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Yang CY, Shih YH, Lung CC. The association between COVID-19 vaccine/infection and new-onset asthma in children - based on the global TriNetX database. Infection 2024:10.1007/s15010-024-02329-3. [PMID: 38904891 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of its potential long-term health effects, including its link to new-onset asthma in children. Asthma significantly impacts children's health, causing adverse outcomes and increased absenteeism. Emerging evidence suggests a potential association between COVID-19 infection and higher rates of new-onset asthma in adults, raising concerns about its impact on children's respiratory health. METHODS A retrospective cohort study design was employed, using electronic medical records from the TriNetX database, covering January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2022. Two cohorts of children aged 5 to 18 who underwent SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing were analyzed: unvaccinated children with and without COVID-19 infection, and vaccinated children with and without infection. Propensity score matching was used to mitigate selection bias, and hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI were calculated to assess the risk of new-onset asthma. RESULTS Our study found a significantly higher incidence of new-onset asthma in COVID-19 infected children compared to uninfected children, regardless of vaccination status. In Cohort 1, 4.7% of COVID-19 infected children without vaccination developed new-onset asthma, versus 2.0% in their non-COVID-19 counterparts within a year (HR = 2.26; 95% CI = 2.158-2.367). For Cohort 2, COVID-19 infected children with vaccination showed an 8.3% incidence of new-onset asthma, higher than the 3.1% in those not infected (HR = 2.745; 95% CI = 2.521-2.99). Subgroup analyses further identified higher risks in males, children aged 5-12 years, and Black or African American children. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the reliability of these findings. CONCLUSION The study highlights a strong link between COVID-19 infection and an increased risk of new-onset asthma in children, which is even more marked in those vaccinated. This emphasizes the critical need for ongoing monitoring and customized healthcare strategies to mitigate the long-term respiratory impacts of COVID-19 in children, advocating for thorough strategies to manage and prevent asthma amidst the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Yu Yang
- Department of Occupational Health Nursing Center, Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1 Jianguo N.Rd., Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Shih
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1 Jianguo N.Rd., Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Lung
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1 Jianguo N.Rd., Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan.
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan.
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2
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Doğan HO, Budak M, Doğan K, Zararsız GE, Yerlitaş Sİ, Bolat S, Şenol O, Büyüktuna SA, Pınarbaşı E, Sarıismailoğlu R, Yavuz H. Dysregulated Leukotriene Metabolism in Patients with COVID-19. Jpn J Infect Dis 2024; 77:129-136. [PMID: 38171849 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2023.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the leukotriene metabolism during COVID-19. In total, 180 participants were included in this study, of which 60 were healthy controls, 60 required intensive care units (ICU), and 60 did not require intensive care (non-ICU). The serum levels of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), 5-LO activating protein (ALOX5AP), and cysteinyl leukotriene (CYSLT) were measured, and the mRNA expression levels of 5-LO, ALOX5AP, and cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CYSLTR1) were investigated. Compared with the control group, both the non-ICU and ICU groups had lower levels of 5-LO and mRNA expression. ICU patients had lower levels of 5-LO and mRNA expression than non-ICU patients. CYSLTR1 mRNA expression was highest in the ICU group, followed by the non-ICU group, and healthy controls had the lowest mRNA expression levels. CYSLT levels were higher in the control group than in the non-ICU and ICU groups. CYSLTR1 expression was higher in patients than in controls; therefore, selective leukotriene receptor blockers can be used as treatment options. CYSLTR1 expression was higher in the ICU group than in the non-ICU group. Furthermore, CYSLTR1 mRNA expression may be a promising biomarker of COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halef Okan Doğan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Turkey
| | - Mahir Budak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Turkey
| | - Kübra Doğan
- Department of Biochemistry, Sivas Numune Hospital, Turkey
| | - Gözde Ertürk Zararsız
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Turkey
- Drug Application and Research Center (ERFARMA), Erciyes University, Turkey
| | - Serra İlayda Yerlitaş
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Turkey
- Drug Application and Research Center (ERFARMA), Erciyes University, Turkey
| | - Serkan Bolat
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Turkey
| | - Onur Şenol
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Turkey
| | - Seyit Ali Büyüktuna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinic Microbiology, School of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Turkey
| | - Ergun Pınarbaşı
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Turkey
| | | | - Hayrettin Yavuz
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, VA, USA
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Ganguly K, Luthfikasari R, Randhawa A, Dutta SD, Patil TV, Acharya R, Lim KT. Stimuli-Mediated Macrophage Switching, Unraveling the Dynamics at the Nanoplatforms-Macrophage Interface. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400581. [PMID: 38637323 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages play an essential role in immunotherapy and tissue regeneration owing to their remarkable plasticity and diverse functions. Recent bioengineering developments have focused on using external physical stimuli such as electric and magnetic fields, temperature, and compressive stress, among others, on micro/nanostructures to induce macrophage polarization, thereby increasing their therapeutic potential. However, it is difficult to find a concise review of the interaction between physical stimuli, advanced micro/nanostructures, and macrophage polarization. This review examines the present research on physical stimuli-induced macrophage polarization on micro/nanoplatforms, emphasizing the synergistic role of fabricated structure and stimulation for advanced immunotherapy and tissue regeneration. A concise overview of the research advancements investigating the impact of physical stimuli, including electric fields, magnetic fields, compressive forces, fluid shear stress, photothermal stimuli, and multiple stimulations on the polarization of macrophages within complex engineered structures, is provided. The prospective implications of these strategies in regenerative medicine and immunotherapeutic approaches are highlighted. This review will aid in creating stimuli-responsive platforms for immunomodulation and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Rachmi Luthfikasari
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Aayushi Randhawa
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tejal V Patil
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Rumi Acharya
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
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Valleriani F, Di Pancrazio C, Spedicato M, Di Teodoro G, Malatesta D, Petrova T, Profeta F, Colaianni ML, Berjaoui S, Puglia I, Caporale M, Rossi E, Marcacci M, Luciani M, Sacchini F, Portanti O, Bencivenga F, Decaro N, Bonfante F, Lorusso A. A cell-adapted SARS-CoV-2 mutant, showing a deletion in the spike protein spanning the furin cleavage site, has reduced virulence at the lung level in K18-hACE2 mice. Virology 2024; 592:109997. [PMID: 38324940 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.109997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Here we investigated the virulence properties of a unique cell-adapted SARS-CoV-2 mutant showing a ten-amino acid deletion encompassing the furin cleavage site of the spike protein (Δ680SPRAARSVAS689; Δ680-689-B.1) in comparison to its parental strain (wt-B.1) and two Delta variants (AY.122 and AY.21) of concern. After intranasal inoculation, transgenic K18-hACE2 mice were monitored for 14 days for weight change, lethality, and clinical score; oral swabs were daily collected and tested for the presence of N protein subgenomic RNA. At 3 and 7 dpi mice were also sacrificed and organs collected for molecular, histopathological, and immune response profile investigations. The Δ680-689-B.1-infected mice exhibited reduced shedding, lower virulence at the lung level, and milder pulmonary lesions. In the lung, infection with Δ680-689-B.1 was associated with a significant lower expression of some cytokines at 3 dpi (IL-4, IL-27, and IL-28) and 7 dpi (IL-4, IL-27, IL-28, IFN-γ and IL-1α).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Valleriani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Pancrazio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Massimo Spedicato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Teodoro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Daniela Malatesta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Tetyana Petrova
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Francesca Profeta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | | | - Shadia Berjaoui
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Ilaria Puglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Marialuigia Caporale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Mirella Luciani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Flavio Sacchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | - Ottavio Portanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano-Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro-Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo-Italy; IZSVe-IZSAM Joint FAO Reference Centre for Zoonotic Coronaviruses, Italy.
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Demyashkin G, Gorokhov K, Shchekin V, Vadyukhin M, Matevosyan A, Rudavina A, Pilipchuk A, Pilipchuk A, Kochetkova S, Atiakshin D, Shegay P, Kaprin A. Features of Appendix and the Characteristics of Appendicitis Development in Children with COVID-19. Biomedicines 2024; 12:312. [PMID: 38397914 PMCID: PMC10886907 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on the subject of the influence of SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms on human homeostasis remains an actual problem. Particular interest is the study of pathomorphological changes in the appendix in children with COVID-19. OBJECTIVES Aim of this study: morphological and molecular biological evaluation of the appendix in children of different age groups with COVID-19. METHODS Groups were formed on the basis of anamnestic, clinical, and morphological data: I (n = 42; aged 2 to 18 years, average age-10.8 ± 4.79)-with an established clinical diagnosis: coronavirus infection (COVID-19; PCR+); II (n = 55; aged 2 to 18 years, average age-9.7 ± 4.77)-with a confirmed clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis; collected before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2017-2019; and III (n = 38; aged 2 to 18 years, average age-10.3 ± 4.62)-the control group. Histological and immunohistochemical studies were conducted using primary antibodies to CD3, CD4, CD68, CD163, CD20, and CD138 and to pro-inflammatory (IL-1, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines. RESULTS In most samples of appendixes in children with COVID-19, signs of destructive phlegmonous-ulcerative and gangrenous appendicitis were discovered. An increase in CD3+, CD4+, CD68+, CD163+, and CD20+ CD138+ immunocompetent cells was found in the appendix of children with COVID-19. As well, there was an increase in pro-inflammatory (IL-1, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines. CONCLUSIONS The aforementioned pathological and immunohistochemical changes were more pronounced in the group of children aged 6-12 years (childhood).
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory Demyashkin
- Department of Pathomorphology, National Medical Research Centre of Radiology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 249036 Obninsk, Russia; (K.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.)
- Laboratory of Histology and Immunohistochemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (G.D.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Konstantin Gorokhov
- Department of Pathomorphology, National Medical Research Centre of Radiology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 249036 Obninsk, Russia; (K.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Vladimir Shchekin
- Laboratory of Histology and Immunohistochemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (G.D.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Matvey Vadyukhin
- Laboratory of Histology and Immunohistochemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (G.D.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Artem Matevosyan
- Laboratory of Histology and Immunohistochemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (G.D.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Arina Rudavina
- Laboratory of Histology and Immunohistochemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (G.D.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Anna Pilipchuk
- Laboratory of Histology and Immunohistochemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (G.D.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Alina Pilipchuk
- Laboratory of Histology and Immunohistochemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (G.D.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Svetlana Kochetkova
- Laboratory of Histology and Immunohistochemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (G.D.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Dmitrii Atiakshin
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Petr Shegay
- Department of Pathomorphology, National Medical Research Centre of Radiology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 249036 Obninsk, Russia; (K.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Andrey Kaprin
- Department of Pathomorphology, National Medical Research Centre of Radiology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 249036 Obninsk, Russia; (K.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.)
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia;
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Al-Qahtani AA, Alhamlan FS, Al-Qahtani AA. Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Interleukins in Infectious Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:13. [PMID: 38251210 PMCID: PMC10818686 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukins (ILs) are signaling molecules that are crucial in regulating immune responses during infectious diseases. Pro-inflammatory ILs contribute to the activation and recruitment of immune cells, whereas anti-inflammatory ILs help to suppress excessive inflammation and promote tissue repair. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the role of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory ILs in infectious diseases, with a focus on the mechanisms underlying their effects, their diagnostic and therapeutic potential, and emerging trends in IL-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa A. Al-Qahtani
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fatimah S. Alhamlan
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ali Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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Mehta P, Chattopadhyay P, Mohite R, D'Rozario R, Bandopadhyay P, Sarif J, Ray Y, Ganguly D, Pandey R. Suppressed transcript diversity and immune response in COVID-19 ICU patients: a longitudinal study. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302305. [PMID: 37918965 PMCID: PMC10622646 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamic changes in gene expression during Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) progression in post-acute infection patients is crucial for unraveling the underlying mechanisms. Study investigates the longitudinal changes in gene/transcript expression patterns in hospital-admitted severe COVID-19 patients with ARDS post-acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood samples were collected at three time points and patients were stratified into severe and mild ARDS, based on their oxygenation saturation (SpO2/FiO2) kinetics over 7 d. Decline in transcript diversity was observed over time, particularly in patients with higher severity, indicating dysregulated transcriptional landscape. Comparing gene/transcript-level analyses highlighted a rather limited overlap. With disease progression, a transition towards an inflammatory state was evident. Strong association was found between antibody response and disease severity, characterized by decreased antibody response and activated B cell population in severe cases. Bayesian network analysis identified various factors associated with disease progression and severity, viz. humoral response, TLR signaling, inflammatory response, interferon response, and effector T cell abundance. The findings highlight dynamic gene/transcript expression changes during ARDS progression, impact on tissue oxygenation and elucidate disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Mehta
- https://ror.org/05ef28661 Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Partha Chattopadhyay
- https://ror.org/05ef28661 Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ramakant Mohite
- https://ror.org/05ef28661 Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
| | - Ranit D'Rozario
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- https://ror.org/01kh0x418 IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Purbita Bandopadhyay
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- https://ror.org/01kh0x418 IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Jafar Sarif
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- https://ror.org/01kh0x418 IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Yogiraj Ray
- Infectious Disease and Beleghata General Hospital, Kolkata, India
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shambhunath Pandit Hospital, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Dipyaman Ganguly
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- https://ror.org/01kh0x418 IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- https://ror.org/05ef28661 Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Deng X, Wang P, Mo Y, Zhang Y, Tong X. Cytokines as drivers: Unraveling the mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in COVID-19 lung fibrosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 686:149118. [PMID: 37931361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), like other viruses, can induce proliferation of myofibroblasts and even lead to fibrosis in the lung. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is thought to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). EMT is originally a critical process that regulates the development of different tissues in the embryo, but in inflammatory situations, EMT tries to be activated again to control inflammation or even heal inflammatory damage. However, in pathological situations, such as chronic viral infections (e.g., COVID-19) or pulmonary fibrosis initiation, this benign healing transforms into sinister nature, pushing the lung into the fibrotic process. Notably, the cytokines released by inflammatory cells and the chronic inflammatory microenvironment shared by fibrotic cells promote each other as critical factors in the induction of pathological EMT. In the induction of SARS-CoV-2 virus, cytokines are an essential mediator of EMT transformation, and a summary of whether COVID-19 patients, during the infection phase, have many persistent inflammatory mediators (cytokines) that are a causative factor of EMT has not yet appeared. The following common signaling drivers, including Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), cytokines, Notch signaling pathway, Wnt and hypoxia signaling pathways, drive the regulation of EMT. In this review, we will focus on 3 key EMT signaling pathways: TGF-β, Leucine zipper transcription factor like 1 (LZTFL1) and the common interleukin family expressed in the lung. TGF-β-induced SNAIL and LZTFL1 were identified as regulatory EMT in COVID-19. For cytokines, the interleukin family is a common inducer of EMT and plays an essential role in the formation of the microenvironment of fibrosis. We sought to demonstrate that cytokines act as "communicators" and build the "microenvironment" of fibrosis together with EMT as a "bridge" to induce EMT in fibrosis. The mechanisms utilized by these two pathways could serve as templates for other mesenchymal transformations and provide new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China (Airport) Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan university, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengbo Wang
- School of Professional Studies, Columbia University, USA
| | - Yan Mo
- Department of Neurology Medicine, The Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC) 363 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuansheng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Tong
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China (Airport) Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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9
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Hu W, Meng L, Wang C, Lu W, Tong X, Lin R, Xu T, Chen L, Cui A, Xu X, Li A, Tang J, Gao H, Pei Z, Zhang R, Wang Y, Wang Y, Han W, Jiang N, Xiong C, Feng Y, Lee K, Chen M. Spatiotemporal observations of host-pathogen interactions in mucosa during SARS-CoV-2 infection indicate a protective role of ILC2s. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0087823. [PMID: 37937994 PMCID: PMC10714800 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00878-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Our study revealed the spatial interaction between humanized ACE2 and pseudovirus expressing Spike, emphasizing the role of type 2 innate lymphoid cells during the initial phase of viral infection. These findings provide a foundation for the development of mucosal vaccines and other treatment approaches for both pre- and post-infection management of coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Meng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhan Lu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tong
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - An Cui
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anni Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Tang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongru Gao
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenle Pei
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruonan Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yicong Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wendong Han
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglong Xiong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuinyu Lee
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingquan Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Bay P, Rodriguez C, Caruso S, Demontant V, Boizeau L, Soulier A, Woerther PL, Mekontso-Dessap A, Pawlotsky JM, de Prost N, Fourati S. Omicron induced distinct immune respiratory transcriptomics signatures compared to pre-existing variants in critically ill COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29268. [PMID: 38050838 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is related to dysregulated immune responses. We aimed to explore the effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants on the immune response by nasopharyngeal transcriptomic in critically-ill patients. This prospective monocentric study included COVID-19 patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission between March 2020 and 2022. Patients were classified according to VOC (ancestral, Alpha, Delta, and Omicron). Eighty-eight patients with severe COVID-19 were included after matching (on prespecified clinical criteria). Profiling of gene expression markers of innate and adaptive immune responses were investigated by respiratory transcriptomics at ICU admission. Eighty-eight patients were included in the study after matching (ancestral [n = 24], Alpha [n = 24], Delta [n = 22], and Omicron [n = 18] variants). Respiratory transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct innate and adaptive immune profiling between variants. In comparison with the ancestral variant, there was a reduced expression of neutrophil degranulation, T cell activation, cytokines signalling pathways in patients infected with Alpha and Delta variants. In contrast, there was a higher expression of neutrophil degranulation, T and B cells activation, and inflammatory interleukins pathways in patients infected with Omicron. To conclude, Omicron induced distinct immune respiratory transcriptomics signatures compared to pre-existing variants in patients with severe COVID-19, pointing to an evolving pathophysiology of severe COVID-19 in the Omicron era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bay
- Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU Médecine, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
- GRC CARMAS, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
- Équipe Virus, Hépatologie, Cancer, INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Christophe Rodriguez
- Équipe Virus, Hépatologie, Cancer, INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
- Département de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
- Plateforme de Génomique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Créteil, France
| | - Stefano Caruso
- Équipe Virus, Hépatologie, Cancer, INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
- Département de Pathologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
| | - Vanessa Demontant
- Plateforme de Génomique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Créteil, France
| | - Laure Boizeau
- Plateforme de Génomique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Créteil, France
| | - Alexandre Soulier
- Équipe Virus, Hépatologie, Cancer, INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
- Département de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
| | - Paul L Woerther
- Département de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
- EA 7380 Dynamic, Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC), École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC Anses, Créteil, France
| | - Armand Mekontso-Dessap
- Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU Médecine, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
- GRC CARMAS, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
- Équipe Virus, Hépatologie, Cancer, INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
- Département de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
- Plateforme de Génomique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas de Prost
- Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU Médecine, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
- GRC CARMAS, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Slim Fourati
- Équipe Virus, Hépatologie, Cancer, INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
- Département de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
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11
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Huang ZM, Kang JQ, Chen PZ, Deng LF, Li JX, He YX, Liang J, Huang N, Luo TY, Lan QW, Chen HK, Guo XG. Identifying the Interaction Between Tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2 Infections via Bioinformatics Analysis and Machine Learning. Biochem Genet 2023:10.1007/s10528-023-10563-x. [PMID: 37991568 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The number of patients with COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is still increasing. In the case of COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB), the presence of one disease affects the infectious status of the other. Meanwhile, coinfection may result in complications that make treatment more difficult. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning the interaction between TB and COVID-19 are unclear. Accordingly, transcriptome analysis was used to detect the shared pathways and molecular biomarkers in TB and COVID-19, allowing us to determine the complex relationship between COVID-19 and TB. Two RNA-seq datasets (GSE114192 and GSE163151) from the Gene Expression Omnibus were used to find concerted differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between TB and COVID-19 to identify the common pathogenic mechanisms. A total of 124 common DEGs were detected and used to find shared pathways and drug targets. Several enterprising bioinformatics tools were applied to perform pathway analysis, enrichment analysis and networks analysis. Protein-protein interaction analysis and machine learning was used to identify hub genes (GAS6, OAS3 and PDCD1LG2) and datasets GSE171110, GSE54992 and GSE79362 were used for verification. The mechanism of protein-drug interactions may have reference value in the treatment of coinfection of COVID-19 and TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Min Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jia-Qi Kang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Pei-Zhen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Lin-Fen Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ying-Xin He
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jie Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tian-Ye Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Qi-Wen Lan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Hao-Kai Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xu-Guang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, King Med School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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12
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Chakraborty S, Singh A, Wang L, Wang X, Sanborn MA, Ye Z, Maienschein-Cline M, Mukhopadhyay A, Ganesh BB, Malik AB, Rehman J. Trained immunity of alveolar macrophages enhances injury resolution via KLF4-MERTK-mediated efferocytosis. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221388. [PMID: 37615937 PMCID: PMC10450795 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that training of innate immune cells such as tissue-resident macrophages by repeated noxious stimuli can heighten host defense responses. However, it remains unclear whether trained immunity of tissue-resident macrophages also enhances injury resolution to counterbalance the heightened inflammatory responses. Here, we studied lung-resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) prechallenged with either the bacterial endotoxin or with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and observed that these trained AMs showed greater resilience to pathogen-induced cell death. Transcriptomic analysis and functional assays showed greater capacity of trained AMs for efferocytosis of cellular debris and injury resolution. Single-cell high-dimensional mass cytometry analysis and lineage tracing demonstrated that training induces an expansion of a MERTKhiMarcohiCD163+F4/80low lung-resident AM subset with a proresolving phenotype. Reprogrammed AMs upregulated expression of the efferocytosis receptor MERTK mediated by the transcription factor KLF4. Adoptive transfer of these trained AMs restricted inflammatory lung injury in recipient mice exposed to lethal P. aeruginosa. Thus, our study has identified a subset of tissue-resident trained macrophages that prevent hyperinflammation and restore tissue homeostasis following repeated pathogen challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeparna Chakraborty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Abhalaxmi Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xinge Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark A. Sanborn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zijing Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Amitabha Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Balaji B. Ganesh
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Asrar B. Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jalees Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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13
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Ghanbari Naeini L, Abbasi L, Karimi F, Kokabian P, Abdi Abyaneh F, Naderi D. The Important Role of Interleukin-2 in COVID-19. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:7097329. [PMID: 37649897 PMCID: PMC10465260 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7097329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is controversial literature about the effects of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) cytokine family in COVID-19 pathogenesis and immunity. So we aimed to identify the potential in the role of the IL-2 family in COVID-19. A narrative review search was done through online databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search deadline was up to December 2022. We applied no time limits for the searching strategy. After retrieving articles from the databases, the authors summarized the data into two data extraction tables. The first data extraction table described the changes in the IL-2 cytokine family in COVID-19 and the second table described the therapeutic interventions targeting IL-2 family cytokines. The results of the literature on the role of the IL-2 cytokine family do not show a singular rule. IL-2 cytokine family can change during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Some studies suggest that IL-2 cytokine family rise during the infection and cause severe inflammatory response and cytokine storm. These cytokines are shown to be increased in immunocompromised patients and worsen their prognosis. In individuals without underlying disease, the upregulation of the IL-2 family shows the clinical outcome of the disease and rises with disease severity. However, some other studies show that these cytokines do not significantly change. IL-2 cytokine family is mostly upregulated in healthy individuals who had vaccination, but immunocompromised patients did not show significant changes after a single dose of vaccines, which shows that these patients need booster doses for efficient immunity. IL-2 cytokine family can also be used as immunotherapy agents in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laleh Abbasi
- Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Pajman Kokabian
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Delaram Naderi
- Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
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14
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Guo TJF, Singhera GK, Leung JM, Dorscheid DR. Airway Epithelial-Derived Immune Mediators in COVID-19. Viruses 2023; 15:1655. [PMID: 37631998 PMCID: PMC10458661 DOI: 10.3390/v15081655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium, which lines the conducting airways, is central to the defense of the lungs against inhaled particulate matter and pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Recognition of pathogens results in the activation of an innate and intermediate immune response which involves the release of cytokines and chemokines by the airway epithelium. This response can inhibit further viral invasion and influence adaptive immunity. However, severe COVID-19 is characterized by a hyper-inflammatory response which can give rise to clinical presentations including lung injury and lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome, viral pneumonia, coagulopathy, and multi-system organ failure. In response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, the airway epithelium can mount a maladaptive immune response which can delay viral clearance, perpetuate excessive inflammation, and contribute to the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19. In this article, we will review the barrier and immune functions of the airway epithelium, how SARS-CoV-2 can interact with the epithelium, and epithelial-derived cytokines and chemokines and their roles in COVID-19 and as biomarkers. Finally, we will discuss these immune mediators and their potential as therapeutic targets in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony J. F. Guo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Gurpreet K. Singhera
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel St., Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Janice M. Leung
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel St., Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Delbert R. Dorscheid
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel St., Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
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15
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Majeed AY, Zulkafli NES, Ad'hiah AH. Serum profiles of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in non-hospitalized patients with mild/moderate COVID-19 infection. Immunol Lett 2023; 260:S0165-2478(23)00110-4. [PMID: 37339685 PMCID: PMC10276899 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
This study attempted to explore pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses in patients with mild/moderate coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Eight pro-inflammatory (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-17E, IL-31, IFN-γ and TNF-α) and three anti-inflammatory (IL-1Ra, IL-10 and IL-13) cytokines, as well as two chemokines (CXCL9 and CXCL10), were analyzed in the serum from ninety COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. Cytokine/chemokine levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results revealed that IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-31, IFN-γ, TNF-α and CXCL10 were significantly higher in patients than in controls, while IL-1Ra levels were significantly lower in patients. IL-17E and CXCL9 levels showed no significant differences between patients and controls. Seven cytokines/chemokines recorded an area under the curve greater than 0.8: IL-12 (0.945), IL-17A (0.926), CXCL10 (0.909), IFN-γ (0.904), IL-1α (0.869), TNF-α (0.825) and IL-10 (0.821). As indicated by the odds ratio, elevated levels of nine cytokines/chemokines were associated with an increased risk of COVID-19: IL-1α (19.04), IL-10 (5.01), IL-12 (43.66), IL-13 (4.25), IL-17A (16.62), IL-31 (7.38), IFN-γ (13.55), TNF-α (12.00) and CXCL10 (11.18). Only one positive (IL-17E with TNF-α) and six negative (IL-1β, IL-17A and IL-17E with CXCL9, IL-10 with IL-17A, and IL-1β and IL-17A with CXCL10) correlations were found between these cytokines/chemokines. In conclusion, pro-inflammatory (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-31, IFN-γ, TNF-α and CXCL10) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and IL-13) cytokines/chemokines were up-regulated in the serum of patients with mild/moderate COVID-19. Their potential as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis is suggested and the association with COVID-19 risk is indicated to give more insight on COVID-19 immunological responses among non-hospitalized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulraheem Y Majeed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200, Bertam, Penang, Malaysia; AL-Anbar Directorate of Health, Iraqi Ministry of Health, Iraq
| | - Nor Effa S Zulkafli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200, Bertam, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Ali H Ad'hiah
- Tropical-Biological Research Unit, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya, 10070, Al-Karrada, Baghdad, Iraq.
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16
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Sasson J, Moreau GB, Petri WA. The role of interleukin 13 and the type 2 immune pathway in COVID-19: A review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2023; 130:727-732. [PMID: 36924937 PMCID: PMC10014128 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Although much has been learned about severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 since December 2019, uneven global vaccine distribution, rapid viral spread, and variant evasion of preventative measures have led to its persistence in the population for the foreseeable future. Additional therapies are needed to support patients through their acute, immune-mediated disease process that continues to lead to considerable morbidity and mortality. Data revealing the involvement of type 2 immune pathway in acute coronavirus disease 2019 and post-recovery conditions represent a potential additional area for intervention. Herein, we review the current understanding of interleukin 13 in acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, the clinical outcomes associated with type 2 immune processes, and the impact of type 2 blockade on acute and long-term coronavirus disease 2019 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Sasson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - G Brett Moreau
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia.
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17
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Zhang J, Gao J, Li X, Lin D, Li Z, Wang J, Chen J, Gao Z, Lin B. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles promote liver regeneration via miR-20a-5p/PTEN. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1168545. [PMID: 37305542 PMCID: PMC10248071 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1168545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Balancing hepatocyte death and proliferation is key to non-transplantation treatments for acute liver failure (ALF), which has a high short-term mortality rate. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) may act as mediators in the repair of damaged liver tissue by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We aimed to investigate the efficacy of human bone marrow MSC-derived sEVs (BMSC-sEVs) in treating mice with ALF and the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis. Small EVs and sEV-free BMSC concentrated medium were injected into mice with LPS/D-GalN-induced ALF to assess survival, changes in serology, liver pathology, and apoptosis and proliferation in different phases. The results were further verified in vitro in L-02 cells with hydrogen peroxide injury. BMSC-sEV-treated mice with ALF had higher 24 h survival rates and more significant reductions in liver injury than mice treated with sEV-free concentrated medium. BMSC-sEVs reduced hepatocyte apoptosis and promoted cell proliferation by upregulating miR-20a-5p, which targeted the PTEN/AKT signaling pathway. Additionally, BMSC-sEVs upregulated the mir-20a precursor in hepatocytes. The application of BMSC-sEVs showed a positive impact by preventing the development of ALF, and may serve as a promising strategy for promoting ALF liver regeneration. miR-20a-5p plays an important role in liver protection from ALF by BMSC-sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianlong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dengna Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jialei Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiliang Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bingliang Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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18
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Li S, Duan X, Jiang N, Jeyarajan AJ, Warner CA, Li Y, Xu M, Li X, Tan L, Li M, Shao T, Li S, Chen L, Gao Y, Han M, Lin W. Vaccination increased host antiviral gene expression and reduced COVID-19 severity during the Omicron variant outbreak in Fuyang City, China. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110333. [PMID: 37201409 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The differences in host antiviral gene expression and disease severity between vaccinated and non-vaccinated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients are not well characterized. We sought to compare the clinical characteristics and host antiviral gene expression patterns of vaccinated and non-vaccinated cohorts at the Second People's Hospital of Fuyang City. METHODS In this case-control study, we retrospectively analyzed 113 vaccinated patients with a COVID-19 Omicron variant infection, 46 non-vaccinated COVID-19 patients, and 24 healthy subjects (no history of COVID-19) recruited from the Second People's Hospital of Fuyang City. Blood samples were collected from each study participant for RNA extraction and PCR. We compared host antiviral gene expression profiles between healthy controls and COVID-19 patients who were either vaccinated or non-vaccinated at the time of infection. RESULTS In the vaccinated group, most patients were asymptomatic, with only 42.9 % of patients developing fever. Notably, no patients had extrapulmonary organ damage. In contrast, 21.4 % of patients in the non-vaccinated group developed severe/critical (SC) disease and 78.6 % had mild/moderate (MM) disease, with fever occurring in 74.2 % patients. We found that Omicron infection in COVID-19 vaccinated patients was associated with significantly increased expression of several important host antiviral genes including IL12B, IL13, CXCL11, CXCL9, IFNA2, IFNA1, IFNγ, and TNFα. CONCLUSION Vaccinated patients infected with the Omicron variant were mostly asymptomatic. In contrast, non-vaccinated patients frequently developed SC or MM disease. Older patients with SC COVID-19 also had a higher occurrence of mild liver dysfunction. Omicron infection in COVID-19 vaccinated patients was associated with the activation of key host antiviral genes and thus may play a role in reducing disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Li
- Department of Hepatology, The Second People's Hospital of Fuyang City, Fuyang 236015, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiong Duan
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Hepatology, The Second People's Hospital of Fuyang City, Fuyang 236015, Anhui Province, PR China; Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Andre J Jeyarajan
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Charlotte A Warner
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yujia Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Xiuyong Li
- Department of Hepatology, The Second People's Hospital of Fuyang City, Fuyang 236015, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Hepatology, The Second People's Hospital of Fuyang City, Fuyang 236015, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Hepatology, The Second People's Hospital of Fuyang City, Fuyang 236015, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Tuo Shao
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shilin Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Limin Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Yufeng Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, PR China.
| | - Mingfeng Han
- Department of Hepatology, The Second People's Hospital of Fuyang City, Fuyang 236015, Anhui Province, PR China.
| | - Wenyu Lin
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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19
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Ma D, Wang Y, Huang N, Li W, Chen H, Yang Y, Zhu R. COVID-19-Associated Disease Course Is Shortened in Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis Patients Receiving Dupilumab Treatment: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12103415. [PMID: 37240520 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that allergic diseases may be a protective factor in SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, data regarding the impact of dupilumab, a widely used immunomodulatory medication, on COVID-19 in an allergic population are very limited. To investigate the incidence and severity of COVID-19 among moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) patients treated with dupilumab, a retrospective cross-sectional survey was conducted among patients with moderate-to-severe AD who presented at the Department of Allergy of Tongji Hospital from 15 January 2023 to 31 January 2023. Healthy individuals matched for gender and age were also enrolled as a control. All subjects were asked about their demographic characteristics, past medical history, COVID-19 vaccination history, and medications, as well as the presence and duration of individual COVID-19-related symptoms. A total of 159 moderate-to-severe AD patients and 198 healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. Among the AD patients, 97 patients were treated with dupilumab, and 62 patients did not receive any biologicals or systemic treatments (topical treatment group). The proportions of people who were not infected with COVID in the dupilumab treatment group, topical treatment group and healthy control group were 10.31%, 9.68% and 19.19%, respectively (p = 0.057). There was no significant difference in COVID-19-related symptom scores among all groups (p = 0.059). The hospitalization rates were 3.58% in the topical treatment group and 1.25% in the healthy control group, and no patient was hospitalized in the dupilumab treatment group (p = 0.163). Compared with healthy control group and topical treatment group, the dupilumab treatment group had the shortest COVID-19-associated disease duration (dupilumab treatment group, 4.15 ± 2.85 d vs. topical treatment group, 5.43 ± 3.15 d vs. healthy control group, 6.09 ± 4.29 d; p = 0.001). Among the AD patients treated with dupilumab for different times, there was no appreciable difference (<0.5 year group, 5 ± 3.62 d vs. 0.5-1 year group, 4.84 ± 2.58 d vs. >1 year group, 2.8 ± 1.32 d; p = 0.183). Dupilumab treatment shortened the duration of COVID-19 in patients with moderate-to-severe AD. AD patients can continue their dupilumab treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxia Ma
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yaqi Yang
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Rongfei Zhu
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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20
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Thirupathi A, Yong W, Oflaz O, Agascioglu E, Gu Y. Exercise and COVID-19: exercise intensity reassures immunological benefits of post-COVID-19 condition. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1036925. [PMID: 37275224 PMCID: PMC10233405 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1036925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Any form of physical activity, including exercise, has various benefits at the physiological (improving cardiac and respiratory functions, increasing skeletal muscle mass, and maintaining homeostasis) and psychological levels (improving cognitive function, reducing anxiety and depression) which help to combat any type of infection. In contrast, the infectivity ratio could reduce the physical activity of an individual, such as performing a habitual exercise. Adaptation to different exercise strategies including intensity and duration may better increase physical performance and improve the symptoms. For example, low to moderate intensity perhaps fails to induce this adaptive process, while high-intensity of exercise compromises immune health. This can aggravate the infection rate (Open window theory). However, high intensity with a shorter time produces various morphological alterations in the primary organs including the lungs and heart, which facilitate life support in COVID-19 patients. However, less information about exercise protocols failed to assure the benefits of exercise to COVID-19 patients, particularly post-COVID-19 conditions. Therefore, this review will answer how exercise intensity is crucial to reassure the exercise benefits for promoting safe participation before infection and post-COVID-19 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Thirupathi
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wang Yong
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ofcan Oflaz
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Eda Agascioglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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21
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Votto M, Castagnoli R, Marseglia GL, Licari A, Brambilla I. COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases: is there a connection? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 23:185-192. [PMID: 36728317 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes current evidence on the potential link between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and autoimmunity. RECENT FINDINGS Several viral infections are potential triggers of reactive and autoimmune diseases by inducing type II and type IV hypersensitivity reactions. Recent evidence demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection is not an exception, triggering the production of tissue-specific autoantibodies during the acute phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and leading to autoimmune diseases development as long-term complication. The significant immune dysregulation with cytokine storm and organ damage observed in patients with severe to critical COVID-19 is considered the main mechanism explaining the high levels of autoantibodies, which are also implicated in disease severity and the need for an intensive care assessment. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is an immune-mediated disease where the recent viral infection leads to systemic inflammation, as already observed in other reactive and autoimmune diseases. SUMMARY Autoimmunity may be a complication of SAR-CoV-2 infection. Understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune manifestations in COVID-19 might help prevent the incidence or exacerbation of autoimmune disorders and design better and more efficient treatment strategies in children and adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Votto
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia
| | - Riccardo Castagnoli
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Amelia Licari
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Brambilla
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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22
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Adel Mehraban MS, Shirzad M, Mohammad Taghizadeh Kashani L, Ahmadian-Attari MM, Safari AA, Ansari N, Hatami H, Kamalinejad M. Efficacy and safety of add-on Viola odorata L. in the treatment of COVID-19: A randomized double-blind controlled trial. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 304:116058. [PMID: 36535329 PMCID: PMC9757886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) due to the novel coronavirus has become the highest priority that threatens human health. This situation demands widespread vaccination and the innovation of new therapeutic methods. Despite drug discoveries, the need for approving new medicaments is felt because of adverse effects and lack of efficacy. Several medicinal plants including Viola odorata L. are recommended in traditional Persian medicine for alleviating respiratory infection symptoms. Recent studies showed anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-asthmatic, antitussive, analgesic, and antibacterial activities of sweet violet. These enhance respiratory functions, reduce pulmonary inflammation, and decline mucous membrane edema. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of sweet violet syrup in alleviating the manifestations of COVID-19 infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS A randomized parallel-group double-blind controlled trial was conducted at Al-Zahra general hospital, Isfahan, Iran. A total of 108 outpatients were enrolled in the study. The patients were randomly allocated to intervention and placebo groups, with 54 patients in each group. The allocation was concealed using sealed opaque envelopes. The intervention group received violet syrup and the control group received placebo syrup, an add-on to the conventional treatment. The outcomes were COVID-19 manifestations, such as dyspnea, cough, myalgia, headache, and diarrhea, considered as outcomes of the study and were evaluated twice using a visual analog scale before the intervention and after 7 days, at the end of the study. Patients were followed daily by phone calls to monitor proper drug consumption and possible side effects. RESULTS No significant difference was between groups regarding demographic characteristics and vital signs before and after the treatment. Although all symptoms have improved significantly in both groups, patients who received violet syrup recovered faster and the mean severity scores of cough (P = 0.025), myalgia (P = 0.036), headache (P = 0.037), and diarrhea (P = 0.044) decreased greater in comparison to control group. CONCLUSION This study, the first clinical trial on the effectiveness of Viola odorata on SARS-CoV-2 patients, showed that Viola odorata L. effectively controls prevalent manifestations of COVID-19 including cough, myalgia, headache, and diarrhea. Regarding this survey, the violet syrup can be mentioned as a complementary treatment for viral influenza-like infections in which cough, myalgia, headache, and diarrhea are prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadegh Adel Mehraban
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Traditional Persian Medicine and Complementary Medicine (PerCoMed) Student Association, Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Meysam Shirzad
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Persian Medicine Network (PMN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Mahdi Ahmadian-Attari
- Evidence-based Phytotherapy and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Ali Akbar Safari
- Evidence-based Phytotherapy and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Narges Ansari
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Hossein Hatami
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Kamalinejad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Employing T-Cell Memory to Effectively Target SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020301. [PMID: 36839573 PMCID: PMC9967959 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Well-trained T-cell immunity is needed for early viral containment, especially with the help of an ideal vaccine. Although most severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected convalescent cases have recovered with the generation of virus-specific memory T cells, some cases have encountered T-cell abnormalities. The emergence of several mutant strains has even threatened the effectiveness of the T-cell immunity that was established with the first-generation vaccines. Currently, the development of next-generation vaccines involves trying several approaches to educate T-cell memory to trigger a broad and fast response that targets several viral proteins. As the shaping of T-cell immunity in its fast and efficient form becomes important, this review discusses several interesting vaccine approaches to effectively employ T-cell memory for efficient viral containment. In addition, some essential facts and future possible consequences of using current vaccines are also highlighted.
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24
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Scola L, Ferraro D, Sanfilippo GL, De Grazia S, Lio D, Giammanco GM. Age and Cytokine Gene Variants Modulate the Immunogenicity and Protective Effect of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-Based Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020413. [PMID: 36851291 PMCID: PMC9962548 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in late 2020 substantially changed the pandemic picture, inducing effective protection in the population. However, individual variability was observed with different levels of cellular response and neutralizing antibodies. We report data on the impact of age, gender, and 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of cytokine genes on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers measured 31 and 105 days after administration of the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine to 122 healthy subjects from the health care staff of the Palermo University Hospital, Italy. The higher titers at 31 days were measured in the younger subjects and in subjects bearing T-positive genotypes of IL-1R1 rs2234650 or the GG homozygous genotype of IL-6 rs1800795 SNP. T-positive genotypes are also significantly more common in subjects with higher titers at day 105. In addition, in this group of subjects, the frequency of the CT genotype of IL-4 rs2243250 is higher among those vaccinated with higher titers. Moreover, these SNPs and TNFA rs1800629 are differently distributed in a group of subjects that were found infected by SARS-CoV-2 at day 105 of evaluation. Finally, subjects that were found to be infected by SARS-CoV-2 at day 105 were significantly older than the uninfected subjects. Taken together, these data seem to suggest that age and polymorphisms of key cytokines, which regulate inflammation and humoral immune response, might influence the magnitude of the antibody response to vaccination with BNT162B2, prompting speculation about the possible benefit of a genetic background-based assessment of a personalized approach to the anti-COVID vaccination schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Scola
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Corso Tukory, 211, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Donatella Ferraro
- Microbiology, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Luisa Sanfilippo
- Microbiology, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona De Grazia
- Microbiology, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Lio
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Migrate”, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-91-6555913
| | - Giovanni Maurizio Giammanco
- Microbiology, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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Barnes HW, Demirdjian S, Haddock NL, Kaber G, Martinez HA, Nagy N, Karmouty-Quintana H, Bollyky PL. Hyaluronan in the pathogenesis of acute and post-acute COVID-19 infection. Matrix Biol 2023; 116:49-66. [PMID: 36750167 PMCID: PMC9899355 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) recently emerged as the cause of a global pandemic. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can result in COVID-19 with both acute and chronic disease manifestations that continue to impact many patients long after the resolution of viral replication. There is therefore great interest in understanding the host factors that contribute to COVID-19 pathogenesis. In this review, we address the role of hyaluronan (HA), an extracellular matrix polymer with roles in inflammation and cellular metabolism, in COVID-19 and critically evaluate the hypothesis that HA promotes COVID-19 pathogenesis. We first provide a brief overview of COVID-19 infection. Then we briefly summarize the known roles of HA in airway inflammation and immunity. We then address what is known about HA and the pathogenesis of COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (COVID-19 ARDS). Next, we examine potential roles for HA in post-acute SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), also known as "long COVID" as well as in COVID-associated fibrosis. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutics that target HA as a means to treat COVID-19, including the repurposed drug hymecromone (4-methylumbelliferone). We conclude that HA is a promising potential therapeutic target for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry W Barnes
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sally Demirdjian
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Naomi L Haddock
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hunter A Martinez
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nadine Nagy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Kumar R, Aktay-Cetin Ö, Craddock V, Morales-Cano D, Kosanovic D, Cogolludo A, Perez-Vizcaino F, Avdeev S, Kumar A, Ram AK, Agarwal S, Chakraborty A, Savai R, de Jesus Perez V, Graham BB, Butrous G, Dhillon NK. Potential long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the pulmonary vasculature: Multilayered cross-talks in the setting of coinfections and comorbidities. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011063. [PMID: 36634048 PMCID: PMC9836319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its sublineages pose a new challenge to healthcare systems worldwide due to its ability to efficiently spread in immunized populations and its resistance to currently available therapies. COVID-19, although targeting primarily the respiratory system, is also now well established that later affects every organ in the body. Most importantly, despite the available therapy and vaccine-elicited protection, the long-term consequences of viral infection in breakthrough and asymptomatic individuals are areas of concern. In the past two years, investigators accumulated evidence on how the virus triggers our immune system and the molecular signals involved in the cross-talk between immune cells and structural cells in the pulmonary vasculature to drive pathological lung complications such as endothelial dysfunction and thrombosis. In the review, we emphasize recent updates on the pathophysiological inflammatory and immune responses associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and their potential long-term consequences that may consequently lead to the development of pulmonary vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Öznur Aktay-Cetin
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Vaughn Craddock
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Daniel Morales-Cano
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Djuro Kosanovic
- Department of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Angel Cogolludo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes), Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Perez-Vizcaino
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes), Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergey Avdeev
- Department of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Anil Kumar Ram
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Stuti Agarwal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, California, United States of America
| | - Ananya Chakraborty
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, California, United States of America
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Member of the DZL, Member of CPI, Giessen, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Vinicio de Jesus Perez
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, California, United States of America
| | - Brian B. Graham
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ghazwan Butrous
- Cardiopulmonary Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Navneet K. Dhillon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
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Fitriah M, Putri AE, Semedi BP, Atika A, Tambunan BA. Immunomodulation Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy in Severe - Critical COVID-19 Patients. Open Access Emerg Med 2023; 15:109-118. [PMID: 37124663 PMCID: PMC10143688 DOI: 10.2147/oaem.s405555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Convalescent plasma therapy (CPT) is an alternative therapy for managing COVID-19, but its use is still controversial. Objective Analyzing the effectiveness of CPT in modulating immune responses based on SARS-COV-2 anti-spike protein receptor-binding domain (s-RBD) IgG, inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-4), and mortality in severe-critical COVID-19 patients. Methods This study was an observational analytical with a prospective cohort design. The number of participants was 39 patients from June to December 2020. The participants received CPT and was tested for blood analysis such as IL-4, IL-6 and s-RBD IgG. The data were taken a day before CPT, 1st day, 2nd day, and 7th day after CPT. The analysis included Friedman, Pearson correlation, and Mann-Whitney test which is significant if p <0.05. Results The value of participant's s-RBD IgG before CPT was 91.49 (0.43-3074.73) AU/mL and the 7th day post-CPT, s-RBD IgG value of 1169.79 (6.48-5577.91) AU/mL (p <0.001). The IL-4 value before CPT was 1.78 (0.85-5.21) ng/mL and the 7th day post-CPT, IL-4 value of 1.97 (0.87-120.30) ng/mL (p = 0.401). The condition was also found in IL-6 value, in which the IL-4 value participant before CPT was 109.61 (0.73-4701.63) ng/mL and the 7th day post-CPT, IL-6 value of 1.97 (0.87-120.30) ng/mL (p = 0.401). No significant correlation found between increased s-RBD IgG level with increased IL-4 and decreased IL-6 before and after CPT in severe-critical COVID-19 patients (p >0.05). No significant correlation was also found between increased s-RBD IgG levels, IL-4 too, and decreased IL-6 after CPT therapy between deceased and alive patients, both in 1st, 2nd, and 7th days (p >0.05). Conclusion No correlation between the increase in s-RBD IgG levels and changes in IL-4 and IL-6 levels. Changes in s-RBD IgG, IL-4, and IL-6 levels are not associated with mortality in severe-critical COVID-19 degree post CPT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munawaroh Fitriah
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga – Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Aditea Etnawati Putri
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga – Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Pujo Semedi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga – Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Atika Atika
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Betty Agustina Tambunan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga – Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Correspondence: Betty Agustina Tambunan, Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga – Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Jl. Mayjend Prof. Dr. Moestopo No. 6-8, Airlangga, Gubeng, Surabaya, East Java, 60286, Indonesia, Tel +6231-5023865, Email
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28
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Gradowski Farias da Costa do Nascimento T, de Oliveira Thomazini ME, de França Junior N, de Castro Poncio L, Fonseca AS, de Figueiredo BC, Weber SH, Herai RH, de Noronha L, Cavalli LR, Feltes BC, Elifio-Esposito S. Systems biology network reveals the correlation between COX-2 expression and Ch 7q copy number alterations in Ch 11q-deleted pediatric neuroblastoma tumors. Genes Cancer 2022; 13:60-71. [PMCID: PMC9718587 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated inflammation and chromosomal aberrations can play crucial roles in cancer development and progression. In neuroblastoma (NB), the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is associated with copy number alterations on the long arm of chromosome 11 (Ch 11q), defining an aggressive disease subset. This retrospective study included formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples collected from nine patients during diagnosis at the pediatric Pequeno Principe Hospital, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, and post-chemotherapy (CT). COX-2 expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and correlated with the genome profile of paired pre- and post-CT samples, determined by array comparative genomic hybridization. A systems biology approach elucidated the PTGS2 network interaction. The results showed positive correlations between pre-CT Ch 7q gain and COX-2 expression (ρ = 0.825; p-value = 0.006) and negative correlations between Ch 7q gain and Ch 11q deletion (ρ = −0.919; p-value = 0.0005). Three samples showed Ch 11q deletion and Ch 7q gain. Network analysis identified a direct connection between CAV-1 (Ch 7q) and COX-2 in NB tumors and highlighted the connection between amplified genes in Ch 7q and deleted ones in 11q. The identification of hub-bottleneck-switch genes provides new biological insights into this connection between NB, tumorigenesis, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateus Eduardo de Oliveira Thomazini
- 1Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil,2Biotechnology Undergraduate Program. School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nilton de França Junior
- 1Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Simoneti Fonseca
- 3Research Institute Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Saulo Henrique Weber
- 4Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Roberto Hirochi Herai
- 1Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil,5Research Department, Instituto Buko Kaesemodel (IBK), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucia de Noronha
- 1Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luciane R. Cavalli
- 3Research Institute Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil,6Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Bruno César Feltes
- 7Institute of Informatics, Department of Theoretical Informatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,8Institute of Biosciences, Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Selene Elifio-Esposito
- 1Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil,Correspondence to:Selene Elifio-Esposito, email:
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29
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Meltendorf S, Vogel K, Thurm C, Prätsch F, Reinhold A, Färber J, Heuft H, Kaasch AJ, Hachenberg T, Weinzierl S, Schraven B, Reinhold D, Brunner‐Weinzierl MC, Lingel H. IL-13 determines specific IgE responses and SARS-CoV-2 immunity after mild COVID-19 and novel mRNA vaccination. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1972-1979. [PMID: 36271745 PMCID: PMC9874813 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
After recovery, mild and severe COVID-19 diseases are associated with long-term effects on the host immune system, such as prolonged T-cell activation or accumulation of autoantibodies. In this study, we show that mild SARS-CoV-2 infections, but not SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA vaccinations, cause durable atopic risk factors such as a systemic Th2- and Th17-type environment as well as activation of B cells responsive of IgE against aeroallergens from house dust mite and mold. At an average of 100 days post mild SARS-CoV-2 infections, anti-mold responses were associated with low IL-13 levels and increased pro-inflammatory IL-6 titers. Acutely severely ill COVID-19 patients instead showed no evidence of atopic reactions. Considering convalescents of mild COVID-19 courses and mRNA-vaccinated individuals together, IL-13 was the predominant significantly upregulated factor, likely shaping SARS-CoV-2 immunity. Application of multiple regression analysis revealed that the IL-13 levels of both groups were determined by the Th17-type cytokines IL-17A and IL-22. Taken together, these results implicate a critical role for IL-13 in the aftermath of SARS-CoV-2 mild infections and mRNA vaccinations, conferring protection against airway directed, atopic side reactions that occur in mildly experienced COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Meltendorf
- Department of Experimental PediatricsOtto‐von‐Guericke‐University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Katrin Vogel
- Department of Experimental PediatricsOtto‐von‐Guericke‐University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Christoph Thurm
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical ImmunologyOtto‐von‐Guericke‐University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Florian Prätsch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care MedicineUniversity Hospital MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Annegret Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical ImmunologyOtto‐von‐Guericke‐University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Jacqueline Färber
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital HygieneOtto‐von‐Guericke‐University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Hans‐Gert Heuft
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and ImmunohematologyUniversity Hospital MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Achim J. Kaasch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital HygieneOtto‐von‐Guericke‐University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Thomas Hachenberg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care MedicineUniversity Hospital MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Stefan Weinzierl
- Audio‐Communication GroupTechnical University BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical ImmunologyOtto‐von‐Guericke‐University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Dirk Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical ImmunologyOtto‐von‐Guericke‐University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | | | - Holger Lingel
- Department of Experimental PediatricsOtto‐von‐Guericke‐University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
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Cytokine Profiling in Different SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Variants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214146. [PMID: 36430621 PMCID: PMC9692520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is a successor of our previous work concerning changes in the chemokine profile in infection that are associated with different SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants. The goal of our study was to take into account both the virus and the host immune system by assessing concentrations of cytokines in patients infected with different SARS-CoV-2 variants (ancestral Wuhan strain, Alpha, Delta and Omicron). Our study was performed on 340 biological samples taken from COVID-19 patients and healthy donors in the timespan between May 2020 and April 2022. We performed genotyping of the virus in nasopharyngeal swabs, which was followed by assessment of cytokines' concentration in blood plasma. We noted that out of nearly 30 cytokines, only four showed stable elevation independently of the variant (IL-6, IL-10, IL-18 and IL-27), and we believe them to be 'constant' markers for COVID-19 infection. Cytokines that were studied as potential biomarkers lose their diagnostic value as the virus evolves, and the specter of potential targets for predictive models is narrowing. So far, only four cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, and IL-27) showed a consistent rise in concentrations independently of the genetic variant of the virus. Although we believe our findings to be of scientific interest, we still consider them inconclusive; further investigation and comparison of immune responses to different variants of SARS-CoV-2 is required.
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31
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Barbosa LV, Prá DMM, Nagashima S, Pereira MRC, Stocco RB, da Silva FDLF, Cruz MR, Dallagassa D, Stupak TJ, da Rosa Götz GWX, Nasimoto GG, Cracco LAF, Silva IB, de Moura KF, Deus MDC, Martins APC, Spitzenbergen BAKV, Amaral ANM, de Paula CBV, Machado-Souza C, de Noronha L. Immune Response Gaps Linked to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Cellular Exhaustion, Senescence, or Both? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213734. [PMID: 36430210 PMCID: PMC9696576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, promoted by the SARS-CoV-2 respiratory virus, has resulted in widespread global morbidity and mortality. The immune response against this pathogen has shown a thin line between protective effects and pathological reactions resulting from the massive release of cytokines and poor viral clearance. The latter is possibly caused by exhaustion, senescence, or both of TCD8+ cells and reduced activity of natural killer (NK) cells. The imbalance between innate and adaptive responses during the early stages of infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 contributes to the ineffective control of viral spread. The present study evaluated the tissue immunoexpression of the tissue biomarkers (Arginase-1, CCR4, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD57, CD68, CD138, IL-4, INF-α, INF-γ, iNOS, PD-1, Perforin and Sphingosine-1) to understand the cellular immune response triggered in patients who died of COVID-19. We evaluated twenty-four paraffin-embedded lung tissue samples from patients who died of COVID-19 (COVID-19 group) and compared them with ten lung tissue samples from patients who died of H1N1pdm09 (H1N1 group) with the immunohistochemical markers mentioned above. In addition, polymorphisms in the Perforin gene were genotyped through Real-Time PCR. Significantly increased tissue immunoexpression of Arginase, CD4, CD68, CD138, Perforin, Sphingosine-1, and IL-4 markers were observed in the COVID-19 group. A significantly lower immunoexpression of CD8 and CD57 was also found in this group. It is suggested that patients who died from COVID-19 had a poor cellular response concerning viral clearance and adaptive response going through tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Vinicius Barbosa
- Postgraduate in Biotechnology Applied in Health of Children and Adolescent, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe (FPP), Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (IPPPP), R. Silva Jardim, 1632 Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil
| | - Daniele Margarita Marani Prá
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Seigo Nagashima
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Marcos Roberto Curcio Pereira
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Rebecca Benicio Stocco
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Francys de Luca Fernandes da Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Milena Rueda Cruz
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Djessyka Dallagassa
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago João Stupak
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - George Willian Xavier da Rosa Götz
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Georgia Garofani Nasimoto
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela Busto Silva
- Hospital Marcelino Champagnat, Av. Presidente Affonso Camargo, 1399 Cristo Rei, Curitiba 80050-370, Brazil
| | - Karen Fernandes de Moura
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Marina de Castro Deus
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Camargo Martins
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Akemi Kondo Van Spitzenbergen
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Andréa Novais Moreno Amaral
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Caroline Busatta Vaz de Paula
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
- Correspondence: (C.B.V.d.P.); (C.M.-S.)
| | - Cleber Machado-Souza
- Postgraduate in Biotechnology Applied in Health of Children and Adolescent, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe (FPP), Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (IPPPP), R. Silva Jardim, 1632 Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil
- Correspondence: (C.B.V.d.P.); (C.M.-S.)
| | - Lucia de Noronha
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
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Mori KM, McElroy JP, Weng DY, Chung S, Fadda P, Reisinger SA, Ying KL, Brasky TM, Wewers MD, Freudenheim JL, Shields PG, Song MA. Lung mitochondrial DNA copy number, inflammatory biomarkers, gene transcription and gene methylation in vapers and smokers. EBioMedicine 2022; 85:104301. [PMID: 36215783 PMCID: PMC9561685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtCN) maintains cellular function and homeostasis, and is linked to nuclear DNA methylation and gene expression. Increased mtCN in the blood is associated with smoking and respiratory disease, but has received little attention for target organ effects for smoking or electronic cigarette (EC) use. METHODS Bronchoscopy biospecimens from healthy EC users, smokers (SM), and never-smokers (NS) were assessed for associations of mtCN with mtDNA point mutations, immune responses, nuclear DNA methylation and gene expression using linear regression. Ingenuity pathway analysis was used for enriched pathways. GEO and TCGA respiratory disease datasets were used to explore the involvement of mtCN-associated signatures. FINDINGS mtCN was higher in SM than NS, but EC was not statistically different from either. Overall there was a negative association of mtCN with a point mutation in the D-loop but no difference within groups. Positive associations of mtCN with IL-2 and IL-4 were found in EC only. mtCN was significantly associated with 71,487 CpGs and 321 transcripts. 263 CpGs were correlated with nearby transcripts for genes enriched in the immune system. EC-specific mtCN-associated-CpGs and genes were differentially expressed in respiratory diseases compared to controls, including genes involved in cellular movement, inflammation, metabolism, and airway hyperresponsiveness. INTERPRETATION Smoking may elicit a lung toxic effect through mtCN. While the impact of EC is less clear, EC-specific associations of mtCN with nuclear biomarkers suggest exposure may not be harmless. Further research is needed to understand the role of smoking and EC-related mtCN on lung disease risks. FUNDING The National Cancer Institute, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Food and Drug Administration Center for Tobacco Products, the National Center For Advancing Translational Sciences, and Pelotonia Intramural Research Funds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie M Mori
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joseph P McElroy
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Daniel Y Weng
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sangwoon Chung
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Paolo Fadda
- Genomics Shared Resource, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sarah A Reisinger
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kevin L Ying
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Theodore M Brasky
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mark D Wewers
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jo L Freudenheim
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Peter G Shields
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Min-Ae Song
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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Baena Carstens L, Campos D’amico R, Fernandes de Moura K, Morais de Castro E, Centenaro F, Silva Barbosa G, Vieira Cavalcante da Silva G, Brenny I, Honório D’Agostini JC, Hlatchuk EC, Pissette de Lima S, Camargo Martins AP, De Castro Deus M, Konzen Klein C, Kubaski Benevides AP, Nagashima S, Machado-Souza C, Pinho RA, Pellegrino Baena C, de Noronha L. Lung Inflammasome Activation in SARS-CoV-2 Post-Mortem Biopsies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113033. [PMID: 36361818 PMCID: PMC9659061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome complex is a key part of chronic diseases and acute infections, being responsible for cytokine release and cell death mechanism regulation. The SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a dysregulated cytokine release. In this context, the inflammasome complex analysis within SARS-CoV-2 infection may prove beneficial to understand the disease’s mechanisms. Post-mortem minimally invasive autopsies were performed in patients who died from COVID-19 (n = 24), and lung samples were compared to a patient control group (n = 11) and an Influenza A virus H1N1 subtype group from the 2009 pandemics (n = 10). Histological analysis was performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed using monoclonal antibodies against targets: ACE2, TLR4, NF-κB, NLRP-3 (or NALP), IL-1β, IL-18, ASC, CASP1, CASP9, GSDMD, NOX4, TNF-α. Data obtained from digital analysis underwent appropriate statistical tests. IHC analysis showed biomarkers that indicate inflammasome activation (ACE2; NF-κB; NOX4; ASC) were significantly increased in the COVID-19 group (p < 0.05 for all) and biomarkers that indicate cell pyroptosis and inflammasome derived cytokines such as IL-18 (p < 0.005) and CASP1 were greatly increased (p < 0.0001) even when compared to the H1N1 group. We propose that the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis is connected to the inflammasome complex activation. Further studies are still warranted to elucidate the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Baena Carstens
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155-Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | - Raissa Campos D’amico
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155-Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
- Hospital Marcelino Champagnat, Av. Presidente Affonso Camargo, 1399-Cristo Rei, Curitiba 80050-370, PR, Brazil
| | - Karen Fernandes de Moura
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155-Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
- Hospital Marcelino Champagnat, Av. Presidente Affonso Camargo, 1399-Cristo Rei, Curitiba 80050-370, PR, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Morais de Castro
- Postgraduate in Biotechnology Applied in Health of Children and Adolescent, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe (FPP), Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (IPPPP), R. Silva Jardim, 1632-Água Verde, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Flávia Centenaro
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155-Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Silva Barbosa
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155-Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Vieira Cavalcante da Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155-Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | - Isadora Brenny
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155-Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Honório D’Agostini
- Departmnet of Medical Pathology, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Rua General Carneiro, 181-Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | - Elisa Carolina Hlatchuk
- Departmnet of Medical Pathology, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Rua General Carneiro, 181-Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Pissette de Lima
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155-Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Camargo Martins
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155-Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | - Marina De Castro Deus
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155-Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | - Carolline Konzen Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155-Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Kubaski Benevides
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155-Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | - Seigo Nagashima
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155-Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155-Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
- Correspondence: (S.N.); (L.d.N.); Tel.: +55-(41)-99942-7191 (S.N.); Tel.: +55-(41)-999994769 (L.d.N.)
| | - Cleber Machado-Souza
- Postgraduate in Biotechnology Applied in Health of Children and Adolescent, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe (FPP), Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (IPPPP), R. Silva Jardim, 1632-Água Verde, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Pinho
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155-Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
| | - Cristina Pellegrino Baena
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155-Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
- Hospital Marcelino Champagnat, Av. Presidente Affonso Camargo, 1399-Cristo Rei, Curitiba 80050-370, PR, Brazil
| | - Lúcia de Noronha
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155-Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155-Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil
- Correspondence: (S.N.); (L.d.N.); Tel.: +55-(41)-99942-7191 (S.N.); Tel.: +55-(41)-999994769 (L.d.N.)
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de León UAP, Resendis-Antonio O. Macrophage Boolean networks in the time of SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:997434. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.997434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Musters AH, Broderick C, Prieto‐Merino D, Chiricozzi A, Damiani G, Peris K, Dhar S, De A, Freeman E, Arents BWM, Burton T, Bosma AL, Chi C, Fletcher G, Drucker AM, Kabashima K, de Monchy EF, Panda M, Wall D, Vestergaard C, Mahé E, Bonzano L, Kattach L, Napolitano M, Ordoñez‐Rubiano MF, Haufe E, Patruno C, Irvine AD, Spuls PI, Flohr C. The effects of systemic immunomodulatory treatments on COVID-19 outcomes in patients with atopic dermatitis: Results from the global SECURE-AD registry. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 37:365-381. [PMID: 36169355 PMCID: PMC9537876 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data are available on the effects of systemic immunomodulatory treatments on COVID-19 outcomes in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE To investigate COVID-19 outcomes in patients with AD treated with or without systemic immunomodulatory treatments, using a global registry platform. METHODS Clinicians were encouraged to report cases of COVID-19 in their patients with AD in the Surveillance Epidemiology of Coronavirus Under Research Exclusion for Atopic Dermatitis (SECURE-AD) registry. Data entered from 1 April 2020 to 31 October 2021 were analysed using multivariable logistic regression. The primary outcome was hospitalization from COVID-19, according to AD treatment groups. RESULTS 442 AD patients (mean age 35.9 years, 51.8% male) from 27 countries with strongly suspected or confirmed COVID-19 were included in analyses. 428 (96.8%) patients were treated with a single systemic therapy (n = 297 [67.2%]) or topical therapy only (n = 131 [29.6%]). Most patients treated with systemic therapies received dupilumab (n = 216). Fourteen patients (3.2%) received a combination of systemic therapies. Twenty-six patients (5.9%) were hospitalized. No deaths were reported. Patients treated with topical treatments had significantly higher odds of hospitalization, compared with those treated with dupilumab monotherapy (odds ratio (OR) 4.65 [95%CI 1.71-14.78]), including after adjustment for confounding variables (adjusted OR (aOR) 4.99 [95%CI 1.4-20.84]). Combination systemic therapy which did not include systemic corticosteroids was associated with increased odds of hospitalization, compared with single agent non-steroidal immunosuppressive systemic treatment (OR 8.09 [95%CI 0.4-59.96], aOR 37.57 [95%CI 1.05-871.11]). Hospitalization was most likely in patients treated with combination systemic therapy which included systemic corticosteroids (OR 40.43 [95%CI 8.16-207.49], aOR 45.75 [95%CI 4.54-616.22]). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the risk of COVID-19 complications appears low in patients with AD, even when treated with systemic immunomodulatory agents. Dupilumab monotherapy was associated with lower hospitalization than other therapies. Combination systemic treatment, particularly combinations including systemic corticosteroids, was associated with the highest risk of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. H. Musters
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical CenterUniversity of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health, Infection and ImmunityThe Netherlands
| | - C. Broderick
- Unit for Population‐Based Dermatology Research, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College LondonLondonUK
| | - D. Prieto‐Merino
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - A. Chiricozzi
- Dermatologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCSRomeItaly,Dermatologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
| | - G. Damiani
- Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161MilanItaly,Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly,PhD Degree Program in Pharmacological Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - K. Peris
- Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly,UOC di Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli ‐ IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - S. Dhar
- Department of Pediatric DermatologyInstitute of Child HealthKolkataIndia
| | - A. De
- Department of DermatologyCalcutta National Medical CollegeKolkataIndia
| | - E. Freeman
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA,Medical Practice Evaluation CenterMongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - B. W. M. Arents
- Dutch Association for People with Atopic Dermatitis (VMCE), NijkerkThe Netherlands
| | - T. Burton
- Patient Representative (independent), NottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - A. L. Bosma
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical CenterUniversity of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health, Infection and ImmunityThe Netherlands
| | - C.‐C. Chi
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, LinkouTaoyuanTaiwan,College of MedicineChang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - G. Fletcher
- National and International Skin Registry Solutions (NISR), Charles Institute of DermatologyUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - A. M. Drucker
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Women's College Research Institute, Women's College HospitalTorontoCanada
| | - K. Kabashima
- Department of DermatologyKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), BiopolisSingapore
| | - E. F. de Monchy
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical CenterUniversity of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health, Infection and ImmunityThe Netherlands
| | - M. Panda
- Department of DVLInstitute of Medical Sciences and SUM HospitalBhubaneswarOdishaIndia
| | - D. Wall
- National and International Skin Registry Solutions (NISR), Charles Institute of DermatologyUniversity College DublinDublinIreland,Hair Restoration BlackrockDublinIreland
| | - C. Vestergaard
- Department of DermatologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - E. Mahé
- Service de Dermatologie et Médecine VasculaireCentre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy, 69 rue du Lieutenant‐Colonel Prud'honArgenteuilCedexFrance
| | - L. Bonzano
- Dermatology Unit, Azienda USL‐IRCCS di Reggio EmiliaReggio EmiliaItaly
| | - L. Kattach
- Guy's & St. Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - M. Napolitano
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences Vincenzo TiberioUniversity of MoliseCampobassoItaly
| | | | - E. Haufe
- Center for Evidence‐based Health Care (ZEGV), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - C. Patruno
- Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Health SciencesUniversity Magna Graecia of CatanzaroItaly
| | | | - P. I. Spuls
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical CenterUniversity of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health, Infection and ImmunityThe Netherlands
| | - C. Flohr
- Unit for Population‐Based Dermatology Research, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College LondonLondonUK
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Hastak PS, Andersen CR, Kelleher AD, Sasson SC. Frontline workers: Mediators of mucosal immunity in community acquired pneumonia and COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:983550. [PMID: 36211412 PMCID: PMC9539803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.983550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted a need to further understand lung mucosal immunity to reduce the burden of community acquired pneumonia, including that caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Local mucosal immunity provides the first line of defence against respiratory pathogens, however very little is known about the mechanisms involved, with a majority of literature on respiratory infections based on the examination of peripheral blood. The mortality for severe community acquired pneumonia has been rising annually, even prior to the current pandemic, highlighting a significant need to increase knowledge, understanding and research in this field. In this review we profile key mediators of lung mucosal immunity, the dysfunction that occurs in the diseased lung microenvironment including the imbalance of inflammatory mediators and dysbiosis of the local microbiome. A greater understanding of lung tissue-based immunity may lead to improved diagnostic and prognostic procedures and novel treatment strategies aimed at reducing the disease burden of community acquired pneumonia, avoiding the systemic manifestations of infection and excess morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka S. Hastak
- The Kirby Institute, Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher R. Andersen
- The Kirby Institute, Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Critical Care and Trauma Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony D. Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute, Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah C. Sasson
- The Kirby Institute, Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
A hallmark of the COVID-19 pandemic has been the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants that both increased transmission and improved immune evasion. Each variant possesses mutations throughout its genome, but little is known about their effect on pathogenesis. Specifically, we are interested in the accessory genes of SARS-CoV-2, which have been shown to affect viral pathogenesis through interference with the host innate immune response. In this work, we identify accessory genes that are responsible for pathogenesis in vivo and investigate the effect of variant nonspike genes on replication and disease in mice. This work identifies accessory genes as key drivers of pathogenesis and highlights the effect of nonspike genes on replication and pathogenesis. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is a major public health crisis. Despite the development and deployment of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pandemic persists. The continued spread of the virus is largely driven by the emergence of viral variants, which can evade the current vaccines through mutations in the spike protein. Although these differences in spike are important in terms of transmission and vaccine responses, these variants possess mutations in the other parts of their genome that may also affect pathogenesis. Of particular interest to us are the mutations present in the accessory genes, which have been shown to contribute to pathogenesis in the host through interference with innate immune signaling, among other effects on host machinery. To examine the effects of accessory protein mutations and other nonspike mutations on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, we synthesized both viruses possessing deletions in the accessory genes as well as viruses where the WA-1 spike is replaced by each variant spike gene in a SARS-CoV-2/WA-1 infectious clone. We then characterized the in vitro and in vivo replication of these viruses and compared them to both WA-1 and the full variant viruses. Our work has revealed that the accessory proteins contribute to SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the nonspike mutations in variants can contribute to replication of SARS-CoV-2 and pathogenesis in the host. This work suggests that while spike mutations may enhance receptor binding and entry into cells, mutations in accessory proteins may alter clinical disease presentation.
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Pérez-Torres D, Díaz-Rodríguez C, Armentia-Medina A. Anti-ACTH antibodies in critically ill Covid-19 patients: A potential immune evasion mechanism of SARS-CoV-2. MEDICINA INTENSIVA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2022; 46:472-474. [PMID: 35868721 PMCID: PMC9295377 DOI: 10.1016/j.medine.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Pérez-Torres
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Calle Dulzaina, 2, 47012 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - C Díaz-Rodríguez
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Calle Dulzaina, 2, 47012 Valladolid, Spain
| | - A Armentia-Medina
- Servicio de Alergia, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Calle Dulzaina, 2, 47012 Valladolid, Spain
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Pacheco-Hernández LM, Ramírez-Noyola JA, Gómez-García IA, Ignacio-Cortés S, Zúñiga J, Choreño-Parra JA. Comparing the Cytokine Storms of COVID-19 and Pandemic Influenza. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:369-392. [PMID: 35674675 PMCID: PMC9422807 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging respiratory viruses are major health threats due to their potential to cause massive outbreaks. Over the past 2 years, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused millions of cases of severe infection and deaths worldwide. Although natural and vaccine-induced protective immune mechanisms against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been increasingly identified, the factors that determine morbimortality are less clear. Comparing the immune signatures of COVID-19 and other severe respiratory infections such as the pandemic influenza might help dissipate current controversies about the origin of their severe manifestations. As such, identifying homologies in the immunopathology of both diseases could provide targets for immunotherapy directed to block shared pathogenic mechanisms. Meanwhile, finding unique characteristics that differentiate each infection could shed light on specific immune alterations exploitable for diagnostic and individualized therapeutics for each case. In this study, we summarize immunopathological aspects of COVID-19 and pandemic influenza from the perspective of cytokine storms as the driving force underlying morbidity. Thereby, we analyze similarities and differences in the cytokine profiles of both infections, aiming to bring forward those molecules more attractive for translational medicine and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette Miroslava Pacheco-Hernández
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas,” Mexico City, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jazmín Ariadna Ramírez-Noyola
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas,” Mexico City, Mexico
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias de la Salud, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón and Plan de San Luis, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Itzel Alejandra Gómez-García
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas,” Mexico City, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Ignacio-Cortés
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas,” Mexico City, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Zúñiga
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas,” Mexico City, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Alberto Choreño-Parra
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas,” Mexico City, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
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Zanchettin AC, Barbosa LV, Dutra AA, Prá DMM, Pereira MRC, Stocco RB, Martins APC, Vaz de Paula CB, Nagashima S, de Noronha L, Machado-Souza C. Role of Genetic Polymorphism Present in Macrophage Activation Syndrome Pathway in Post Mortem Biopsies of Patients with COVID-19. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081699. [PMID: 36016321 PMCID: PMC9415703 DOI: 10.3390/v14081699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a viral disease associated with an intense inflammatory response. Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS), the complication present in secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH), shares many clinical aspects observed in COVID-19 patients, and investigating the cytolytic function of the responsible cells for the first line of the immune response is important. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lung tissue samples obtained by post mortem necropsy were accessed for three groups (COVID-19, H1N1, and CONTROL). Polymorphisms in MAS cytolytic pathway (PRF1; STX11; STXBP2; UNC13D and GZMB) were selected and genotyping by TaqMan® assays (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) using Real-Time PCR (Applied Biosystems, MA USA). Moreover, immunohistochemistry staining was performed with a monoclonal antibody against perforin, CD8+ and CD57+ proteins. Histopathological analysis showed high perforin tissue expression in the COVID-19 group; CD8+ was high in the H1N1 group and CD57+ in the CONTROL group. An association could be observed in two genes related to the cytolytic pathway (PRF1 rs885822 G/A and STXBP2 rs2303115 G/A). Furthermore, PRF1 rs350947132 was associated with increased immune tissue expression for perforin in the COVID-19 group. The genotype approach could help identify patients that are more susceptible, and for this reason, our results showed that perforin and SNPs in the PRF1 gene can be involved in this critical pathway in the context of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Cristina Zanchettin
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Curitiba 80230-020, Paraná, Brazil; (A.C.Z.); (L.V.B.)
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-200, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Vinicius Barbosa
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Curitiba 80230-020, Paraná, Brazil; (A.C.Z.); (L.V.B.)
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-200, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Anderson Azevedo Dutra
- School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (D.M.M.P.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (S.N.); (L.d.N.)
| | - Daniele Margarita Marani Prá
- School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (D.M.M.P.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (S.N.); (L.d.N.)
| | - Marcos Roberto Curcio Pereira
- School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (D.M.M.P.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (S.N.); (L.d.N.)
| | - Rebecca Benicio Stocco
- School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (D.M.M.P.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (S.N.); (L.d.N.)
| | - Ana Paula Camargo Martins
- School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (D.M.M.P.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (S.N.); (L.d.N.)
| | - Caroline Busatta Vaz de Paula
- School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (D.M.M.P.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (S.N.); (L.d.N.)
| | - Seigo Nagashima
- School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (D.M.M.P.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (S.N.); (L.d.N.)
| | - Lucia de Noronha
- School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil; (A.A.D.); (D.M.M.P.); (M.R.C.P.); (R.B.S.); (A.P.C.M.); (C.B.V.d.P.); (S.N.); (L.d.N.)
| | - Cleber Machado-Souza
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Curitiba 80230-020, Paraná, Brazil; (A.C.Z.); (L.V.B.)
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-200, Paraná, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Laloglu E, Alay H. Role of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and connective tissue growth factor levels in coronavirus disease-2019-related lung Injury: a prospective, observational, cohort study. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:e06152021. [PMID: 35894403 PMCID: PMC9359341 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0615-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) results in acute lung injury. This study examined the usefulness of serum transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) levels in predicting disease severity in COVID-19 patients with pulmonary involvement. Methods: Fifty patients with confirmed COVID-19 and pulmonary involvement between September 2020, and February 2021 (Group 1) and 45 healthy controls (Group 2) were classified into three subgroups based on clinical severity: moderate, severe, and critical pneumonia. Serum TGF-β1 and CTGF concentrations were measured on days 1 and 7 of admission in Group 1 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These concentrations were also measured in control cases. The mean serum TGF-β1 and CTGF levels were then compared among COVID-19 patients, based on clinical severity. Results: Significantly higher mean serum TGF-β1 and CTGF levels were observed on both days in Group 1 than in the control group. The mean serum TGF-β1 and CTGF levels on day 7 were also significantly higher than those on day 1 in Group 1. The critical patient group had the highest serum TGF-β1 and CTGF levels on both days, and the difference between this group and the moderate and severe pneumonia groups was significant. Cutoff values of 5.36 ng/mL for TGF-β1 and 626.2 pg/mL for CTGF emerged as predictors of COVID-19 with pulmonary involvement in receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. Conclusions: TGF-β1 and CTGF are potential markers that can distinguish COVID-19 patients with pulmonary involvement and indicate disease severity. These findings may be useful for initiating treatment for early-stage COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Laloglu
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Handan Alay
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Erzurum, Turkey
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Immunomodulatory Effects of Lepidium meyenii Walp. Polysaccharides on an Immunosuppression Model Induced by Cyclophosphamide. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:1210890. [PMID: 35832646 PMCID: PMC9273403 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1210890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Maca) has emerged as a functional plant food and traditional herb owing to its biological activities; Maca polysaccharides as an important active component of Maca have good immunomodulatory effect; however, studies on the immunomodulatory effect of Maca polysaccharides are mainly focused on macrophages; little attention has been devoted to the mechanisms and other immune cells. This study is aimed at investigating the immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of Maca polysaccharides. Methods Sixty mice were divided into five groups, and the mice were injected with cyclophosphamide to establish an immunosuppression model except for those in the common group. The body weights were measured, as well as immune-related indices, such as organ indices, haematological parameters, lymphocyte cycle, and proliferation, cytokine, and protein expression levels. Results The weight loss and immune organ index decline caused by cyclophosphamide could be reversed by MP. Furthermore, MP increased WBC and HGB counts and reduced the ratio of G0/G1 phase obviously, increased the proportion of S phase and G2/M phase in peripheral blood lymphocytes, increased the counts of CD4+ T cells and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+, and reduced the inhibition rate of splenic lymphocytes. MP affected the production of cytokines by increasing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 levels and by decreasing IL-4 levels. MP increased the mRNA expression of T-bet and the protein expression of Bcl-2 in the spleen and decreased the protein expression of caspase-3 and Bax. Conclusions Maca polysaccharides might be the basic material for Maca's immunomodulatory effect. The mechanism was perhaps related to inhibiting lymphocyte apoptosis and promoting the balance of Th1/Th2 cell subsets.
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Schmidt V, Hogan AE, Fallon PG, Schwartz C. Obesity-Mediated Immune Modulation: One Step Forward, (Th)2 Steps Back. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932893. [PMID: 35844529 PMCID: PMC9279727 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, the relationship between the immune system and metabolism has become a major research focus. In this arena of immunometabolism the capacity of adipose tissue to secrete immunomodulatory molecules, including adipokines, within the underlying low-grade inflammation during obesity brought attention to the impact obesity has on the immune system. Adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, influence T cell differentiation into different T helper subsets and their activation during immune responses. Furthermore, within the cellular milieu of adipose tissue nutrient availability regulates differentiation and activation of T cells and changes in cellular metabolic pathways. Upon activation, T cells shift from oxidative phosphorylation to oxidative glycolysis, while the differential signaling of the kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the nuclear receptor PPARγ, amongst others, drive the subsequent T cell differentiation. While the mechanisms leading to a shift from the typical type 2-dominated milieu in lean people to a Th1-biased pro-inflammatory environment during obesity are the subject of extensive research, insights on its impact on peripheral Th2-dominated immune responses become more evident. In this review, we will summarize recent findings of how Th2 cells are metabolically regulated during obesity and malnutrition, and how these states affect local and systemic Th2-biased immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Schmidt
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrew E. Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Human Health Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
- Obesity Immunology Research, St. Vincent’s University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Padraic G. Fallon
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Schwartz
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christian Schwartz,
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Gene Networks of Hyperglycemia, Diabetic Complications, and Human Proteins Targeted by SARS-CoV-2: What Is the Molecular Basis for Comorbidity? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137247. [PMID: 35806251 PMCID: PMC9266766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
People with diabetes are more likely to have severe COVID-19 compared to the general population. Moreover, diabetes and COVID-19 demonstrate a certain parallelism in the mechanisms and organ damage. In this work, we applied bioinformatics analysis of associative molecular networks to identify key molecules and pathophysiological processes that determine SARS-CoV-2-induced disorders in patients with diabetes. Using text-mining-based approaches and ANDSystem as a bioinformatics tool, we reconstructed and matched networks related to hyperglycemia, diabetic complications, insulin resistance, and beta cell dysfunction with networks of SARS-CoV-2-targeted proteins. The latter included SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors (ACE2 and DPP4), SARS-CoV-2 entry associated proteases (TMPRSS2, CTSB, and CTSL), and 332 human intracellular proteins interacting with SARS-CoV-2. A number of genes/proteins targeted by SARS-CoV-2 (ACE2, BRD2, COMT, CTSB, CTSL, DNMT1, DPP4, ERP44, F2RL1, GDF15, GPX1, HDAC2, HMOX1, HYOU1, IDE, LOX, NUTF2, PCNT, PLAT, RAB10, RHOA, SCARB1, and SELENOS) were found in the networks of vascular diabetic complications and insulin resistance. According to the Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, the defined molecules are involved in the response to hypoxia, reactive oxygen species metabolism, immune and inflammatory response, regulation of angiogenesis, platelet degranulation, and other processes. The results expand the understanding of the molecular basis of diabetes and COVID-19 comorbidity.
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Moga E, Lynton-Pons E, Domingo P. The Robustness of Cellular Immunity Determines the Fate of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:904686. [PMID: 35833134 PMCID: PMC9271749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two years after the appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causal agent of the current global pandemic, it is time to analyze the evolution of the immune protection that infection and vaccination provide. Cellular immunity plays an important role in limiting disease severity and the resolution of infection. The early appearance, breadth and magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell response has been correlated with disease severity and it has been thought that T cell responses may be sufficient to clear infection with minimal disease in COVID-19 patients with X-linked or autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia. However, our knowledge of the phenotypic and functional diversity of CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes, CD4+ T helper cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh), which play a critical role in infection control as well as long-term protection, is still evolving. It has been described how CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes interrupt viral replication by secreting antiviral cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) and directly killing infected cells, negatively correlating with stages of disease progression. In addition, CD4+ T helper cells have been reported to be key pieces, leading, coordinating and ultimately regulating antiviral immunity. For instance, in some more severe COVID-19 cases a dysregulated CD4+ T cell signature may contribute to the greater production of pro-inflammatory cytokines responsible for pathogenic inflammation. Here we discuss how cellular immunity is the axis around which the rest of the immune system components revolve, since it orchestrates and leads antiviral response by regulating the inflammatory cascade and, as a consequence, the innate immune system, as well as promoting a correct humoral response through CD4+ Tfh cells. This review also analyses the critical role of cellular immunity in modulating the development of high-affinity neutralizing antibodies and germinal center B cell differentiation in memory and long-lived antibody secreting cells. Finally, since there is currently a high percentage of vaccinated population and, in some cases, vaccine booster doses are even being administered in certain countries, we have also summarized newer approaches to long-lasting protective immunity and the cross-protection of cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Moga
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,*Correspondence: Esther Moga,
| | - Elionor Lynton-Pons
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Domingo
- Unidad de enfermedades infecciosas, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Lo Tartaro D, Neroni A, Paolini A, Borella R, Mattioli M, Fidanza L, Quong A, Petes C, Awong G, Douglas S, Lin D, Nieto J, Gozzi L, Franceschini E, Busani S, Nasi M, Mattioli AV, Trenti T, Meschiari M, Guaraldi G, Girardis M, Mussini C, Gibellini L, Cossarizza A, De Biasi S. Molecular and cellular immune features of aged patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Commun Biol 2022; 5:590. [PMID: 35710943 PMCID: PMC9203559 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for developing severe COVID-19, but few detailed data are available concerning immunological changes after infection in aged individuals. Here we describe main immune characteristics in 31 patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection who were >70 years old, compared to 33 subjects <60 years of age. Differences in plasma levels of 62 cytokines, landscape of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, T cell repertoire, transcriptome of central memory CD4+ T cells, specific antibodies are reported along with features of lung macrophages. Elderly subjects have higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, more circulating plasmablasts, reduced plasmatic level of anti-S and anti-RBD IgG3 antibodies, lower proportions of central memory CD4+ T cells, more immature monocytes and CD56+ pro-inflammatory monocytes, lower percentages of circulating follicular helper T cells (cTfh), antigen-specific cTfh cells with a less activated transcriptomic profile, lung resident activated macrophages that promote collagen deposition and fibrosis. Our study underlines the importance of inflammation in the response to SARS-CoV-2 and suggests that inflammaging, coupled with the inability to mount a proper anti-viral response, could exacerbate disease severity and the worst clinical outcome in old patients. Patients over the age of 70 show inflammaging and a weaker anti-viral response to SARS-CoV-2, pointing at the immunological changes associated with COVID-19 severity and outcome for aged patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Lo Tartaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Anita Neroni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Annamaria Paolini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Rebecca Borella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Mattioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucia Fidanza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrew Quong
- Fluidigm Corporation, 2 Tower Place, Suite 2000, South San Francisco, 94080, CA, USA
| | - Carlene Petes
- Fluidigm Corporation, 2 Tower Place, Suite 2000, South San Francisco, 94080, CA, USA
| | - Geneve Awong
- Fluidigm Corporation, 2 Tower Place, Suite 2000, South San Francisco, 94080, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Douglas
- Fluidigm Corporation, 2 Tower Place, Suite 2000, South San Francisco, 94080, CA, USA
| | - Dongxia Lin
- Fluidigm Corporation, 2 Tower Place, Suite 2000, South San Francisco, 94080, CA, USA
| | - Jordan Nieto
- Fluidigm Corporation, 2 Tower Place, Suite 2000, South San Francisco, 94080, CA, USA
| | - Licia Gozzi
- Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Erica Franceschini
- Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Busani
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, AUSL/AOU Policlinico, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Marianna Meschiari
- Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Girardis
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Mussini
- Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy. .,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy.
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47
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Johnson KB, Carroll VG, Parker HG. Pneumomediastinum After COVID-19. Glob Pediatr Health 2022; 9:2333794X221101773. [PMID: 35664046 PMCID: PMC9160887 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x221101773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A preadolescent female presented to the emergency department with an acute asthma exacerbation. Chest radiograph and computed tomography scan showed extensive pneumomediastinum with a small pneumopericardium without a distinct source for this air leak. The patient was admitted for noninvasive monitoring, analgesia, and high concentration oxygen. Serial chest radiographs showed marked improvement following high concentration oxygen, and she was discharged on hospital day 3. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium are rare complications of asthma that can often be managed conservatively but should be considered on the differential for this patient population, and may be a complication of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey B Johnson
- Washington State University, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Vanessa G Carroll
- Washington State University, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, WA, USA.,Kootenai Health, Pediatric Department, Coeur d'Alene, ID, USA
| | - Hinah G Parker
- Washington State University, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, WA, USA.,Kootenai Health, Pediatric Department, Coeur d'Alene, ID, USA
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48
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Mcgrath M, Xue Y, Dillen C, Oldfield L, Assad-garcia N, Zaveri J, Singh N, Baracco L, Taylor L, Vashee S, Frieman M. SARS-CoV-2 Variant Spike and accessory gene mutations alter pathogenesis.. [PMID: 35677080 PMCID: PMC9176647 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.31.494211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is a major public health crisis. Despite the development and deployment of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the pandemic persists. The continued spread of the virus is largely driven by the emergence of viral variants, which can evade the current vaccines through mutations in the Spike protein. Although these differences in Spike are important in terms of transmission and vaccine responses, these variants possess mutations in the other parts of their genome which may affect pathogenesis. Of particular interest to us are the mutations present in the accessory genes, which have been shown to contribute to pathogenesis in the host through innate immune signaling, among other effects on host machinery. To examine the effects of accessory protein mutations and other non-spike mutations on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, we synthesized viruses where the WA1 Spike is replaced by each variant spike genes in a SARS-CoV-2/WA-1 infectious clone. We then characterized the in vitro and in vivo replication of these viruses and compared them to the full variant viruses. Our work has revealed that non-spike mutations in variants can contribute to replication of SARS-CoV-2 and pathogenesis in the host and can lead to attenuating phenotypes in circulating variants of concern. This work suggests that while Spike mutations may enhance receptor binding and entry into cells, mutations in accessory proteins may lead to less clinical disease, extended time toward knowing an infection exists in a person and thus increased time for transmission to occur.
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49
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Ramírez-Martínez G, Jiménez-Álvarez LA, Cruz-Lagunas A, Ignacio-Cortés S, Gómez-García IA, Rodríguez-Reyna TS, Choreño-Parra JA, Zúñiga J. Possible Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases and TGF-β in COVID-19 Severity and Sequelae. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:352-368. [PMID: 35647937 PMCID: PMC9422783 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2021.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The costs of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are devastating. With millions of deaths worldwide, specific serological biomarkers, antiviral agents, and novel therapies are urgently required to reduce the disease burden. For these purposes, a profound understanding of the pathobiology of COVID-19 is mandatory. Notably, the study of immunity against other respiratory infections has generated reference knowledge to comprehend the paradox of the COVID-19 pathogenesis. Past studies point to a complex interplay between cytokines and other factors mediating wound healing and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling that results in exacerbated inflammation, tissue injury, severe manifestations, and a sequela of respiratory infections. This review provides an overview of the immunological process elicited after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Also, we analyzed available data about the participation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in immune responses of the lungs. Furthermore, we discuss their possible implications in severe COVID-19 and sequela, including pulmonary fibrosis, and remark on the potential of these molecules as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of convalescent COVID-19 patients. Our review provides a theoretical framework for future research aimed to discover molecular hallmarks that, combined with clinical features, could serve as therapeutic targets and reliable biomarkers of the different clinical forms of COVID-19, including convalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ramírez-Martínez
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Armando Jiménez-Álvarez
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Lagunas
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Ignacio-Cortés
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas," Mexico City, Mexico.,Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Itzel Alejandra Gómez-García
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas," Mexico City, Mexico.,Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tatiana Sofia Rodríguez-Reyna
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Alberto Choreño-Parra
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas," Mexico City, Mexico.,Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Zúñiga
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas," Mexico City, Mexico.,Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico City, Mexico
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50
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Poletti M, Treveil A, Csabai L, Gul L, Modos D, Madgwick M, Olbei M, Bohar B, Valdeolivas A, Turei D, Verstockt B, Triana S, Alexandrov T, Saez-Rodriguez J, Stanifer ML, Boulant S, Korcsmaros T. Mapping the epithelial-immune cell interactome upon infection in the gut and the upper airways. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2022; 8:15. [PMID: 35501398 PMCID: PMC9061772 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-022-00224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence points towards the key role of the epithelium in the systemic and over-activated immune response to viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2 infection. Yet, how viral infection alters epithelial-immune cell interactions regulating inflammatory responses, is not well known. Available experimental approaches are insufficient to properly analyse this complex system, and computational predictions and targeted data integration are needed as an alternative approach. In this work, we propose an integrated computational biology framework that models how infection alters intracellular signalling of epithelial cells and how this change impacts the systemic immune response through modified interactions between epithelial cells and local immune cell populations. As a proof-of-concept, we focused on the role of intestinal and upper-airway epithelial infection. To characterise the modified epithelial-immune interactome, we integrated intra- and intercellular networks with single-cell RNA-seq data from SARS-CoV-2 infected human ileal and colonic organoids as well as from infected airway ciliated epithelial cells. This integrated methodology has proven useful to point out specific epithelial-immune interactions driving inflammation during disease response, and propose relevant molecular targets to guide focused experimental analysis.
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Grants
- BB/CSP17270/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BB/P016774/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BB/R012490/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BBS/E/T/000PR9817 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BBS/E/F/000PR10355 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BB/S50743X/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BB/M011216/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BBS/E/F/000PR10353 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BB/J004529/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- The work of T.K. was supported by the Earlham Institute (Norwich, UK) in partnership with the Quadram Institute (Norwich, UK) and strategically supported by the UKRI BBSRC UK grants (BB/J004529/1, BB/P016774/1, and BB/CSP17270/1). T.K. was also funded by a BBSRC ISP grant for Gut Microbes and Health BB/R012490/1 and its constituent projects, BBS/E/F/000PR10353 and BBS/E/F/000PR10355.
- M.P. is supported by the UKRI Biotechnological and Biosciences Research Council (BBSRC) funded Norwich Research Park Biosciences Doctoral Training Partnership (grant numbers BB/M011216/1 and BB/S50743X/1).
- A.T. is supported by the UKRI Biotechnological and Biosciences Research Council (BBSRC) funded Norwich Research Park Biosciences Doctoral Training Partnership (grant numbers BB/M011216/1 and BB/S50743X/1).
- L.G. is supported by the UKRI Biotechnological and Biosciences Research Council (BBSRC) funded Norwich Research Park Biosciences Doctoral Training Partnership (grant numbers BB/M011216/1 and BB/S50743X/1).
- The work of D.M. was supported by the Earlham Institute (Norwich, UK) in partnership with the Quadram Institute (Norwich, UK) and strategically supported by the UKRI BBSRC UK grants (BB/J004529/1, BB/P016774/1, and BB/CSP17270/1). D.M. was also funded by a BBSRC ISP grant for Gut Microbes and Health BB/R012490/1 and its constituent projects, BBS/E/F/000PR10353 and BBS/E/F/000PR10355.
- M.O. is supported by the UKRI Biotechnological and Biosciences Research Council (BBSRC) funded Norwich Research Park Biosciences Doctoral Training Partnership (grant numbers BB/M011216/1 and BB/S50743X/1).
- B.V. is supported by the Clinical Research Fund (KOOR) University Hospitals Leuven.
- S.T. acknowledges the funding from the Darwin Trust of Edinburgh and from the ERC Consolidator grant METACELL from European Union’s Horizon 2020 program. S.T. acknowledges support from the EMBL Genomics Core Facility and particularly help from Vladimir Benes.
- T.A. acknowledges the funding from the Darwin Trust of Edinburgh and from the ERC Consolidator grant METACELL from European Union’s Horizon 2020 program. T.A. acknowledges support from the EMBL Genomics Core Facility and particularly help from Vladimir Benes.
- M.L.S. was supported by the DFG (416072091) and the BMBF (01KI20239B). D.T. was supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Computational Life Sciences grant no. 031L0181B) to J.S.R.
- S.B. was supported by research grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG): project numbers 415089553 (Heisenberg program), 240245660 (SFB1129), 278001972 (TRR186), and 272983813 (TRR179), the state of Baden Wuerttemberg (AZ: 33.7533.-6-21/5/1) and the Bundesministerium Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) (01KI20198A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Poletti
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Agatha Treveil
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Luca Csabai
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Genetics, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Leila Gul
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Dezso Modos
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Matthew Madgwick
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Marton Olbei
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Balazs Bohar
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Genetics, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alberto Valdeolivas
- Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Denes Turei
- Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bram Verstockt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research in GI disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergio Triana
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theodore Alexandrov
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Megan L Stanifer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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