 39018862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Climate change and intensified human activities are exacerbating the frequency and severity of extreme precipitation events, necessitating more precise and timely flood risk assessments. Traditional models often fail to dynamically and accurately assess flood risks due to their static nature and limited handling of spatiotemporal variations. This study confronts these challenges head-on by developing a novel coupled hydrological-hydrodynamic model integrated with a Block-wise use of the TOPMODEL (BTOP) and the Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation (RRI) model. This integrated approach enables the rapid acquisition of high-precision flood inundation simulation results across large-scale basins, addressing a significant gap in dynamic flood risk assessment and zoning. A critical original achievement of this research lies in developing and implementing a comprehensive vertical-horizontal combined weighting method that incorporates spatiotemporal information for dynamic evaluation indicators, significantly enhancing the accuracy and rationality of flood risk assessments. This innovative method successfully addresses the challenges posed by objective and subjective weighting methods, presenting a balanced and robust framework for flood risk evaluation. The findings from the Min River Basin in China, as a case study, demonstrate the effectiveness of the BTOP-RRI model in capturing the complex variations in runoff and the detailed simulations of flood processes. The model accurately identifies the timing of these peaks, offering insights into the dynamic evolution of flood risks and providing a more precise and timely assessment tool for policymakers and disaster management authorities. The flood risk assessment results demonstrate good consistency with the actual regional conditions. In particular, high-risk areas exhibit distinct characteristics along the river channel, with the distribution area significantly increasing with a sudden surge in runoff. Intense precipitation events expand areas classified as moderate and high risk, gradually shrinking as precipitation levels decrease. This study significantly advances flood risk assessment methodologies by integrating cutting-edge modeling techniques with comprehensive weighting strategies. This is essential for improving the scientific foundation and decision-making processes in regional flood control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, 610065, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Lingxue Liu
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, 610065, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; School of Emergency Management, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China.
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19
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Opelele Omeno M, Ying Y, Fan W, Tolerant L, Chen C, Kachaka SK. Household Dependence on Forest Resources in the Luki Biosphere Reserve, Democratic Republic of CONGO. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 74:282-298. [PMID: 38499866 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-024-01960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
This study was aimed at examining the contribution of forest products to rural livelihoods and the socio-economic factors that influence household forest dependence in the Luki Biosphere Reserve. A structured questionnaire poll of 193 households randomly chosen from two enclaves in the Luki Biosphere Reserve, and focus group discussions were used to gather the data. For data analysis, a binary logistic regression model was used. The study revealed a substantial contribution of forest products to household livelihood based on household wealth strata and the gender of the household head. The contribution of forest income has been found to be higher for poor households than to other wealth categories, although their mean income from forest was low. However, the present research further revealed that household forest dependence was significantly determined by socioeconomic factors such as length of residency, age, sex, education, employment and household size. Compared to their elderly counterparts, the youth were probably more dependent on forest products. Therefore, there should be increased capacity-building efforts among the young people to enable them enlighten the local communities about the need for sustainable forest management. Meanwhile, highly educated people were observed to be less dependent on forests. The findings of this research provides empirical evidence from the Mayombe tropical forest, thus contributing to the growth of knowledge on the impact of socioeconomic factors on the household dependence on forest resources, especially in the tropical forest of the Democratic Republic of Congo where the complexity of the relationship between local communities and their environment is still being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Opelele Omeno
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
- Department of natural resources management, Faculty of Agricultural sciences, University of Kinshasa, 117 Kinshasa XI, Mont-Amba/Lemba, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Centre de Recherche en Forestiere et Biodiversité Tropicales (CeRFoB), Harbin, PR China
| | - Yu Ying
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China.
| | - Wenyi Fan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Lubalega Tolerant
- Institut National pour l'Étude et la Recherche agronomiques (INERA/Luki), Antenne de Gestion et Conservation des ressources naturelles. Province Kongo central, Luki, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Département de Phytotechnie, Université de Kikwit. Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, BP 76, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Sudi Kaiko Kachaka
- Department of natural resources management, Faculty of Agricultural sciences, University of Kinshasa, 117 Kinshasa XI, Mont-Amba/Lemba, Democratic Republic of Congo
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20
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Koren O, Bukari KN. (Re)Emerging disease and conflict risk in Africa, 1997-2019. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:1506-1513. [PMID: 39009715 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
While the number of infectious zoonotic disease outbreaks has been rising, their impact on civil war and social conflict is poorly understood. This study addresses this fundamental limitation using a geolocated monthly dataset on 22 zoonotic diseases in Africa. Zoonotic disease is a key driver of new epidemics, making such pathogens a useful test case. Results suggest that over the January 1997 to December 2019 period, zoonotic disease was negatively associated with state initiation of civil conflict and positively associated with social conflict involving identity militias. Additional analyses find that the effect for identity militias is consistent with a causal interpretation. Rebel violence is not significantly associated with outbreaks. The results are robust to endogeneity concerns and additional sensitivity analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ore Koren
- Department of Political Science, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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21
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Rosa L, Ragettli S, Sinha R, Zhovtonog O, Yu W, Karimi P. Regional irrigation expansion can support climate-resilient crop production in post-invasion Ukraine. NATURE FOOD 2024; 5:684-692. [PMID: 39026014 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-024-01017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Ukraine supplies a large proportion of grain and oilseeds to the world market and faces disruptions from the Russian invasion in 2022. Here we explore the combined effects of the invasion and climate change on Ukraine's irrigation. In 2021, only 1.6% of Ukraine's cropland was irrigated. Of this portion, 73% experienced substantial declines in irrigated crop production following the invasion. We estimate that by the mid-twenty-first century, three-quarters of croplands will experience water shortages, making business-as-usual rain-fed agricultural practices inadequate in addressing the challenges posed by climate change. We explore how leveraging local surface and groundwater resources could enable sustainable irrigation expansion over 18 million hectares of croplands and form a viable climate adaptation strategy. Finally, we identify regions for implementing enhancements or expansions of irrigation systems that can foster a more resilient agricultural sector-underscoring the growing importance of irrigation in sustaining crop production in Ukraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rosa
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | | | - Ranu Sinha
- Water Global Practice, World Bank, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Olga Zhovtonog
- National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Rivne, Ukraine
| | - Winston Yu
- Water Global Practice, World Bank, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Poolad Karimi
- Water Global Practice, World Bank, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Land and Water Management, IHE Delft Institute of Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands
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22
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Zhou P, Tian L, Graham N, Song S, Zhao R, Siddique MS, Hu Y, Cao X, Lu Y, Elimelech M, Yu W. Spatial patterns and environmental functions of dissolved organic matter in grassland soils of China. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6356. [PMID: 39069514 PMCID: PMC11284229 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50745-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) is crucial to atmospheric, terrestrial and aquatic environments as well as human life. Here, by characterizing DOM from 89 grassland soils throughout China, we reveal the spatial association between DOM geochemistry in the dry season vs annual ecosystem exchange and cancer cases. The humic-like and high molecular weight (3.4-25 kDa) fractions with lower biodegradability, decline from the northern to the southern regions of China, and are correlated with lower soil respiration and net ecosystem productivity at the continental scale. The <1.2 kDa and proteinaceous fractions could serve as a geographical indicator of nasopharyngeal cancer incidence and mortality, while the 3.4-25 kDa and humified fractions are potentially associated with pancreatic cancer cases (P < 0.05). Our findings highlight that exploiting the environmental functions of soil DOM and mitigating the negative impacts are necessary, and require actions tailored to local soil DOM conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Long Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nigel Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Shian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Renzun Zhao
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Muhammad Saboor Siddique
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Hu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xianyong Cao
- Group of Alpine Paleoecology and Human Adaptation (ALPHA), State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China.
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8286, USA.
| | - Wenzheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
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23
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Schubert BA, Lukens WE, Moore CS, Zimov N, Zimov SA, Jahren AH. Carbon and oxygen isotopes in mummified wood reveal warmer and wetter winters in the Siberian Arctic 3000 years ago. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17189. [PMID: 39060309 PMCID: PMC11282271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67947-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Paleoclimate reconstructions from the Holocene are important for defining baseline conditions in order to interpret and contextualize the effects of modern climate change. Such records are particularly lacking for Siberia, a region that represents ~ 50% of the Arctic. In addition, the majority of proxy-based paleoclimate reconstructions for the Holocene represent mean annual conditions, and few quantify winter temperature, which is particularly important for predicting the effects of global warming in Arctic environments. Here we provide the first quantitative proxy reconstruction of precipitation and temperature for both summer and winter for 3000 years ago via novel high-resolution intra-annual carbon and oxygen isotope measurements across annual growth rings of fossil wood mummified within the permafrost of far northeastern Siberia. We found that the site experienced greater precipitation year-round (~ 10% increase in summer and ~ 30% increase in winter), cooler summer temperatures, and warmer winter temperatures, compared with today. Our findings indicate that warmer winter temperatures (+ 3.0 °C above early twentieth century values) in the Arctic 3000 years ago drove higher mean annual temperature by up to 1 °C, despite the existence of cooler summers, a similar phenomenon to what is observed within today's Arctic environments, and past intervals of extreme global warmth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Schubert
- School of Geosciences, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA.
| | - William E Lukens
- Department of Geology and Environmental Science, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Collin S Moore
- School of Geosciences, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - Nikita Zimov
- Pacific Geographical Institute, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, North-East Science Station, Chersky, Russia
| | - Sergey A Zimov
- Pacific Geographical Institute, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, North-East Science Station, Chersky, Russia
| | - A Hope Jahren
- School of Geosciences, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA
- Centre for Planetary Habitability, University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway
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24
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Liepiņa AA, Ieviņa S, Bāders E, Done G, Matisons R, Jaunslaviete I, Bērziņa B, Jansons Ā. Bite Me: Bark Stripping Showed Negligible Effect on Volume Growth of Norway Spruce in Latvia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2014. [PMID: 39124133 PMCID: PMC11313968 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, increasing populations of cervid species in the Baltic region have reduced the quality and vitality of cultivated Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands. This study evaluated the effect of bark stripping on the volume growth of spruce trees in Latvia. Data collection took place in two forest stands. In each stand, 20 Norway spruce trees were sampled, 10 with visible bark damage scars and 10 control trees. Stem discs were collected from control trees at specified heights (0 m, 0.5 m, 1 m, 1.3 m, and 2 m, and then at one-metre intervals up to the top) and from damaged trees at additional specific points relative to the damage. Each disc was sanded and scanned; tree ring widths were measured in 16 radial directions using WinDendro 2012a software. Annual volume growth reconstruction was performed for each tree. Changes in relative volume growth were analysed in interaction with scar parameters, tree type (damaged/control), and pre-damage volume using linear regression models. The significance of parameter interactions was assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Pairwise comparisons of estimated marginal means (EMMs) were conducted using Tukey's HSD post hoc test. No significant effect of bark stripping on the total stem volume increment was detected. However, the length of bark stripping scars had a significant impact on relative volume growth in the lower parts of the stems. These findings underscore the importance of further research examining a broader spectrum of cervid damage intensity and the effects of repeated damage on tree survival and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Anta Liepiņa
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute Silava, Rīgas Str. 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia
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25
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Muñoz-Gómez V, Ma T, Li Y, Rasmussen P, Torgerson PR. Global and regional prediction of coccidiosis and ascaridiosis prevalence in extensive backyard chickens in low-income and middle-income countries. Vet Parasitol 2024; 331:110268. [PMID: 39047535 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Backyard chickens usually have open housing and scavenge for food, facilitating contact with infective forms of parasites present in the environment and increasing the risk of parasitic infections. Coccidiosis and ascaridiosis are two internal parasites in scavenging chickens that cause production losses to farmers. Prevalence data of these two diseases are scarce in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) but necessary to assess the burden of disease in backyard chickens. This study estimates the clinical prevalence of coccidiosis and ascaridiosis at the country and regional levels in all LMICs using regression imputation methods. Regression models were developed with data of known prevalence of these parasites and using primarily climatic factors as predictors. A binomial random effects model was developed for each disease to impute prevalence. The overall estimated prevalence of coccidiosis was 0.39 (95 % CI: 0.37-0.42), with a higher mean prevalence in tropical countries. The overall estimated prevalence of ascaridiosis was 0.23 (95 % CI: 0.22-0.25) with a higher mean prevalence in countries with tropical, temperate and continental climates. The findings of this study can aid to identify the burdens of coccidiosis and ascaridiosis infections across countries and regions, which can inform disease control plans and, and encourage international alliances to facilitate access to preventive measures, improving animal health and reducing production losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Muñoz-Gómez
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Tian Ma
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Li
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Veterinary Medicine and Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Philip Rasmussen
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul R Torgerson
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Li BV, Wu S, Pimm SL, Cui J. The synergy between protected area effectiveness and economic growth. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2907-2920.e5. [PMID: 38906143 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Protected areas conserve biodiversity and ecosystem functions but might impede local economic growth. Understanding the global patterns and predictors of different relationships between protected area effectiveness and neighboring community economic growth can inform better implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. We assessed 10,143 protected areas globally with matched samples to address the non-random location of protected areas. Our results show that protected areas resist human-induced land cover changes and do not limit nightlight increases in neighboring settlements. This result is robust, using different matching techniques, parameter settings, and selection of covariates. We identify four types of relationships between land cover changes and nightlight changes for each protected area: "synergy," "retreat," and two tradeoff relationships. About half of the protected areas (47.5%) retain their natural land cover and do so despite an increase of nightlights in the neighboring communities. This synergy relationship is the most common globally but varies between biomes and continents. Synergy is less frequent in the Amazon, Southeast Asia, and some developing areas, where most biodiversity resides and which suffer more from poverty. Smaller protected areas and those with better access to cities, moderate road density, and better baseline economic conditions have a higher probability of reaching synergy. Our results are promising, as the expansion of protected areas and increased species protection will rely more on conserving the human-modified landscape with smaller protected areas. Future interventions should address local development and biodiversity conservation together to achieve more co-benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin V Li
- Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215316, China; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Shuyao Wu
- Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215316, China; Center for Yellow River Ecosystem Products, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; Qingdao Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Stuart L Pimm
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jingbo Cui
- Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215316, China
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27
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Nian D, Bathiany S, Sakschewski B, Drüke M, Blaschke L, Ben-Yami M, von Bloh W, Boers N. Rainfall seasonality dominates critical precipitation threshold for the Amazon forest in the LPJmL vegetation model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174378. [PMID: 38960201 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the Amazon Rainforest's response to shifts in precipitation is paramount with regard to its sensitivity to climate change and deforestation. Studies using Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) typically only explore a range of socio-economically plausible pathways. In this study, we applied the state-of-the-art DGVM LPJmL to simulate the Amazon forest's response under idealized scenarios where precipitation is linearly decreased and subsequently increased between current levels and zero. Our results indicate a nonlinear but reversible relationship between vegetation Above Ground Biomass (AGB) and Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP), suggesting a threshold at a critical MAP value, below which vegetation biomass decline accelerates with decreasing MAP. We find that approaching this critical threshold is accompanied by critical slowing down, which can hence be expected to warn of accelerating biomass decline with decreasing rainfall. The critical precipitation threshold is lowest in the northwestern Amazon, whereas the eastern and southern regions may already be below their critical MAP thresholds. Overall, we identify the seasonality of precipitation and the potential evapotranspiration (PET) as the most important parameters determining the threshold value. While vegetation fires show little effect on the critical threshold and the biomass pattern in general, the ability of trees to adapt to water stress by investing in deep roots leads to increased biomass and a lower critical threshold in some areas in the eastern and southern Amazon where seasonality and PET are high. Our findings underscore the risk of Amazon forest degradation due to changes in the water cycle, and imply that regions that are currently characterized by higher water availability may exhibit heightened vulnerability to future drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Nian
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Bathiany
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany; Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University Munich., Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Boris Sakschewski
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Drüke
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany; Deutscher Wetterdienst, Hydrometeorologie, Frankfurter Str., 135, 63067 Offenbach, Germany
| | - Lana Blaschke
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany; Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University Munich., Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Maya Ben-Yami
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany; Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University Munich., Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Werner von Bloh
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Niklas Boers
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany; Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University Munich., Munich 80333, Germany; Department of Mathematics and Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
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Ji Y, Zeng S, Liu X, Xia J. Mutual inhibition effects of elevated CO 2 and climate change on global forest GPP. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119145. [PMID: 38754610 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The impact of CO2 fertilization on enhancing global forest gross primary productivity (GPP) is acknowledged, but its interaction with climate factors-air temperature (Tem), precipitation (Pre), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and radiation (Rad)-remains unclear. In this study, global forest GPP trends from 1982 to 2018 were examined using BEPS, NIRv, FLUXCOM, and revised EC-LUE datasets, with interannual trends of 5.618 (p < 0.01), 5.831 (p < 0.01), 0.227, and 6.566 g C m-2 yr-1 (p < 0.01), respectively. Elevated CO2 was identified as the primary driver of GPP trends, with the dominant area ranging from 51.11% to 90.37% across different GPP datasets. In the NIRv and revised EC-LUE datasets, the positive impact of CO2 on GPP showed a decrease of 0.222 g C m-2 yr-1, while the negative impact of Rad increased by 0.007 g C m-2 yr-1. An inhibitory relationship was found between the actual effects of elevated CO2 and climate change on GPP in most forest types. At lower latitudes, Tem primarily constrained CO2 fertilization, while at higher latitudes, VPD emerged as the key limiting factor. This was mainly attributed to the potential trade-off or competition between elevated CO2 and climate change in influencing GPP, with strategic resource allocation varying across different forest ecosystems. This study highlights the significant inhibitory effects of elevated CO2 and climate change on global forest GPP, providing insights into the dynamic responses of forest ecosystems to changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyue Ji
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Sidong Zeng
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Jun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Peng J, Peng K, Li X, Peng M, Li J, Wei X, Liu Y, Li J. Tree-ring widths of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr reveal variability of winter half-year precipitation on the north-south transition zone in central China over the past 220 years. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172719. [PMID: 38663599 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Long-term, high-resolution regional drought records contribute to understanding the impacts of drought on environmental and social systems in central China. Here, we develop a regional tree-ring width chronology of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr from the northern slope of Funiu Mountains on the north-south transition zone in central China. Monthly correlation analyses showed that temperature and humidity in current May and June are main limiting factors on tree growth. Despite that, the highest correlation with tree growth was found to be precipitation from previous December to current June (PreDJ, 0.718, p < 0.001), which was chosen for reconstruction. The reconstructed PreDJ revealed six drought periods and five wet periods over the past 220 years, and the recent dry spell would likely to continue. Spectral analyses indicated that the reconstructed PreDJ was closely related to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO, 2-7a) and 35a climatic oscillation of Bruckner, and was also affected by the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO). Wavelet analyses showed that the quasi-cycle of 2-7a persisted over the past 220 years and strengthened after the 1980s, and the QBO signals appeared from the 1860s to 1970s and wear off thereafter, and 35a cycle only appeared during 1820-1920. Spatial analysis found that the reconstructed PreDJ had good spatial representation of precipitation in the central-eastern China. Therefore, the results of this study provide reliable information for understanding long-term drought impacts on environmental conditions and socioeconomic development in central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Peng
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Key Laboratory of Earth System Observation and Simulation of Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Kunyu Peng
- College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Meng Peng
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jinkuan Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wei
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yameng Liu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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30
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Vega-Yánez MA, Quezada-Riera AB, Rios-Touma B, Vizcaíno-Barba MDC, Millingalli W, Ganzino O, Coloma LA, Tapia EE, Dupérré N, Páez-Vacas M, Parra-Puente D, Franco-Mena D, Gavilanes G, Salazar-Valenzuela D, Valle CA, Guayasamin JM. Path for recovery: an ecological overview of the Jambato Harlequin Toad (Bufonidae: Atelopus ignescens) in its last known locality, Angamarca Valley, Ecuador. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17344. [PMID: 38915382 PMCID: PMC11195548 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The Jambato Harlequin toad (Atelopus ignescens), a formerly abundant species in the Andes of Ecuador, faced a dramatic population decline in the 1980s, with its last recorded sighting in 1988. The species was considered Extinct by the IUCN until 2016, when a fortuitous discovery of one Jambato by a local boy reignited hope. In this study, we present findings from an investigation conducted in the Angamarca parish, focusing on distribution, abundance, habitat preferences, ecology, disease susceptibility, and dietary habits of the species. In one year we identified 71 individuals at different stages of development in various habitats, with a significant presence in agricultural mosaic areas and locations near water sources used for crop irrigation, demonstrating the persistence of the species in a complex landscape, with considerable human intervention. The dietary analysis based on fecal samples indicated a diverse prey selection, primarily comprising arthropods such as Acari, Coleoptera, and ants. Amphibian declines have been associated with diseases and climate change; notably, our study confirmed the presence of the pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), but, surprisingly, none of the infected Jambatos displayed visible signs of illness. When analyzing climatic patterns, we found that there are climatic differences between historical localities and Angamarca; the temporal analysis also exposes a generalized warming trend. Finally, in collaboration with the local community, we developed a series of management recommendations for terrestrial and aquatic environments occupied by the Jambato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo A. Vega-Yánez
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Maestría en Ecología Tropical y Conservación, Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Calle Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Campus Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Blanca Rios-Touma
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS). Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Vía Nayón S/N, Campus UDLAPARK, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - Luis A. Coloma
- Alianza Jambato, Las Casas, Quito, Ecuador
- Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios, Fundación Jambatu, San Rafael, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Elicio E. Tapia
- Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum of Nature, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Dupérré
- Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum of Nature, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mónica Páez-Vacas
- Alianza Jambato, Las Casas, Quito, Ecuador
- Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios, Fundación Jambatu, San Rafael, Quito, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), Universidad Indoamérica, Machala y Sabanilla, Quito, Ecuador
| | - David Parra-Puente
- Alianza Jambato, Las Casas, Quito, Ecuador
- Fundación de Conservación Jocotoco, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Daniela Franco-Mena
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Calle Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Campus Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gabriela Gavilanes
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Calle Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Campus Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
| | - David Salazar-Valenzuela
- Alianza Jambato, Las Casas, Quito, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), Universidad Indoamérica, Machala y Sabanilla, Quito, Ecuador
- Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Indoamérica, Machala y Sabanilla, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carlos A. Valle
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan M. Guayasamin
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Maestría en Ecología Tropical y Conservación, Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Calle Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Campus Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
- Alianza Jambato, Las Casas, Quito, Ecuador
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31
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Gorki JL, López-Mañas R, Sáez L, Menchetti M, Shapoval N, Andersen A, Benyamini D, Daniels S, García-Berro A, Reich MS, Scalercio S, Toro-Delgado E, Bataille CP, Domingo-Marimon C, Vila R, Suchan T, Talavera G. Pollen metabarcoding reveals the origin and multigenerational migratory pathway of an intercontinental-scale butterfly outbreak. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2684-2692.e6. [PMID: 38848713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Migratory insects may move in large numbers, even surpassing migratory vertebrates in biomass. Long-distance migratory insects complete annual cycles through multiple generations, with each generation's reproductive success linked to the resources available at different breeding grounds. Climatic anomalies in these grounds are presumed to trigger rapid population outbreaks. Here, we infer the origin and track the multigenerational path of a remarkable outbreak of painted lady (Vanessa cardui) butterflies that took place at an intercontinental scale in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa from March 2019 to November 2019. Using metabarcoding, we identified pollen transported by 264 butterflies captured in 10 countries over 7 months and modeled the distribution of the 398 plants detected. The analysis showed that swarms collected in Eastern Europe in early spring originated in Arabia and the Middle East, coinciding with a positive anomaly in vegetation growth in the region from November 2018 to April 2019. From there, the swarms advanced to Northern Europe during late spring, followed by an early reversal toward southwestern Europe in summer. The pollen-based evidence matched spatiotemporal abundance peaks revealed by citizen science, which also suggested an echo effect of the outbreak in West Africa during September-November. Our results show that population outbreaks in a part of species' migratory ranges may disseminate demographic effects across multiple generations in a wide geographic area. This study represents an unprecedented effort to track a continuous multigenerational insect migration on an intercontinental scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Luise Gorki
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-CMCNB, Barcelona 08038 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roger López-Mañas
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-CMCNB, Barcelona 08038 Catalonia, Spain; Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia (BABVE), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, ES-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Llorenç Sáez
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia (BABVE), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, ES-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; Systematics and Evolution of Vascular Plants (UAB)-Associated Unit to CSIC (IBB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mattia Menchetti
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Univ. Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nazar Shapoval
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anne Andersen
- Entomological Society of Denmark, Zoological Museum, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dubi Benyamini
- The Israeli Lepidopterist Society, Beit Arye 7194700, Israel
| | | | - Aurora García-Berro
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-CMCNB, Barcelona 08038 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Megan S Reich
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stefano Scalercio
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca Foreste e Legno, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Eric Toro-Delgado
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-CMCNB, Barcelona 08038 Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Univ. Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona Catalonia, Spain
| | - Clément P Bataille
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Cristina Domingo-Marimon
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Grumets Research Group, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Univ. Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona Catalonia, Spain
| | - Tomasz Suchan
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-512 Kraków, Poland
| | - Gerard Talavera
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-CMCNB, Barcelona 08038 Catalonia, Spain.
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32
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Das P, Zhang Z, Ghosh S, Hang R. A hybrid ensemble learning merging approach for enhancing the super drought computation over Lake Victoria Basin. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13870. [PMID: 38879570 PMCID: PMC11180181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study introduces a novel Hybrid Ensemble Machine-Learning (HEML) algorithm to merge long-term satellite-based reanalysis precipitation products (SRPPs), enabling the estimation of super drought events in the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) during the period of 1984 to 2019. This study considers three widely used Machine learning (ML) models, including RF (Random Forest), GBM (Gradient Boosting Machine), and KNN (k-nearest Neighbors), for the emerging HEML approach. The three SRPPs, including CHIRPS (Climate Hazards Group Infra-Red Precipitation with Station), ERA5-Land, and PERSIANN-CDR (Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Network-Climate Data Record), were used to merge for developing new precipitation estimates from HEML model. Additionally, classification and regression models were employed as base learners in developing this algorithm. The newly developed HEML datasets were compared with other ML and SRPP products for super-drought monitoring. The Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) was used to estimate super drought characteristics, including Drought frequency (DF), Drought Duration (DD), and Drought Intensity (DI) from machine learning and SRPPs products in LVB and compared with RG observation. The results revealed that the HEML algorithm shows excellent performance (CC = 0.93) compared to the single ML merging method and SRPPs against observation. Furthermore, the HEML merging product adeptly captures the spatiotemporal patterns of super drought characteristics during both training (1984-2009) and testing (2010-2019) periods. This research offers crucial insights for near-real-time drought monitoring, water resource management, and informed policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanko Das
- Institute of African Studies, School of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenke Zhang
- Institute of African Studies, School of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Suravi Ghosh
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ren Hang
- Institute of Population Studies, Nanjing University of Post and Telecommunication, Nanjing, China
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33
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Meng F, Felton AJ, Mao J, Cong N, Smith WK, Körner C, Hu Z, Hong S, Knott J, Yan Y, Guo B, Deng Y, Leisz S, Dorji T, Wang S, Chen A. Consistent time allocation fraction to vegetation green-up versus senescence across northern ecosystems despite recent climate change. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn2487. [PMID: 38848369 PMCID: PMC11160464 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn2487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Extended growing season lengths under climatic warming suggest increased time for plant growth. However, research has focused on climatic impacts to the timing or duration of distinct phenological events. Comparatively little is known about impacts to the relative time allocation to distinct phenological events, for example, the proportion of time dedicated to leaf growth versus senescence. We use multiple satellite and ground-based observations to show that, despite recent climate change during 2001 to 2020, the ratio of time allocated to vegetation green-up over senescence has remained stable [1.27 (± 0.92)] across more than 83% of northern ecosystems. This stability is independent of changes in growing season lengths and is caused by widespread positive relationships among vegetation phenological events; longer vegetation green-up results in longer vegetation senescence. These empirical observations were also partly reproduced by 13 dynamic global vegetation models. Our work demonstrates an intrinsic biotic control to vegetation phenology that could explain the timing of vegetation senescence under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fandong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Andrew J. Felton
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Jiafu Mao
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Nan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - William K. Smith
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Christian Körner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhongmin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Songbai Hong
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jonathan Knott
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis Program, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yanzi Yan
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bixi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Stephen Leisz
- Department of Anthropology and Geography, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- College of Arts and Sciences, Vin University, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tsechoe Dorji
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Li Y, Bollen N, Hong SL, Brusselmans M, Gámbaro F, Suchard MA, Rambaut A, Lemey P, Dellicour S, Baele G. spread.gl: visualising pathogen dispersal in a high-performance browser application. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.04.24308447. [PMID: 38883783 PMCID: PMC11177906 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.24308447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Phylogeographic analyses are able to exploit the location data associated with sampled molecular sequences to reconstruct the spatio-temporal dispersal history of a pathogen. Visualisation software is commonly used to facilitate the interpretation of the accompanying estimation results, as these are not always easily interpretable. spread.gl is a powerful, open-source and feature-rich browser application that enables smooth, intuitive and user-friendly visualisation of both discrete and continuous phylogeographic inference results, enabling the animation of pathogen geographic dispersal through time. spread.gl can render and combine the visualisation of several data layers, including a geographic layer (e.g., a world map), multiple layers that contain information extracted from the input phylogeny, and different types of layers that represent environmental data. As such, users can explore which environmental data may have shaped pathogen dispersal patterns, that can subsequently be formally tested through more principled statistical analyses. We showcase the visualisation features of spread.gl on several representative pathogen dispersal examples, including the smooth animation of a phylogeny encompassing over 17,000 genomic sequences resulting from a large-scale SARS-CoV-2 analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nena Bollen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Samuel L. Hong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marius Brusselmans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabiana Gámbaro
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Marc A. Suchard
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Olaitan D, Bertagni M, Porporato A. The water footprint of hydrogen production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172384. [PMID: 38604375 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) is the most promising energy carrier for reducing the carbon emissions of the energy sector, but the impact of its production on water resources remains unclear. Here, we quantify the water footprint (WF) of different H2 production pathways accounting for the WF of the primary energy used in the production process, as well as feedstock and infrastructure water requirements. Results suggest that green H2 obtained from water electrolysis powered by renewable energy has the lowest WF (65 ± 2 m3/TJ for wind and 204 ± 79 m3/TJ for solar) mostly due to the low WF of renewable energy. The WF of blue H2 derived from fossil fuels is significantly higher (369 ± 30 m3/TJ for natural gas and 564 ± 82 m3/TJ for coal) due to high WF of fossil fuels as well as the water required for carbon capture and storage (CCS). H2 produced from nuclear energy and biomass have extremely high WF (741 ± 277 m3/TJ for nuclear and > 50,000 m3/TJ for biomass). Considering global and country-based energy scenarios, where the main H2 colors (green and blue) individually account for 15 % of energy consumption, we find that the use of green H2 could reduce the water demand of the energy sector while blue H2 would generally increase it, except in countries already characterized by high water consumption due to reliance on water-intensive energy sources. At the global level, we find that for every 5 % of H2 energy adoption, the energy sector could have water savings between 1 and 4 % for green H2 and increase water consumption between 1 and 5 % for blue H2. These results highlight the potential and criticalities of H2 within the water-energy nexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damola Olaitan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Matteo Bertagni
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; The High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Amilcare Porporato
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; The High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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Sasaki T, Berdugo M, Kinugasa T, Batdelger G, Baasandai E, Eisenhauer N. Aridity-dependent shifts in biodiversity-stability relationships but not in underlying mechanisms. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17365. [PMID: 38864217 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Climate change will affect the way biodiversity influences the stability of plant communities. Although biodiversity, associated species asynchrony, and species stability could enhance community stability, the understanding of potential nonlinear shifts in the biodiversity-stability relationship across a wide range of aridity (measured as the aridity index, the precipitation/potential evapotranspiration ratio) gradients and the underlying mechanisms remain limited. Using an 8-year dataset from 687 sites in Mongolia, which included 5496 records of vegetation and productivity, we found that the temporal stability of plant communities decreased more rapidly in more arid areas than in less arid areas. The result suggests that future aridification across terrestrial ecosystems may adversely affect community stability. Additionally, we identified nonlinear shifts in the effects of species richness and species synchrony on temporal community stability along the aridity gradient. Species synchrony was a primary driver of community stability, which was consistently negatively affected by species richness while being positively affected by the synchrony between C3 and C4 species across the aridity gradient. These results highlight the crucial role of C4 species in stabilizing communities through differential responses to interannual climate variations between C3 and C4 species. Notably, species richness and the synchrony between C3 and C4 species independently regulated species synchrony, ultimately affecting community stability. We propose that maintaining plant communities with a high diversity of C3 and C4 species will be key to enhancing community stability across Mongolian grasslands. Moreover, species synchrony, species stability, species richness and the synchrony between C3 and C4 species across the aridity gradient consistently mediated the impacts of aridity on community stability. Hence, strategies aimed at promoting the maintenance of biological diversity and composition will help ecosystems adapt to climate change or mitigate its adverse effects on ecosystem stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Sasaki
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Miguel Berdugo
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Environment Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gantsetseg Batdelger
- Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IRIMHE) of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Erdenetsetseg Baasandai
- Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IRIMHE) of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
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Aryal S, Grießinger J, Gaire NP, Bhattarai T, Bräuning A. Drought, temperature, and moisture availability: understanding the drivers of isotopic decoupling in native pine species of the Nepalese Himalaya. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024; 68:1093-1108. [PMID: 38441667 PMCID: PMC11108894 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-024-02647-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The Himalayas experienced long-term climate changes and recent extreme weather events that affected plant growth and the physiology of tree species at high-elevation sites. This study presents the first statistically robust δ18OTR chronologies for two native pine species, Pinus roxburghii, and Pinus wallichiana, in the lower Nepalese Himalaya. The isotope chronologies exhibited 0.88‰ differences in overall mean isotope values attributed to varying elevations (460-2000 m asl). Comparative analysis of climate response using data sets from different sources and resolutions revealed the superiority of the APHRODITE (Asian Precipitation - Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation) data set calibrated for the South Asian Summer Monsoon (SASM)-dominated region. Both species exhibited negative correlations with monsoon precipitation and positive correlations with temperature. However, during the peak monsoon season (July-August), daily resolved climate data disentangled statistically insignificant relationships, and revealed that δ18OTR is influenced by atmospheric moisture. Both congeneric species showed a decoupling between the chronologies after 1995. However, no significant change in air moisture origin and monsoon regime between the study sites was observed, indicating a consistent dominant moisture source during different monsoon seasons. Besides, we also observed the decreased inter-series correlation of both δ18OTR chronologies after 1995, with P. wallichiana experiencing a steeper decrease than P. roxburghii. The weakening correlations between and within the chronologies coincided with a regional drought during 1993-1995 in both sites, highlighting the strong regulation of local climate on the impact of regional extreme climate events. Our findings emphasise the importance of employing climate data with optimal spatial and temporal resolution for improved δ18OTR-climate relationships at the intra-annual scale while considering the influence of site-specific local environmental conditions. Assessing climate data sets with station data is vital for accurately interpreting climate change's impact on forest response and long-term climate reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugam Aryal
- Institute für Geographie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wetterkreuz 15, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jussi Grießinger
- Institute für Geographie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wetterkreuz 15, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | - Achim Bräuning
- Institute für Geographie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wetterkreuz 15, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Chen Y, Tang F, Cao Z, Zeng J, Qiu Z, Zhang C, Long H, Cheng P, Sun Q, Han W, Tang K, Tang J, Zhao Y, Tian D, Du X. Global pattern and determinant for interaction of seasonal influenza viruses. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:1086-1094. [PMID: 38705061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of different types/subtypes varies across seasons and countries for seasonal influenza viruses, indicating underlying interactions between types/subtypes. The global interaction patterns and determinants for seasonal influenza types/subtypes need to be explored. METHODS Influenza epidemiological surveillance data, as well as multidimensional data that include population-related, environment-related, and virus-related factors from 55 countries worldwide were used to explore type/subtype interactions based on Spearman correlation coefficient. The machine learning method Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and interpretable framework SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) were utilized to quantify contributing factors and their effects on interactions among influenza types/subtypes. Additionally, causal relationships between types/subtypes were also explored based on Convergent Cross-mapping (CCM). RESULTS A consistent globally negative correlation exists between influenza A/H3N2 and A/H1N1. Meanwhile, interactions between influenza A (A/H3N2, A/H1N1) and B show significant differences across countries, primarily influenced by population-related factors. Influenza A has a stronger driving force than influenza B, and A/H3N2 has a stronger driving force than A/H1N1. CONCLUSION The research elucidated the globally complex and heterogeneous interaction patterns among influenza type/subtypes, identifying key factors shaping their interactions. This sheds light on better seasonal influenza prediction and model construction, informing targeted prevention strategies and ultimately reducing the global burden of seasonal influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Feng Tang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; Foshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Foshan 528000, PR China
| | - Zicheng Cao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou 515000, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Zeng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Zekai Qiu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Haoyu Long
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Peiwen Cheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Qianru Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Wenjie Han
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Kang Tang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Jing Tang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes & Biosafety, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Dechao Tian
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes & Biosafety, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Xiangjun Du
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes & Biosafety, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510030, PR China.
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Meng B, Yang Q, Mehrabi Z, Wang S. Larger nations benefit more than smaller nations from the stabilizing effects of crop diversity. NATURE FOOD 2024; 5:491-498. [PMID: 38789566 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-024-00992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Crop diversification is increasingly recognized as a strategy to stabilize national food production, yet the benefits of this approach may vary across nations due to the scale dependence of crop diversity and stability. Here we use crop production data from 131 nations from 1961 to 2020 to explore the spatial scale dependence of the crop diversity-stability relationship. Drawing on ecological theory and complementary analytical approaches, we find that as the total national harvested area increases, yield stability increases. Crop diversity stabilizes national yield stability, as does an increase in the number of farms, but these stabilizing effects are weaker in smaller countries. Our findings suggest that enhancing crop diversity at the national level may not provide a de facto universal strategy for increasing yield stability across all countries-with implications for national strategies promoting crop diversification to protect against food system shocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Meng
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zia Mehrabi
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Perri DV, Hurtado SI, Bruzzone O, Easdale MH. A Key Interaction Behind the Scenes: Dung Beetles in Livestock Production from Arid and Semi-Arid Rangelands. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 53:469-479. [PMID: 38347319 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-024-01131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Pastoralism is a dominant agricultural activity in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. The interaction between coprophagous insects and livestock is a key but an undervalued topic in rangeland management decisions. The objective was to identify similarities and differences in the composition of coprophagous insects and nesting strategies, associated with different climatic conditions within these regions. We performed a literature review of research articles available in the Scopus database which resulted in 17 articles. We examined the taxonomic diversity of dung beetles and their nesting strategies in relation to temperature and precipitation at the study sites. Results revealed a rich and varied interaction between dung beetles and livestock in arid and semi-arid environments, with 364 species from the Scarabaeoidea superfamily documented worldwide. The greatest diversity of dung beetles was reported in hot arid and semi-arid conditions with dry winters and in cold semi-arid ones with no marked annual precipitation cycle. These insects displayed diverse nesting strategies, with endocoprid strategies predominating in colder and drier settings, and paracoprid and telecoprid strategies in warmer, more humid environments. Domestic animal species are currently key components in promoting this interaction, which indicates that the ecological processes involving coprophagous fauna are occurring in production systems, which are under the influence of human decisions. We discuss the design and planning of livestock and rangeland management in arid and semi-arid environments, emphasizing in a more formalized manner the inclusion of this kind of interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana V Perri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche - IFAB (INTA-CONICET), Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina.
| | - Santiago I Hurtado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche - IFAB (INTA-CONICET), Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Octavio Bruzzone
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche - IFAB (INTA-CONICET), Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Marcos H Easdale
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche - IFAB (INTA-CONICET), Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
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Gortan M, Testa L, Fagiolo G, Lamperti F. A unified dataset for pre-processed climate indicators weighted by gridded economic activity. Sci Data 2024; 11:533. [PMID: 38789504 PMCID: PMC11126575 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Although high-resolution gridded climate variables are provided by multiple sources, the need for country and region-specific climate data weighted by indicators of economic activity is becoming increasingly common in environmental and economic research. We process available information from different climate data sources to provide spatially aggregated data with global coverage for both countries (GADM0 resolution) and regions (GADM1 resolution) and for a variety of climate indicators (total precipitations, average temperatures, average SPEI). We weigh gridded climate data by population density, night-time light intensity, cropland, and concurrent population count - all proxies of economic activity - before aggregation. Climate variables are measured daily, monthly, and annually, covering (depending on the data source) a time window from 1900 (at the earliest) to 2023. We pipeline all the preprocessing procedures in a unified framework, and we validate our data through a systematic comparison with those employed in leading climate impact studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gortan
- School of Finance, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Testa
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Institute of Economics and L'EMbeDS, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Fagiolo
- Institute of Economics and L'EMbeDS, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesco Lamperti
- Institute of Economics and L'EMbeDS, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
- RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment, Milan, Italy.
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Emran M, Ibrahim OM, Wali AM, Darwish KM, Badr Eldin RM, Alomran MM, El-Tahan AM. Assessing Soil Quality, Wheat Crop Yield, and Water Productivity under Condition of Deficit Irrigation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1462. [PMID: 38891271 PMCID: PMC11174773 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops in Egypt and all over the world. Its productivity is adversely affected by drought due to deficient irrigation to provide nutrients required for plant growth. In a field experiment, silicon foliar applications at concentrations of 0, 200, and 400 mg L-1 were performed at different irrigation rates ranging from 1000 to 4000 m3 ha-1 to assess water irrigation productivity and wheat crop yield in a calcareous soil under arid climate conditions. Increased irrigation rates led to a significant increase in soil nutrient dynamics, as well as in the number and weight of grains per spike, leaf area index, grain yield, straw yield, and biological yield, with the exception of the weight of 1000 grains. Spraying with sodium silicate had a significant impact on grain yield and harvest index but did not significantly impact the other traits. Furthermore, the interaction between irrigation and silicate application rates showed significance only for grain yield, the number of spikes/m2, and the harvest index. Applying three times irrigation could produce the highest nutrient retention, wheat yield, and water irrigation productivity. No significance was observed between 3000 m3 ha-1 and 4000 m3 ha-1 irrigation, indicating a saving of 25% of applied irrigation water. It can be concluded that applying irrigation at 3000 m3 ha-1 could be a supplemental irrigation strategy. High wheat grain yield can be achieved under deficit irrigation (3000 m3 ha-1) on the northwestern coast of Egypt with an arid climate by spraying crops with sodium silicate at a rate of 400 mg L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Emran
- Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Egypt; (M.E.); (O.M.I.); (A.M.E.-T.)
| | - Omar M. Ibrahim
- Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Egypt; (M.E.); (O.M.I.); (A.M.E.-T.)
| | - Asal M. Wali
- Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Egypt; (M.E.); (O.M.I.); (A.M.E.-T.)
| | - Khaled M. Darwish
- Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Egypt; (M.E.); (O.M.I.); (A.M.E.-T.)
| | - Rasha M. Badr Eldin
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21568, Egypt
| | - Maryam M. Alomran
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira M. El-Tahan
- Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Egypt; (M.E.); (O.M.I.); (A.M.E.-T.)
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Leifsson C, Buras A, Klesse S, Baittinger C, Bat-Enerel B, Battipaglia G, Biondi F, Stajić B, Budeanu M, Čada V, Cavin L, Claessens H, Čufar K, de Luis M, Dorado-Liñán I, Dulamsuren C, Garamszegi B, Grabner M, Hacket-Pain A, Hansen JK, Hartl C, Huang W, Janda P, Jump AS, Kazimirović M, Knutzen F, Kreyling J, Land A, Latte N, Lebourgeois F, Leuschner C, Longares LA, Martinez Del Castillo E, Menzel A, Motta R, Muffler-Weigel L, Nola P, Panayatov M, Petritan AM, Petritan IC, Popa I, Roibu CC, Rubio-Cuadrado Á, Rydval M, Scharnweber T, Camarero JJ, Svoboda M, Toromani E, Trotsiuk V, van der Maaten-Theunissen M, van der Maaten E, Weigel R, Wilmking M, Zlatanov T, Rammig A, Zang CS. Identifying drivers of non-stationary climate-growth relationships of European beech. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 937:173321. [PMID: 38782287 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The future performance of the widely abundant European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) across its ecological amplitude is uncertain. Although beech is considered drought-sensitive and thus negatively affected by drought events, scientific evidence indicating increasing drought vulnerability under climate change on a cross-regional scale remains elusive. While evaluating changes in climate sensitivity of secondary growth offers a promising avenue, studies from productive, closed-canopy forests suffer from knowledge gaps, especially regarding the natural variability of climate sensitivity and how it relates to radial growth as an indicator of tree vitality. Since beech is sensitive to drought, we in this study use a drought index as a climate variable to account for the combined effects of temperature and water availability and explore how the drought sensitivity of secondary growth varies temporally in dependence on growth variability, growth trends, and climatic water availability across the species' ecological amplitude. Our results show that drought sensitivity is highly variable and non-stationary, though consistently higher at dry sites compared to moist sites. Increasing drought sensitivity can largely be explained by increasing climatic aridity, especially as it is exacerbated by climate change and trees' rank progression within forest communities, as (co-)dominant trees are more sensitive to extra-canopy climatic conditions than trees embedded in understories. However, during the driest periods of the 20th century, growth showed clear signs of being decoupled from climate. This may indicate fundamental changes in system behavior and be early-warning signals of decreasing drought tolerance. The multiple significant interaction terms in our model elucidate the complexity of European beech's drought sensitivity, which needs to be taken into consideration when assessing this species' response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Leifsson
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Hans-Carl-v.-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Allan Buras
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Hans-Carl-v.-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Klesse
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Baittinger
- The National Museum of Denmark, Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, I.C. Modewegs Vej 11, DK - 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Banzragch Bat-Enerel
- Plant Ecology, University of Goettingen, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; Applied Vegetation Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Franco Biondi
- DendroLab, Dept. of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Branko Stajić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marius Budeanu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry Marin Dracea, 13 Closca street, Brasov, Romania
| | - Vojtěch Čada
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, Praha 6, Suchdol 16521, Czech Republic
| | - Liam Cavin
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Hugues Claessens
- Forest is Life, ULiège, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Katarina Čufar
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Wood Science and Technology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin de Luis
- Dpto. de Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio, IUCA, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna s/n, 50009 Zaragoza. Spain
| | - Isabel Dorado-Liñán
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Choimaa Dulamsuren
- Applied Vegetation Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Balázs Garamszegi
- Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Grabner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew Hacket-Pain
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Kehlet Hansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claudia Hartl
- Nature Rings - Environmental Research & Education, 55118 Mainz, Germany
| | - Weiwei Huang
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Pavel Janda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, Praha 6, Suchdol 16521, Czech Republic
| | - Alistair S Jump
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Florian Knutzen
- Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Fischertwiete 1, 20095 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreyling
- University of Greifswald, Experimental Plant Ecology, Soldmannstraße 15, 17498 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Land
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology (190a), Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nicolas Latte
- Forest is Life, ULiège, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | | | - Luis A Longares
- Dpto. de Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio, IUCA, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna s/n, 50009 Zaragoza. Spain
| | | | - Annette Menzel
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Ecoclimatology, Hans-Carl-v.-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Renzo Motta
- Department of Agricoltural Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Lena Muffler-Weigel
- Ecological-Botanical Garden, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Paola Nola
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via S. Epifanio 14, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Momchil Panayatov
- University of Forestry, Dendrology Department, Forest Faculty, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Any Mary Petritan
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry Marin Dracea, 13 Closca street, Brasov, Romania
| | - Ion Catalin Petritan
- Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Transilvania University of Braşov, Braşov, Romania
| | - Ionel Popa
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry Marin Dracea, 13 Closca street, Brasov, Romania; Center for Mountain Economy (CE-MONT), Vatra Dornei, Romania
| | - Cǎtǎlin-Constantin Roibu
- Forest Biometrics Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, "Stefan cel Mare" University of Suceava, Universitatii street, no. 13, Suceava RO720229, Romania
| | - Álvaro Rubio-Cuadrado
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miloš Rydval
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, Praha 6, Suchdol 16521, Czech Republic
| | - Tobias Scharnweber
- Institute for Botany and Landscape Ecology, University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE), CSIC, Avda. Montañana 1005, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, Praha 6, Suchdol 16521, Czech Republic
| | - Elvin Toromani
- Department of Forestry, Agricultural University Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Volodymyr Trotsiuk
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Ernst van der Maaten
- Chair of Forest Growth and Woody Biomass Production, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Weigel
- Ecological-Botanical Garden, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin Wilmking
- Institute for Botany and Landscape Ecology, University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tzvetan Zlatanov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anja Rammig
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Hans-Carl-v.-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christian S Zang
- Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Department of Forestry, Hans-Carl-v.-Carlowitz-Platz 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Gbashi S, Adelusi OA, Njobeh PB. Insights from modelling sixteen years of climatic and fumonisin patterns in maize in South Africa. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11643. [PMID: 38773169 PMCID: PMC11109125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of agricultural commodities is a global public health problem that has remained elusive to various mitigation approaches, particularly in developing countries. Climate change and its impact exacerbates South Africa's vulnerability to mycotoxin contamination, and significantly threatens its's food systems, public health, and agro-economic development. Herein we analyse sixteen years (2005/2006-2020/2021) of annual national meteorological data on South Africa which reveals both systematic and erratic variability in critical climatic factors known to influence mycotoxin contamination in crops. Within the same study period, data on fumonisin (FB) monitoring show clear climate-dependent trends. The strongest positive warming trend is observed between 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 (0.51 °C/year), and a strong positive correlation is likewise established between FB contamination and temperature (r ranging from 0.6 to 0.9). Four machine learning models, viz support vector machines, eXtreme gradient boosting, random forest, and orthogonal partial least squares, are generalized on the historical data with suitable performance (RMSE as low as 0.00). All the adopted models are able to predict future FB contamination patterns with reasonable precision (R2 ranging from 0.34 to 1.00). The most important model feature for predicting average FB contamination (YA) is the historical pattern of average FB contamination in maize within the region (ΣFBs_avg). The two most significant features in modelling maximum FB contamination (YM) are minimum temperature from the CMIP6 data (Pro_tempMIN) and observed precipitation from the CRU data (O_prep). Our study provides strong evidence of the impact of climate change on FB in South Africa and reiterates the significance of machine learning modelling in predicting mycotoxin contamination in light of changing climatic conditions, which could facilitate early warnings and the adoption of relevant mitigation measures that could help in mycotoxin risk management and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefater Gbashi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O Box 17011, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa.
| | - Oluwasola Abayomi Adelusi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O Box 17011, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa
| | - Patrick Berka Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O Box 17011, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa
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He J, Duan K, Li S, Shang W, Wang Q, Chen R, Meng Y. Northward shift of Indian summer monsoon and intensifying winter westerlies cause stronger precipitation seasonality over Pamirs and its downstream basins in the 21st century. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171891. [PMID: 38531452 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydroclimate will change over Pamirs and its downstream basins (PDB), including Indus River, Tarim River, Amu Darya and Syr Darya Basins, in response to the variation of Indian summer monsoon (ISM) and mid-latitude westerlies. However, the precipitation variation and its mechanism over PDB in the 21st century are yet not fully understood. Here, the best models ensemble selected from 25 CMIP6 models under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios is applied to detect the precipitation variations over PDB in the 21st century. A remarkable dipolar pattern is found in both summer and winter precipitation over PDB, particularly in the central Indus River Basin and upper Amu and Syr Darya Basins. The central Indus River Basin (upper Amu and Syr Darya Basins) will experience an increasingly wet (dry) summer in response to northward ISM and a dry (wet) winter driven by mid-latitude westerlies. The amplifying dipolar pattern of seasonal precipitation thus increases the water resource vulnerability over PDB and emphasizes the role of Pamirs in modulating the water resources over surrounding basins, especially the Amu Darya and Syr Darya Basins in the future. The findings underscore the need for prioritizing policies by considering the impacts of precipitation seasonality on social planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping He
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Keqin Duan
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Shang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rong Chen
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yali Meng
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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Scott TJ, Stephenson CJ, Rao S, Queller DC, Strassmann JE. Unpredictable soil conditions can affect the prevalence of a microbial symbiosis. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17445. [PMID: 38784393 PMCID: PMC11114107 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolution of symbiotic interactions may be affected by unpredictable conditions. However, a link between prevalence of these conditions and symbiosis has not been widely demonstrated. We test for these associations using Dictyostelium discoideum social amoebae and their bacterial endosymbionts. D. discoideum commonly hosts endosymbiotic bacteria from three taxa: Paraburkholderia, Amoebophilus and Chlamydiae. Three species of facultative Paraburkholderia endosymbionts are the best studied and give hosts the ability to carry prey bacteria through the dispersal stage to new environments. Amoebophilus and Chlamydiae are obligate endosymbiont lineages with no measurable impact on host fitness. We tested whether the frequency of both single infections and coinfections of these symbionts were associated with the unpredictability of their soil environments by using symbiont presence-absence data from D. discoideum isolates from 21 locations across the eastern United States. We found that symbiosis across all infection types, symbiosis with Amoebophilus and Chlamydiae obligate endosymbionts, and symbiosis involving coinfections were not associated with any of our measures. However, unpredictable precipitation was associated with symbiosis in two species of Paraburkholderia, suggesting a link between unpredictable conditions and symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trey J. Scott
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Calum J. Stephenson
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sandeep Rao
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David C. Queller
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Joan E. Strassmann
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Kanwar N, Kuniyal JC, Rautela KS, Singh L, Pandey DC. Longitudinal assessment of extreme climate events in Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh, north-western Himalaya, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:557. [PMID: 38764082 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
It is vital to keep an eye on changes in climatic extremes because they set the stage for current and potential future climate, which usually have a reasonable adverse impact on ecosystems and society. The present study examines the variability and trends in precipitation and temperature across seasons in the Kinnaur district, offering valuable insights into the complex dynamics of the Himalayan climate. Using Climatic Research Unit gridded Time Series (CRU TS) datasets from 1951 to 2021, the study analyzes the data to produce 28 climate indices based on India Meteorological Department (IMD) convention indices and Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). Although there may be considerable variation in climate indices in terms of absolute values within different products, there is consensus in both long-term trends and inter-annual variability. Analysis shows that even within a small area, there is variability in the magnitude and direction of historic temperature trends. Initially, the data were subjected to rigorous quality control procedures, which involved identifying anomalies. Statistical analysis like trend analysis, employing Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator, reveal significant (p < 0.05) increase in consecutive dry days (CDD) at 0.03 days/year and decrease in consecutive wet days (CWD) at 0.02 days/year. Notably, the frequency of heavy precipitation occurrences showed an increasing trend. Changes in precipitation in the Western Himalaya are driven by a complex interplay of orographic effects, monsoonal dynamics, atmospheric circulation patterns, climate change, and localized factors such as topography, atmospheric circulation patterns, moisture sources, land-sea temperature contrasts, and anthropogenic influences. Moreover, in case of temperature indices, there is significant increasing trend observed. Temperature indices indicate a significant annual increase in warm nights (TN90p) at 0.06%/year and warm days (TX90p) at 0.11%/year. Extreme temperature events have been trending upward, with monthly daily maximum temperature (TXx) increasing by 1.5 °C yearly. This study enhances our comprehension of the global warming phenomenon and underscores the importance of acknowledging alterations in the water cycle and their repercussions on hydrologic resources, agriculture, and livelihoods in the cold desert of the northwestern Indian Himalaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Kanwar
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Pin 263643, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Geography, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Pin 263002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jagdish Chandra Kuniyal
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Pin 263643, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Kuldeep Singh Rautela
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Simrol, Indore, Pin 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Laxman Singh
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Pin 263643, Uttarakhand, India
| | - D C Pandey
- Department of Geography, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Pin 263002, Uttarakhand, India
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Courtenay AP, Moonlight PW, Toby Pennington R, Lehmann CER. Underground trees inhabit varied environmental extremes across the Afrotropics. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:757-772. [PMID: 37642263 PMCID: PMC11082510 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Geoxyles, a distinctive feature of Afrotropical savannas and grasslands, survive recurrent disturbances by resprouting subshrub branches from large below-ground woody structures. Underground trees are a type of geoxyle that independently evolved within woody genera of at least 40 plant families in Africa. The environmental limits and determinants of underground tree biogeography are poorly understood, with the relative influence of frost and fire debated in particular. We aim to quantify variability in the niche of underground tree species relative to their taller, woody tree/shrub congeners. METHODS Using occurrence records of four Afrotropical genera, Parinari (Chrysobalanaceae), Ozoroa (Anacardiaceae), Syzygium (Myrtaceae) and Lannea (Anacardiaceae), and environmental data of nine climate and disturbance variables, the biogeography and niche of underground trees are compared with their open and closed ecosystem congeners. KEY RESULTS Along multiple environmental gradients and in a multidimensional environmental space, underground trees inhabit significantly distinct and extreme environments relative to open and closed ecosystem congeners. Niche overlap is low among underground trees and their congeners, and also among underground trees of the four genera. Of the study taxa, Parinari underground trees inhabit hotter, drier and more seasonal environments where herbivory pressure is greatest. Ozoroa underground trees occupy relatively more fire-prone environments, while Syzygium underground trees sustain the highest frost frequency and occur in relatively wetter conditions with seasonal waterlogging. Lannea underground trees are associated with the lowest temperatures, highest precipitation, and varying exposure to disturbance. CONCLUSIONS While underground trees exhibit repeated convergent evolution, varied environments shape the ecology and biogeography of this iconic plant functional group. The multiplicity of extreme environments related to fire, frost, herbivory and waterlogging that different underground tree taxa occupy, and the distinctiveness of these environments, should be recognized in the management of African grassy ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya P Courtenay
- GeoSciences, Crew Building, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Peter W Moonlight
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
- Botany Department, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - R Toby Pennington
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
- Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Caroline E R Lehmann
- GeoSciences, Crew Building, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
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La Porta G, Hardersen S. A Warm Welcome to the Alps-The Northward Expansion of Trithemis annulata (Odonata, Libellulidae) in Italy. INSECTS 2024; 15:340. [PMID: 38786896 PMCID: PMC11121767 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Climate warming has already influenced the distribution, community composition, and phenology of European Odonata. Trithemis annulata had been confined to the southern regions of Italy for over 150 years. In only four decades, it has expanded its range and has recently been observed inhabiting several alpine valleys. A dataset of 2557 geographical distribution data points spanning the years 1825-2023 was compiled using various resources, with the aim to analyse the chrono-story of the expansion of T. annulata. A further aim was to investigate the climatic conditions that best explain its current and future distribution. Over a period of 43 years, the species steadily extended its northern range margin at an approximate rate of 12 km/year. Once it reached the Po Plain, the expansion accelerated to an average speed of 34 km/year. However, its northward shift lagged behind the warming climate as we estimated an average speed of 28 km/year. In the future, the area suitable for T. annulata is expected to significantly increase in Italy. Surprisingly, we did not observe any consistent upward shift. Trithemis annulata has considerably expanded its distribution due to human-induced climate warming. The northernmost populations now inhabit Alpine valleys, potential gateways to central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianandrea La Porta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia (PG), 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sönke Hardersen
- Reparto Carabinieri Biodiversità di Verona, Centro Nazionale Carabinieri Biodiversità “Bosco Fontana”, 46045 Marmirolo, Italy;
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50
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Brink N, Lakhoo DP, Solarin I, Maimela G, von Dadelszen P, Norris S, Chersich MF. Impacts of heat exposure in utero on long-term health and social outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:344. [PMID: 38704541 PMCID: PMC11069224 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change, particularly global warming, is amongst the greatest threats to human health. While short-term effects of heat exposure in pregnancy, such as preterm birth, are well documented, long-term effects have received less attention. This review aims to systematically assess evidence on the long-term impacts on the foetus of heat exposure in utero. METHODS A search was conducted in August 2019 and updated in April 2023 in MEDLINE(PubMed). We included studies on the relationship of environmental heat exposure during pregnancy and any long-term outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using tools developed by the Joanna-Briggs Institute, and the evidence was appraised using the GRADE approach. Synthesis without Meta-Analysis (SWiM) guidelines were used. RESULTS Eighteen thousand six hundred twenty one records were screened, with 29 studies included across six outcome groups. Studies were mostly conducted in high-income countries (n = 16/25), in cooler climates. All studies were observational, with 17 cohort, 5 case-control and 8 cross-sectional studies. The timeline of the data is from 1913 to 2019, and individuals ranged in age from neonates to adults, and the elderly. Increasing heat exposure during pregnancy was associated with decreased earnings and lower educational attainment (n = 4/6), as well as worsened cardiovascular (n = 3/6), respiratory (n = 3/3), psychiatric (n = 7/12) and anthropometric (n = 2/2) outcomes, possibly culminating in increased overall mortality (n = 2/3). The effect on female infants was greater than on males in 8 of 9 studies differentiating by sex. The quality of evidence was low in respiratory and longevity outcome groups to very low in all others. CONCLUSIONS Increasing heat exposure was associated with a multitude of detrimental outcomes across diverse body systems. The biological pathways involved are yet to be elucidated, but could include epigenetic and developmental perturbations, through interactions with the placenta and inflammation. This highlights the need for further research into the long-term effects of heat exposure, biological pathways, and possible adaptation strategies in studies, particularly in neglected regions. Heat exposure in-utero has the potential to compound existing health and social inequalities. Poor study design of the included studies constrains the conclusions of this review, with heterogenous exposure measures and outcomes rendering comparisons across contexts/studies difficult. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD 42019140136.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Brink
- Climate and Health Directorate, Wits RHI, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Darshnika P Lakhoo
- Climate and Health Directorate, Wits RHI, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ijeoma Solarin
- Climate and Health Directorate, Wits RHI, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gloria Maimela
- Climate and Health Directorate, Wits RHI, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Shane Norris
- MRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Matthew F Chersich
- Climate and Health Directorate, Wits RHI, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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