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Cachafeiro L, Heiss-Blanquet S, Hudebine D. An experimental and modeling approach to describe the deactivation of cellulases at the air-liquid interface. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1927-1936. [PMID: 38501733 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the reaction mechanisms involved in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is important because it is kinetically the most limiting step of the bioethanol production process. The present work focuses on the enzymatic deactivation at the air-liquid interface, which is one of the aspects contributing to this global deactivation. This phenomenon has already been experimentally proven, but this is the first time that a model has been proposed to describe it. Experiments were performed by incubating Celluclast cocktail solutions on an orbital stirring system at different enzyme concentrations and different surface-to-volume ratios. A 5-day follow-up was carried out by measuring the global FPase activity of cellulases for each condition tested. The activity loss was proven to depend on both the air-liquid surface area and the enzyme concentration. Both observations suggest that the loss of activity takes place at the air-liquid surface, the total amount of enzymes varying with volume or enzyme concentration. Furthermore, tests performed using five individual enzymes purified from a Trichoderma reesei cocktail showed that the only cellulase that is deactivated at the air-liquid interface is cellobiohydrolase II. From the experimental data collected by varying the initial enzyme concentration and the ratio surface to volume, it was possible to develop, for the first time, a model that describes the loss of activity at the air-liquid interface for this configuration.
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Kumar V, Lakkaboyana SK, Tsouko E, Maina S, Pandey M, Umesh M, Singhal B, Sharma N, Awasthi MK, Andler R, Jayaraj I, Yuzir A. Commercialization potential of agro-based polyhydroxyalkanoates biorefinery: A technical perspective on advances and critical barriers. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123733. [PMID: 36801274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The exponential increase in the use and careless discard of synthetic plastics has created an alarming concern over the environmental health due to the detrimental effects of petroleum based synthetic polymeric compounds. Piling up of these plastic commodities on various ecological niches and entry of their fragmented parts into soil and water has clearly affected the quality of these ecosystems in the past few decades. Among the many constructive strategies developed to tackle this global issue, use of biopolymers like polyhydroxyalkanoates as sustainable alternatives for synthetic plastics has gained momentum. Despite their excellent material properties and significant biodegradability, polyhydroxyalkanoates still fails to compete with their synthetic counterparts majorly due to the high cost associated with their production and purification thereby limiting their commercialization. Usage of renewable feedstocks as substrates for polyhydroxyalkanoates production has been the thrust area of research to attain the sustainability tag. This review work attempts to provide insights about the recent developments in the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates using renewable feedstock along with various pretreatment methods used for substrate preparation for polyhydroxyalkanoates production. Further, the application of blends based on polyhydroxyalkanoates, and the challenges associated with the waste valorization based polyhydroxyalkanoates production strategy is elaborated in this review work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Ecotoxicity and Bioconversion Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Thandalam 602105, India; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sivarama Krishna Lakkaboyana
- Department of Chemistry, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai 600062, India; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT)-Universiti Technologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Erminta Tsouko
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, Metropolite Ioakeim 2, 81400, Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Sofia Maina
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Muskan Pandey
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, U.P., India
| | - Mridul Umesh
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Barkha Singhal
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, U.P., India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Metagenomics and Bioprocess Design Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Rodrigo Andler
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (Cenbio), Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile
| | - Iyyappan Jayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Ali Yuzir
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT)-Universiti Technologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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3
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Mu Y, Meng F, Ju X, Li L. Inactivation and process intensification of β-glucosidase in biomass utilization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3191-3204. [PMID: 37058231 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass has emerged as a promising environmental resource. Enzyme catalysis, as one of the most environmentally friendly and efficient tools among various treatments, is used for the conversion of biomass into chemicals and fuels. Cellulase is a complex enzyme composed of β-glucosidase (BGL), endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EG), and exo-β-1,4-glucanase (CBH), which synergistically hydrolyzes cellulose into monosaccharides. BGL, which further deconstructs cellobiose and short-chain cellooligosaccharides obtained by EG and CBH catalysis into glucose, is the most sensitive component of the synergistic enzyme system constituted by the three enzymes and is highly susceptible to inactivation by external conditions, becoming the rate-limiting component in biomass conversion. This paper firstly introduces the source and catalytic mechanism of BGL used in the process of biomass resource utilization. The focus is on the review of various factors affecting BGL activity during hydrolysis, including competitive adsorption of lignin, gas-liquid interface inactivation, thermal inactivation, and solvent effect. And the methods to improve BGL inactivation are proposed from two aspects-substrate initiation and enzyme initiation. In particular, the screening, modification, and alteration of the enzyme molecules themselves are discussed with emphasis. This review can provide novel ideas for studies of BGL inactivation mechanism, containment of inactivation, and activity enhancement. KEY POINTS: • Factors affecting β-glucosidase inactivation are described. • Process intensification is presented in terms of substrate and enzyme. • Solvent selection, protein engineering, and immobilization remain topics of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Mu
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanjin Meng
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Ju
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangzhi Li
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Sun C, Meng X, Sun F, Zhang J, Tu M, Chang JS, Reungsang A, Xia A, Ragauskas AJ. Advances and perspectives on mass transfer and enzymatic hydrolysis in the enzyme-mediated lignocellulosic biorefinery: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 62:108059. [PMID: 36402253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis is a critical process for the cellulase-mediated lignocellulosic biorefinery to produce sugar syrups that can be converted into a whole range of biofuels and biochemicals. Such a process operating at high-solid loadings (i.e., scarcely any free water or roughly ≥ 15% solids, w/w) is considered more economically feasible, as it can generate a high sugar concentration at low operation and capital costs. However, this approach remains restricted and incurs "high-solid effects", ultimately causing the lower hydrolysis yields with increasing solid loadings. The lack of available water leads to a highly viscous system with impaired mixing that exhibits strong transfer resistance and reaction limitation imposed on enzyme action. Evidently, high-solid enzymatic hydrolysis involves multi-scale mass transfer and multi-phase enzyme reaction, and thus requires a synergistic perspective of transfer and biotransformation to assess the interactions among water, biomass components, and cellulase enzymes. Porous particle characteristics of biomass and its interface properties determine the water form and distribution state surrounding the particles, which are summarized in this review aiming to identify the water-driven multi-scale/multi-phase bioprocesses. Further aided by the cognition of rheological behavior of biomass slurry, solute transfer theories, and enzyme kinetics, the coupling effects of flow-transfer-reaction are revealed under high-solid conditions. Based on the above basic features, this review lucidly explains the causes of high-solid hydrolysis hindrances, highlights the mismatched issues between transfer and reaction, and more importantly, presents the advanced strategies for transfer and reaction enhancements from the viewpoint of process optimization, reactor design, as well as enzyme/auxiliary additive customization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of MOE, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Fubao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of MOE, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Maobing Tu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Alissara Reungsang
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Joint Institute of Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
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5
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Penneru SK, Saharay M, Krishnan M. CelS-Catalyzed Processive Cellulose Degradation and Cellobiose Extraction for the Production of Bioethanol. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:6628-6638. [PMID: 35649216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulase enzymes are potent candidates for the efficient production of bioethanol, a promising alternative to fossil fuels, from cellulosic biomass. These enzymes catalyze the breakdown of cellulose in plant biomass into simple sugars and then to bioethanol. In the absence of the enzyme, the cellulosic biomass is recalcitrant to decomposition due to fermentation-resistant lignin and pectin coatings on the cellulose surface, which make them inaccessible for hydrolysis. Cellobiohydrolase CelS is a microbial enzyme that binds to cellulose fiber and efficiently cleaves it into a simple sugar (cellobiose) by a repeated processive chopping mechanism. The two contributing factors to the catalytic reaction rate and the yield of cellobiose are the efficient product expulsion from the product binding site of CelS and the movement of the substrate or cellulose chain into the active site. Despite progress in understanding product expulsion in other cellulases, much remains to be understood about the molecular mechanism of processive action of these enzymes. Here, nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations using suitable reaction coordinates are carried out to investigate the energetics and mechanism of the substrate dynamics and product expulsion in CelS. The calculated free energy barrier for the product expulsion is three times lower than that for the processive action indicating that product removal is relatively easier and faster than the sliding of the substrate to the catalytic active site. The water traffic near the active site in response to the product expulsion and the processive action is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Kavya Penneru
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 1311 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1939, United States
| | - Moumita Saharay
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Marimuthu Krishnan
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics (CCNSB), International Institute of Information Technology, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, India
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Madadi M, Song G, Sun F, Sun C, Xia C, Zhang E, Karimi K, Tu M. Positive role of non-catalytic proteins on mitigating inhibitory effects of lignin and enhancing cellulase activity in enzymatic hydrolysis: Application, mechanism, and prospective. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114291. [PMID: 36103929 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fermentable sugar production from lignocellulosic biomass has received considerable attention and has been dramatic progress recently. However, due to low enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) yields and rates, a high dosage of the costly enzyme is required, which is a bottleneck for commercial applications. Over the last decades, various strategies have been developed to reduce cellulase enzyme costs. The progress of the non-catalytic additive proteins in mitigating inhibition in EH is discussed in detail in this review. The low efficiency of EH is mostly due to soluble lignin compounds, insoluble lignin, and harsh thermal and mechanical conditions of the EH process. Adding non-catalytic proteins into the EH is considered a simple and efficient approach to boost hydrolysis yield. This review discussed the multiple mechanical steps involved in the EH process. The effect of physicochemical properties of modified lignin on EH and its interaction with cellulase and cellulose are identified and discussed, which include hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, electrostatic, and cation-π interactions, as well as physical barriers. Moreover, the effects of different conditions of EH that lead to cellulase deactivation by thermal and mechanical mechanisms are also explained. Finally, recent advances in the development, potential mechanisms, and economic feasibility of non-catalytic proteins on EH are evaluated and perspectives are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Madadi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guojie Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Fubao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Chihe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Changlei Xia
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Ezhen Zhang
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Keikhosro Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Maobing Tu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, United States
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7
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Sánchez-Muñoz S, Balbino TR, de Oliveira F, Rocha TM, Barbosa FG, Vélez-Mercado MI, Marcelino PRF, Antunes FAF, Moraes EJC, dos Santos JC, da Silva SS. Surfactants, Biosurfactants, and Non-Catalytic Proteins as Key Molecules to Enhance Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Molecules 2022; 27:8180. [PMID: 36500273 PMCID: PMC9739445 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has remained a latent alternative resource to be the main substitute for oil and its derivatives in a biorefinery concept. However, its complex structure and the underdeveloped technologies for its large-scale processing keep it in a state of constant study trying to establish a consolidated process. In intensive processes, enzymes have been shown to be important molecules for the fractionation and conversion of LCB into biofuels and high-value-added molecules. However, operational challenges must be overcome before enzyme technology can be the main resource for obtaining second-generation sugars. The use of additives is shown to be a suitable strategy to improve the saccharification process. This review describes the mechanisms, roles, and effects of using additives, such as surfactants, biosurfactants, and non-catalytic proteins, separately and integrated into the enzymatic hydrolysis process of lignocellulosic biomass. In doing so, it provides a technical background in which operational biomass processing hurdles such as solids and enzymatic loadings, pretreatment burdens, and the unproductive adsorption phenomenon can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Sánchez-Muñoz
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), Lorena 12.602.810., Brazil
| | - Thércia R. Balbino
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), Lorena 12.602.810., Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Oliveira
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), Lorena 12.602.810., Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Rocha
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), Lorena 12.602.810., Brazil
| | - Fernanda G. Barbosa
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), Lorena 12.602.810., Brazil
| | - Martha I. Vélez-Mercado
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), Lorena 12.602.810., Brazil
| | - Paulo R. F. Marcelino
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), Lorena 12.602.810., Brazil
| | - Felipe A. F. Antunes
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), Lorena 12.602.810., Brazil
| | - Elisangela J. C. Moraes
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), Lorena 12.602.810., Brazil
| | - Julio C. dos Santos
- Biopolymers, Bioreactors, and Process Simulation Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), Lorena 12.602.810., Brazil
| | - Silvio S. da Silva
- Bioprocesses and Sustainable Products Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), Lorena 12.602.810., Brazil
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8
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Parametric optimization of the production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from South African corncobs via an empirical modelling approach. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18665. [PMID: 36333383 PMCID: PMC9636206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were obtained from South African corncobs using an acid hydrolysis process. The delignification of corncobs was carried out by using alkali and bleaching pretreatment. Furthermore, the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used as a design of experiment (DOE) for statistical experimentations that will result in logical data to develop a model that explains the effect of variables on the response (CNCs yield). The effects (main and interactive) of the treatment variables (time, temperature, and acid concentration) were investigated via the response methodology approach and the obtained model was used in optimizing the CNCs yield. Surface morphology, surface chemistry, and the crystallinity of the synthesized CNC were checked using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), a Fourier Transform Infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), and an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, respectively. The SEM image of the raw corncobs revealed a smooth and compact surface morphology. Results also revealed that CNCs have higher crystallinity (79.11%) than South African waste corncobs (57.67%). An optimum yield of 80.53% CNCs was obtained at a temperature of 30.18 °C, 30.13 min reaction time, and 46 wt% sulfuric acid concentration. These optimized conditions have been validated to confirm the precision. Hence, the synthesized CNCs may be suitable as filler in membranes for different applications.
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Investigation of the efficiency of different biocatalytic systems for the bioconversion of lactose and dairy by-products into lactobionic acid. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Jawad Kadhum H, Murthy GS. Novel system design for high solid lignocellulosic biomass conversion. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 350:126897. [PMID: 35219787 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel system (Oregon State University High Solids Reactor; OSU-HSR) was designed and constructed for enzymatic hydrolysis at ultrahigh solids content (40%) by promoting better mixing using low energy consumption in a horizontal reactor with a new impeller design and a controllable feeding unit. System performance was evaluated using separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) methodologies. Using the dilute acid pretreated wheat straw as the substrate in the OSU-HSR system, the highest glucose (219.7 g/L) and ethanol (127.1 g/L) concentrations were achieved with the use of the SHF method while the highest ethanol concentration using SSF method was 134.5 g/L. The SSF method increased the return on investment to 12.21% with an estimated global warming potential of 54.5 g CO2 eq/MJ Ethanol. The OSU-HSR successfully provided effective mixing and different fed-batch schemes, and can be used for efficient biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into bio-chemicals and biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider Jawad Kadhum
- Department of Biological and Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States; College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq.
| | - Ganti S Murthy
- Department of Biological and Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States; Biociences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India.
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11
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Liu H, Kumar V, Jia L, Sarsaiya S, Kumar D, Juneja A, Zhang Z, Sindhu R, Binod P, Bhatia SK, Awasthi MK. Biopolymer poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production from apple industrial waste residues: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131427. [PMID: 34323796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Apple pomace, the residue which is left out after processing of apple serves as a potential carbon source for the production of biopolymer, PHA (poly-hydroxyalkanoates). It is rich in carbohydrates, fibers and polyphenols. Utilization of these waste resources has dual societal benefit-waste management and conversion of waste to an eco-friendly biopolymer. This will lower the overall economics of the process. A major limitation for the commercialization of biopolymer in comparison with petroleum derived polymer is the high cost. This article gives an overview of valorization of apple pomace for the production of biopolymer, various strategies adopted, limitations as well as future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology(IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Linjing Jia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 402 Walters Hall, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Surendra Sarsaiya
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 402 Walters Hall, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Ankita Juneja
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
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Lv X, Yang G, Gong Z, Cheng X, Shuai L, Huang L, Chen L, Luo X, Liu J. Using poly(N-Vinylcaprolactam) to Improve the Enzymatic Hydrolysis Efficiency of Phenylsulfonic Acid-Pretreated Bamboo. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:804456. [PMID: 34917604 PMCID: PMC8668804 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.804456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis has been regarded as a viable way to produce fermentable sugars. Phenylsulfonic acid (PSA) pretreatment could efficiently fractionate the non-cellulosic components (hemicelluloses and lignin) from bamboo and result in increased cellulose accessibility that was 10 times that of untreated bamboo. However, deposited lignin could trigger non-productive adsorption to enzymes, which therefore significantly decreased the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of PSA-pretreated bamboo substrates. Herein, poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PNVCL), a non-ionic surfactant, was developed as a novel additive for overcoming the non-productive adsorption of lignin during enzymatic hydrolysis. PNVCL was found to be not only more effective than those of commonly used lignosulfonate and polyvinyl alcohol for overcoming the negative effect of lignin, but also comparable to the robust Tween 20 and bovine serum albumin additives. A PNVCL loading at 1.2 g/L during enzymatic hydrolysis of PSA pretreated bamboo substrate could achieve an 80% cellulosic enzymatic conversion and meanwhile reduce the cellulase loading by three times as compared to that without additive. Mechanistic investigations indicated that PNVCL could block lignin residues through hydrophobic interactions and the resultant PNVCL coating resisted the adsorption of cellulase via electrostatic repulsion and/or hydration. This practical method can improve the lignocellulosic enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency and thereby increase the productivity and profitability of biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqing Lv
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guangxu Yang
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenggang Gong
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Shuai
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liulian Huang
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lihui Chen
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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13
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Jiang X, Zhai R, Jin M. Increased mixing intensity is not necessary for more efficient cellulose hydrolysis at high solid loading. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 329:124911. [PMID: 33667991 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the cellulose hydrolysis at high solid loadings, an increased mixing intensity is generally required for the high solid loading hydrolysis, while it leads to higher energy consumption. In this study, the impact of mixing intensity on cellulose conversion during hydrolysis at different solid loadings were systematically studied. It was found that the increased mixing intensity is not necessary for more efficient cellulose hydrolysis. For cellulose hydrolysis at higher solid loadings, a lower mixing intensity is needed for a higher cellulose conversion. Although the increased mixing intensity promoted enzyme adsorption, it strengthened product inhibition and caused severer enzyme deactivation. Besides, mixing at the initial stage of cellulose hydrolysis was more crucial, while continuous mixing throughout the hydrolysis was not required for more efficient cellulose hydrolysis. Based on the mechanism study, a combined mixing strategy was developed to achieve efficient cellulose hydrolysis with about two-third reduction in energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Jiang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Rui Zhai
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Mingjie Jin
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China.
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14
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Sukumaran RK, Christopher M, Kooloth-Valappil P, Sreeja-Raju A, Mathew RM, Sankar M, Puthiyamadam A, Adarsh VP, Aswathi A, Rebinro V, Abraham A, Pandey A. Addressing challenges in production of cellulases for biomass hydrolysis: Targeted interventions into the genetics of cellulase producing fungi. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 329:124746. [PMID: 33610429 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic materials are the favoured feedstock for biorefineries due to their abundant availability and non-completion with food. Biobased technologies for refining these materials are limited mainly by the cost of biomass hydrolyzing enzymes, typically sourced from filamentous fungi. Therefore, considerable efforts have been directed at improving the quantity and quality of secreted lignocellulose degrading enzymes from fungi in order to attain overall economic viability. Process improvements and media engineering probably have reached their thresholds and further production enhancements require modifying the fungal metabolism to improve production and secretion of these enzymes. This review focusses on the types and mechanisms of action of known fungal biomass degrading enzymes, our current understanding of the genetic control exerted on their expression, and possible routes for intervention, especially on modulating catabolite repression, transcriptional regulators, signal transduction, secretion pathways etc., in order to improve enzyme productivity, activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
| | - Meera Christopher
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Prajeesh Kooloth-Valappil
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - AthiraRaj Sreeja-Raju
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Reshma M Mathew
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Meena Sankar
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Anoop Puthiyamadam
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Velayudhanpillai-Prasannakumari Adarsh
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Aswathi Aswathi
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Valan Rebinro
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Amith Abraham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
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15
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Gilbert C, Tang TC, Ott W, Dorr BA, Shaw WM, Sun GL, Lu TK, Ellis T. Living materials with programmable functionalities grown from engineered microbial co-cultures. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:691-700. [PMID: 33432140 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems assemble living materials that are autonomously patterned, can self-repair and can sense and respond to their environment. The field of engineered living materials aims to create novel materials with properties similar to those of natural biomaterials using genetically engineered organisms. Here, we describe an approach to fabricating functional bacterial cellulose-based living materials using a stable co-culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and bacterial cellulose-producing Komagataeibacter rhaeticus bacteria. Yeast strains can be engineered to secrete enzymes into bacterial cellulose, generating autonomously grown catalytic materials and enabling DNA-encoded modification of bacterial cellulose bulk properties. Alternatively, engineered yeast can be incorporated within the growing cellulose matrix, creating living materials that can sense and respond to chemical and optical stimuli. This symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast is a flexible platform for the production of bacterial cellulose-based engineered living materials with potential applications in biosensing and biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Gilbert
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tzu-Chieh Tang
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Mediated Matter Group, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Ott
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Brandon A Dorr
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William M Shaw
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - George L Sun
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Tom Ellis
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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16
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Almeida RMRG, Pimentel WRO, Santos-Rocha MSR, Buffo MM, Farinas CS, Ximenes EA, Ladisch MR. Protective effects of non-catalytic proteins on endoglucanase activity at air and lignin interfaces. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3134. [PMID: 33591633 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The manner in which added non-catalytic proteins during enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates enhances hydrolysis mechanisms is not completely understood. Prior research has indicated that a reduction in the non-specific adsorption of enzymes on lignin, and deactivation of enzymes exposed to air-liquid interface provide rationale. This work investigated root causes including effects of the air-liquid interface on non-catalytic proteins, and effects of lignin on endoglucanase. Three different experimental designs and three variables (air-liquid interfacial area, the types of lignin (acid or enzymatic lignin), and the presence of non-enzymatic protein (bovine serum albumin [BSA] or soy proteins ) were used. The results showed that acid isolated lignin adsorbed almost all endoglucanase activity initially present in supernatant, independent of air interface conditions (25 or 250 ml flasks) with the presence of BSA preventing this effect. Endoglucanase lost 30%-50% of its activity due to an air-liquid interface in the presence of lignin while addition of non-enzymatic protein helped to preserve this enzyme's activity. Langmuir and Freundlich models applied to experimental data indicated that the adsorption increases with increasing temperature for both endoglucanase and BSA. Adsorption of the enzyme and protein were endothermic with an increase in entropy. These results, combined, show that hydrophobicity plays a strong role in the adsorption of both endoglucanase and BSA on lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mariane M Buffo
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Sanchez Farinas
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Ximenes
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering-Department of Agricultural Biological Engineering Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Michael R Ladisch
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering-Department of Agricultural Biological Engineering Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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17
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Ohde D, Thomas B, Matthes S, Tanaka S, Bubenheim P, Terasaka K, Schlüter M, Liese A. Microbubble enhanced mass transfer efficiency of CO 2 capture utilizing aqueous triethanolamine for enzymatic resorcinol carboxylation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:4087-4096. [PMID: 35424350 PMCID: PMC8694352 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08690h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study focuses on the aeration of aqueous triethanolamine acting as reaction medium for biocatalytic carboxylations. For enhancing mass transfer in a bubble column reactor, microbubble aeration is applied and compared to conventional macrobubble aeration. Application of a 0.5 μm porous sparger enables microbubble CO2 aeration with bubble size distributions below 150 μm in Sauter mean diameter, correlating with the highest measured mass transfer rates. During CO2 saturation of the aqueous triethanolamine, bubble size distributions changed according to the level of CO2 saturation. For microbubbles, less foaming was observed compared to macrobubble aeration by a 10 μm porous sparger. This microbubble effect is attributed to their accelerated dissolution assisted by the Laplace pressure lowering the amount of bubbles reaching the surface of the liquid. The experiments reveal that the rate of interfacial area generation, which is calculated based on measured bubble size distributions, influences the biocatalyst activity. An inline method to investigate microbubble enhanced mass transfer and its effect on a model biocatalyst utilizing CO2 for carboxylation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ohde
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology Hamburg Germany
| | - Benjamin Thomas
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology Hamburg Germany
| | - Simon Matthes
- Institute of Multiphase Flows, Hamburg University of Technology Hamburg Germany
| | - Shunya Tanaka
- School of Science for Open and Environmental Systems, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University Yokohama Japan
| | - Paul Bubenheim
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology Hamburg Germany
| | - Koichi Terasaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University Yokohama Japan
| | - Michael Schlüter
- Institute of Multiphase Flows, Hamburg University of Technology Hamburg Germany
| | - Andreas Liese
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology Hamburg Germany
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18
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Thomas B, Ohde D, Matthes S, Engelmann C, Bubenheim P, Terasaka K, Schlüter M, Liese A. Comparative investigation of fine bubble and macrobubble aeration on gas utility and biotransformation productivity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:130-141. [PMID: 32886350 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The sufficient provision of oxygen is mandatory for enzymatic oxidations in aqueous solution, however, in process optimization this still is a bottleneck that cannot be overcome with the established methods of macrobubble aeration. Providing higher mass transfer performance through microbubble aerators, inefficient aeration can be overcome or improved. Investigating the mass transport performance in a model protein solution, the microbubble aeration results in higher kL a values related to the applied airstream in comparison with macrobubble aeration. Comparing the aerators at identical kL a of 160 and 60 1/h, the microbubble aeration is resulting in 25 and 44 times enhanced gas utility compared with aeration with macrobubbles. To prove the feasibility of microbubbles in biocatalysis, the productivity of a glucose oxidase catalyzed biotransformation is compared with macrobubble aeration as well as the gas-saving potential. In contrast to the expectation that the same productivities are achieved at identically applied kL a, microbubble aeration increased the gluconic acid productivity by 32% and resulted in 41.6 times higher oxygen utilization. The observed advantages of microbubble aeration are based on the large volume-specific interfacial area combined with a prolonged residence time, which results in a high mass transfer performance, less enzyme deactivation by foam formation, and reduced gas consumption. This makes microbubble aerators favorable for application in biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Thomas
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Ohde
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Matthes
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Multiphase Flows, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Engelmann
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Bubenheim
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Koichi Terasaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michael Schlüter
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Multiphase Flows, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Liese
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg, Germany
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19
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Santos ACF, Ximenes E, Thompson D, Ray AE, Szeto R, Erk K, Dien BS, Ladisch MR. Effect of using a nitrogen atmosphere on enzyme hydrolysis at high corn stover loadings in an agitated reactor. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3059. [PMID: 32748574 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carlos Freitas Santos
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Eduardo Ximenes
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - David Thompson
- Energy and Environment Science & Technology Directorate Idaho National Laboratory Idaho Falls Idaho USA
| | - Allison E. Ray
- Energy and Environment Science & Technology Directorate Idaho National Laboratory Idaho Falls Idaho USA
| | - Ryan Szeto
- School of Materials Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Kendra Erk
- School of Materials Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Bruce S. Dien
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research ARS, USDA Peoria Illinois USA
| | - Michael R. Ladisch
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
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20
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Abdou Alio M, Tugui OC, Rusu L, Pons A, Vial C. Hydrolysis and fermentation steps of a pretreated sawmill mixed feedstock for bioethanol production in a wood biorefinery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 310:123412. [PMID: 32361645 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to demonstrate the feasibility of second-generation bioethanol production using for the first time a sawmill mixed feedstock comprising four softwood species, representative of biomass resource in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region (France). The feedstock was subjected to a microwave-assisted water/ethanol Organosolv pretreatment. The investigation focused on enzymatic hydrolysis of this pretreated sawmill feedstock (PSF) using Cellic® Ctec2 as the enzyme, followed by fermentation of the resulting sugar solution using Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. The cellulose-rich PSF with 71% w/w cellulose content presented high saccharification yields (up to 80%), which made it perfect for subsequent fermentation; this yield was predicted vs. time up to 5.2% w/v PSF loading using a mathematical model fitted only on data at 1.5%. Finally, high PSF loading (7.5%) and scaleup were shown to impair the saccharification yield, but alcoholic fermentation could still be carried out up to 80% of the theoretical glucose-to-ethanol conversion yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarouf Abdou Alio
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Oana-Cristina Tugui
- University "Vasile Alecsandri" of Bacău, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical and Food Engineering Department, Bacău, Romania
| | - Lacramioara Rusu
- University "Vasile Alecsandri" of Bacău, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical and Food Engineering Department, Bacău, Romania
| | - Agnès Pons
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christophe Vial
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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21
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Wang W, Wang C, Zahoor, Chen X, Yu Q, Wang Z, Zhuang X, Yuan Z. Effect of a Nonionic Surfactant on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulose Based on Lignocellulosic Features and Enzyme Adsorption. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:15812-15820. [PMID: 32656401 PMCID: PMC7345430 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Reduction in the adsorption of cellulase onto lignin has been thought to be the common reason for the improvement of enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose (EHLC) by a nonionic surfactant (NIS). Few research studies have focused on the relationship between lignocellulosic features and NIS for improving EHLC. This study investigated the impact of Tween20 on the enzymatic hydrolysis and enzyme adsorption of acid-treated and alkali-treated sugarcane bagasse (SCB), cypress, and Pterocarpus soyauxii (PS) with and without being ground. After addition of Tween20, the adsorption of cellulase onto unground and ground alkali-treated SCB increased, and the unground acid-treated SCB exhibited little change in adsorption cellulase, while other unground and ground, treated samples showed decreased cellulase adsorption. Tween20 could improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of acid-treated SCB, while it had little influence on the enzymatic hydrolysis of other treated materials. After being ground, both cellulase adsorption and enzymatic hydrolysis of treated lignocelluloses increased, and Tween20 could enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of acid-treated materials while hardly affected the enzymatic hydrolysis of alkali-treated materials. This indicated that the promotion effect of Tween20 on enzymatic hydrolysis of treated lignocellulose could not be mainly ascribed to the hindrance of Tween20 to cellulase adsorption on lignin but was related to the lignocellulosic features such as hemicellulose removal and surface morphology changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Guangzhou
Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key
Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory
of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chaojun Wang
- Guangzhou
Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key
Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory
of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R.
China
| | - Zahoor
- Guangzhou
Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key
Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory
of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Guangzhou
Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key
Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory
of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R.
China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Guangzhou
Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key
Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory
of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhongming Wang
- Guangzhou
Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key
Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory
of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xinshu Zhuang
- Guangzhou
Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key
Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory
of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhong Yuan
- Guangzhou
Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key
Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory
of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Centre of Biomass Energy, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R.
China
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22
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Zhang J, Wang L, Chen H. Effect of periodic high-frequency vibration with rigid spheres added on high solids enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-exploded corn straw. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Lindeque RM, Woodley JM. The Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Kinetics during Continuous Biocatalytic Oxidations. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rowan M. Lindeque
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - John M. Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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24
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da Silva AS, Espinheira RP, Teixeira RSS, de Souza MF, Ferreira-Leitão V, Bon EPS. Constraints and advances in high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: a critical review. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:58. [PMID: 32211072 PMCID: PMC7092515 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01697-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The industrial production of sugar syrups from lignocellulosic materials requires the conduction of the enzymatic hydrolysis step at high-solids loadings (i.e., with over 15% solids [w/w] in the reaction mixture). Such conditions result in sugar syrups with increased concentrations and in improvements in both capital and operational costs, making the process more economically feasible. However, this approach still poses several technical hindrances that impact the process efficiency, known as the "high-solids effect" (i.e., the decrease in glucan conversion yields as solids load increases). The purpose of this review was to present the findings on the main limitations and advances in high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis in an updated and comprehensive manner. The causes for the rheological limitations at the onset of the high-solids operation as well as those influencing the "high-solids effect" will be discussed. The subject of water constraint, which results in a highly viscous system and impairs mixing, and by extension, mass and heat transfer, will be analyzed under the perspective of the limitations imposed to the action of the cellulolytic enzymes. The "high-solids effect" will be further discussed vis-à-vis enzymes end-product inhibition and the inhibitory effect of compounds formed during the biomass pretreatment as well as the enzymes' unproductive adsorption to lignin. This review also presents the scientific and technological advances being introduced to lessen high-solids hydrolysis hindrances, such as the development of more efficient enzyme formulations, biomass and enzyme feeding strategies, reactor and impeller designs as well as process strategies to alleviate the end-product inhibition. We surveyed the academic literature in the form of scientific papers as well as patents to showcase the efforts on technological development and industrial implementation of the use of lignocellulosic materials as renewable feedstocks. Using a critical approach, we expect that this review will aid in the identification of areas with higher demand for scientific and technological efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Sant’Ana da Silva
- Biocatalysis Laboratory, National Institute of Technology, Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communication, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20081-312 Brazil
- Bioethanol Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909 Brazil
| | - Roberta Pereira Espinheira
- Biocatalysis Laboratory, National Institute of Technology, Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communication, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20081-312 Brazil
- Bioethanol Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909 Brazil
| | - Ricardo Sposina Sobral Teixeira
- Bioethanol Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909 Brazil
| | - Marcella Fernandes de Souza
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Ecochemistry, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Viridiana Ferreira-Leitão
- Biocatalysis Laboratory, National Institute of Technology, Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communication, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20081-312 Brazil
- Bioethanol Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909 Brazil
| | - Elba P. S. Bon
- Bioethanol Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909 Brazil
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Considerations when Measuring Biocatalyst Performance. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193573. [PMID: 31623317 PMCID: PMC6804192 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As biocatalysis matures, it becomes increasingly important to establish methods with which to measure biocatalyst performance. Such measurements are important to assess immobilization strategies, different operating modes, and reactor configurations, aside from comparing protein engineered variants and benchmarking against economic targets. While conventional measurement techniques focus on a single performance metric (such as the total turnover number), here, it is argued that three metrics (achievable product concentration, productivity, and enzyme stability) are required for an accurate assessment of scalability.
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Prasad RK, Chatterjee S, Mazumder PB, Gupta SK, Sharma S, Vairale MG, Datta S, Dwivedi SK, Gupta DK. Bioethanol production from waste lignocelluloses: A review on microbial degradation potential. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:588-606. [PMID: 31154237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous explosion of population has led to about 200% increment of total energy consumptions in last twenty-five years. Apart from conventional fossil fuel as limited energy source, alternative non-conventional sources are being explored worldwide to cater the energy requirement. Lignocellulosic biomass conversion for biofuel production is an important alternative energy source due to its abundance in nature and creating less harmful impacts on the environment in comparison to the coal or petroleum-based sources. However, lignocellulose biopolymer, the building block of plants, is a recalcitrant substance and difficult to break into desirable products. Commonly used chemical and physical methods for pretreating the substrate are having several limitations. Whereas, utilizing microbial potential to hydrolyse the biomass is an interesting area of research. Because of the complexity of substrate, several enzymes are required that can act synergistically to hydrolyse the biopolymer producing components like bioethanol or other energy substances. Exploring a range of microorganisms, like bacteria, fungi, yeast etc. that utilizes lignocelluloses for their energy through enzymatic breaking down the biomass, is one of the options. Scientists are working upon designing organisms through genetic engineering tools to integrate desired enzymes into a single organism (like bacterial cell). Studies on designer cellulosomes and bacteria consortia development relating consolidated bioprocessing are exciting to overcome the issue of appropriate lignocellulose digestions. This review encompasses up to date information on recent developments for effective microbial degradation processes of lignocelluloses for improved utilization to produce biofuel (bioethanol in particular) from the most plentiful substances of our planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Prasad
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India; Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | | | | | | | - Sonika Sharma
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | | | | | | | - Dharmendra Kumar Gupta
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), HerrenhäuserStr. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
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Dias Gomes M, Moiseyenko RP, Baum A, Jørgensen TM, Woodley JM. Use of image analysis to understand enzyme stability in an aerated stirred reactor. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2878. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Dias Gomes
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
| | - Rayisa P. Moiseyenko
- Statistics and Data Analysis, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer ScienceTechnical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
| | - Andreas Baum
- Statistics and Data Analysis, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer ScienceTechnical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
| | - Thomas M. Jørgensen
- Statistics and Data Analysis, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer ScienceTechnical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
| | - John M. Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
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Xu N, Wang L, Dou N, Zhang L, Guan J, Chang Y, Li R. Foam fractionation for enhancing silica gel adsorption of urokinase from human urine. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- School of Biological ScienceJining Medical University Rizhao Shandong Province China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Biological ScienceJining Medical University Rizhao Shandong Province China
| | - Nongxiao Dou
- School of Biological ScienceJining Medical University Rizhao Shandong Province China
| | - Lili Zhang
- School of Biological ScienceJining Medical University Rizhao Shandong Province China
| | - Jing Guan
- School of Biological ScienceJining Medical University Rizhao Shandong Province China
| | - Yunkang Chang
- School of Biological ScienceJining Medical University Rizhao Shandong Province China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Biological ScienceJining Medical University Rizhao Shandong Province China
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Dias Gomes M, Bommarius BR, Anderson SR, Feske BD, Woodley JM, Bommarius AS. Bubble Column Enables Higher Reaction Rate for Deracemization of (
R,S
)‐1‐Phenylethanol with Coupled Alcohol Dehydrogenase/NADH Oxidase System. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Dias Gomes
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Technical University of Denmark Building 229, Søltofts Plads DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Bettina R. Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Krone Engineered Biosystems Building Georgia Institute of Technology 950 Atlantic Drive N.W. Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Shelby R. Anderson
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Krone Engineered Biosystems Building Georgia Institute of Technology 950 Atlantic Drive N.W. Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Brent D. Feske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Southern University Science Center Suite 1505 11935 Abercorn St., Savannah, GA 31419
| | - John M. Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Technical University of Denmark Building 229, Søltofts Plads DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Andreas S. Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Krone Engineered Biosystems Building Georgia Institute of Technology 950 Atlantic Drive N.W. Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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Luo X, Liu J, Zheng P, Li M, Zhou Y, Huang L, Chen L, Shuai L. Promoting enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass by inexpensive soy protein. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:51. [PMID: 30911331 PMCID: PMC6417190 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment has been considered as one of the most industrially viable and environment-friendly methods for facilitating the transformation of lignocelluloses into biofuels through biological conversion. However, lignin fragments in pretreatment hydrolysates are preferential to condense with each other and then deposit back onto cellulose surface under severe conditions. Particularly, lignin tends to relocate or redistribute under high-temperature LHW pretreatment conditions. The lignin residues on the cellulose surface would result in significant nonproductive binding of cellulolytic enzymes, and therefore negatively affect the enzymatic conversion (EC) of glucan in pretreated substrates. Although additives such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Tween series have been used to reduce nonproductive binding of enzymes through blocking the lignin, the high cost or non-biocompatibility of these additives limits their potential in industrial applications. RESULTS Here, we firstly report that a soluble soy protein (SP) extracted from inexpensive defatted soy powder (DSP) showed excellent performance in promoting the EC of glucan in LHW-pretreated lignocellulosic substrates. The addition of the SP (80 mg/g glucan) could readily reduce the cellulase (Celluclast 1.5 L®) loading by 8 times from 96.7 to 12.1 mg protein/g glucan and achieve a glucan EC of 80% at a hydrolysis time of 72 h. With the same cellulase (Celluclast 1.5 L®) loading (24.2 mg protein/g glucan), the ECs of glucan in LHW-pretreated bamboo, eucalyptus, and Masson pine substrates increased from 57%, 54% and 45% (without SP) to 87%, 94% and 86% (with 80 mg SP/g glucan), respectively. Similar effects were also observed when Cellic CTec2, a newer-generation cellulase preparation, was used. Mechanistic studies indicated that the adsorption of soluble SP onto the surface of lignin residues could reduce the nonproductive binding of cellulolytic enzymes to lignin. The cost of the SP required for effective promotion would be equivalent to the cost of 2.9 mg cellulase (Celluclast 1.5 L®) protein (or 1.2 FPU/g glucan), if a proposed semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (semi-SSF) model was used. CONCLUSIONS Near-complete saccharification of glucan in LHW-pretreated lignocellulosic substrates could be achieved with the addition of the inexpensive and biocompatible SP additive extracted from DSP. This simple but remarkably effective technique could readily contribute to improving the economics of the cellulosic biorefinery industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Luo
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Peitao Zheng
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, 230 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA
| | - Liulian Huang
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Lihui Chen
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Li Shuai
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, 230 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA
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Liuzzi F, Mastrolitti S, De Bari I. Hydrolysis of Corn Stover by Talaromyces cellulolyticus Enzymes: Evaluation of the Residual Enzymes Activities Through the Process. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 188:690-705. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-02946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Bhagia S, Wyman CE, Kumar R. Impacts of cellulase deactivation at the moving air-liquid interface on cellulose conversions at low enzyme loadings. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:96. [PMID: 31044009 PMCID: PMC6477705 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently confirmed that the deactivation of T. reesei cellulases at the air-liquid interface reduces microcrystalline cellulose conversion at low enzyme loadings in shaken flasks. It is one of the main causes for lowering of cellulose conversions at low enzyme loadings. However, supplementing cellulases with small quantities of surface-active additives in shaken flasks can increase cellulose conversions at low enzyme loadings. It was also shown that cellulose conversions at low enzyme loadings can be increased in unshaken flasks if the reactions are carried for a longer time. This study further explores these recent findings to better understand the impact of air-liquid interfacial phenomena on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose contained in Avicel, Sigmacell, α-cellulose, cotton linters, and filter paper. The impacts of solids and enzyme loadings, supplementation with nonionic surfactant Tween 20 and xylanases, and application of different types of mixing and reactor designs on cellulose hydrolysis were also evaluated. RESULTS Avicel cellulose conversions at high solid loading were more than doubled by minimizing loss of cellulases to the air-liquid interface. Maximum cellulose conversions were high for surface-active supplemented shaken flasks or unshaken flasks because of low cellulase deactivation at the air-liquid interface. The nonionic surfactant Tween 20 was unable to completely prevent cellulase deactivation in shaken flasks and only reduced cellulose conversions at unreasonably high concentrations. CONCLUSIONS High dynamic interfacial areas created through baffles in reactor vessels, low volumes in high-capacity vessels, or high shaking speeds severely limited cellulose conversions at low enzyme loadings. Precipitation of cellulases due to aggregation at the air-liquid interface caused their continuous deactivation in shaken flasks and severely limited solubilization of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarthya Bhagia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MS6341, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MS6341, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MS6341, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
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Chutrakul T, Rangton N, Daochot R, Sattayathitikul N, Saikhwan P. Enzyme-based integrated solution to cleaning of coconut milk foulants. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Zhou X, Xu Y. Eco-friendly consolidated process for co-production of xylooligosaccharides and fermentable sugars using self-providing xylonic acid as key pretreatment catalyst. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:272. [PMID: 31832095 PMCID: PMC6859624 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obtaining high-value products from lignocellulosic biomass is central for the realization of industrial biorefinery. Acid pretreatment has been reported to yield xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and improve enzymatic hydrolysis. Moreover, xylose, an inevitable byproduct, can be upgraded to xylonic acid (XA). The aim of this study was to valorize sugarcane bagasse (SB) by starting with XA pretreatment for XOS and glucose production within a multi-product biorefinery framework. RESULTS SB was primarily subjected to XA pretreatment to maximize the XOS yield by the response surface method (RSM). A maximum XOS yield of 44.5% was achieved by acid pretreatment using 0.64 M XA for 42 min at 154 °C. Furthermore, XA pretreatment can efficiently improve enzymatic digestibility, and achieved a 90.8% cellulose conversion. In addition, xylose, the inevitable byproduct of the acid-hydrolysis of xylan, can be completely converted to XA via bio-oxidation of Gluconobacter oxydans (G. oxydans). Subsequently, XA and XOS can be simultaneously separated by electrodialysis. CONCLUSIONS XA pretreatment was explored and exhibited a promising ability to depolymerize xylan into XOS. Mass balance analysis showed that the maximum XOS and fermentable sugars yields reached 10.5 g and 30.9 g per 100 g raw SB, respectively. In summary, by concurrently producing XOS and fermentable sugars with high yields, SB was thus valorized as a promising feedstock of lignocellulosic biorefinery for value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
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Bhagia S, Meng X, Evans BR, Dunlap JR, Bali G, Chen J, Reeves KS, Ho HC, Davison BH, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ. Ultrastructure and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Deuterated Switchgrass. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13226. [PMID: 30185812 PMCID: PMC6125453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31269-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutron scattering of deuterated plants can provide fundamental insight into the structure of lignocellulosics in plant cell walls and its deconstruction by pretreatment and enzymes. Such plants need to be characterized for any alterations to lignocellulosic structure caused by growth in deuterated media. Here we show that glucose yields from enzymatic hydrolysis at lower enzyme loading were 35% and 30% for untreated deuterated and protiated switchgrass, respectively. Lignin content was 4% higher in deuterated switchgrass but there were no significant lignin structural differences. Transmission electron microscopy showed differences in lignin distribution and packing of fibers in the cell walls that apparently increased surface area of cellulose in deuterated switchgrass, increasing cellulose accessibility and lowering its recalcitrance. These differences in lignification were likely caused by abiotic stress due to growth in deuterated media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarthya Bhagia
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Barbara R Evans
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory**, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - John R Dunlap
- Advanced Microscopy and Imaging Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Garima Bali
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jihua Chen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Kimberly Shawn Reeves
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Hoi Chun Ho
- Carbon and Composite Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Brian H Davison
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Joint Institute of Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
- Joint Institute of Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
- Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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