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Chac D, Slater DM, Guillaume Y, Dunmire CN, Ternier R, Vissières K, Juin S, Lucien MAB, Boncy J, Sanchez VM, Dumayas MG, Augustin GC, Bhuiyan TR, Qadri F, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Weil AA, Ivers LC, Harris JB. Association between chlorine-treated drinking water, the gut microbiome, and enteric pathogen burden in young children in Haiti: an observational study. Int J Infect Dis 2024:107165. [PMID: 38977240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of sanitation and hygiene interventions on the gut microbiome and enteric pathogen burden are not well understood. We measured the association between free chlorine residue (FCR) levels in drinking water, microbiome composition, and stool enteric pathogens in infants and young children in Haiti. METHODS FCR levels were measured in household drinking water and enteric pathogen burden was evaluated using multiplex RT-PCR of stool among 131 children from one month to five years of age living in Mirebalais, Haiti. Microbiome profiling was performed using metagenomic sequencing. RESULTS Most individuals lived in households with undetectable FCR measured in the drinking water (112/131, 86%). Detection of enteric pathogen DNA in stool was common and did not correlate with household water FCR. The infant microbiome in households with detectable FCR demonstrated reduced richness (fewer total number of species, P=0.04 Kruskall-Wallis test) and less diversity by Inverse Simpson measures (P=0.05) than households with undetectable FCR. Infants in households with a detectable FCR were more likely to have abundant Bifidobacterium. Using in vitro susceptibility testing, we found that some Bifidobacterium species were resistant to chlorine. CONCLUSIONS FCR in household drinking water did not correlate with enteric pathogen burden in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Chac
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Damien M Slater
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yodeline Guillaume
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Ralph Ternier
- Partners In Health/Zanmi Lasante, Croix des Bouquets, Haiti.
| | - Kenia Vissières
- Partners In Health/Zanmi Lasante, Croix des Bouquets, Haiti.
| | - Stanley Juin
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
| | | | - Jacques Boncy
- National Laboratory of Public Health, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
| | - Vanessa M Sanchez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Mia G Dumayas
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | - Taufiqur R Bhuiyan
- Vaccine Sciences, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Vaccine Sciences, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- Vaccine Sciences, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Ashraful I Khan
- Vaccine Sciences, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Ana A Weil
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Louise C Ivers
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jason B Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Yang K, Zeng J, Wu H, Liu H, Ding Z, Liang W, Wu L, Lin Z, Huang W, Xu J, Dong F. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Changes in Gut Microbiota and Blood Lipids. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2024; 12:333-345. [PMID: 38638378 PMCID: PMC11022063 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2023.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is 25%. This study aimed to explore differences in the gut microbial community and blood lipids between normal livers and those affected by NAFLD using 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing. Methods Gut microbiome profiles of 40 NAFLD and 20 non-NAFLD controls were analyzed. Information about four blood lipids and 13 other clinical features was collected. Patients were divided into three groups by ultrasound and FibroScan, those with a normal liver, mild FL (FL1), and moderate-to-severe FL (FL2). FL1 and FL2 patients were divided into two groups, those with either hyperlipidemia or non-hyperlipidemia based on their blood lipids. Potential keystone species within the groups were identified using univariate analysis and a specificity-occupancy plot. Significant difference in biochemical parameters ion NAFLD patients and healthy individuals were identified by detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis. Results Decreased gut bacterial diversity was found in patients with NAFLD. Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes decreased as NAFLD progressed. Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus 2 were the most representative fatty-related bacteria. Glutamate pyruvic transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and white blood cell count were selected as the most significant biochemical indexes. Calculation of areas under the curve identified two microbiomes combined with the three biochemical indexes that identified normal liver and FL2 very well but performed poorly in diagnosing FL1. Conclusions Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus 2, combined with glutamate pyruvic transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and white blood cell count distinguished NAFLD. We speculate that regulating the health of gut microbiota may release NAFLD, in addition to providing new targets for clinicians to treat NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huaiyu Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen,Guangdong, China
| | - Huiyu Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen,Guangdong, China
| | - Zhimin Ding
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen,Guangdong, China
| | - Weiyu Liang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen,Guangdong, China
| | - Linghu Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen,Guangdong, China
| | - Ziwei Lin
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen,Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen,Guangdong, China
| | - Jinfeng Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen,Guangdong, China
| | - Fajin Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen,Guangdong, China
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3
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Sahin S, Buyuktiryaki M, Okur N, Akcan AB, Deveci MF, Yurttutan S, Gunes S, Anik A, Ozdemir R, Uygur O, Oncel MY. Effect of partially hydrolyzed synbiotic formula milk on weight gain of late preterm and term infants-a multicenter study. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1270442. [PMID: 37928348 PMCID: PMC10623126 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1270442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Data on the effectiveness of hydrolyzed infant formula containing both pre- and probiotics (synbiotic formula) on the growth of infants is still scarce. This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the effect of a partially hydrolyzed synbiotic formula on growth parameters and the possible occurrence of major gastrointestinal adverse events or morbidities in infants born via cesarean section (C-section) delivery. Methods C-section-delivered term and late preterm infants who received either partially hydrolyzed synbiotic formula, standard formula, or maternal milk and followed at seven different hospitals from five different regions of Turkey, during a 1-year period with a minimum follow-up duration of 3 months were evaluated retrospectively. All the included infants were evaluated for their growth patterns and any kind of morbidity such as diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, infection, or history of hospitalization. Results A total of 198 infants (73 in the human milk group, 61 in the standard formula group, and 64 in the partially hydrolyzed synbiotic formula group) reached the final analysis. The groups were similar regarding their demographic and perinatal characteristics. No difference was observed between the three groups regarding gastrointestinal major side effects. Growth velocities of the infants in the human milk and partially hydrolyzed synbiotic formula groups during the first month of life were similar whereas the weight gain of infants in the standard formula group was significantly less than these two groups (p < 0.001). Growth velocities were similar among the three groups between 1st and 3rd months of age. Discussion A partially hydrolyzed synbiotic formula provided better weight gain in late-preterm and term infants who were delivered via C-section delivery compared to the standard formula during the first month of life. This weight gain was similar to the infants receiving exclusively human milk. This difference was not observed in length and head circumference gain. No difference was observed in any of the parameters during the 1st-3rd months of age. Specially formulated partially hydrolyzed synbiotic formulas may reverse at least some of the negative impacts of C-section delivery on the infant and help to provide better growth, especially during the early periods of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Sahin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Buyuktiryaki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nilufer Okur
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Gazi Yasargil Training and Research Hospital, Diyarbakir, Türkiye
| | - Abdullah Baris Akcan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Fatih Deveci
- Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Sadik Yurttutan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Türkiye
| | - Sezgin Gunes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Buca Seyfi Demirsoy Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Ayse Anik
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Ramazan Ozdemir
- Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Ozgun Uygur
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir Health Sciences University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Yekta Oncel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Türkiye
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Olmo R, Wetzels SU, Berg G, Cocolin L, Hartmann M, Hugas M, Kostic T, Rattei T, Ruthsatz M, Rybakova D, Sessitsch A, Shortt C, Timmis K, Selberherr E, Wagner M. Food systems microbiome-related educational needs. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:1412-1422. [PMID: 37338855 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the European-funded Coordination and Support Action MicrobiomeSupport (https://www.microbiomesupport.eu/), the Workshop 'Education in Food Systems Microbiome Related Sciences: Needs for Universities, Industry and Public Health Systems' brought together over 70 researchers, public health and industry partners from all over the world to work on elaborating microbiome-related educational needs in food systems. This publication provides a summary of discussions held during and after the workshop and the resulting recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Olmo
- FFoQSI GmbH - Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Tulln, Austria
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Urimare Wetzels
- FFoQSI GmbH - Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Tulln, Austria
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Luca Cocolin
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Moritz Hartmann
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marta Hugas
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), EU, Parma, Italy
| | - Tanja Kostic
- Bioresouces Unit, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Thomas Rattei
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Daria Rybakova
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Angela Sessitsch
- Bioresouces Unit, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | | | - Kenneth Timmis
- Institute of Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Evelyne Selberherr
- FFoQSI GmbH - Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Tulln, Austria
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Wagner
- FFoQSI GmbH - Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Tulln, Austria
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Fontaine F, Turjeman S, Callens K, Koren O. The intersection of undernutrition, microbiome, and child development in the first years of life. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3554. [PMID: 37322020 PMCID: PMC10272168 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Undernutrition affects about one out of five children worldwide. It is associated with impaired growth, neurodevelopment deficits, and increased infectious morbidity and mortality. Undernutrition, however, cannot be solely attributed to a lack of food or nutrient deficiency but rather results from a complex mix of biological and environmental factors. Recent research has shown that the gut microbiome is intimately involved in the metabolism of dietary components, in growth, in the training of the immune system, and in healthy development. In this review, we look at these features in the first three years of life, which is a critical window for both microbiome establishment and maturation and child development. We also discuss the potential of the microbiome in undernutrition interventions, which could increase efficacy and improve child health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanette Fontaine
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
- Université Paris- Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Sondra Turjeman
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Karel Callens
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Omry Koren
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
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Raman M, Vishnubhotla R, Ramay HR, Gonçalves MCB, Shin AS, Pawale D, Subramaniam B, Sadhasivam S. Isha yoga practices, vegan diet, and participation in Samyama meditation retreat: impact on the gut microbiome & metabolome - a non-randomized trial. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:107. [PMID: 37020274 PMCID: PMC10074366 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03935-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggests a role for gut bacteria and their metabolites in host-signaling responses along the gut-brain axis which may impact mental health. Meditation is increasingly utilized to combat stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms. However, its impact on the microbiome remains unclear. This study observes the effects of preparation and participation in an advanced meditation program (Samyama) implemented with a vegan diet including 50% raw foods, on gut microbiome and metabolites profiles. METHODS There were 288 subjects for this study. Stool samples were collected at 3-time points for meditators and household controls. Meditators prepared for 2 months for the Samyama, incorporating daily yoga and meditation practices with a vegan diet including 50% raw foods. Subjects were requested to submit stool samples for 3 time points - 2 months before Samyama (T1), right before Samyama (T2), and 3 months following Samyama (T3). 16 s rRNA sequencing was used to study participants' microbiome. Alpha and beta diversities along with short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) were assessed. Metabolomics were performed on a mass spectrometer coupled to a UHLPC system and analyzed by El-MAVEN software. RESULTS Alpha diversity showed no significant differences between meditators and controls, while beta diversity showed significant changes (padj = 0.001) after Samyama in meditators' microbiota composition. After the preparation phase, changes in branched short-chain fatty acids, higher levels of iso-valerate (padj = 0.02) and iso-buytrate (padj = 0.019) were observed at T2 in meditators. Other metabolites were also observed to have changed in meditators at timepoint T2. CONCLUSION This study examined the impact of an advanced meditation program combined with a vegan diet on the gut microbiome. There was an increase in beneficial bacteria even three months after the completion of the Samyama program. Further study is warranted to validate current observations and investigate the significance and mechanisms of action related to diet, meditation, and microbial composition and function, on psychological processes, including mood. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registration number: NCT04366544 ; Registered on 29/04/2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitreyi Raman
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ramana Vishnubhotla
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hena R Ramay
- International Microbiome Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Maria C B Gonçalves
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Sadhguru Center for a Conscious Planet, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea S Shin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dhanashri Pawale
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Balachundhar Subramaniam
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Sadhguru Center for a Conscious Planet, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Senthilkumar Sadhasivam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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7
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Mullaney JA, Roy NC, Halliday C, Young W, Altermann E, Kruger MC, Dilger RN, McNabb WC. Effects of early postnatal life nutritional interventions on immune-microbiome interactions in the gastrointestinal tract and implications for brain development and function. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:960492. [PMID: 36504799 PMCID: PMC9726769 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.960492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota has co-evolved with the host in an intricate relationship for mutual benefit, however, inappropriate development of this relationship can have detrimental effects. The developing GI microbiota plays a vital role during the first 1,000 days of postnatal life, during which occurs parallel development and maturation of the GI tract, immune system, and brain. Several factors such as mode of delivery, gestational age at birth, exposure to antibiotics, host genetics, and nutrition affect the establishment and resultant composition of the GI microbiota, and therefore play a role in shaping host development. Nutrition during the first 1,000 days is considered to have the most potential in shaping microbiota structure and function, influencing its interactions with the immune system in the GI tract and consequent impact on brain development. The importance of the microbiota-GI-brain (MGB) axis is also increasingly recognized for its importance in these developmental changes. This narrative review focuses on the importance of the GI microbiota and the impact of nutrition on MGB axis during the immune system and brain developmental period in early postnatal life of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A. Mullaney
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand,AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C. Roy
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand,Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christine Halliday
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand,AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand,School of Food and Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wayne Young
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand,AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eric Altermann
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand,School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Marlena C. Kruger
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ryan N. Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Warren C. McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand,*Correspondence: Warren C. McNabb,
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Eow SY, Gan WY, Jiang T, Loh SP, Lee LJ, Chin YS, Than LTL, How KN, Thong PL, Liu Y, Zhao J, Chen L. MYBIOTA: A birth cohort on maternal and infant microbiota and its impact on infant health in Malaysia. Front Nutr 2022; 9:994607. [PMID: 36238465 PMCID: PMC9552002 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.994607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The microbiota plays a key role in early immunity maturation that affects infant health and is associated with the development of non-communicable diseases and allergies in later life. Objective The MYBIOTA is a prospective mother-infant cohort study in Malaysia aiming to determine the association between gut microbiota with infant health (temperament, gastrointestinal disorders, eczema, asthma, and developmental delays) in Selangor, Malaysia. Methods Pregnant mothers will be enrolled in their first trimester of pregnancy, and follow-ups will be done for infants during their first year of life. Maternal-infant biological samples (blood, feces, saliva, urine, and breast milk), anthropometric, dietary, and clinical information will be collected at different time points from early pregnancy to 12 months postpartum. Discussion This study could provide a better understanding of the colonization and development of the gut microbiome during early life and its impact on infant health. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT04919265.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiang Yen Eow
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Ying Gan
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tiemin Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Yinghai, Beijing, China
- South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Su Peng Loh
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ling Jun Lee
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yit Siew Chin
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Research Center of Excellence, Nutrition and Non-communicable Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kang Nien How
- Unit of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pui Ling Thong
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yanpin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Yinghai, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Yinghai, Beijing, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Yinghai, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Yinghai, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Yinghai, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Yinghai, Beijing, China
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9
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Fox BE, Vilander AC, Gilfillan D, Dean GA, Abdo Z. Oral Vaccination Using a Probiotic Vaccine Platform Combined with Prebiotics Impacts Immune Response and the Microbiome. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091465. [PMID: 36146543 PMCID: PMC9504555 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique to mucosal vaccination is the reciprocal influence of the microbiome and mucosal immune responses, where the immune system is constantly balancing between the clearance of pathogens and the tolerance of self-antigen, food, and the microbiota. Secretory IgA plays a major role in maintaining the homeostasis of a healthy gut microbiome. Natural polyreactive IgA often coats members of the commensal microbiota to aid in their colonization, while high-affinity specific IgA binds to pathogens resulting in their clearance. We developed a probiotic-based mucosal vaccination platform using the bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus (rLA) with the potential to influence this balance in the IgA coating. In this study, we sought to determine whether repeated administration of rLA alters the host intestinal microbial community due to the immune response against the rLA vaccine. To address this, IgA-seq was employed to characterize shifts in IgA-bound bacterial populations. Additionally, we determined whether using rice bran as a prebiotic would influence the immunogenicity of the vaccine and/or IgA-bound bacterial populations. Our results show that the prebiotic influenced the kinetics of rLA antibody induction and that the rLA platform did not cause lasting disturbances to the microbiome.
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10
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Testerman T, Li Z, Galuppo B, Graf J, Santoro N. Insights from shotgun metagenomics into bacterial species and metabolic pathways associated with NAFLD in obese youth. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:1962-1974. [PMID: 35344283 PMCID: PMC9315112 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver disease and is often the precursor for more serious liver conditions such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Although the gut microbiome has been implicated in the development of NAFLD, the strong association of obesity with NAFLD and its effect on microbiome structure has made interpreting study outcomes difficult. In the present study, we examined the taxonomic and functional differences between the microbiomes of youth with obesity and with and without NAFLD. Shotgun metagenome sequencing was performed to profile the microbiomes of 36 subjects, half of whom were diagnosed with NAFLD using abdominal magnetic resonance imaging. Beta diversity analysis showed community-wide differences between the groups (p = 0.002). Specific taxonomic differences included increased relative abundances of the species Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans (p = 0.042), Romboutsia ilealis (p = 0.046), and Actinomyces sp. ICM47 (p = 0.0009), and a decrease of Bacteroides thetaiotamicron (p = 0.0002), in the NAFLD group as compared with the non-NAFLD group. At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes (p < 0.0001) was decreased in the NAFLD group. Functionally, branched-chain amino acid (p = 0.01343) and aromatic amino acid (p = 0.01343) synthesis pathways had increased relative abundances in the NAFLD group along with numerous energy use pathways, including pyruvate fermentation to acetate (p = 0.01318). Conclusion: Community-wide differences were noted based on NAFLD status, and individual bacterial species along with specific metabolic pathways were identified as potential drivers of these differences. The results of the present study support the idea that the NAFLD phenotype displays a differentiated microbial and functional signature from the obesity phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Testerman
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticutUSA
| | - Zhongyao Li
- Department of PediatricsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Brittany Galuppo
- Department of PediatricsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Joerg Graf
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticutUSA
| | - Nicola Santoro
- Department of PediatricsYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences“V. Tiberio” University of MoliseCampobassoItaly
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11
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Blenderised Tube Feeds vs. Commercial Formula: Which Is Better for Gastrostomy-Fed Children? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153139. [PMID: 35956316 PMCID: PMC9370549 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Blenderised tube feeds (BTF) have become a popular alternative to commercial formula (CF) for enterally fed children. This study sought to compare gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, GI inflammation, and stool microbiome composition between children receiving BTF or CF. This prospective cohort study involved 41 gastrostomy-fed children, aged 2–18 years, receiving either BTF (n = 21) or CF (n = 20). The Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory Gastrointestinal Symptoms Scale (GI-PedsQL) was used to compare GI symptoms between the groups. Anthropometric data, nutritional intake, nutritional blood markers, faecal calprotectin levels, stool microbiota, and parental satisfaction with feeding regimen were also assessed. Caregivers of children on BTF reported greater GI-PedsQL scores indicating significantly fewer GI symptoms (74.7 vs. 50.125, p = 0.004). Faecal calprotectin levels were significantly lower for children receiving BTF compared to children on CF (33.3 mg/kg vs. 72.3 mg/kg, p = 0.043) and the BTF group had healthier, more diverse gut microbiota. Subgroup analysis found that 25% of caloric intake from BTF was sufficient to improve GI symptoms. The CF group had better body mass index (BMI) z-scores (−0.7 vs. 0.5, p = 0.040). Although growth was poorer in children receiving only BTF in comparison to the CF group, this was not seen in children receiving partial BTF. A combination of BTF and CF use may minimise symptoms of tube feeding whilst supporting growth.
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12
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Hernández M, Ancona S, Díaz De La Vega-Pérez AH, Muñoz-Arenas LC, Hereira-Pacheco SE, Navarro-Noya YE. Is Habitat More Important than Phylogenetic Relatedness for Elucidating the Gut Bacterial Composition in Sister Lizard Species? Microbes Environ 2022; 37. [PMID: 35768277 PMCID: PMC9530725 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me21087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota influences the phenotype and fitness of a host; however, limited information is currently available on the diversity and functions of the gut microbiota in wild animals. Therefore, we herein examined the diversity, composition, and potential functions of the gut microbiota in three Sceloporus lizards: Sceloporus aeneus, S. bicanthalis, and S. grammicus, inhabiting different habitats in a mountainous ecosystem. The gut bacterial community of S. bicanthalis from alpine grasslands at 4,150 m a.s.l. exhibited greater taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional alpha diversities than its sister species S. aeneus from cornfields and human-induced grasslands at 2,600 m a.s.l. Bacteria of the genus Blautia and metabolic functions related to the degradation of aromatic compounds were more abundant in S. bicanthalis than in S. aeneus, whereas Oscillibacter and predicted functions related to amino acid metabolism and fermentation were more abundant in S. aeneus. The structure of the dominant and most prevalent bacteria, i.e., the core microbiota, was similar between the sister species from different habitats, but differed between S. grammicus and S. aeneus cohabiting at 2,600 m a.s.l. and between S. grammicus and S. bicanthalis cohabiting at 4,150 m a.s.l. These results suggest that phylogenetic relatedness defines the core microbiota, while the transient, i.e., non-core, microbiota is influenced by environmental differences in the habitats. Our comparisons between phylogenetically close species provide further evidence for the specialized and complex associations between hosts and the gut microbiota as well as insights into the roles of phylogeny and ecological factors as drivers of the gut microbiota in wild vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Hernández
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala
| | - Sergio Ancona
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | | | | | - Stephanie E Hereira-Pacheco
- Estación Científica La Malinche, Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala
| | - Yendi E Navarro-Noya
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Bióticas, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala
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13
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Gut microbiome dysbiosis in malnutrition. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 192:205-229. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Sugino KY, Ma T, Paneth N, Comstock SS. Effect of Environmental Exposures on the Gut Microbiota from Early Infancy to Two Years of Age. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2140. [PMID: 34683461 PMCID: PMC8537618 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota undergoes rapid changes during infancy in response to early-life exposures. We have investigated how the infant gut bacterial community matures over time and how exposures such as human milk and antibiotic treatment alter gut microbiota development. We used the LonGP program to create predictive models to determine the contribution of exposures on infant gut bacterial abundances from one month to two years of age. These models indicate that infant antibiotic use, human milk intake, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, and sample shipping time were associated with changes in gut microbiome composition. In most infants, Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae unclassified, Faecalibacterium, Akkermansia, and Phascolarctobacterium abundance increased rapidly after 6 months, while Escherichia, Bifidobacterium, Veillonella, and Streptococcus decreased in abundance over time. Individual, time-varying, random effects explained most of the variation in the LonGP models. Multivariate association with linear models (MaAsLin) displayed partial agreement with LonGP in the predicted trajectories over time and in relation to significant factors such as human milk intake. Multiple factors influence the dynamic changes in bacterial composition of the infant gut. Within-individual differences dominate the temporal variations in the infant gut microbiome, suggesting individual temporal variability is an important feature to consider in studies with a longitudinal sampling design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameron Y. Sugino
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Tengfei Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (T.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Nigel Paneth
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (T.M.); (N.P.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah S. Comstock
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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15
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Dogra SK, Cheong Kwong C, Wang D, Sakwinska O, Colombo Mottaz S, Sprenger N. Nurturing the Early Life Gut Microbiome and Immune Maturation for Long Term Health. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2110. [PMID: 34683431 PMCID: PMC8537230 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life is characterized by developmental milestones such as holding up the head, turning over, sitting up and walking that are typically achieved sequentially in specific time windows. Similarly, the early gut microbiome maturation can be characterized by specific temporal microorganism acquisition, colonization and selection with differential functional features over time. This orchestrated microbial sequence occurs from birth during the first years of age before the microbiome reaches an adult-like composition and function between 3 and 5 years of age. Increasingly, these different steps of microbiome development are recognized as crucial windows of opportunity for long term health, primarily linked to appropriate immune and metabolic development. For instance, microbiome disruptors such as preterm and Cesarean-section birth, malnutrition and antibiotic use are associated with increased risk to negatively affect long-term immune and metabolic health. Different age discriminant microbiome taxa and functionalities are used to describe age-appropriate microbiome development, and advanced modelling techniques enable an understanding and visualization of an optimal microbiome maturation trajectory. Specific microbiome features can be related to later health conditions, however, whether such features have a causal relationship is the topic of intense research. Early life nutrition is an important microbiome modulator, and 'Mother Nature' provides the model with breast milk as the sole source of nutrition for the early postnatal period, while dietary choices during the prenatal and weaning period are to a large extent guided by tradition and culture. Increasing evidence suggests prenatal maternal diet and infant and child nutrition impact the infant microbiome trajectory and immune competence development. The lack of a universal feeding reference for such phases represents a knowledge gap, but also a great opportunity to provide adequate nutritional guidance to maintain an age-appropriate microbiome for long term health. Here, we provide a narrative review and perspective on our current understanding of age-appropriate microbiome maturation, its relation to long term health and how nutrition shapes and influences this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Norbert Sprenger
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland; (S.K.D.); (K.C.C.); (D.W.); (O.S.); (S.C.M.)
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16
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Iddrisu I, Monteagudo-Mera A, Poveda C, Pyle S, Shahzad M, Andrews S, Walton GE. Malnutrition and Gut Microbiota in Children. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082727. [PMID: 34444887 PMCID: PMC8401185 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition continues to threaten the lives of millions across the world, with children being hardest hit. Although inadequate access to food and infectious disease are the primary causes of childhood malnutrition, the gut microbiota may also contribute. This review considers the evidence on the role of diet in modifying the gut microbiota, and how the microbiota impacts childhood malnutrition. It is widely understood that the gut microbiota of children is influenced by diet, which, in turn, can impact child nutritional status. Additionally, diarrhoea, a major contributor to malnutrition, is induced by pathogenic elements of the gut microbiota. Diarrhoea leads to malabsorption of essential nutrients and reduced energy availability resulting in weight loss, which can lead to malnutrition. Alterations in gut microbiota of severe acute malnourished (SAM) children include increased Proteobacteria and decreased Bacteroides levels. Additionally, the gut microbiota of SAM children exhibits lower relative diversity compared with healthy children. Thus, the data indicate a link between gut microbiota and malnutrition in children, suggesting that treatment of childhood malnutrition should include measures that support a healthy gut microbiota. This could be of particular relevance in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia where prevalence of malnutrition remains a major threat to the lives of millions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishawu Iddrisu
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK; (I.I.); (A.M.-M.); (C.P.)
| | - Andrea Monteagudo-Mera
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK; (I.I.); (A.M.-M.); (C.P.)
| | - Carlos Poveda
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK; (I.I.); (A.M.-M.); (C.P.)
| | - Simone Pyle
- Unilever R&D, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK;
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan;
| | - Simon Andrews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK;
| | - Gemma Emily Walton
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK; (I.I.); (A.M.-M.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Berding K, Vlckova K, Marx W, Schellekens H, Stanton C, Clarke G, Jacka F, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1239-1285. [PMID: 33693453 PMCID: PMC8321864 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the gut microbiota has emerged as a key component in regulating brain processes and behavior. Diet is one of the major factors involved in shaping the gut microbiota composition across the lifespan. However, whether and how diet can affect the brain via its effects on the microbiota is only now beginning to receive attention. Several mechanisms for gut-to-brain communication have been identified, including microbial metabolites, immune, neuronal, and metabolic pathways, some of which could be prone to dietary modulation. Animal studies investigating the potential of nutritional interventions on the microbiota-gut-brain axis have led to advancements in our understanding of the role of diet in this bidirectional communication. In this review, we summarize the current state of the literature triangulating diet, microbiota, and host behavior/brain processes and discuss potential underlying mechanisms. Additionally, determinants of the responsiveness to a dietary intervention and evidence for the microbiota as an underlying modulator of the effect of diet on brain health are outlined. In particular, we emphasize the understudied use of whole-dietary approaches in this endeavor and the need for greater evidence from clinical populations. While promising results are reported, additional data, specifically from clinical cohorts, are required to provide evidence-based recommendations for the development of microbiota-targeted, whole-dietary strategies to improve brain and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wolfgang Marx
- Deakin University, iMPACT – the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC,Australia
| | - Harriet Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Felice Jacka
- Deakin University, iMPACT – the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC,Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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18
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Mullins TP, Tomsett KI, Gallo LA, Callaway LK, McIntyre HD, Dekker Nitert M, Barrett HL. Maternal gut microbiota displays minor changes in overweight and obese women with GDM. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:2131-2139. [PMID: 34116892 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous literature have shown a diversity of findings regarding the relationship between the maternal gut microbiota and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We investigated the gut microbiota of overweight and obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) against matched euglycaemic women at 16 and 28-weeks' gestation. METHODS AND RESULTS This study included women from the SPRING (Study of PRobiotics IN Gestational diabetes) cohort. Overweight and obese women with no impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasted glucose were enrolled prior to gestational age <16 weeks. Participants with a diagnosis of GDM (n = 29) were matched with euglycaemic (n = 29) women for body mass index, probiotic or placebo intervention, maternal age, parity and ethnicity. Anthropometric, clinical and fecal microbiota (16S rRNA amplicon-based sequencing of V6-V8 region) data was assessed at 16 and 28-weeks' gestation. The relative abundances of key bacterial genera were not significantly altered between euglycaemic women and women with GDM. Occurrence of bacterial taxa was similar between groups at both timepoints. GDM was associated with decreased Shannon diversity (p = 0.02) without differentiated clustering measured by beta diversity at 28-weeks' gestation. CONCLUSIONS Overweight and obese women with GDM demonstrate minor variation in the gut microbiota at 16 and 28-weeks' gestation compared with matched euglycaemic women. This study expands on previous literature concluding the microbiota does not likely have a disease-specific characterisation in GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Mullins
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate I Tomsett
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Linda A Gallo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leonie K Callaway
- Department of Obstetric Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia
| | - H David McIntyre
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Mater Health, Australia
| | - Marloes Dekker Nitert
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Helen L Barrett
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Mater Health, Australia.
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19
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Lackey KA, Fehrenkamp BD, Pace RM, Williams JE, Meehan CL, McGuire MA, McGuire MK. Breastfeeding Beyond 12 Months: Is There Evidence for Health Impacts? Annu Rev Nutr 2021; 41:283-308. [PMID: 34115518 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-043020-011242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Because breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition and other benefits for infants (e.g., lower risk of infectious disease) and benefits for mothers (e.g., less postpartum bleeding), health organizations recommend that healthy infants be exclusively breastfed for 4 to 6 months in the United States and 6 months internationally. Recommendations related to how long breastfeeding should continue, however, are inconsistent. The objective of this article is to review the literature related to evidence for benefits of breastfeeding beyond 1 year for mothers and infants. In summary, human milk represents a good source of nutrients and immune components beyond 1 year. Some studies point toward lower infant mortality in undernourished children breastfed for >1 year, and prolonged breastfeeding increases interbirth intervals. Data on other outcomes (e.g., growth, diarrhea, obesity, and maternal weight loss) are inconsistent, often lacking sufficient control for confounding variables. There is a substantial need for rigorous, prospective, mixed-methods, cross-cultural research on this topic. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Lackey
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA;
| | - Bethaney D Fehrenkamp
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA;
| | - Ryan M Pace
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA;
| | - Janet E Williams
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - Courtney L Meehan
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Mark A McGuire
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - Michelle K McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA;
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20
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Vander Wyst KB, Ortega-Santos CP, Toffoli SN, Lahti CE, Whisner CM. Diet, adiposity, and the gut microbiota from infancy to adolescence: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13175. [PMID: 33590719 PMCID: PMC10762698 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Early life gut microbiota are affected by several factors that make identification of microbial-adiposity relationships challenging. This review evaluates studies that have investigated the gut microbiota composition associated with adiposity in infants, children, and adolescents and provides evidence-based nutrition recommendations that address microbiota-adiposity links. Electronic databases were systematically searched through January 2020. Eligible studies were published in English and analyzed gut microbiota and adiposity among individuals aged birth to 18 years. Abstracts and full-text articles were reviewed by three independent reviewers. Of 45 full-text articles reviewed, 33 were included. No difference in abundance was found for Bacteroidetes (n = 7/15 articles), Firmicutes (n = 10/17), Actinobacteria (n = 8/12), Proteobacteria (n = 8/12), Tenericutes (n = 4/5), and Verrucomicrobia (n = 4/6) with adiposity. Lower abundance of Christensenellaceae (n = 3/5) and Rikenellaceae (n = 6/8) but higher abundance of F. prausnitzii (n = 3/5) and Prevotella (n = 5/7) were associated with adiposity. A lack of consensus exists for gut microbial composition associations with adiposity. A healthy gut microbiota is associated with a diet rich in fruits and vegetables with moderate consumption of animal fat and protein. Future research should use more robust sequencing technologies to identify all bacterial taxa associated with adiposity and evaluate how diet effects these adiposity-associated microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiley B Vander Wyst
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Samantha N Toffoli
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Caroline E Lahti
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Corrie M Whisner
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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21
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Schulz CA, Oluwagbemigun K, Nöthlings U. Advances in dietary pattern analysis in nutritional epidemiology. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:4115-4130. [PMID: 33899149 PMCID: PMC8572214 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose It used to be a common practice in the field of nutritional epidemiology to analyze separate nutrients, foods, or food groups. However, in reality, nutrients and foods are consumed in combination. The introduction of dietary patterns (DP) and their analysis has revolutionized this field, making it possible to take into account the synergistic effects of foods and to account for the complex interaction among nutrients and foods. Three approaches of DP analysis exist: (1) the hypothesis-based approach (based on prior knowledge regarding the current understanding of dietary components and their health relation), (2) the exploratory approach (solely relying on dietary intake data), and (3) the hybrid approach (a combination of both approaches). During the recent past, complementary approaches for DP analysis have emerged both conceptually and methodologically. Method We have summarized the recent developments that include incorporating the Treelet transformation method as a complementary exploratory approach in a narrative review. Results Uses, peculiarities, strengths, limitations, and scope of recent developments in DP analysis are outlined. Next, the narrative review gives an overview of the literature that takes into account potential relevant dietary-related factors, specifically the metabolome and the gut microbiome in DP analysis. Then the review deals with the aspect of data processing that is needed prior to DP analysis, particularly when dietary data arise from assessment methods other than the long-established food frequency questionnaire. Lastly, potential opportunities for upcoming DP analysis are summarized in the outlook.
Conclusion Biological factors like the metabolome and the microbiome are crucial to understand diet-disease relationships. Therefore, the inclusion of these factors in DP analysis might provide deeper insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina-Alexandra Schulz
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19b, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kolade Oluwagbemigun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19b, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19b, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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22
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Chandrasekar N, Dehlsen K, Leach ST, Krishnan U. Exploring Clinical Outcomes and Feasibility of Blended Tube Feeds in Children. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2021; 45:685-698. [PMID: 33305384 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Commercially produced complete nutritional formulas (CFs) are commonly delivered to children requiring enteral nutrition via gastrostomy. However, a cultural shift toward consuming a more natural diet consisting of whole foods has caused the use of blenderized tube feeds (BTFs) to grow in popularity among parents and carers in recent years. There are advantages and disadvantages of both BTF and CF use. There is evidence that suggests that BTFs can significantly improve tube-feeding tolerance and reduce gastrointestinal symptoms associated with tube feeding, such as gagging, retching, and constipation, thereby resulting in an improved quality of life (QoL) for enterally fed children and their caregivers. BTFs have also been implicated in increasing the diversity of the gut microbiota in enterally fed children. However, concerns have been raised that BTFs may be inferior to CFs in energy and nutrition sufficiency. Issues such as microbial contamination, tube blockages, and difficulties in preparation and administration may also complicate the use of BTFs. Additionally, like CFs, BTFs can vary significantly in nutrition composition, and dietitian involvement with BTF use is crucial. The current literature on the clinical outcomes of BTF use is limited, and further research is needed before recommendations can be made on BTF use in children. A literature review was conducted to compare clinical outcomes between BTFs and CFs and evaluate the feasibility of BTF use in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Chandrasekar
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate Dehlsen
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steven T Leach
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Usha Krishnan
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Laursen MF, Bahl MI, Licht TR. Settlers of our inner surface - Factors shaping the gut microbiota from birth to toddlerhood. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6081092. [PMID: 33428723 PMCID: PMC8371275 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the first 3 years of life, the microbial ecosystem within the human gut undergoes a process that is unlike what happens in this ecosystem at any other time of our life. This period in time is considered a highly important developmental window, where the gut microbiota is much less resilient and much more responsive to external and environmental factors than seen in the adult gut. While advanced bioinformatics and clinical correlation studies have received extensive focus within studies of the human microbiome, basic microbial growth physiology has attracted much less attention, although it plays a pivotal role to understand the developing gut microbiota during early life. In this review, we will thus take a microbial ecology perspective on the analysis of factors that influence the temporal development of the infant gut microbiota. Such factors include sources of microbes that seed the intestinal environment, physico-chemical (abiotic) conditions influencing microbial growth and the availability of nutrients needed by the intestinal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Iain Bahl
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
| | - Tine Rask Licht
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
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24
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Alsharairi NA. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Interplay between a Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet and the Infant Gut Microbiota and Its Therapeutic Implications for Reducing Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9580. [PMID: 33339172 PMCID: PMC7765661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota is well known as playing a critical role in inflammation and asthma development. The very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) is suggested to affect gut microbiota; however, the effects of VLCKD during pregnancy and lactation on the infant gut microbiota are unclear. The VLCKD appears to be more effective than caloric/energy restriction diets for the treatment of several diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. However, whether adherence to VLCKD affects the infant gut microbiota and the protective effects thereof on asthma remains uncertain. The exact mechanisms underlying this process, and in particular the potential role of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), are still to be unravelled. Thus, the aim of this review is to identify the potential role of SCFAs that underlie the effects of VLCKD during pregnancy and lactation on the infant gut microbiota, and explore whether it incurs significant implications for reducing asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser A Alsharairi
- Heart, Mind & Body Research Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
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25
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Daliri EBM, Ofosu FK, Chelliah R, Lee BH, An H, Elahi F, Barathikannan K, Kim JH, Oh DH. Influence of fermented soy protein consumption on hypertension and gut microbial modulation in spontaneous hypertensive rats. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2020; 39:199-208. [PMID: 33117618 PMCID: PMC7573110 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2020-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plant proteins are known to possess important bioactive peptides and have a positive
impact on gut microbial modulation. In this study, we studied the ability of a single dose
of a fermented soy protein product (P-SPI) to reduce high blood pressure in spontaneous
hypertensive rats (SHR) and how it modulates the gut microbiota after six weeks of
feeding. SHRs were fed with P-SPI, Captopril or distilled water once, and their blood
pressures were monitored from the first to twelfth-hour post-administration. Consumption
of P-SPI significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressures up to the sixth hour
by 25 ± 4 mmHg and 40 ± 5 mmHg respectively. P-SPI consumption inhibited serum ACE
activity, increased superoxide dismutase activity and nitric oxide levels and reduced
malondialdehyde levels in serum. Analysis of fecal microbial 16S rRNA of hypertensive rats
revealed a significant reduction in microbial richness and diversity in the gut, while
P-SPI consumption improved microbial richness and increased diversity. Also, P-SPI feeding
significantly reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes
ratio, increased propionate- and H2S-producing bacteria and reduced
Streptococcaceae and Erysipelotrichales levels. Our
results show that P-SPI is a potential antihypertensive functional food which could
remodel the altered gut microbiota of hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Fred Kwame Ofosu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Ramachandran Chelliah
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Byong H Lee
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.,SportBiomics, Inc., Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Fazle Elahi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Kaliyan Barathikannan
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Joong-Hark Kim
- R&D, Erom Company Limited, R&D Center, 111, Toegye Nonggong-ro, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24427, Korea.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea
| | - Deog-Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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26
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Moszak M, Szulińska M, Bogdański P. You Are What You Eat-The Relationship between Diet, Microbiota, and Metabolic Disorders-A Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1096. [PMID: 32326604 PMCID: PMC7230850 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM) is defined as the community of microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses) colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. GM regulates various metabolic pathways in the host, including those involved in energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and bile acid metabolism. The relationship between alterations in intestinal microbiota and diseases associated with civilization is well documented. GM dysbiosis is involved in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurological disorders. Multiple factors modulate the composition of the microbiota and how it physically functions, but one of the major factors triggering GM establishment is diet. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge about the relationship between nutrition, gut microbiota, and host metabolic status. We described how macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fat) and different dietary patterns (e.g., Western-style diet, vegetarian diet, Mediterranean diet) interact with the composition and activity of GM, and how gut bacterial dysbiosis has an influence on metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Moszak
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-569 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (P.B.)
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27
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Chen X, Sun H, Jiang F, Shen Y, Li X, Hu X, Shen X, Wei P. Alteration of the gut microbiota associated with childhood obesity by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8317. [PMID: 31976177 PMCID: PMC6968493 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a global epidemic in the industrialized and developing world, and many children suffer from obesity-related complications. Gut microbiota dysbiosis might have significant effect on the development of obesity. The microbiota continues to develop through childhood and thus childhood may be the prime time for microbiota interventions to realize health promotion or disease prevention. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the structure and function of pediatric gut microbiota. Methods According to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria, twenty-three normal weight and twenty-eight obese children were recruited from Nanjing, China. Genomic DNA was extracted from fecal samples. The V4 region of the bacterial 16S rDNA was amplified by PCR, and sequencing was applied to analyze the gut microbiota diversity and composition using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. Results The number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) showed a decrease in the diversity of gut microbiota with increasing body weight. The alpha diversity indices showed that the normal weight group had higher abundance and observed species than the obese group (Chao1: P < 0.001; observed species: P < 0.001; PD whole tree: P < 0.001; Shannon index: P = 0.008). Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) revealed significant differences in gut microbial community structure between the normal weight group and the obese group. The liner discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) analysis showed that fifty-five species of bacteria were abundant in the fecal samples of the normal weight group and forty-five species of bacteria were abundant in the obese group. In regard to phyla, the gut microbiota in the obese group had lower proportions of Bacteroidetes (51.35%) compared to the normal weight group (55.48%) (P = 0.030). There was no statistical difference in Firmicutes between the two groups (P = 0.436), and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes between the two groups had no statistical difference (P = 0.983). At the genus level, Faecalibacterium, Phascolarctobacterium, Lachnospira, Megamonas, and Haemophilus were significantly more abundant in the obese group than in the normal weight group (P = 0.048, P = 0.018, P < 0.001, P = 0.040, and P = 0.003, respectively). The fecal microbiota of children in the obese group had lower proportions of Oscillospira and Dialister compared to the normal weight group (P = 0.002 and P = 0.002, respectively). Conclusions Our results showed a decrease in gut microbiota abundance and diversity as the BMI increased. Variations in the bacterial community structure were associated with obesity. Gut microbiota dysbiosis might play a crucial part in the development of obesity in Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haixiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueju Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingmin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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