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Priyanka, Mohan B, Poonia E, Kumar S, Virender, Singh C, Xiong J, Liu X, Pombeiro AJL, Singh G. COVID-19 Virus Structural Details: Optical and Electrochemical Detection. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:479-500. [PMID: 37382834 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The increasing viral species have ruined people's health and the world's economy. Therefore, it is urgent to design bio-responsive materials to provide a vast platform for detecting a different family's passive or active virus. One can design a reactive functional unit for that moiety based on the particular bio-active moieties in viruses. Nanomaterials as optical and electrochemical biosensors have enabled better tools and devices to develop rapid virus detection. Various material science platforms are available for real-time monitoring and detecting COVID-19 and other viral loads. In this review, we discuss the recent advances of nanomaterials in developing the tools for optical and electrochemical sensing COVID-19. In addition, nanomaterials used to detect other human viruses have been studied, providing insights for developing COVID-19 sensing materials. The basic strategies for nanomaterials develop as virus sensors, fabrications, and detection performances are studied. Moreover, the new methods to enhance the virus sensing properties are discussed to provide a gateway for virus detection in variant forms. The study will provide systematic information and working of virus sensors. In addition, the deep discussion of structural properties and signal changes will offer a new gate for researchers to develop new virus sensors for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Brij Mohan
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. RoviscoPais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ekta Poonia
- Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonepat, 131039, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Virender
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
| | - Jichuan Xiong
- Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Armando J L Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. RoviscoPais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gurjaspreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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2
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Kolehmainen P, Huttunen M, Iakubovskaia A, Maljanen S, Tauriainen S, Yatkin E, Pasternack A, Naves R, Toivonen L, Tähtinen PA, Ivaska L, Lempainen J, Peltola V, Waris M, Kakkola L, Ritvos O, Julkunen I. Coronavirus spike protein-specific antibodies indicate frequent infections and reinfections in infancy and among BNT162b2-vaccinated healthcare workers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8416. [PMID: 37225867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV) infections in early childhood and adults has not been well analyzed in longitudinal serological studies. Here we analyzed the changes in HCoV (229E, HKU1, NL63, OC43, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2) spike-specific antibody levels in follow-up serum specimens of 140 children at the age of 1, 2, and 3 years, and of 113 healthcare workers vaccinated for Covid-19 with BNT162b2-vaccine. IgG antibody levels against six recombinant HCoV spike subunit 1 (S1) proteins were measured by enzyme immunoassay. We show that by the age of three years the cumulative seropositivity for seasonal HCoVs increased to 38-81% depending on virus type. BNT162b2 vaccinations increased anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 antibodies, but no increase in seasonal coronavirus antibodies associated with vaccinations. In healthcare workers (HCWs), during a 1-year follow-up, diagnostic antibody rises were seen in 5, 4 and 14% of the cases against 229E, NL63 and OC43 viruses, respectively, correlating well with the circulating HCoVs. In 6% of the HCWs, a diagnostic antibody rise was seen against S1 of HKU1, however, these rises coincided with anti-OC43 S1 antibody rises. Rabbit and guinea pig immune sera against HCoV S1 proteins indicated immunological cross-reactivity within alpha-CoV (229E and NL63) and beta-CoV (HKU1 and OC43) genera.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moona Huttunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Alina Iakubovskaia
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Maljanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Emrah Yatkin
- Central Animal Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Arja Pasternack
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rauno Naves
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Toivonen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Paula A Tähtinen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Ivaska
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Peltola
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Waris
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Ritvos
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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3
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Wang D, Chen Y, Xiang S, Hu H, Zhan Y, Yu Y, Zhang J, Wu P, Liu FY, Kai T, Ding P. Recent advances in immunoassay technologies for the detection of human coronavirus infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1040248. [PMID: 36683684 PMCID: PMC9845787 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the seventh coronavirus (CoV) that has spread in humans and has become a global pandemic since late 2019. Efficient and accurate laboratory diagnostic methods are one of the crucial means to control the development of the current pandemic and to prevent potential future outbreaks. Although real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is the preferred laboratory method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for diagnosing and screening SARS-CoV-2 infection, the versatile immunoassays still play an important role for pandemic control. They can be used not only as supplemental tools to identify cases missed by rRT-PCR, but also for first-line screening tests in areas with limited medical resources. Moreover, they are also indispensable tools for retrospective epidemiological surveys and the evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccination. In this review, we summarize the mainstream immunoassay methods for human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and address their benefits, limitations, and applications. Then, technical strategies based on bioinformatics and advanced biosensors were proposed to improve the performance of these methods. Finally, future suggestions and possibilities that can lead to higher sensitivity and specificity are provided for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Wang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuejun Chen
- Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Xiang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiting Hu
- Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujuan Zhan
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pian Wu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Yue Liu
- Department of Economics and Management, ChangSha University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tianhan Kai
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Ding
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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4
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Odendahl M, Endler I, Haubold B, Rodionov RN, Bornstein SR, Tonn T. SARS-CoV-2-specicific humoral immunity in convalescent patients with mild COVID-19 is supported by CD4 + T-cell help and negatively correlated with Alphacoronavirus-specific antibody titer. Immunol Lett 2022; 251-252:38-46. [PMID: 36174771 PMCID: PMC9512529 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the nature of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity in patients with mild COVID-19 and sought to identify parameters most relevant for the generation of neutralizing antibody responses in convalescent COVID-19 patients. In the majority of the examined patients a cellular as well as humoral immune response directed to SARS-CoV-2 was detected. The finding of an anti-SARS-CoV-2-reactive cellular immune response in healthy individuals suggests a pre-existing immunity to various common cold HCoVs which share close homology with SARS-CoV-2. The humoral immunity to the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 detected in convalescent COVID-19 patients correlates with the presence of SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ T cells expressing Th1 cytokines. Remarkably, an inverse correlation of SARS-CoV-2 S protein-specific IgGs with HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E S1 protein-specific IgGs suggests that pre-existing immunity to Alphacoronaviruses might have had an inhibitory imprint on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2-infection in the examined patients with mild COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Odendahl
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Germany,Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany,Corresponding author at: Institute for Transfusion Medicine, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East gGmbH, Blasewitzerstr. 68-70, 01309 Dresden, Germany
| | - Iris Endler
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Germany,Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany
| | - Beate Haubold
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roman N. Rodionov
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl-Gustav, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl-Gustav, Dresden, Germany,Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Torsten Tonn
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Germany,Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany
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5
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Nückel J, Planatscher E, Mohr AW, Deichl K, Mijočević H, Feuerherd M, Wolff L, Erber J, Schneider J, Quante M, Winter C, Ruland J, Hapfelmeier A, Hammerschmidt W, Moosmann A, Protzer U, Behrends U, Mautner J. Association between IgG responses against the nucleocapsid proteins of alphacoronaviruses and COVID-19 severity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:889836. [PMID: 36159804 PMCID: PMC9490404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.889836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is crucial to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a multiplex approach, serum IgG responses against the whole SARS-CoV-2 proteome and the nucleocapsid proteins of endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) were measured in SARS-CoV-2-infected donors and healthy controls. COVID-19 severity strongly correlated with IgG responses against the nucleocapsid (N) of SARS-CoV-2 and possibly with the number of viral antigens targeted. Furthermore, a strong correlation between COVID-19 severity and serum responses against N of endemic alpha- but not betacoronaviruses was detected. This correlation was neither caused by cross-reactivity of antibodies, nor by a general boosting effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on pre-existing humoral immunity. These findings raise the prospect of a potential disease progression marker for COVID-19 severity that allows for early stratification of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Nückel
- Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisa Planatscher
- Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Wiebe Mohr
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZIF Research Group “Host Control of Viral Latency and Reactivation”, Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karolin Deichl
- Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hrvoje Mijočević
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München & Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Feuerherd
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München & Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Wolff
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München & Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Erber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Quante
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Winter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Hapfelmeier
- Institute of General Practice and Health Services Research & Institute for AI and Informatics in Medicine, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Moosmann
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZIF Research Group “Host Control of Viral Latency and Reactivation”, Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München & Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Uta Behrends
- Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München & Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Josef Mautner
- Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München & Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Josef Mautner,
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Kolehmainen P, Heroum J, Jalkanen P, Huttunen M, Toivonen L, Marjomäki V, Waris M, Smura T, Kakkola L, Tauriainen S, Peltola V, Julkunen I. Serological Follow-Up Study Indicates High Seasonal Coronavirus Infection and Reinfection Rates in Early Childhood. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0196721. [PMID: 35481830 PMCID: PMC9241850 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01967-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs) cause respiratory infections, especially in children. Currently, the knowledge on early childhood seasonal coronavirus infections and the duration of antibody levels following the first infections is limited. Here we analyzed serological follow-up samples to estimate the rate of primary infection and reinfection(s) caused by seasonal coronaviruses in early childhood. Serum specimens were collected from 140 children at ages of 13, 24, and 36 months (1, 2, and 3 years), and IgG antibody levels against recombinant HCoV nucleoproteins (N) were measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Altogether, 84% (118/140) of the children were seropositive for at least one seasonal coronavirus N by the age of 3 years. Cumulative seroprevalences for HCoVs 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 increased by age, and they were 45%, 27%, 70%, and 44%, respectively, at the age of 3 years. Increased antibody levels between yearly samples indicated reinfections by 229E, NL63, and OC43 viruses in 20-48% of previously seropositive children by the age of 3 years. Antibody levels declined 54-73% or 31-77% during the year after seropositivity in children initially seropositive at 1 or 2 years of age, respectively, in case there was no reinfection. The correlation of 229E and NL63, and OC43 and HKU1 EIA results, suggested potential cross-reactivity between the N specific antibodies inside the coronavirus genera. The data shows that seasonal coronavirus infections and reinfections are common in early childhood and the antibody levels decline relatively rapidly. IMPORTANCE The rapid spread of COVID-19 requires better knowledge on the rate of coronavirus infections and coronavirus specific antibody responses in different population groups. In this work we analyzed changes in seasonal human coronavirus specific antibodies in young children participating in a prospective 3-year serological follow-up study. We show that based on seropositivity and changes in serum coronavirus antibody levels, coronavirus infections and reinfections are common in early childhood and the antibodies elicited by the infection decline relatively rapidly. These observations provide further information on the characteristics of humoral immune responses of coronavirus infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jemna Heroum
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pinja Jalkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Moona Huttunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Toivonen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Matti Waris
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu Smura
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Ville Peltola
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Yao W, Tan L, Liu L. Visualization and analysis of mapping knowledge domains for coronavirus research. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29508. [PMID: 35758392 PMCID: PMC9276283 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, many countries around the world have been threatened by COVs. The aim of this study was to better grasp developments and trends in research on coronavirus around the world and to promote theoretical research into their prevention and control. METHODS Research on coronavirus was reviewed and analyzed using bibliometrics based on a total of 4860 publications collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Yearly quantitative distribution of literature, country/region distribution, organization distribution, main source journal distribution, subject category distribution, research knowledge bases, and research hotspots and frontiers were all analyzed, and CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to plot knowledge domain maps, Excel was used to plot keyword strategy diagram. RESULTS Coronavirus research could be roughly divided into 4 stages: preliminary development stage (before 2000), rapid growth stage (2000-2005), slow decline stage (2006-2011) and sustained growth stage (since 2012). America had taken the leading position in this field. The study of COVs involves many subject categories, mainly includes virology, veterinary sciences, biology, and immunology. At present, the key words in the field of coronavirus research were mainly divided into 6 major hot clusters, namely, the introduction and structure analysis of coronavirus, the research on the outbreak source and transmission of coronavirus, the research on the infection pathway of coronavirus in human body, the research on the pathogenesis of coronavirus, the research on the diagnosis and symptoms of coronavirus infection, and the research on the treatment of coronavirus. CONCLUSION Coronavirus, which occurs all over the world, often causes huge casualties and economic losses, and poses a serious threat to the safe and stable operation of the social and economic system. Objective literature review and analysis can help scholars in related fields to deepen their overall understanding. And, there are several key issues that should be further explored in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Yao
- School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Tan
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Liu
- School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Bold D, Roman-Sosa G, Gaudreault NN, Zayat B, Pogranichniy RM, Richt JA. Development of an Indirect ELISA for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Cats. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:864884. [PMID: 35754530 PMCID: PMC9226769 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.864884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Companion animals are susceptible to a variety of coronaviruses, and recent studies show that felines are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. RT-PCR diagnostic is currently the method of choice to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific viral nucleic acids in animal samples during an active infection; however, serological assays are critical to determine whether animals were exposed to the virus and to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in a defined population. In this study, we utilized recombinant nucleocapsid (N) protein and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 expressed in E. coli (N) and mammalian cells (N, RBD) to develop indirect ELISA (iELISA) tests using well-characterized SARS-CoV-2-positive and -negative cat serum panels from previous experimental cat challenge studies. The optimal conditions for the iELISA tests were established based on checkerboard dilutions of antigens and antibodies. The diagnostic sensitivity for the detection of feline antibodies specific for the N or RBD proteins of the iELISA tests was between 93.3 and 97.8%, respectively, and the diagnostic specificity 95.5%. The iELISAs developed here can be used for high-throughput screening of cat sera for both antigens. The presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in a BSL-2 biocontainment environment, unlike virus neutralization tests with live virus which have to be performed in BSL-3 laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashzeveg Bold
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Gleyder Roman-Sosa
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
- Institut für Virologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Batsukh Zayat
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Roman M. Pogranichniy
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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9
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Teixeira W, Pallás-Tamarit Y, Juste-Dolz A, Sena-Torralba A, Gozalbo-Rovira R, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Navarro D, Carrascosa J, Gimenez-Romero D, Maquieira Á, Morais S. An all-in-one point-of-care testing device for multiplexed detection of respiratory infections. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 213:114454. [PMID: 35696866 PMCID: PMC9176175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has reinforced the need for rapid, cost-effective, and reliable point-of-care testing (POCT) devices for massive population screening. The co-circulation of SARS-CoV-2 with several seasonal respiratory viruses highlights the need for multiplexed biosensing approaches. Herein, we present a fast and robust all-in-one POCT device for parallel viral antigen and serological analysis. The biosensing approach consists of a functionalized polycarbonate disc-shaped surface with microfluidic structures, where specific bioreagents are immobilized in microarray format, and a portable optoelectronic analyzer. The biosensor quantifies the concentration of viral antigens and specific immunoglobulins G and M for SARS-CoV-2, influenza A/B, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus, using 30 μL of a sample. The semi-automated analysis of 6 samples is performed in 30 min. Validation studies performed with 135 serum samples and 147 nasopharyngeal specimens reveal high diagnostic sensitivity (98–100%) and specificity (84–98%), achieving an excellent agreement (κ = 0.937) with commercial immunoassays, which complies with the World Health Organization criteria for POC COVID-19 diagnostic tests. The versatility of the POCT device paves the way for the detection of other pathogens and analytes in the incoming post-pandemic world, integrating specific bioreagents against different variants of concerns and interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Teixeira
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yeray Pallás-Tamarit
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Augusto Juste-Dolz
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amadeo Sena-Torralba
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Carrascosa
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Gimenez-Romero
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Química, Universitat de Valencia, Avenida Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta UPV-La Fe, Nanomedicine and Sensors, IIS La Fe, Av. de Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, València, Spain
| | - Sergi Morais
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta UPV-La Fe, Nanomedicine and Sensors, IIS La Fe, Av. de Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, València, Spain.
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10
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Abstract
Adaptive immune responses play critical roles in viral clearance and protection against re-infection, and SARS-CoV-2 is no exception. What is exceptional is the rapid characterization of the immune response to the virus performed by researchers during the first 20 months of the pandemic. This has given us a more detailed understanding of SARS-CoV-2 compared to many viruses that have been with us for a long time. Furthermore, effective COVID-19 vaccines were developed in record time, and their rollout worldwide is already making a significant difference, although major challenges remain in terms of equal access. The pandemic has engaged scientists and the public alike, and terms such as seroprevalence, neutralizing antibodies, antibody escape and vaccine certificates have become familiar to a broad community. Here, we review key findings concerning B cell and antibody (Ab) responses to SARS-CoV-2, focusing on non-severe cases and anti-spike (S) Ab responses in particular, the latter being central to protective immunity induced by infection or vaccination. The emergence of viral variants that have acquired mutations in S acutely highlights the need for continued characterization of both emerging variants and Ab responses against these during the evolving pathogen-immune system arms race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaquin Castro Dopico
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Humoral immune response to COVID-19 infection or vaccination among celiac disease patients. Cent Eur J Immunol 2022; 47:267-274. [PMID: 36817269 PMCID: PMC9896984 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2022.118649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Celiac disease (CD) is the most common autoimmune disease (AD) of the small intestine, affecting 1-2% of the population globally. It is characterized by the serological presence of autoantibodies (Abs), tissue transglutaminase antibody (tTGA), immunoglobulin (Ig) A, and IgG. Production of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 after infection with the virus or vaccination is not well understood, especially among CD patients. The goal of this study was to measure the IgG antibodies in Jordanian patients infected with or vaccinated against the SARS-CoV-2 virus with different types of vaccines (Pfizer- BioNTech BNT162b2, Sinopharm BBIBP-CorV or Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S) and compare them with the levels in non-celiac controls. IgG levels induced by different vaccines were also compared. Material and methods The data for this cross-sectional study were obtained via a survey, whereby respondents were identified through convenience sampling. The healthy controls were given Questionnaire A while CD patients completed Questionnaire B. The blood samples from all participants were tested for the COVID-19 nucleocapsid protein (NP) IgG serum levels for participants previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, and spike (S) protein (S1/S2) IgG serum levels for vaccine recipients. Results The study involved 116 individuals, 60 (51.7%) of whom were CD patients. The NP IgG serum levels in the infected and S1/S2 IgG levels in the vaccinated CD patients were significantly lower than the levels in controls (48.3 ±44.5 vs. 81.1 ±34.4 and 49 ±45.8 vs. 75.7 ±38.6, p = 0.002). Moreover, only the Pfizer vaccine induced significantly more IgG antibodies in controls compared to CD patients (88.8 ±29.1 vs. 58.3 ±45.4, p = 0.01). On the other hand, the IgG levels were significantly higher in CD patients who received the Pfizer relative to the AstraZeneca vaccine (58.3 ±45.5 vs. 13.0 ±23.6, p = 0.03). After adjusting for presence of CD, age, sex, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, vaccine type, smoking, gluten adherence, and time since infection or vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG Abs and/or NP IgG Abs positivity was significantly associated with CD absence and negatively with vaccine type (AstraZeneca) with the odds ratios (ORs) of 9.6 (95% CI = 1.5-59.2, p = 0.015) and 0.03 (95% CI = 0.004-0.244. p = 0.001), respectively. Conclusions We concluded that patients with CD had lower SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG Abs and NP IgG Abs levels than controls, and CD patients who received the Pfizer vaccine had higher IgG levels than patients who received the AstraZeneca vaccine. We recommend that further research be conducted to address the dynamics of the antibody responses in CD patients regarding COVID-19 infection.
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12
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Solastie A, Virta C, Haveri A, Ekström N, Kantele A, Miettinen S, Lempainen J, Jalkanen P, Kakkola L, Dub T, Julkunen I, Melin M. A Highly Sensitive and Specific SARS-CoV-2 Spike- and Nucleoprotein-Based Fluorescent Multiplex Immunoassay (FMIA) to Measure IgG, IgA, and IgM Class Antibodies. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0113121. [PMID: 34787485 PMCID: PMC8597651 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01131-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Validation and standardization of accurate serological assays are crucial for the surveillance of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and population immunity. We describe the analytical and clinical performance of an in-house fluorescent multiplex immunoassay (FMIA) for simultaneous quantification of antibodies against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleoprotein and spike glycoprotein. Furthermore, we calibrated IgG-FMIA against World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard and compared FMIA results to an in-house enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a microneutralization test (MNT). We also compared the MNT results of two laboratories. IgG-FMIA displayed 100% specificity and sensitivity for samples collected 13 to 150 days post-onset of symptoms (DPO). For IgA- and IgM-FMIA, 100% specificity and sensitivity were obtained for a shorter time window (13 to 36 and 13 to 28 DPO for IgA- and IgM-FMIA, respectively). FMIA and EIA results displayed moderate to strong correlation, but FMIA was overall more specific and sensitive. IgG-FMIA identified 100% of samples with neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Anti-spike IgG concentrations correlated strongly (ρ = 0.77 to 0.84, P < 2.2 × 10-16) with NAb titers, and the two laboratories' NAb titers displayed a very strong correlation (ρ = 0.95, P < 2.2 × 10-16). Our results indicate good correlation and concordance of antibody concentrations measured with different types of in-house SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays. Calibration against the WHO international standard did not, however, improve the comparability of FMIA and EIA results. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 serological assays with excellent clinical performance are essential for reliable estimation of the persistence of immunity after infection or vaccination. In this paper we present a thoroughly validated SARS-CoV-2 serological assay with excellent clinical performance and good comparability to neutralizing antibody titers. Neutralization tests are still considered the gold standard for SARS-CoV-2 serological assays, but our assay can identify samples with neutralizing antibodies with 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity without the need for laborious and slow biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) facility-requiring analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Solastie
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Virta
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Haveri
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Ekström
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Meilahti Infectious Diseases and Vaccination Research Center, MeiVac, Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simo Miettinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pinja Jalkanen
- Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Timothée Dub
- Department of Health Security, Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Galipeau Y, Siragam V, Laroche G, Marion E, Greig M, McGuinty M, Booth RA, Durocher Y, Cuperlovic-Culf M, Bennett SAL, Crawley AM, Giguère PM, Cooper C, Langlois MA. Relative Ratios of Human Seasonal Coronavirus Antibodies Predict the Efficiency of Cross-Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Binding to ACE2. EBioMedicine 2021; 74:103700. [PMID: 34861490 PMCID: PMC8629681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies raised against human seasonal coronaviruses (sCoVs), which are responsible for the common cold, are known to cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 antigens. This prompts questions about their protective role against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 severity. However, the relationship between sCoVs exposure and SARS-CoV-2 correlates of protection are not clearly identified. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of cross-reactivity and cross-neutralization to SARS-CoV-2 antigens (S-RBD, S-trimer, N) using pre-pandemic sera from four different groups: pediatrics and adolescents, individuals 21 to 70 years of age, older than 70 years of age, and individuals living with HCV or HIV. Data was then further analysed using machine learning to identify predictive patterns of neutralization based on sCoVs serology. FINDINGS Antibody cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 antigens varied between 1.6% and 15.3% depending on the cohort and the isotype-antigen pair analyzed. We also show a range of neutralizing activity (0-45%) with median inhibition ranging from 17.6 % to 23.3 % in serum that interferes with SARS-CoV-2 spike attachment to ACE2 independently of age group. While the abundance of sCoV antibodies did not directly correlate with neutralization, we show that neutralizing activity is rather dependent on relative ratios of IgGs in sera directed to all four sCoV spike proteins. More specifically, we identified antibodies to NL63 and OC43 as being the most important predictors of neutralization. INTERPRETATION Our data support the concept that exposure to sCoVs triggers antibody responses that influence the efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 spike binding to ACE2, which may potentially impact COVID-19 disease severity through other latent variables. FUNDING This study was supported by a grant by the CIHR (VR2 -172722) and by a grant supplement by the CITF, and by a NRC Collaborative R&D Initiative Grant (PR031-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Galipeau
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Vinayakumar Siragam
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Geneviève Laroche
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Erika Marion
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Matthew Greig
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Ronald A Booth
- University of Ottawa & The Ottawa Hospital Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and The Eastern Ontario Regional Laboratory Association (EORLA)
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada
| | - Miroslava Cuperlovic-Culf
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada; Digital Technologies Research Center, National Research Council Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology
| | - Steffany A L Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology; University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3)
| | - Angela M Crawley
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3); Department of Biology, Carleton University, Canada
| | - Patrick M Giguère
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Marc-André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada; University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3).
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14
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Lapp SA, Edara VV, Lu A, Lai L, Hussaini L, Chahroudi A, Anderson LJ, Suthar MS, Anderson EJ, Rostad CA. Original antigenic sin responses to Betacoronavirus spike proteins are observed in a mouse model, but are not apparent in children following SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256482. [PMID: 34449792 PMCID: PMC8396729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of pre-existing endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) immunity on SARS-CoV-2 serologic and clinical responses are incompletely understood. Objectives We sought to determine the effects of prior exposure to HCoV Betacoronavirus HKU1 spike protein on serologic responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein after intramuscular administration in mice. We also sought to understand the baseline seroprevalence of HKU1 spike antibodies in healthy children and to measure their correlation with SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibodies in children hospitalized with acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) or multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). Methods Groups of 5 mice were injected intramuscularly with two doses of alum-adjuvanted HKU1 spike followed by SARS-CoV-2 spike; or the reciprocal regimen of SARS-Cov-2 spike followed by HKU1 spike. Sera collected 21 days following each injection was analyzed for IgG antibodies to HKU1 spike, SARS-CoV-2 spike, and SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. Sera from children hospitalized with acute COVID-19, MIS-C or healthy controls (n = 14 per group) were analyzed for these same antibodies. Results Mice primed with SARS-CoV-2 spike and boosted with HKU1 spike developed high titers of SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibodies; however, mice primed with HKU1 spike and boosted with SARS-CoV-2 spike were unable to mount neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. HKU1 spike antibodies were detected in all children with acute COVID-19, MIS-C, and healthy controls. Although children with MIS-C had significantly higher HKU1 spike titers than healthy children (GMT 37239 vs. 7551, P = 0.012), these titers correlated positively with both SARS-CoV-2 binding (r = 0.7577, P<0.001) and neutralizing (r = 0.6201, P = 0.001) antibodies. Conclusions Prior murine exposure to HKU1 spike protein completely impeded the development of neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, consistent with original antigenic sin. In contrast, the presence of HKU1 spike IgG antibodies in children with acute COVID-19 or MIS-C was not associated with diminished neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A. Lapp
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Venkata Viswanadh Edara
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Austin Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Lilin Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Laila Hussaini
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Evan J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Christina A. Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Hemida MG. The next-generation coronavirus diagnostic techniques with particular emphasis on the SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4219-4241. [PMID: 33751621 PMCID: PMC8207115 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The potential zoonotic coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) are of global health concerns. Early diagnosis is the milestone in their mitigation, control, and eradication. Many diagnostic techniques are showing great success and have many advantages, such as the rapid turnover of the results, high accuracy, and high specificity and sensitivity. However, some of these techniques have several pitfalls if samples were not collected, processed, and transported in the standard ways and if these techniques were not practiced with extreme caution and precision. This may lead to false-negative/positive results. This may affect the downstream management of the affected cases. These techniques require regular fine-tuning, upgrading, and optimization. The continuous evolution of new strains and viruses belong to the coronaviruses is hampering the success of many classical techniques. There are urgent needs for next generations of coronaviruses diagnostic assays that overcome these pitfalls. This new generation of diagnostic tests should be able to do simultaneous, multiplex, and high-throughput detection of various coronavirus in one reaction. Furthermore, the development of novel assays and techniques that enable the in situ detection of the virus on the environmental samples, especially air, water, and surfaces, should be given considerable attention in the future. These approaches will have a substantial positive impact on the mitigation and eradication of coronaviruses, including the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged G. Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKing Faisal UniversityAl AhsaSaudi Arabia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineKafrelsheikh UniversityKafr ElsheikhEgypt
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16
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Tamminen K, Salminen M, Blazevic V. Seroprevalence and SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactivity of endemic coronavirus OC43 and 229E antibodies in Finnish children and adults. Clin Immunol 2021; 229:108782. [PMID: 34118402 PMCID: PMC8188772 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endemic human coronaviruses (hCoVs) are common causative agents of respiratory tract infections, affecting especially children. However, in the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, children are the least affected age-group. The objective of this study was to investigate the magnitude of endemic hCoVs antibodies in Finnish children and adults, and pre-pandemic antibody cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-2. Antibody levels against endemic hCoVs start to rise at a very early age, reaching to overall 100% seroprevalence. No difference in the antibody levels was detected for OC43 but the magnitude of 229E-specific antibodies was significantly higher in the sera of children. OC43 and 229E hCoV antibody levels of children correlated significantly with each other and with the level of cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, whereas these correlations completely lacked in adults. Although none of the sera showed SARS-CoV-2 neutralization, the higher overall hCoV cross-reactivity observed in children might, at least partially, contribute in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Tamminen
- Vaccine Development and Immunology/Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Marjo Salminen
- Vaccine Development and Immunology/Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Vesna Blazevic
- Vaccine Development and Immunology/Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
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17
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Dobaño C, Santano R, Jiménez A, Vidal M, Chi J, Rodrigo Melero N, Popovic M, López-Aladid R, Fernández-Barat L, Tortajada M, Carmona-Torre F, Reina G, Torres A, Mayor A, Carolis C, García-Basteiro AL, Aguilar R, Moncunill G, Izquierdo L. Immunogenicity and crossreactivity of antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2: utility and limitations in seroprevalence and immunity studies. Transl Res 2021; 232:60-74. [PMID: 33582244 PMCID: PMC7879156 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 patients elicit strong responses to the nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2 but binding antibodies are also detected in prepandemic individuals, indicating potential crossreactivity with common cold human coronaviruses (HCoV) and questioning its utility in seroprevalence studies. We investigated the immunogenicity of the full-length and shorter fragments of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein, and the crossreactivity of antibodies with HCoV. We identified a C-terminus region in SARS-CoV2 N of minimal sequence homology with HCoV that was more specific for SARS-CoV-2 and highly immunogenic. IgGs to the full-length SARS-CoV-2 N also recognized N229E N, and IgGs to HKU1 N recognized SARS-CoV-2 N. Crossreactivity with SARS-CoV-2 was stronger for alpha- rather than beta-HCoV despite having less sequence identity, revealing the importance of conformational recognition. Higher preexisting IgG to OC43 N correlated with lower IgG to SARS-CoV-2 N in rRT-PCR negative individuals, reflecting less exposure and indicating a potential protective association. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 N were higher in patients with more severe and longer duration of symptoms and in females. IgGs remained stable for at least 3 months, while IgAs and IgMs declined faster. In conclusion, N protein is a primary target of SARS-CoV-2-specific and HCoV crossreactive antibodies, both of which may affect the acquisition of immunity to COVID-19.
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Key Words
- ade, antibody-dependent disease enhancement
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- ct, c-terminus
- fl, full-length
- hcov, common cold human coronavirus
- loess, locally estimated scatterplot smoothing
- m, month
- mfi, median fluorescence intensity
- n, nucleocapsid
- nt, n-terminus
- rbd, receptor-binding domain
- rrt-pcr, real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
- s, spike
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Rebeca Santano
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alfons Jiménez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Marta Vidal
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Chi
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Natalia Rodrigo Melero
- Biomolecular Screening and Protein Technologies Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matija Popovic
- Biomolecular Screening and Protein Technologies Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén López-Aladid
- Cellex Laboratory, CibeRes (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 06/06/0028), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Fernández-Barat
- Cellex Laboratory, CibeRes (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 06/06/0028), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Tortajada
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Carmona-Torre
- Infectious Diseases Division and Clinical Microbiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Spain
| | - Gabriel Reina
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antoni Torres
- Cellex Laboratory, CibeRes (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 06/06/0028), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Pneumology Service, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Mayor
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Carlo Carolis
- Biomolecular Screening and Protein Technologies Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto L García-Basteiro
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique; International Health Department, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruth Aguilar
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gemma Moncunill
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Luis Izquierdo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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18
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Seroprevalence of COVID-19 and associated factors in a medical institution in Pakistan. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2021; 16:619-623. [PMID: 34093105 PMCID: PMC8164468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study investigates the association of preventive measures with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) seropositivity. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Combined Military Hospital Kharian Medical College, Pakistan, in September 2020. A total of 442 participants from three different strata (faculty, students, and administration/technical staff) were enrolled using a convenient sampling technique. A rapid antibody testing method was used to detect antibodies. The Ichroma™ COVID-19 Ab test is an in vitro diagnostic device that helps in the rapid identification of COVID-19 by measuring the levels of IgG and IgM antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the blood. An automated fluorescent immunoassay system (AFIAS-6), with a clinical sensitivity of 95.8% and specificity of 96.7%, was used for qualitative analysis. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data, and data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Results In total, 442 participants were included in the study: 40 (9%) faculty members, 299 (67%) students, and 103 (23.3%) administrative/technical staff. As many as 14.9% of the participants were symptomatic; 32.4% always used masks, and 14% never wore masks. Furthermore, 69.7% of participants frequently washed their hands for 20 s, and 75.6% were aware of social distancing. A total of 16.96% of participants tested positive for IgG antibodies. Moreover, most of the administration/technical staff who tested positive for IgG were asymptomatic (68.42%). A significant association (p < 0.001) was found between following the safety guidelines (wearing masks, handwashing, and social distancing) and the occurrence of COVID-19. Conclusion This study showed a higher seroprevalence rate than other studies as it was conducted toward the end of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, we are still far from achieving herd immunity. Furthermore, strict compliance with preventive measures is the only way to ensure safety until an effective vaccine is developed.
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19
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Klüpfel J, Koros RC, Dehne K, Ungerer M, Würstle S, Mautner J, Feuerherd M, Protzer U, Hayden O, Elsner M, Seidel M. Automated, flow-based chemiluminescence microarray immunoassay for the rapid multiplex detection of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in human serum and plasma (CoVRapid CL-MIA). Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5619-5632. [PMID: 33983466 PMCID: PMC8116441 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, the need for rapid serological tests that allow multiplexing emerged, as antibody seropositivity can instruct about individual immunity after an infection with SARS-CoV-2 or after vaccination. As many commercial antibody tests are either time-consuming or tend to produce false negative or false positive results when only one antigen is considered, we developed an automated, flow-based chemiluminescence microarray immunoassay (CL-MIA) that allows for the detection of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD), spike protein (S1 fragment), and nucleocapsid protein (N) in human serum and plasma in less than 8 min. The CoVRapid CL-MIA was tested with a set of 65 SARS-CoV-2 serology positive or negative samples, resulting in 100% diagnostic specificity and 100% diagnostic sensitivity, thus even outcompeting commercial tests run on the same sample set. Additionally, the prospect of future quantitative assessments (i.e., quantifying the level of antibodies) was demonstrated. Due to the fully automated process, the test can easily be operated in hospitals, medical practices, or vaccination centers, offering a valuable tool for COVID-19 serosurveillance. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klüpfel
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Rosa Carolina Koros
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Dehne
- ISAR Bioscience GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Martin Ungerer
- ISAR Bioscience GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Silvia Würstle
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Josef Mautner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Haematologikum, Research Unit Gene Vectors and Technical University of Munich, Children's Hospital, Marchioninistraße 25, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstr. 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Feuerherd
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstr. 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstr. 30, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich partner site, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Hayden
- Heinz-Nixdorf-Chair for Biomedical Electronics, Technical University of Munich, TranslaTUM, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Seidel
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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20
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Benzigar MR, Bhattacharjee R, Baharfar M, Liu G. Current methods for diagnosis of human coronaviruses: pros and cons. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:2311-2330. [PMID: 33219449 PMCID: PMC7679240 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current global fight against coronavirus disease (COVID-19) to flatten the transmission curve is put forth by the World Health Organization (WHO) as there is no immediate diagnosis or cure for COVID-19 so far. In order to stop the spread, researchers worldwide are working around the clock aiming to develop reliable tools for early diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) understanding the infection path and mechanisms. Currently, nucleic acid-based molecular diagnosis (real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test) is considered the gold standard for early diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Antibody-based serology detection is ineffective for the purpose of early diagnosis, but a potential tool for serosurveys, providing people with immune certificates for clearance from COVID-19 infection. Meanwhile, there are various blooming methods developed these days. In this review, we summarise different types of coronavirus discovered which can be transmitted between human beings. Methods used for diagnosis of the discovered human coronavirus (SARS, MERS, COVID-19) including nucleic acid detection, gene sequencing, antibody detection, antigen detection, and clinical diagnosis are presented. Their merits, demerits and prospects are discussed which can help the researchers to develop new generation of advanced diagnostic tools for accurate and effective control of human coronavirus transmission in the communities and hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy R Benzigar
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ripon Bhattacharjee
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mahroo Baharfar
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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21
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Fotis C, Meimetis N, Tsolakos N, Politou M, Akinosoglou K, Pliaka V, Minia A, Terpos E, Trougakos IP, Mentis A, Marangos M, Panayiotakopoulos G, Dimopoulos MA, Gogos C, Spyridonidis A, Alexopoulos LG. Accurate SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence surveys require robust multi-antigen assays. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6614. [PMID: 33758278 PMCID: PMC7988055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a plethora of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) serological tests based either on nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (N), S1-subunit of spike glycoprotein (S1) or receptor binding domain (RBD). Although these single-antigen based tests demonstrate high clinical performance, there is growing evidence regarding their limitations in epidemiological serosurveys. To address this, we developed a Luminex-based multiplex immunoassay that detects total antibodies (IgG/IgM/IgA) against the N, S1 and RBD antigens and used it to compare antibody responses in 1225 blood donors across Greece. Seroprevalence based on single-antigen readouts was strongly influenced by both the antigen type and cut-off value and ranged widely [0.8% (95% CI 0.4-1.5%)-7.5% (95% CI 6.0-8.9%)]. A multi-antigen approach requiring partial agreement between RBD and N or S1 readouts (RBD&N|S1 rule) was less affected by cut-off selection, resulting in robust seroprevalence estimation [0.6% (95% CI 0.3-1.1%)-1.2% (95% CI 0.7-2.0%)] and accurate identification of seroconverted individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Fotis
- Biomedical Systems Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Meimetis
- Biomedical Systems Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Marianna Politou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Karolina Akinosoglou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Vaia Pliaka
- ProtATonce Ltd, Demokritos Science Park, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis P Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Mentis
- Medicinal Microbiology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Markos Marangos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - George Panayiotakopoulos
- Pharmacology Laboratory, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- National Public Health Organization, Athens, Greece
| | - Meletios A Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Gogos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Alexandros Spyridonidis
- Department of Internal Medicine, BMT Unit and CBMDP Donor Center, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Leonidas G Alexopoulos
- Biomedical Systems Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- ProtATonce Ltd, Demokritos Science Park, Athens, Greece.
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22
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Generali D, Bosio G, Malberti F, Cuzzoli A, Testa S, Romanini L, Fioravanti A, Morandini A, Pianta L, Giannotti G, Viola EM, Giorgi-Pierfranceschi M, Foramitti M, Tira RA, Zangrandi I, Chiodelli G, Machiavelli A, Cappelletti MR, Giossi A, De Giuli V, Costanzi C, Campana C, Bernocchi O, Sirico M, Zoncada A, Molteni A, Venturini S, Giudici F, Scaltriti M, Pan A. Canakinumab as treatment for COVID-19-related pneumonia: A prospective case-control study. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 104:433-440. [PMID: 33385581 PMCID: PMC7771302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Canakinumab is an IL-1β antibody that neutralises the activity of IL-1β. This study examined the efficacy and safety of canakinumab in patients with moderate COVID-19-related pneumonia. DESIGN This study aimed to evaluate the reduction in duration of hospitalisation with adequate oxygen status. Forty-eight patients with moderate COVID-19-related pneumonia were asked to participate in the prospective case-control study: 33 patients (cases) signed informed consent and received canakinumab (Cohort 1) and 15 patients (Controls) refused to receive the experimental drug and received institutional standard of care (Cohort 2). RESULTS Hospital discharge within 21 days was seen in 63% of patients in Cohort 1 vs. 0% in Cohort 2 (median 14 vs. 26 days, respectively; p < 0.001). There was significant clinical improvement in ventilation regimes following administration of canakinumab compared with Cohort 2 (Stuart-Maxwell test for paired data, p < 0.001). Patients treated with canakinumab experienced a significant increase in PaO2:FiO2 (p < 0.001) and reduction in lung damage by CT (p = 0.01), along with significant decreases in immune/inflammation markers that were not observed in Cohort 2. Only mild side-effects were seen in patients treated with canakinumab; survival at 60 days was 90.0% (95% CI 71.9-96.7) in patients treated with canakinumab and 73.3% (95% CI 43.6-89.1) for Cohort 2. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with canakinumab in patients with COVID-19-related pneumonia rapidly restored normal oxygen status, decreased the need for invasive mechanical ventilation, and was associated with earlier hospital discharge and favourable prognosis versus standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Generali
- COVID Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Bosio
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabio Malberti
- COVID Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Antonio Cuzzoli
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sophie Testa
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Center, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Laura Romanini
- Radiology Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Antonio Fioravanti
- COVID Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | | | - Luca Pianta
- COVID Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | | | - Erika Maria Viola
- COVID Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | | | - Marina Foramitti
- COVID Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Rosa Angela Tira
- Radiology Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zangrandi
- Radiology Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Giulia Chiodelli
- Pharmacy Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Andrea Machiavelli
- Pharmacy Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Cappelletti
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Center, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Alessia Giossi
- COVID Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Valeria De Giuli
- COVID Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Chiara Costanzi
- COVID Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Chiara Campana
- COVID Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Ottavia Bernocchi
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marianna Sirico
- COVID Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Alessia Zoncada
- COVID Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Alfredo Molteni
- COVID Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Sergio Venturini
- Department of Management, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Centre for Research on Health and Social Care Management (CERGAS), SDA Bocconi School of Management, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiola Giudici
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Scaltriti
- Department of Pathology and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angelo Pan
- COVID Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
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23
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Mattioli IA, Hassan A, Oliveira ON, Crespilho FN. On the Challenges for the Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Based on a Review of Current Methodologies. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3655-3677. [PMID: 33267587 PMCID: PMC7724986 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of COVID-19 has been challenging owing to the need for mass testing and for combining distinct types of detection to cover the different stages of the infection. In this review, we have surveyed the most used methodologies for diagnosis of COVID-19, which can be basically categorized into genetic-material detection and immunoassays. Detection of genetic material with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and similar techniques has been achieved with high accuracy, but these methods are expensive and require time-consuming protocols which are not widely available, especially in less developed countries. Immunoassays for detecting a few antibodies, on the other hand, have been used for rapid, less expensive tests, but their accuracy in diagnosing infected individuals has been limited. We have therefore discussed the strengths and limitations of all of these methodologies, particularly in light of the required combination of tests owing to the long incubation periods. We identified the bottlenecks that prevented mass testing in many countries, and proposed strategies for further action, which are mostly associated with materials science and chemistry. Of special relevance are the methodologies which can be integrated into point-of-care (POC) devices and the use of artificial intelligence that do not require products from a well-developed biotech industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela A. Mattioli
- São Carlos Institute of
Chemistry, University of São Paulo,
São Carlos 13560-970, São Paulo,
Brazil
| | - Ayaz Hassan
- São Carlos Institute of
Chemistry, University of São Paulo,
São Carlos 13560-970, São Paulo,
Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N. Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of
Physics, University of São Paulo,
São Carlos 13560-590, São Paulo,
Brazil
| | - Frank N. Crespilho
- São Carlos Institute of
Chemistry, University of São Paulo,
São Carlos 13560-970, São Paulo,
Brazil
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24
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Galipeau Y, Greig M, Liu G, Driedger M, Langlois MA. Humoral Responses and Serological Assays in SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:610688. [PMID: 33391281 PMCID: PMC7775512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.610688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, the novel betacoronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Disease Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected in Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 has since become a pandemic virus resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths and deep socioeconomic implications worldwide. In recent months, efforts have been directed towards detecting, tracking, and better understanding human humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. It has become critical to develop robust and reliable serological assays to characterize the abundance, neutralization efficiency, and duration of antibodies in virus-exposed individuals. Here we review the latest knowledge on humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, along with the benefits and limitations of currently available commercial and laboratory-based serological assays. We also highlight important serological considerations, such as antibody expression levels, stability and neutralization dynamics, as well as cross-reactivity and possible immunological back-boosting by seasonal coronaviruses. The ability to accurately detect, measure and characterize the various antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2 is necessary for vaccine development, manage risk and exposure for healthcare and at-risk workers, and for monitoring reinfections with genetic variants and new strains of the virus. Having a thorough understanding of the benefits and cautions of standardized serological testing at a community level remains critically important in the design and implementation of future vaccination campaigns, epidemiological models of immunity, and public health measures that rely heavily on up-to-date knowledge of transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Galipeau
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Greig
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - George Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Marc-André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- uOttawa Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3), Ottawa, ON, Canada
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25
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Steiner DJ, Cognetti JS, Luta EP, Klose AM, Bucukovski J, Bryan MR, Schmuke JJ, Nguyen-Contant P, Sangster MY, Topham DJ, Miller BL. Array-based analysis of SARS-CoV-2, other coronaviruses, and influenza antibodies in convalescent COVID-19 patients. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 169:112643. [PMID: 33007615 PMCID: PMC7522665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Detection of antibodies to upper respiratory pathogens is critical to surveillance, assessment of the immune status of individuals, vaccine development, and basic biology. The urgent need for antibody detection tools has proven particularly acute in the COVID-19 era. We report a multiplex label-free antigen microarray on the Arrayed Imaging Reflectometry (AIR) platform for detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS, three circulating coronavirus strains (HKU1, 229E, OC43) and three strains of influenza. We find that the array is readily able to distinguish uninfected from convalescent COVID-19 subjects, and provides quantitative information about total Ig, as well as IgG- and IgM-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Y Sangster
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - David J Topham
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Benjamin L Miller
- Biochemistry and Biophysics, USA; Biomedical Engineering, USA; Dermatology, USA.
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26
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Alhalaili B, Popescu IN, Kamoun O, Alzubi F, Alawadhia S, Vidu R. Nanobiosensors for the Detection of Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCoV and Other Pandemic/Epidemic Respiratory Viruses: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6591. [PMID: 33218097 PMCID: PMC7698809 DOI: 10.3390/s20226591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is considered a public health emergency of international concern. The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused this pandemic has spread rapidly to over 200 countries, and has drastically affected public health and the economies of states at unprecedented levels. In this context, efforts around the world are focusing on solving this problem in several directions of research, by: (i) exploring the origin and evolution of the phylogeny of the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome; (ii) developing nanobiosensors that could be highly effective in detecting the new coronavirus; (iii) finding effective treatments for COVID-19; and (iv) working on vaccine development. In this paper, an overview of the progress made in the development of nanobiosensors for the detection of human coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is presented, along with specific techniques for modifying the surface of nanobiosensors. The newest detection methods of the influenza virus responsible for acute respiratory syndrome were compared with conventional methods, highlighting the newest trends in diagnostics, applications, and challenges of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 causative virus) nanobiosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badriyah Alhalaili
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait; (B.A.); (F.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Ileana Nicoleta Popescu
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Mechanics, Valahia University of Targoviste, 13 Aleea Sinaia Street, 130004 Targoviste, Romania
| | - Olfa Kamoun
- Physics of Semiconductor Devices Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
| | - Feras Alzubi
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait; (B.A.); (F.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Sami Alawadhia
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait; (B.A.); (F.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Ruxandra Vidu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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27
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Huang AT, Garcia-Carreras B, Hitchings MDT, Yang B, Katzelnick LC, Rattigan SM, Borgert BA, Moreno CA, Solomon BD, Trimmer-Smith L, Etienne V, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Lessler J, Salje H, Burke DS, Wesolowski A, Cummings DAT. A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4704. [PMID: 32943637 PMCID: PMC7499300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many public health responses and modeled scenarios for COVID-19 outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 assume that infection results in an immune response that protects individuals from future infections or illness for some amount of time. The presence or absence of protective immunity due to infection or vaccination (when available) will affect future transmission and illness severity. Here, we review the scientific literature on antibody immunity to coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 as well as the related SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). We reviewed 2,452 abstracts and identified 491 manuscripts relevant to 5 areas of focus: 1) antibody kinetics, 2) correlates of protection, 3) immunopathogenesis, 4) antigenic diversity and cross-reactivity, and 5) population seroprevalence. While further studies of SARS-CoV-2 are necessary to determine immune responses, evidence from other coronaviruses can provide clues and guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angkana T Huang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bernardo Garcia-Carreras
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matt D T Hitchings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bingyi Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leah C Katzelnick
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Susan M Rattigan
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brooke A Borgert
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carlos A Moreno
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin D Solomon
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luke Trimmer-Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Veronique Etienne
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Henrik Salje
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Donald S Burke
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amy Wesolowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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28
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Fong CHY, Cai JP, Dissanayake TK, Chen LL, Choi CYK, Wong LH, Ng ACK, Pang PKP, Ho DTY, Poon RWS, Chung TWH, Sridhar S, Chan KH, Chan JFW, Hung IFN, Yuen KY, To KKW. Improved Detection of Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 by Microsphere-Based Antibody Assay. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6595. [PMID: 32916926 PMCID: PMC7555114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently available COVID-19 antibody tests using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or immunochromatographic assay have variable sensitivity and specificity. Here, we developed and evaluated a novel microsphere-based antibody assay (MBA) for detecting immunoglobulin G (IgG) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleoprotein (NP) and spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD). The seropositive cutoff value was set using a cohort of 294 anonymous serum specimens collected in 2018. The specificity was assessed using serum specimens collected from organ donors or influenza patients before 2020. Seropositive rate was determined among COVID-19 patients. Time-to-seropositivity and signal-to-cutoff (S/CO) ratio were compared between MBA and EIA. MBA had a specificity of 100% (93/93; 95% confidence interval (CI), 96-100%) for anti-NP IgG, 98.9% (92/93; 95% CI 94.2-100%) for anti-RBD IgG. The MBA seropositive rate for convalescent COVID-19 patients was 89.8% (35/39) for anti-NP IgG and 79.5% (31/39) for anti-RBD IgG. The time-to-seropositivity was shorter with MBA than EIA. MBA could better differentiate between COVID-19 patients and negative controls with higher S/CO ratio for COVID-19 patients, lower S/CO ratio with negative controls and fewer specimens in the equivocal range. MBA is robust, simple and is suitable for clinical microbiology laboratory for the accurate determination of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies for diagnosis, serosurveillance, and vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Ho-Yan Fong
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (C.H.-Y.F.); (J.-P.C.); (T.K.D.); (L.-L.C.); (C.Y.-K.C.); (L.-H.W.); (A.C.-K.N.); (P.K.P.P.); (D.T.-Y.H.); (S.S.); (K.-H.C.); (J.F.-W.C.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Jian-Piao Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (C.H.-Y.F.); (J.-P.C.); (T.K.D.); (L.-L.C.); (C.Y.-K.C.); (L.-H.W.); (A.C.-K.N.); (P.K.P.P.); (D.T.-Y.H.); (S.S.); (K.-H.C.); (J.F.-W.C.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Thrimendra Kaushika Dissanayake
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (C.H.-Y.F.); (J.-P.C.); (T.K.D.); (L.-L.C.); (C.Y.-K.C.); (L.-H.W.); (A.C.-K.N.); (P.K.P.P.); (D.T.-Y.H.); (S.S.); (K.-H.C.); (J.F.-W.C.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Lin-Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (C.H.-Y.F.); (J.-P.C.); (T.K.D.); (L.-L.C.); (C.Y.-K.C.); (L.-H.W.); (A.C.-K.N.); (P.K.P.P.); (D.T.-Y.H.); (S.S.); (K.-H.C.); (J.F.-W.C.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Charlotte Yee-Ki Choi
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (C.H.-Y.F.); (J.-P.C.); (T.K.D.); (L.-L.C.); (C.Y.-K.C.); (L.-H.W.); (A.C.-K.N.); (P.K.P.P.); (D.T.-Y.H.); (S.S.); (K.-H.C.); (J.F.-W.C.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Lok-Hin Wong
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (C.H.-Y.F.); (J.-P.C.); (T.K.D.); (L.-L.C.); (C.Y.-K.C.); (L.-H.W.); (A.C.-K.N.); (P.K.P.P.); (D.T.-Y.H.); (S.S.); (K.-H.C.); (J.F.-W.C.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Anthony Chin-Ki Ng
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (C.H.-Y.F.); (J.-P.C.); (T.K.D.); (L.-L.C.); (C.Y.-K.C.); (L.-H.W.); (A.C.-K.N.); (P.K.P.P.); (D.T.-Y.H.); (S.S.); (K.-H.C.); (J.F.-W.C.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Polly K. P. Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (C.H.-Y.F.); (J.-P.C.); (T.K.D.); (L.-L.C.); (C.Y.-K.C.); (L.-H.W.); (A.C.-K.N.); (P.K.P.P.); (D.T.-Y.H.); (S.S.); (K.-H.C.); (J.F.-W.C.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Deborah Tip-Yin Ho
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (C.H.-Y.F.); (J.-P.C.); (T.K.D.); (L.-L.C.); (C.Y.-K.C.); (L.-H.W.); (A.C.-K.N.); (P.K.P.P.); (D.T.-Y.H.); (S.S.); (K.-H.C.); (J.F.-W.C.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Rosana Wing-Shan Poon
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China; (R.W.-S.P.); (T.W.-H.C.)
| | - Tom Wai-Hin Chung
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China; (R.W.-S.P.); (T.W.-H.C.)
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (C.H.-Y.F.); (J.-P.C.); (T.K.D.); (L.-L.C.); (C.Y.-K.C.); (L.-H.W.); (A.C.-K.N.); (P.K.P.P.); (D.T.-Y.H.); (S.S.); (K.-H.C.); (J.F.-W.C.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (C.H.-Y.F.); (J.-P.C.); (T.K.D.); (L.-L.C.); (C.Y.-K.C.); (L.-H.W.); (A.C.-K.N.); (P.K.P.P.); (D.T.-Y.H.); (S.S.); (K.-H.C.); (J.F.-W.C.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (C.H.-Y.F.); (J.-P.C.); (T.K.D.); (L.-L.C.); (C.Y.-K.C.); (L.-H.W.); (A.C.-K.N.); (P.K.P.P.); (D.T.-Y.H.); (S.S.); (K.-H.C.); (J.F.-W.C.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (C.H.-Y.F.); (J.-P.C.); (T.K.D.); (L.-L.C.); (C.Y.-K.C.); (L.-H.W.); (A.C.-K.N.); (P.K.P.P.); (D.T.-Y.H.); (S.S.); (K.-H.C.); (J.F.-W.C.); (K.-Y.Y.)
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (C.H.-Y.F.); (J.-P.C.); (T.K.D.); (L.-L.C.); (C.Y.-K.C.); (L.-H.W.); (A.C.-K.N.); (P.K.P.P.); (D.T.-Y.H.); (S.S.); (K.-H.C.); (J.F.-W.C.); (K.-Y.Y.)
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29
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Hussein HA, Hassan RYA, Chino M, Febbraio F. Point-of-Care Diagnostics of COVID-19: From Current Work to Future Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4289. [PMID: 32752043 PMCID: PMC7435936 DOI: 10.3390/s20154289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have received global concern since 2003, when an outbreak caused by SARS-CoV emerged in China. Later on, in 2012, the Middle-East respiratory syndrome spread in Saudi Arabia, caused by MERS-CoV. Currently, the global crisis is caused by the pandemic SARS-CoV-2, which belongs to the same lineage of SARS-CoV. In response to the urgent need of diagnostic tools, several lab-based and biosensing techniques have been proposed so far. Five main areas have been individuated and discussed in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. The cell-culture detection and the microneutralization tests are still considered highly reliable methods. The genetic screening, featuring the well-established Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), represents the gold standard for virus detection in nasopharyngeal swabs. On the other side, immunoassays were developed, either by screening/antigen recognition of IgM/IgG or by detecting the whole virus, in blood and sera. Next, proteomic mass-spectrometry (MS)-based methodologies have also been proposed for the analysis of swab samples. Finally, virus-biosensing devices were efficiently designed. Both electrochemical immunosensors and eye-based technologies have been described, showing detection times lower than 10 min after swab introduction. Alternative to swab-based techniques, lateral flow point-of-care immunoassays are already commercially available for the analysis of blood samples. Such biosensing devices hold the advantage of being portable for on-site testing in hospitals, airports, and hotspots, virtually without any sample treatment or complicated lab precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A. Hussein
- Virology Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Rabeay Y. A. Hassan
- Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, Giza 12578, Egypt;
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”. Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Ferdinando Febbraio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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30
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Chen Z, Zhang Z, Zhai X, Li Y, Lin L, Zhao H, Bian L, Li P, Yu L, Wu Y, Lin G. Rapid and Sensitive Detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Using Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticles-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7226-7231. [PMID: 32323974 PMCID: PMC7202245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been a challenge for hospital laboratories because of the huge number of samples that must be tested for the presence of the causative pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Simple and rapid immunodiagnostic methods are urgently needed to identify positive cases. Here we report the development of a rapid and sensitive lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) that uses lanthanide-doped polysterene nanoparticles (LNPs) to detect anti-SARV-CoV-2 IgG in human serum. A recombinant nucleocapsid phosphoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 was dispensed onto a nitrocellulose membrane to capture specific IgG. Mouse anti-human IgG antibody was labeled with self-assembled LNPs that served as a fluorescent reporter. A 100-μL aliquot of serum samples (1:1000 dilution) was used for this assay and the whole detection process took 10 min. The results of the validation experiment met the requirements for clinical diagnostic reagents. A value of 0.0666 was defined as the cutoff value by assaying 51 normal samples. We tested 7 samples that were positive by reverse-transcription (RT-)PCR and 12 that were negative but clinically suspicious for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. One of the negative samples was determined to be SARS-CoV-2 IgG positive, while the results for the other samples were consistent with those obtained by RT-PCR. Thus, this assay can achieve rapid and sensitive detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in human serum and allow positive identification in suspicious cases; it can also be useful for monitoring the progression COVID-19 and evaluating patients' response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Chen
- Institute of Antibody Engineering,
School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou,
China
| | - Zhigao Zhang
- Institute of Antibody Engineering,
School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou,
China
| | - Xiangming Zhai
- Institute of Antibody Engineering,
School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou,
China
| | - Yongyin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure
Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis
Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital,
Southern Medical University,
Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- Institute of Antibody Engineering,
School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou,
China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic
Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen
University, Guangzhou,
China
| | - Lun Bian
- Institute of Antibody Engineering,
School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou,
China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Antibody Engineering,
School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou,
China
| | - Lei Yu
- Guangzhou Eighth People’s
Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University,
Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingsong Wu
- Institute of Antibody Engineering,
School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou,
China
| | - Guanfeng Lin
- Experimental Center of Teaching and
Scientific Research, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology,
Southern Medical University,
Guangzhou, China
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31
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Chen Z, Zhang Z, Zhai X, Li Y, Lin L, Zhao H, Bian L, Li P, Yu L, Wu Y, Lin G. Rapid and Sensitive Detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Using Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticles-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay. Anal Chem 2020. [PMID: 32323974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c0078410.1021/acs.analchem.0c00784.s001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been a challenge for hospital laboratories because of the huge number of samples that must be tested for the presence of the causative pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Simple and rapid immunodiagnostic methods are urgently needed to identify positive cases. Here we report the development of a rapid and sensitive lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) that uses lanthanide-doped polysterene nanoparticles (LNPs) to detect anti-SARV-CoV-2 IgG in human serum. A recombinant nucleocapsid phosphoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 was dispensed onto a nitrocellulose membrane to capture specific IgG. Mouse anti-human IgG antibody was labeled with self-assembled LNPs that served as a fluorescent reporter. A 100-μL aliquot of serum samples (1:1000 dilution) was used for this assay and the whole detection process took 10 min. The results of the validation experiment met the requirements for clinical diagnostic reagents. A value of 0.0666 was defined as the cutoff value by assaying 51 normal samples. We tested 7 samples that were positive by reverse-transcription (RT-)PCR and 12 that were negative but clinically suspicious for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. One of the negative samples was determined to be SARS-CoV-2 IgG positive, while the results for the other samples were consistent with those obtained by RT-PCR. Thus, this assay can achieve rapid and sensitive detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in human serum and allow positive identification in suspicious cases; it can also be useful for monitoring the progression COVID-19 and evaluating patients' response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Chen
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhigao Zhang
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangming Zhai
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lun Bian
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingsong Wu
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanfeng Lin
- Experimental Center of Teaching and Scientific Research, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Freeman B, Lester S, Mills L, Rasheed MAU, Moye S, Abiona O, Hutchinson GB, Morales-Betoulle M, Krapinunaya I, Gibbons A, Chiang CF, Cannon D, Klena J, Johnson JA, Owen SM, Graham BS, Corbett KS, Thornburg NJ. Validation of a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein ELISA for use in contact investigations and serosurveillance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.04.24.057323. [PMID: 32511332 PMCID: PMC7239067 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.24.057323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Since emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019, there has been a critical need to understand prevalence, transmission patterns, to calculate the burden of disease and case fatality rates. Molecular diagnostics, the gold standard for identifying viremic cases, are not ideal for determining true case counts and rates of asymptomatic infection. Serological detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies can contribute to filling these knowledge gaps. In this study, we describe optimization and validation of a SARS-CoV-2-specific-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the prefusion-stabilized form of the spike protein [1]. We performed receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses to define the specificities and sensitivities of the optimized assay and examined cross reactivity with immune sera from persons confirmed tohave had infections with other coronaviruses. These assays will be used to perform contact investigations and to conduct large-scale, cross sectional surveillance to define disease burden in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Mills
- Eagle global Scientific, LLC, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | - Olubukola Abiona
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Geoffrey B. Hutchinson
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John Klena
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA
| | | | | | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Kizzmekia S. Corbett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD
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Huang AT, Garcia-Carreras B, Hitchings MD, Yang B, Katzelnick LC, Rattigan SM, Borgert BA, Moreno CA, Solomon BD, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Lessler J, Salje H, Burke D, Wesolowski A, Cummings DA. A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: antibody kinetics, correlates of protection, and association of antibody responses with severity of disease. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.04.14.20065771. [PMID: 32511434 PMCID: PMC7217088 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.14.20065771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The duration and nature of immunity generated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknown. Many public health responses and modeled scenarios for COVID-19 outbreaks caused by SARSCoV-2 assume that infection results in an immune response that protects individuals from future infections or illness for some amount of time. The timescale of protection is a critical determinant of the future impact of the pathogen. The presence or absence of protective immunity due to infection or vaccination (when available) will affect future transmission and illness severity. The dynamics of immunity and nature of protection are relevant to discussions surrounding therapeutic use of convalescent sera as well as efforts to identify individuals with protective immunity. Here, we review the scientific literature on antibody immunity to coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 as well as the related SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and human endemic coronaviruses (HCoVs). We reviewed 1281 abstracts and identified 322 manuscripts relevant to 5 areas of focus: 1) antibody kinetics, 2) correlates of protection, 3) immunopathogenesis, 4) antigenic diversity and cross-reactivity, and 5) population seroprevalence. While studies of SARS-CoV-2 are necessary to determine immune responses to it, evidence from other coronaviruses can provide clues and guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angkana T. Huang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Bernardo Garcia-Carreras
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Matt D.T. Hitchings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Bingyi Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Leah C. Katzelnick
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Susan M. Rattigan
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Brooke A. Borgert
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Carlos A. Moreno
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Solomon
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | | | - Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
| | - Henrik Salje
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Donald Burke
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Amy Wesolowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
| | - Derek A.T. Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
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34
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Jones A, Dhanapala L, Kankanamage RNT, Kumar CV, Rusling JF. Multiplexed Immunosensors and Immunoarrays. Anal Chem 2020; 92:345-362. [PMID: 31726821 PMCID: PMC7202053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abby Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Lasangi Dhanapala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Rumasha N. T. Kankanamage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Challa V. Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06232, United States
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland H91 TK33
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35
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Wang W, Wang T, Deng Y, Niu P, A R, Zhao J, Peiris M, Tang S, Tan W. A novel luciferase immunosorbent assay performs better than a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect MERS-CoV specific IgG in humans and animals. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2019; 1:134-143. [PMID: 32501446 PMCID: PMC7148641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a lethal zoonosis caused by MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and poses a significant threat to public health worldwide. Therefore, a rapid, sensitive, and specific serologic test for detecting anti-MERS-CoV antibodies in both humans and animals is urgently needed for the successful management of this illness. Here, we evaluated various novel luciferase immunosorbent assays (LISA) based on nucleocapsid protein (NP) as well as fragments derived from spike protein (S) including subunit 1 (S1), N terminal domain (NTD), receptor-binding domain (RBD) and subunit 2 (S2) of S for the detection of MERS-CoV-specific IgG. Fusion proteins, including nanoluciferase (NLuc) and various fragments derived from the NP or S protein of MERS-CoV, were expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 T cells. LISAs that detected anti-MERS-CoV IgG were further developed using cell lysates expressing various fusion proteins. Panels of human or animal samples infected with MERS-CoV were used to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of various LISAs in reference to a MERS-CoV RT-PCR, commercial S1-based ELISA, and pseudovirus particle neutralization test (ppNT). Our results showed that the S1-, RBD-, and NP-LISAs were more sensitive than the NTD- and S2-LISAs for the detection of anti-MERS-CoV IgG. Furthermore, the S1-, RBD-, and NP-LISAs were more sensitive (by at least 16-fold) than the commercially available S1-ELISA. Moreover, the S1-, RBD-, and NP-LISA specifically recognized anti-MERS-CoV IgG and did not cross-react with samples derived from other human CoV (OC43, 229E, HKU1, NL63)-infected patients. More importantly, these LISAs proved their applicability and reliability for detecting anti-MERS-CoV IgG in samples from camels, monkeys, and mice, among which the RBD-LISA exhibited excellent performance. The results of this study suggest that the novel MERS-CoV RBD- and S1- LISAs are highly effective platforms for the rapid and sensitive detection of anti-MERS-CoV IgG in human and animal samples. These assays have the potential to be used as serologic tests for the management and control of MERS-CoV infection. Scientific question This study evaluated novel luciferase immunosorbent assays (LISAs) based on nucleocapsid protein (NP) as well as fragments derived from spike protein (S) for detection of MERS-CoV-specific IgG in humans and animals. Evidence before this study Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), microneutralization (MN), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and pseudovirus particle neutralization test (ppNT) have been performed to detect serum antibodies against MERS-CoV. There remains a need to develop novel serological assays independent of protein purification, special secondary antibody, virus cultivation and Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory. New findings In this study, novel LISAs based on the MERS-CoV S fragments and NP were developed. Human and animal samples infected with MERS-CoV were measured by the newly developed LISAs as well as reference methods including commercial S1-ELISA and ppNT. The results showed that the S1-, RBD-, and NP-LISAs were able to specifically distinguish MERS-CoV-infected samples from samples infected by other HCoV as consistent as the reference methods. Comparing with the commercially available S1-ELISA, the S1- and RBD-LISAs were 64-folds more sensitive. Moreover, the applicability and reliability of the LISAs were verified by detecting anti-MERS-CoV IgG in samples from camels, monkeys, and mice. The RBD-LISA exhibited superior sensitivity and specificity. Significance of the study The novel MERS-CoV RBD- and S1-LISAs were developed independent of protein purification and special secondary antibody, and showed super specificity and efficiency for the detection of anti-MERS-CoV IgG in human and animal samples. These assays are recommended for serological diagnosis of MERS-CoV infection in the investigation of epidemic characteristic, origin tracing and vaccine study of MERS-CoV, they would contribute to the scientific control and prevention of MERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Wang
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yao Deng
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peihua Niu
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ruhan A
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The first Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Shixing Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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