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Soares RP, Fontes IC, Dutra-Rêgo F, Rugani JN, Moreira POL, da Matta VLR, Flores GVA, Pacheco CMS, de Andrade AJ, da Costa-Ribeiro MCV, Shaw JJ, Laurenti MD. Unveiling the Enigmatic nature of six neglected Amazonian Leishmania (Viannia) species using the hamster model: Virulence, Histopathology and prospection of LRV1. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012333. [PMID: 39121159 PMCID: PMC11315283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is highly endemic in the Amazon basin and occurs in all South American countries, except Chile and Uruguay. Most Brazilian ATL cases are due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, however other neglected Amazonian species are being increasingly reported. They belong to the subgenus L. (Viannia) and information on suitable models to understand immunopathology are scarce. Here, we explored the use of the golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus and its macrophages as a model for L. (Viannia) species. We also studied the interaction of parasite glycoconjugates (LPGs and GIPLs) in murine macrophages. The following strains were used: L. (V.) braziliensis (MHOM/BR/2001/BA788), L. (V.) guyanensis (MHOM/BR/85/M9945), L. (V.) shawi (MHOM/BR/96/M15789), L. (V.) lindenbergi (MHOM/BR/98/M15733) and L. (V.) naiffi (MDAS/BR/79/M5533). In vivo infections were initiated by injecting parasites into the footpad and were followed up at 20- and 40-days PI. Parasites were mixed with salivary gland extract (SGE) from wild-captured Nyssomyia neivai prior to in vivo infections. Animals were euthanized for histopathological evaluation of the footpads, spleen, and liver. The parasite burden was evaluated in the skin and draining lymph nodes. In vitro infections used resident peritoneal macrophages and THP-1 monocytes infected with all species using a MOI (1:10). For biochemical studies, glycoconjugates (LPGs and GIPLs) were extracted, purified, and biochemically characterized using fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE). They were functionally evaluated after incubation with macrophages from C57BL/6 mice and knockouts (TLR2-/- and TLR4-/-) for nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine/chemokine production. All species, except L. (V.) guyanensis, failed to generate evident macroscopic lesions 40 days PI. The L. (V.) guyanensis lesions were swollen but did not ulcerate and microscopically were characterized by an intense inflammatory exudate. Despite the fact the other species did not produce visible skin lesions there was no or mild pro-inflammatory infiltration at the inoculation site and parasites survived in the hamster skin/lymph nodes and even visceralized. Although none of the species caused severe disease in the hamster, they differentially infected peritoneal macrophages in vitro. LPGs and GIPLs were able to differentially trigger NO and cytokine production via TLR2/TLR4 and TLR4, respectively. The presence of a sidechain in L. (V.) lainsoni LPG (type II) may be responsible for its higher proinflammatory activity. After Principal Component analyses using all phenotypic features, the clustering of L. (V.) lainsoni was separated from all the other L. (Viannia) species. We conclude that M. auratus was a suitable in vivo model for at least four dermotropic L. (Viannia) species. However, in vitro studies using peritoneal cells are a suitable alternative for understanding interactions of the six L. (Viannia) species used here. LRV1 presence was found in L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) shawi with no apparent correlation with virulence in vitro and in vivo. Finally, parasite glycoconjugates were able to functionally trigger various innate immune responses in murine macrophages via TLRs consistent with their inflammatory profile in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Grupo Biotecnologia Aplicada ao Estudo de Patógenos (BAP), Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Patologia das Moléstias Infecciosas, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Campos Fontes
- Grupo Biotecnologia Aplicada ao Estudo de Patógenos (BAP), Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dutra-Rêgo
- Grupo Biotecnologia Aplicada ao Estudo de Patógenos (BAP), Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jeronimo Nunes Rugani
- Grupo Biotecnologia Aplicada ao Estudo de Patógenos (BAP), Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo Otávio L. Moreira
- Grupo Biotecnologia Aplicada ao Estudo de Patógenos (BAP), Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vânia Lúcia Ribeiro da Matta
- Laboratório de Patologia das Moléstias Infecciosas, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Venícia Araujo Flores
- Laboratório de Patologia das Moléstias Infecciosas, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmen Maria Sandoval Pacheco
- Laboratório de Patologia das Moléstias Infecciosas, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrey José de Andrade
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Magda Clara Vieira da Costa-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey Jon Shaw
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Laboratório de Patologia das Moléstias Infecciosas, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tan YJ, Jin Y, Zhou J, Yang YF. Lipid droplets in pathogen infection and host immunity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:449-464. [PMID: 37993536 PMCID: PMC10834987 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As the hub of cellular lipid metabolism, lipid droplets (LDs) have been linked to a variety of biological processes. During pathogen infection, the biogenesis, composition, and functions of LDs are tightly regulated. The accumulation of LDs has been described as a hallmark of pathogen infection and is thought to be driven by pathogens for their own benefit. Recent studies have revealed that LDs and their subsequent lipid mediators contribute to effective immunological responses to pathogen infection by promoting host stress tolerance and reducing toxicity. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate roles of LDs in governing the replication and assembly of a wide spectrum of pathogens within host cells. We also discuss the regulatory function of LDs in host immunity and highlight the potential for targeting LDs for the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Tan
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yun-Fan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Veras PST, de Santana MBR, Brodskyn CI, Fraga DBM, Solcà MS, De Menezes JPB, Leite BMM, Teixeira HMP. Elucidating the role played by bone marrow in visceral leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1261074. [PMID: 37860064 PMCID: PMC10582953 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1261074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a widespread group of infectious diseases that significantly impact global health. Despite high prevalence, leishmaniasis often receives inadequate attention in the prioritization of measures targeting tropical diseases. The causative agents of leishmaniasis are protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus, which give rise to a diverse range of clinical manifestations, including cutaneous and visceral forms. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the most severe form, can be life-threatening if left untreated. Parasites can spread systemically within the body, infecting a range of organs, such as the liver, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes. Natural reservoirs for these protozoa include rodents, dogs, foxes, jackals, and wolves, with dogs serving as the primary urban reservoir for Leishmania infantum. Dogs exhibit clinical and pathological similarities to human VL and are valuable models for studying disease progression. Both human and canine VL provoke clinical symptoms, such as organ enlargement, fever, weight loss and abnormal gamma globulin levels. Hematologic abnormalities have also been observed, including anemia, leukopenia with lymphocytosis, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. Studies in dogs have linked these hematologic changes in peripheral blood to alterations in the bone marrow. Mouse models of VL have also contributed significantly to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these hematologic and bone marrow abnormalities. This review consolidates information on hematological and immunological changes in the bone marrow of humans, dogs, and mice infected with Leishmania species causing VL. It includes findings on the role of bone marrow as a source of parasite persistence in internal organs and VL development. Highlighting gaps in current knowledge, the review emphasizes the need for future research to enhance our understanding of VL and identify potential targets for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratory of Parasite - Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute-Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases, National Council for Scientific Research and Development (CNPq), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Maria Borges Rabêlo de Santana
- Laboratory of Parasite - Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute-Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Claudia Ida Brodskyn
- Laboratory of Parasite - Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute-Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Deborah Bittencourt Mothé Fraga
- Laboratory of Parasite - Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute-Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Manuela Silva Solcà
- Laboratory of Parasite - Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute-Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Martins Macedo Leite
- Laboratory of Parasite - Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute-Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Kaushal RS, Naik N, Prajapati M, Rane S, Raulji H, Afu NF, Upadhyay TK, Saeed M. Leishmania species: A narrative review on surface proteins with structural aspects involved in host-pathogen interaction. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:332-356. [PMID: 36872849 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
In tropical and subtropical regions of the world, leishmaniasis is endemic and causes a range of clinical symptoms in people, from severe tegumentary forms (such as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and diffuse leishmaniasis) to lethal visceral forms. The protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania causes leishmaniasis, which is still a significant public health issue, according to the World Health Organization 2022. The public's worry about the neglected tropical disease is growing as new foci of the illness arise, which are exacerbated by alterations in behavior, changes in the environment, and an enlarged range of sand fly vectors. Leishmania research has advanced significantly during the past three decades in a few different avenues. Despite several studies on Leishmania, many issues, such as illness control, parasite resistance, parasite clearance, etc., remain unresolved. The key virulence variables that play a role in the pathogenicity-host-pathogen relationship of the parasite are comprehensively discussed in this paper. The important Leishmania virulence factors, such as Kinetoplastid Membrane Protein-11 (KMP-11), Leishmanolysin (GP63), Proteophosphoglycan (PPG), Lipophosphoglycan (LPG), Glycosylinositol Phospholipids (GIPL), and others, have an impact on the pathophysiology of the disease and enable the parasite to spread the infection. Leishmania infection may arise from virulence factors; they are treatable with medications or vaccinations more promptly and might greatly shorten the duration of treatment. Additionally, our research sought to present a modeled structure of a few putative virulence factors that might aid in the development of new chemotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of leishmaniasis. The predicted virulence protein's structure is utilized to design novel drugs, therapeutic targets, and immunizations for considerable advantage from a higher understanding of the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhey Shyam Kaushal
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Nidhi Naik
- Department of Microbiology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Maitri Prajapati
- Department of Microbiology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Shruti Rane
- Department of Microbiology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Himali Raulji
- Department of Microbiology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Ngo Festus Afu
- Department of Biochemistry, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, Hail, 81411, Saudi Arabia
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Hammoudeh N, Soukkarieh C, Murphy DJ, Hanano A. Mammalian lipid droplets: structural, pathological, immunological and anti-toxicological roles. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 91:101233. [PMID: 37156444 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian lipid droplets (LDs) are specialized cytosolic organelles consisting of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a membrane made up of a phospholipid monolayer and a specific population of proteins that varies according to the location and function of each LD. Over the past decade, there have been significant advances in the understanding of LD biogenesis and functions. LDs are now recognized as dynamic organelles that participate in many aspects of cellular homeostasis plus other vital functions. LD biogenesis is a complex, highly-regulated process with assembly occurring on the endoplasmic reticulum although aspects of the underpinning molecular mechanisms remain elusive. For example, it is unclear how many enzymes participate in the biosynthesis of the neutral lipid components of LDs and how this process is coordinated in response to different metabolic cues to promote or suppress LD formation and turnover. In addition to enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of neutral lipids, various scaffolding proteins play roles in coordinating LD formation. Despite their lack of ultrastructural diversity, LDs in different mammalian cell types are involved in a wide range of biological functions. These include roles in membrane homeostasis, regulation of hypoxia, neoplastic inflammatory responses, cellular oxidative status, lipid peroxidation, and protection against potentially toxic intracellular fatty acids and lipophilic xenobiotics. Herein, the roles of mammalian LDs and their associated proteins are reviewed with a particular focus on their roles in pathological, immunological and anti-toxicological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Hammoudeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria
| | - Chadi Soukkarieh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria
| | - Denis J Murphy
- School of Applied Sciences, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, Wales, United Kingdom..
| | - Abdulsamie Hanano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria..
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Leroux M, Luquain-Costaz C, Lawton P, Azzouz-Maache S, Delton I. Fatty Acid Composition and Metabolism in Leishmania Parasite Species: Potential Biomarkers or Drug Targets for Leishmaniasis? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054702. [PMID: 36902138 PMCID: PMC10003364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids have received growing interest in Leishmania biology with the characterization of the enzymes allowing the complete fatty acid synthesis of this trypanosomatid parasite. This review presents a comparative analysis of the fatty acid profiles of the major classes of lipids and phospholipids in different species of Leishmania with cutaneous or visceral tropism. Specificities relating to the parasite forms, resistance to antileishmanial drugs, and host/parasite interactions are described as well as comparisons with other trypanosomatids. Emphasis is placed on polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolic and functional specificities, in particular, their conversion into oxygenated metabolites that are inflammatory mediators able to modulate metacyclogenesis and parasite infectivity. The impact of lipid status on the development of leishmaniasis and the potential of fatty acids as therapeutic targets or candidates for nutritional interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Leroux
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Céline Luquain-Costaz
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Biosciences, INSA Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Lawton
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Samira Azzouz-Maache
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Delton
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Biosciences, INSA Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Correspondence:
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Ait Maatallah I, Akarid K, Lemrani M. Tissue tropism: Is it an intrinsic characteristic of Leishmania species? Acta Trop 2022; 232:106512. [PMID: 35568069 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The genus Leishmania comprises a wide range of species, some of which are pathogenic to humans and each of which has a different tissue preference, resulting in one of the three clinical forms of human leishmaniasis: visceral, cutaneous, or mucocutaneous. Although, all pathogenic species are deposited intradermally in the mammalian host upon an infectious sand fly bite, only the viscerotropic strains can leave the skin and reach the internal organs. We assume that Leishmania tissue tropism is not only the result of Leishmania genetic determinism but is also governed by the interaction of the parasite with different vectorial and human host elements. To shed light on these elements and key steps determining the course of the infection, we describe throughout this review the disease's progression from the early stages of infection taking place in the skin to the late stages succeeding in the parasite's visceral dissemination. Hence, we address the question of Leishmania tropism, through providing relevant hypotheses and answers gathered from the literature.
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Nascimento MT, Cordeiro RSO, Abreu C, Santos CP, Peixoto F, Duarte GA, Cardoso T, de Oliveira CI, Carvalho E, Carvalho LP. Pioglitazone, a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Agonist, Downregulates the Inflammatory Response in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients Without Interfering in Leishmania braziliensis Killing by Monocytes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:884237. [PMID: 35909958 PMCID: PMC9329526 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.884237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania braziliensis infection have an exacerbated inflammatory response associated with tissue damage and ulcer development. An increase in the rate of patients who fail therapy with pentavalent antimony has been documented. An adjuvant therapy with an anti-inflammatory drug with the potential of Leishmania killing would benefit CL patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the contribution of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) activation by pioglitazone in the regulation of the inflammatory response and L. braziliensis killing by monocytes. Pioglitazone is an oral drug used in the treatment of diabetes, and its main mechanism of action is through the activation of PPAR-γ, which is expressed in many cell types of the immune response. We found that activation of PPAR-γ by pioglitazone decreases the inflammatory response in CL patients without affecting L. braziliensis killing by monocytes. Our data suggest that pioglitazone may serve as an adjunctive treatment for CL caused by L. braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício T. Nascimento
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ravena S. O. Cordeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cayo Abreu
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Camila P. Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fábio Peixoto
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A. Duarte
- Laboratório de Enfermidades Infecciosas Transmitidas por Vetores, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cardoso
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Camila I. de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Enfermidades Infecciosas Transmitidas por Vetores, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Ministério de Ciências e Tecnologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Ministério de Ciências e Tecnologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Ministério de Ciências e Tecnologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
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Gupta AK, Das S, Kamran M, Ejazi SA, Ali N. The Pathogenicity and Virulence of Leishmania - interplay of virulence factors with host defenses. Virulence 2022; 13:903-935. [PMID: 35531875 PMCID: PMC9154802 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2074130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of disease caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania. Infection by different species of Leishmania results in various host immune responses, which usually lead to parasite clearance and may also contribute to pathogenesis and, hence, increasing the complexity of the disease. Interestingly, the parasite tends to reside within the unfriendly environment of the macrophages and has evolved various survival strategies to evade or modulate host immune defense. This can be attributed to the array of virulence factors of the vicious parasite, which target important host functioning and machineries. This review encompasses a holistic overview of leishmanial virulence factors, their role in assisting parasite-mediated evasion of host defense weaponries, and modulating epigenetic landscapes of host immune regulatory genes. Furthermore, the review also discusses the diagnostic potential of various leishmanial virulence factors and the advent of immunomodulators as futuristic antileishmanial drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Gupta
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sonali Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Mohd Kamran
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad Ejazi
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
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Silveira MB, Gomes RS, Shio MT, Rugani JN, Paranaiba LF, Soares RP, Ribeiro-Dias F. Lipophosphoglycan From Dermotropic New World Leishmania Upregulates Interleukin-32 and Proinflammatory Cytokines Through TLR4 and NOD2 Receptors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:805720. [PMID: 35402314 PMCID: PMC8983857 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.805720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is produced during Leishmania infection, but the components of the parasite that induce its production are unknown. An important multivirulence factor of Leishmania spp. protozoa is the lipophosphoglycan (LPG), which plays a crucial role in the host-parasite interaction. Here, the ability of LPGs from two dermotropic Leishmania species to induce IL-32 production was evaluated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Additionally, the potential receptors involved in this activation were assessed. PBMCs from healthy individuals were stimulated with LPGs from L. amazonensis (La) or L. braziliensis (Lb), live promastigotes of La or Lb and E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, TLR4 agonist) as control. Blockers of TLR4 (Bartonella quintana LPS or monoclonal antibody) and Ponatinib (RIPK2 inhibitor, NOD2 pathway) were used to evaluate the receptors. ELISA was performed for IL-32 expression and cytokine (IL-1β and IL-6) production in cell lysates and in supernatants, respectively. Expression of TLR4 (2 h, 24 h) was assessed by flow cytometry. IL-32γ mRNA transcript was analyzed by qPCR. It was observed that LPG from Leishmania, like whole parasites, induced the production of IL-32, IL-1β and IL-6. Both LPGs induced the expression of IL32γ mRNA. The production of IL-32 was earlier detected (6 h) and positively associated with the production of IL-1β and IL-6. The induction of cytokines (IL-32, IL-1β and IL-6) was dependent on TLR4 and NOD2. The TLR4 was internalized after interaction with LPG. Therefore, our data suggest that LPGs from La and Lb are components of Leishmania able to upregulate IL-32 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines in a TLR4- and NOD2-dependent manner. In addition, LPG-induced IL-32 seems to be necessary for IL-1β and IL-6 production. To identify the parasite factors and host receptors involved in IL-32 induction is crucial to reveal potential targets for novel strategies to control leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Barros Silveira
- Laboratório de Imunidade Natural (LIN), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Saar Gomes
- Laboratório de Imunidade Natural (LIN), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Marina Tiemi Shio
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Pública, Universidade Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Laboratório de Imunidade Natural (LIN), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Fátima Ribeiro-Dias, ;
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11
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Silveira KRD, Nogueira PM, Soares RP. Effect of hybridization on Lipophosphoglycan expression in Leishmania major. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:1169-1174. [PMID: 35312138 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania major is the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). It is one of the most studied Leishmania species not only during vector interaction, but also in the vertebrate host. Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is the Leishmania multifunctional virulence factor during host-parasite interaction, whose polymorphisms are involved in the immunopathology of leishmaniasis. Although natural hybrids occur in nature, hybridization of L. major strains in the laboratory was successfully demonstrated. However, LPG expression in the hybrids remains unknown. LPGs from parental (Friedlin-Fn and Seidman-Sd) and hybrids (FnSd3, FnSd4A, FnSd4B and FnSd6F) were extracted, purified and their repeat units analyzed by immunoblotting and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE). Parental strains have distinct profiles in LPG expression, and a mixed profile was observed for all hybrids. Variable levels of NO production by macrophages were detected after LPG exposure (parental and hybrids) and were strain specific. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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12
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Beasley EA, Pessôa-Pereira D, Scorza BM, Petersen CA. Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113206. [PMID: 34827938 PMCID: PMC8614518 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Canine leishmaniosis (CanL), the most severe, visceralizing form of disease caused by Leishmania infantum transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. CanL is frequently diagnosed in the Mediterranean basin and South America, although it is also found in other regions, including the United States (U.S.). Dogs in these regions are at risk for co-infections, prominently tick-borne diseases. Our review examines epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic mechanisms found during the most common eight CanL co-infections reported in published literature. Co-infections alter immunologic processes and disease progression impacting CanL diagnosis, therapeutic responses, and prognosis. Abstract Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a vector-borne, parasitic disease. CanL is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and South America but also found in Northern Africa, Asia, and the U.S. Regions with both competent sand fly vectors and L. infantum parasites are also endemic for additional infectious diseases that could cause co-infections in dogs. Growing evidence indicates that co-infections can impact immunologic responses and thus the clinical course of both CanL and the comorbid disease(s). The aim for this review is to summarize epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic factors contributing to eight primary co-infections reported with CanL: Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Borrelia spp., Babesia spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii, Dirofilaria immitis, Paracoccidioides braziliensis. Co-infection causes mechanistic differences in immunity which can alter diagnostics, therapeutic management, and prognosis of dogs with CanL. More research is needed to further explore immunomodulation during CanL co-infection(s) and their clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Beasley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Danielle Pessôa-Pereira
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Breanna M. Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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Network-Based Approaches Reveal Potential Therapeutic Targets for Host-Directed Antileishmanial Therapy Driving Drug Repurposing. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0101821. [PMID: 34668739 PMCID: PMC8528132 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01018-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are the causal agent of leishmaniasis, an endemic disease in more than 90 countries worldwide. Over the years, traditional approaches focused on the parasite when developing treatments against leishmaniasis. Despite numerous attempts, there is not yet a universal treatment, and those available have allowed for the appearance of resistance. Here, we propose and follow a host-directed approach that aims to overcome the current lack of treatment. Our approach identifies potential therapeutic targets in the host cell and proposes known drug interactions aiming to improve the immune response and to block the host machinery necessary for the survival of the parasite. We started analyzing transcription factor regulatory networks of macrophages infected with Leishmania major. Next, based on the regulatory dynamics of the infection and available gene expression profiles, we selected potential therapeutic target proteins. The function of these proteins was then analyzed following a multilayered network scheme in which we combined information on metabolic pathways with known drugs that have a direct connection with the activity carried out by these proteins. Using our approach, we were able to identify five host protein-coding gene products that are potential therapeutic targets for treating leishmaniasis. Moreover, from the 11 drugs known to interact with the function performed by these proteins, 3 have already been tested against this parasite, verifying in this way our novel methodology. More importantly, the remaining eight drugs previously employed to treat other diseases, remain as promising yet-untested antileishmanial therapies. IMPORTANCE This work opens a new path to fight parasites by targeting host molecular functions by repurposing available and approved drugs. We created a novel approach to identify key proteins involved in any biological process by combining gene regulatory networks and expression profiles. Once proteins have been selected, our approach employs a multilayered network methodology that relates proteins to functions to drugs that alter these functions. By applying our novel approach to macrophages during the Leishmania infection process, we both validated our work and found eight drugs already approved for use in humans that to the best of our knowledge were never employed to treat leishmaniasis, rendering our work as a new tool in the box available to the scientific community fighting parasites.
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Saitoh S, Van Wijk K, Nakajima O. Crosstalk between Metabolic Disorders and Immune Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810017. [PMID: 34576181 PMCID: PMC8469678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome results from multiple risk factors that arise from insulin resistance induced by abnormal fat deposition. Chronic inflammation owing to obesity primarily results from the recruitment of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages into the adipose tissue stroma, as the adipocytes within become hypertrophied. During obesity-induced inflammation in adipose tissue, pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced by macrophages and recruit further pro-inflammatory immune cells into the adipose tissue to boost the immune response. Here, we provide an overview of the biology of macrophages in adipose tissue and the relationship between other immune cells, such as CD4+ T cells, natural killer cells, and innate lymphoid cells, and obesity and type 2 diabetes. Finally, we discuss the link between the human pathology and immune response and metabolism and further highlight potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Saitoh
- Department of Immunology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan;
| | - Koen Van Wijk
- Research Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan;
| | - Osamu Nakajima
- Research Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Palacios G, Diaz-Solano R, Valladares B, Dorta-Guerra R, Carmelo E. Early Transcriptional Liver Signatures in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7161. [PMID: 34281214 PMCID: PMC8267970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional analysis of complex biological scenarios has been used extensively, even though sometimes the results of such analysis may prove imprecise or difficult to interpret due to an overwhelming amount of information. In this study, a large-scale real-time qPCR experiment was coupled to multivariate statistical analysis in order to describe the main immunological events underlying the early L. infantum infection in livers of BALB/c mice. High-throughput qPCR was used to evaluate the expression of 223 genes related to immunological response and metabolism 1, 3, 5, and 10 days post infection. This integrative analysis showed strikingly different gene signatures at 1 and 10 days post infection, revealing the progression of infection in the experimental model based on the upregulation of particular immunological response patterns and mediators. The gene signature 1 day post infection was not only characterized by the upregulation of mediators involved in interferon signaling and cell chemotaxis, but also the upregulation of some inhibitory markers. In contrast, at 10 days post infection, the upregulation of many inflammatory and Th1 markers characterized a more defined gene signature with the upregulation of mediators in the IL-12 signaling pathway. Our results reveal a significant connection between the expression of innate immune response and metabolic and inhibitory markers in early L. infantum infection of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Génesis Palacios
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUESTPC), Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38200 La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain; (G.P.); (R.D.-S.); (B.V.); (R.D.-G.)
| | - Raquel Diaz-Solano
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUESTPC), Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38200 La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain; (G.P.); (R.D.-S.); (B.V.); (R.D.-G.)
| | - Basilio Valladares
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUESTPC), Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38200 La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain; (G.P.); (R.D.-S.); (B.V.); (R.D.-G.)
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38200 La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain
- Red de Investigación Colaborativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET)
| | - Roberto Dorta-Guerra
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUESTPC), Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38200 La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain; (G.P.); (R.D.-S.); (B.V.); (R.D.-G.)
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain
| | - Emma Carmelo
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUESTPC), Universidad de la Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38200 La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain; (G.P.); (R.D.-S.); (B.V.); (R.D.-G.)
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38200 La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain
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16
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Chandrakar P, Seth A, Rani A, Dutta M, Parmar N, Descoteaux A, Kar S. Jagged-Notch-mediated divergence of immune cell crosstalk maintains the anti-inflammatory response in visceral leishmaniasis. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.252494. [PMID: 33589499 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling governs crucial aspects of intercellular communication spanning antigen-presenting cells and T-cells. In this study, we investigate how Leishmania donovani takes advantage of this pathway to quell host immune responses. We report induction of the Notch ligand Jagged1 in L. donovani-infected bone marrow macrophages (BMMϕs) and subsequent activation of RBPJκ (also known as RBPJ) in T cells, which in turn upregulates the transcription factor GATA3. Activated RBPJκ also associates with the histone acetyltransferase p300 (also known as EP300), which binds with the Bcl2l12 promoter and enhances its expression. Interaction of Bcl2L12 with GATA3 in CD4+ T cells facilitates its binding to the interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-4 promoters, thereby increasing the secretion of these cytokines. Silencing Jagged1 hindered these events in a BMMϕ-T cell co-culture system. Upon further scrutiny, we found that parasite lipophosphoglycan (LPG) induces the host phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, which activates β-catenin and Egr1, the two transcription factors responsible for driving Jagged1 expression. In v ivo morpholino-silencing of Jagged1 suppresses anti-inflammatory cytokine responses and reduces organ parasite burden in L. donovani-infected Balb/c mice, suggesting that L. donovani-induced host Jagged1-Notch signaling skews macrophage-T cell crosstalk into disease-promoting Th2 mode in experimental visceral leishmaniasis.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Chandrakar
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Division of Biological Sciences, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Anuradha Seth
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Division of Biological Sciences, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Ankita Rani
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Division of Biological Sciences, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Mukul Dutta
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Division of Biological Sciences, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Naveen Parmar
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Division of Biological Sciences, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Susanta Kar
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India .,Division of Biological Sciences, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
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17
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Elmahallawy EK, Alkhaldi AAM. Insights into Leishmania Molecules and Their Potential Contribution to the Virulence of the Parasite. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8020033. [PMID: 33672776 PMCID: PMC7924612 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected parasitic diseases affect millions of people worldwide, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Among other parasitic diseases, leishmaniasis remains an important public health problem caused by the protozoa of the genus Leishmania, transmitted by the bite of the female sand fly. The disease has also been linked to tropical and subtropical regions, in addition to being an endemic disease in many areas around the world, including the Mediterranean basin and South America. Although recent years have witnessed marked advances in Leishmania-related research in various directions, many issues have yet to be elucidated. The intention of the present review is to give an overview of the major virulence factors contributing to the pathogenicity of the parasite. We aimed to provide a concise picture of the factors influencing the reaction of the parasite in its host that might help to develop novel chemotherapeutic and vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
- Correspondence: (E.K.E.); (A.A.M.A.)
| | - Abdulsalam A. M. Alkhaldi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 2014, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (E.K.E.); (A.A.M.A.)
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18
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Dixit UG, Rodríguez NE, Polando R, McDowell MA, Wilson ME. Complement receptor 3 mediates ruffle-like, actin-rich aggregates during phagocytosis of Leishmania infantum metacyclics. Exp Parasitol 2021; 220:107968. [PMID: 32781093 PMCID: PMC7750307 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic protozoan Leishmania infantum resides primarily in macrophages throughout mammalian infection. Infection is initiated by deposition of the metacyclic promastigote into the dermis of a mammalian host by the sand fly vector. Promastigotes enter macrophages by ligating surface receptors such as complement receptor 3 (CR3), inducing phagocytosis of the parasite. At the binding site of metacyclic promastigotes, we observed large asymmetrical aggregates of macrophage membrane with underlying actin, resembling membrane ruffles. Actin accumulation was observed at the point of initial contact, before phagosome formation and accumulation of peri-phagosomal actin. Ruffle-like structures did not form during phagocytosis of attenuated promastigotes or during phagocytosis of the intracellular amastigote form of L. infantum. Entry of promastigotes through massive actin accumulation was associated with a subsequent delay in fusion of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) with the lysosomal markers LAMP-1 and Cathepsin D. Actin accumulation was also associated with entry through CR3, since macrophages from CD11b knockout (KO) mice did not form massive aggregates of actin during phagocytosis of metacyclic promastigotes. Furthermore, intracellular survival of L. infantum was significantly decreased in CD11b KO compared to wild type macrophages, although entry rates were similar. We conclude that both promastigote virulence and host cell CR3 are needed for the formation of ruffle-like membrane structures at the site of metacyclic promastigote phagocytosis, and that formation of actin-rich aggregates during entry correlates with the intracellular survival of virulent promastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasna Gaur Dixit
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Nilda E Rodríguez
- Department of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, 50614, USA.
| | - Rachel Polando
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Mary Ann McDowell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Mary E Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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19
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Cardoso CA, Araujo GV, Sandoval CM, Nogueira PM, Zúniga C, Sosa-Ochoa WH, Laurenti MD, Soares RP. Lipophosphoglycans from dermotropic Leishmania infantum are more pro-inflammatory than those from viscerotropic strains. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e200140. [PMID: 32965329 PMCID: PMC7521155 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Leishmania infantum is well-known as the aethiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), in some Central American countries it may cause atypical non-ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL). However, the mechanisms favoring its establishment in the skin are still unknown. Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is the major Leishmania multivirulence factor involved in parasite-host interaction. In the case of viscerotropic L. infantum, it causes an immunosuppression during the interaction with macrophages. Here, we investigated the biochemical and functional roles of LPGs from four dermotropic L. infantum strains from Honduras during in vitro interaction with murine macrophages. LPGs were extracted, purified and their repeat units analysed. They did not have side chains consisting of Gal(β1,4)Man(α1)-PO4 common to all LPGs. Peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c and C57BL/6 were exposed to LPG for nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine (TNF-α and, IL-6) production. LPGs from dermotropic strains from Honduras triggered higher NO and cytokine levels compared to those from viscerotropic strains. In conclusion, LPGs from dermotropic strains are devoid of side-chains and exhibit high pro-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila A Cardoso
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Belo
Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Gabriela V Araujo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de
Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP,
Brasil
| | - Carmen M Sandoval
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de
Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP,
Brasil
| | - Paula M Nogueira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Belo
Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Concepcion Zúniga
- Hospital Escuela Universitario, Departamento de Vigilancia de la
Salud, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Wilfredo H Sosa-Ochoa
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Instituto de
Investigación en Microbiología, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de
Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP,
Brasil
| | - Rodrigo P Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Belo
Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Li T, Hai L, Liu B, Mao W, Liu K, Li Q, Guo Y, Jia Y, Bao H, Cao J. TLR2/4 promotes PGE 2 production to increase tissue damage in Escherichia coli-infected bovine endometrial explants via MyD88/p38 MAPK pathway. Theriogenology 2020; 152:129-138. [PMID: 32408026 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a lipid mediator, is released by several cell types including endometrial cells and plays a central role in bacterial infection of the endometrium during inflammation. PGE2 production accumulated in Escherichia coli (E. coli) -infected bovine endometrial tissue, which increased E. coli-infected endometrial tissue damage. However, the mechanisms of PGE2 accumulation in the E. coli-infected endometrium during inflammation-associated endometrial tissue damage remain unclear. This study was conducted to investigate the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 in increased PGE2 production in E. coli-infected endometrial tissue. E. coli and TLR2/4 agonists significantly induced cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 expression and PGE2 synthesis detected by RT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA in the endometrial tissue. The expression and synthesis were dramatically decreased by TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor88 (MyD88), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors in E. coli-infected endometrial tissue. These inhibitors also significantly decreased proinflammatory factor (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) and damage-associated molecular pattern (high mobility group box-1 and hyaluronan-binding protein-1) release and tissue damage measured by double-label immunofluorescence in E. coli-infected endometrial explants. Our work provides in vitro evidence that TLR2/4-MyD88/p38 MAPK promotes PGE2 synthesis and E. coli-infected endometrial tissue damage, which may be useful for improving PGE2-based therapies for endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Lili Hai
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Qianru Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Yuli Guo
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Yan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Haixia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Jinshan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques of Animal Disease for Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China.
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Souza-Moreira L, Soares VC, Dias SDSG, Bozza PT. Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Modulate Lipid Metabolism and Lipid Droplet Biogenesis via AKT/mTOR -PPARγ Signalling in Macrophages. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20304. [PMID: 31889120 PMCID: PMC6937267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a potential therapy for many chronic inflammatory diseases due to their regenerative, immunologic and anti-inflammatory properties. The two-way dialogue between MSCs and macrophages is crucial to tissue regeneration and repair. Previous research demonstrated that murine adipose-derived MSC conditioned medium (ASCcm) reprograms macrophages to an M2-like phenotype which protects from experimental colitis and sepsis. Here, our focus was to determine the molecular mechanism of lipid droplet biogenesis in macrophages re-educated using ASCcm. Adipose-derived MSC conditioned medium promotes phosphorylation of AKT/mTOR pathway proteins in macrophages. Furthermore, increased expression of PPARγ, lipid droplet biogenesis and PGE2 synthesis were observed in M2-like phenotype macrophages (high expression of arginase 1 and elevated IL-10). Treatment with mTOR inhibitor rapamycin or PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 suppressed lipid droplets and PGE2 secretion. However, these inhibitors had no effect on arginase-1 expression. Rapamycin, but not GW9662, inhibit IL-10 secretion. In conclusion, we demonstrate major effects of ASCcm to reprogram macrophage immunometabolism through mTOR and PPARγ dependent and independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Souza-Moreira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Cardoso Soares
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Suelen da Silva Gomes Dias
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, RJ, Brazil.
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22
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Rugani JN, Gontijo CMF, Frézard F, Soares RP, do Monte-Neto RL. Antimony resistance in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis clinical isolates from atypical lesions associates with increased ARM56/ARM58 transcripts and reduced drug uptake. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019; 114:e190111. [PMID: 31433006 PMCID: PMC6697410 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to the limited therapeutic arsenal and the side effects of antileishmanial agents, drug resistance hinders disease control. In Brazil, Leishmania braziliensis causes atypical (AT) tegumentary leishmaniasis lesions, frequently refractory to treatment. OBJECTIVES The main goal of this study was to characterise antimony (Sb)-resistant (SbR) L. braziliensis strains obtained from patients living in Xakriabá indigenous community, Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS The aquaglyceroporin 1-encoding gene (AQP1) from L. braziliensis clinical isolates was sequenced, and its function was evaluated by hypo-osmotic shock. mRNA levels of genes associated with Sb resistance were measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Atomic absorption was used to measure Sb uptake. FINDINGS Although clinical isolates presented delayed recovery time in hypo-osmotic shock, AQP1 function was maintained. Isolate 340 accumulated less Sb than all other isolates, supporting the 65-fold downregulation of AQP1 mRNA levels. Both 330 and 340 isolates upregulated antimony resistance marker (ARM) 56/ARM58 and multidrug resistant protein A (MRPA); however, only ARM58 upregulation was an exclusive feature of SbR field isolates. CA7AE seemed to increase drug uptake in L. braziliensis and represented a tool to study the role of glycoconjugates in Sb transport. MAIN CONCLUSIONS There is a clear correlation between ARM56/58 upregulation and Sb resistance in AT-harbouring patients, suggesting the use of these markers as potential indicators to help the treatment choice and outcome, preventing therapeutic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frédéric Frézard
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências
Biológicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Belo
Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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23
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Vieira TDS, Rugani JN, Nogueira PM, Torrecilhas AC, Gontijo CMF, Descoteaux A, Soares RP. Intraspecies Polymorphisms in the Lipophosphoglycan of L. braziliensis Differentially Modulate Macrophage Activation via TLR4. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:240. [PMID: 31355149 PMCID: PMC6636203 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is the major Leishmania surface glycoconjugate having importance during the host-parasite interface. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis displays a spectrum of clinical forms including: typical cutaneous leishmaniasis (TL), mucocutaneous (ML), and atypical lesions (AL). Those variations in the immunopathology may be a result of intraspecies polymorphisms in the parasite's virulence factors. In this context, we evaluated the role of LPG of strains originated from patients with different clinical manifestations and the sandfly vector. Six isolates of L. braziliensis were used: M2903, RR051 and RR418 (TL), RR410 (AL), M15991 (ML), and M8401 (vector). LPGs were extracted and purified by hydrophobic interaction. Peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6 and respective knock-outs (TLR2−/− and TLR-4−/−) were primed with IFN-γ and exposed to different LPGs for nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α). LPGs differentially activated the production of NO and cytokines via TLR4. In order to ascertain if such functional variations were related to intraspecies polymorphisms in the LPG, the purified glycoconjugates were subjected to western blot with specific LPG antibodies (CA7AE and LT22). Based on antibody reactivity preliminary variations in the repeat units were detected. To confirm these findings, LPGs were depolymerized for purification of repeat units. After thin layer chromatography, intraspecies polymorphisms were confirmed especially in the type and/size of sugars branching-off the repeat units motif. In conclusion, different isolates of L. braziliensis from different clinical forms and hosts possess polymorphisms in their LPGs that functionally affected macrophage responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Albert Descoteaux
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
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24
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Pereira-Dutra FS, Teixeira L, de Souza Costa MF, Bozza PT. Fat, fight, and beyond: The multiple roles of lipid droplets in infections and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:563-580. [PMID: 31121077 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0119-035r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) in host nonadipose cells is commonly observed in response to numerous infectious diseases, including bacterial, parasite, and fungal infections. LDs are lipid-enriched, dynamic organelles composed of a core of neutral lipids surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids associated with a diverse array of proteins that are cell and stimulus regulated. Far beyond being simply a deposit of neutral lipids, LDs have come to be seen as an essential platform for various cellular processes, including metabolic regulation, cell signaling, and the immune response. LD participation in the immune response occurs as sites for compartmentalization of several immunometabolic signaling pathways, production of inflammatory lipid mediators, and regulation of antigen presentation. Infection-driven LD biogenesis is a complexly regulated process that involves innate immune receptors, transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation, increased lipid uptake, and new lipid synthesis. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that intracellular pathogens are able to exploit LDs as an energy source, a replication site, and/or a mechanism of immune response evasion. Nevertheless, LDs can also act in favor of the host as part of the immune and inflammatory response to pathogens. Here, we review recent findings that explored the new roles of LDs in the context of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe S Pereira-Dutra
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Livia Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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25
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Lei CX, Tian JJ, Zhang W, Li YP, Ji H, Yu EM, Gong WB, Li ZF, Zhang K, Wang GJ, Yu DG, Xie J. Lipid droplets participate in modulating innate immune genes in Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:595-605. [PMID: 30890432 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are increasingly being recognized as important immune modulators in mammals, in additional to their function of lipid ester deposition. However, the role of LDs in fish immunity remains poorly understood. In this study, the function of LDs in the innate immune response of Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (CIK) cells, which are the equivalent of myeloid cells in vertebrates, was investigated. LD number and TG content significantly increased in the CIK cells following exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), and polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (Poly [I: C]) for 24 h, accompanied by increases in the relative expression of several innate immune genes. However, fatty acid compositions of the triglycerides were not changed after treatment with these three pathogenic mimics. LPS, PGN, and Poly (I: C) did not alter the relative expressions of lipogenic (FAS, SCD, and DGAT) and lipid catabolic (PPARα, ATGL, and CPT-1) genes. However, these treatments did increase the mRNA levels of lipid transportation genes (FATP/CD36, ACSL1, and ACSL4), and also decreased the non-esterified fatty acid level in the medium. To further explore the role of LDs in the immune response, CIK cells were incubated with different concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 μM) of exogenous lipid mix (LM; oleic acid [OA]:linoleic acid [LA]:linolenic acid [LNA] = 2:1:1), and were then transferred to a lipid-free medium and incubated for 24 h. LD size and number increased with the increase in lipid levels, and this was accompanied by increased expression of innate immune genes, including MyD88, IRF3, and IL-1β, which were expressed at their highest levels in 300 μM exogenous lipid mix. Interestingly, after incubating with different fatty acids (LM, OA, LA, LNA, arachidonic acid [ARA], and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]; 300 μM), ARA and DHA were more potent in inducing LD formation and innate immune gene expression in the CIK cells. Finally, atglistatin, an ATGL inhibitor, effectively attenuated the expression of most genes upregulated by ARA or DHA, suggesting that lipolysis may be involved in the regulation of immune genes at the transcriptional level. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate that LDs are functional organelles that could act as modulators in the innate immune response of CIK cells. Additionally, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched LDs play a unique role in regulating this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Xia Lei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, PR China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, PR China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, QianNan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, 558000, PR China
| | - Yu-Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, PR China
| | - Hong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Er-Meng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, PR China
| | - Wang-Bao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, PR China
| | - Zhi-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, PR China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, PR China
| | - Guang-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, PR China
| | - De-Guang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, PR China
| | - Jun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, PR China.
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26
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Leishmania donovani Lipophosphoglycan Increases Macrophage-Dependent Chemotaxis of CXCR6-Expressing Cells via CXCL16 Induction. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00064-19. [PMID: 30804103 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00064-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL16 is a multifunctional chemokine that is highly expressed by macrophages and other immune cells in response to bacterial and viral pathogens; however, little is known regarding the role of CXCL16 during parasitic infections. The protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Even though chemokine production is a host defense mechanism during infection, subversion of the host chemokine system constitutes a survival strategy adopted by the parasite. Here, we report that L. donovani promastigotes upregulate CXCL16 synthesis and secretion by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). In contrast to wild-type parasites, a strain deficient in the virulence factor lipophosphoglycan (LPG) failed to induce CXCL16 production. Consistent with this, cell treatment with purified L. donovani LPG augmented CXCL16 expression and secretion. Notably, the ability of BMDM to promote migration of cells expressing CXCR6, the cognate receptor of CXCL16, was augmented upon L. donovani infection in a CXCL16- and LPG-dependent manner. Mechanistically, CXCL16 induction by L. donovani required the activity of AKT and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) but was independent of Toll-like receptor signaling. Collectively, these data provide evidence that CXCL16 is part of the inflammatory response elicited by L. donovani LPG in vitro Further investigation using CXCL16 knockout mice is required to determine whether this chemokine contributes to the pathogenesis of visceral leishmaniasis and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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27
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Karaś MA, Turska-Szewczuk A, Janczarek M, Szuster-Ciesielska A. Glycoconjugates of Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa - are they similar in orchestrating the innate immune response? Innate Immun 2019; 25:73-96. [PMID: 30782045 PMCID: PMC6830889 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918821168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is an evolutionarily ancient form of host defense that serves to limit infection. The invading microorganisms are detected by the innate immune system through germline-encoded PRRs. Different classes of PRRs, including TLRs and cytoplasmic receptors, recognize distinct microbial components known collectively as PAMPs. Ligation of PAMPs with receptors triggers intracellular signaling cascades, activating defense mechanisms. Despite the fact that Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa are phylogenetically distant organisms, they express glycoconjugates, namely bacterial LPS and protozoan GPI-anchored glycolipids, which share many structural and functional similarities. By activating/deactivating MAPK signaling and NF-κB, these ligands trigger general pro-/anti-inflammatory responses depending on the related patterns. They also use conservative strategies to subvert cell-autonomous defense systems of specialized immune cells. Signals triggered by Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa can interfere with host homeostasis and, depending on the type of microorganism, lead to hypersensitivity or silencing of the immune response. Activation of professional immune cells, through a ligand which triggers the opposite effect (antagonist versus agonist) appears to be a promising solution to restoring the immune balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A Karaś
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Turska-Szewczuk
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Janczarek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
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28
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Zhang Y, Zhang B, Dong L, Chang P. Potential of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Managing Chemotherapy- or Radiotherapy-Related Intestinal Microbial Dysbiosis. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:133-147. [PMID: 30566596 PMCID: PMC6370266 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-related intestinal microbial dysbiosis is one of the main causes of intestinal mucositis. Cases of bacterial translocation into peripheral blood and subsequent sepsis occur as a result of dysfunction in the intestinal barrier. Evidence from recent studies depicts the characteristics of chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-related intestinal microbial dysbiosis, which creates an imbalance between beneficial and harmful bacteria in the gut. Decreases in beneficial bacteria can lead to a weakening of the resistance of the gut to harmful bacteria, resulting in robust activation of proinflammatory signaling pathways. For example, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-producing bacteria activate the nuclear transcription factor-κB signaling pathway through binding with Toll-like receptor 4 on stressed epithelial cells, subsequently leading to secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Nevertheless, various studies have found that the omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid can reverse intestinal microbial dysbiosis by increasing beneficial bacteria species, including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and butyrate-producing bacteria, such as Roseburia and Coprococcus. In addition, the n-3 PUFAs decrease the proportions of LPS-producing and mucolytic bacteria in the gut, and they can reduce inflammation as well as oxidative stress. Importantly, the n-3 PUFAs also exert anticancer effects in colorectal cancers. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-related intestinal microbial dysbiosis and introduce the contributions of dysbiosis to the pathogenesis of intestinal mucositis. Next, we discuss how n-3 PUFAs could alleviate chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-related intestinal microbial dysbiosis. This review provides new insights into the clinical administration of n-3 PUFAs for the management of chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-related intestinal microbial dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Boyan Zhang
- Orthopedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Lihua Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, ChangChun, China,Address correspondence to LD (e-mail: )
| | - Pengyu Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, ChangChun, China,Address correspondence to PC (e-mail: )
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29
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López-Muñoz RA, Molina-Berríos A, Campos-Estrada C, Abarca-Sanhueza P, Urrutia-Llancaqueo L, Peña-Espinoza M, Maya JD. Inflammatory and Pro-resolving Lipids in Trypanosomatid Infections: A Key to Understanding Parasite Control. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1961. [PMID: 30186271 PMCID: PMC6113562 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic trypanosomatids (Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, and Leishmania spp.) are protozoan parasites that cause neglected diseases affecting millions of people in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. In the process of infection, trypanosomatids evade and survive the immune system attack, which can lead to a chronic inflammatory state that induces cumulative damage, often killing the host in the long term. The immune mediators involved in this process are not entirely understood. Most of the research on the immunologic control of protozoan infections has been focused on acute inflammation. Nevertheless, when this process is not terminated adequately, permanent damage to the inflamed tissue may ensue. Recently, a second process, called resolution of inflammation, has been proposed to be a pivotal process in the control of parasite burden and establishment of chronic infection. Resolution of inflammation is an active process that promotes the normal function of injured or infected tissues. Several mediators are involved in this process, including eicosanoid-derived lipids, cytokines such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10, and other proteins such as Annexin-V. For example, during T. cruzi infection, pro-resolving lipids such as 15-epi-lipoxin-A4 and Resolvin D1 have been associated with a decrease in the inflammatory changes observed in experimental chronic heart disease, reducing inflammation and fibrosis, and increasing host survival. Furthermore, Resolvin D1 modulates the immune response in cells of patients with Chagas disease. In Leishmania spp. infections, pro-resolving mediators such as Annexin-V, lipoxins, and Resolvin D1 are related to the modulation of cutaneous manifestation of the disease. However, these mediators seem to have different roles in visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis. Finally, although T. brucei infections are less well studied in terms of their relationship with inflammation, it has been found that arachidonic acid-derived lipids act as key regulators of the host immune response and parasite burden. Also, cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β may be related to increased infection. Knowledge about the inflammation resolution process is necessary to understand the host–parasite interplay, but it also offers an interesting opportunity to improve the current therapies, aiming to reduce the detrimental state induced by chronic protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A López-Muñoz
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina-Berríos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Campos-Estrada
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Patricio Abarca-Sanhueza
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Urrutia-Llancaqueo
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Peña-Espinoza
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan D Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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30
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Saha A, Basu M, Ukil A. Recent advances in understanding Leishmania donovani
infection: The importance of diverse host regulatory pathways. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:593-601. [PMID: 29684241 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Saha
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Calcutta; Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - Moumita Basu
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Calcutta; Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - Anindita Ukil
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Calcutta; Kolkata West Bengal India
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31
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Lázaro-Souza M, Matte C, Lima JB, Arango Duque G, Quintela-Carvalho G, de Carvalho Vivarini Á, Moura-Pontes S, Figueira CP, Jesus-Santos FH, Gazos Lopes U, Farias LP, Araújo-Santos T, Descoteaux A, Borges VM. Leishmania infantum Lipophosphoglycan-Deficient Mutants: A Tool to Study Host Cell-Parasite Interplay. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:626. [PMID: 29675001 PMCID: PMC5896263 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is the major surface glycoconjugate of metacyclic Leishmania promastigotes and is associated with virulence in various species of this parasite. Here, we generated a LPG-deficient mutant of Leishmania infantum, the foremost etiologic agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. The L. infantum LPG-deficient mutant (Δlpg1) was obtained by homologous recombination and complemented via episomal expression of LPG1 (Δlpg1 + LPG1). Deletion of LPG1 had no observable effect on parasite morphology or on the presence of subcellular organelles, such as lipid droplets. While both wild-type and add-back parasites reached late phase in axenic cultures, the growth of Δlpg1 parasites was delayed. Additionally, the deletion of LPG1 impaired the outcome of infection in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. Although no significant differences were observed in parasite load after 4 h of infection, survival of Δlpg1 parasites was significantly reduced at 72 h post-infection. Interestingly, L. infantum LPG-deficient mutants induced a strong NF-κB-dependent activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) promoter compared to wild type and Δlpg1 + LPG1 parasites. In conclusion, the L. infantum Δlpg1 mutant constitutes a powerful tool to investigate the role(s) played by LPG in host cell-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Lázaro-Souza
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Legal Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Christine Matte
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique -Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Jonilson B Lima
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western of Bahia, Barreiras, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Arango Duque
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique -Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Graziele Quintela-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Legal Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano (IFBaiano), Alagoinhas, Brazil
| | - Áislan de Carvalho Vivarini
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Center of Health Science, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sara Moura-Pontes
- Department of Legal Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cláudio P Figueira
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Flávio H Jesus-Santos
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Legal Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Gazos Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Center of Health Science, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo P Farias
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Théo Araújo-Santos
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western of Bahia, Barreiras, Brazil
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique -Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Valéria M Borges
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Legal Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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